DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY BEAL BIBER DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY LESLIE STEPHEN VOL. IV. BEAL BIBER MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1885 f*r 18 \ LIST OF WEITEES IN THE FOUETH VOLUME. 0. A A. J. A. . T. A. A. . . P. B. A. . . W. E. A. A. G. F. K. B. E. B G. V. B. . G. T. B. . W. G. B. . . G. C. B. . A. S. B. . H. B. . . . A. A. B. . A. E. B. . A. H. B. . G. W. B. . H. M. C. . A. M. C. . •T. C. . . . C. H. C. . W. P. C. . M. C. . . . A. D. . . . T. F. T. D. J. W. E. . F. E. . . L. F. . . C. H. F. J. G. . . E. G. . . J. W.-G. J. T. G.. OSMUND AIRY. SIR ALEXANDER JOHN ARBUTHNOT. K.C.S.I. T. A. ARCHER. P. BRUCE AUSTIN, LL.D. W. E. A. AXON. G. F. EUSSELL BARKER. THE EEV. EONALD BAYNE. , G. VERB BENSON. . G. T. BETTANY. THE EEV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE, D.D. . G. C. BOASE. . LIEUTENANT-COLONEL BOLTON. . HENRY BRADLEY. . A. A. BRODRIBB. . THE EEV. A. E. BUCKLAND. . A. H. BULLEN. . G. W. BURNETT. . H. MANNERS CHICHESTER. . Miss A. M. CLERKE. . THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A. . C. H. COOTE. . "W. P. COURTNEY. . THE EEV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTON. . AUSTIN DOBSON. THE EEV. T. F. THISELTON DYER, . THE EEV. J. W. EBSWORTH. F.S.A. . FRANCIS ESPINASSE. . Louis FAGAN. . C. H. FIRTH. . JAMES GAIRDNER. . EICHARD GARNETT, LL.D. . JOHN WESTBY-GIBSON, LL.D. . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A. A. G-T. . . A. G-N. . G. G. . . A. G. . . . E. G. . . . A. H. G. E. E. G. A. B. G. , J. A. H. E. H. . . . W. J. H. T. F. H. T. E. H. , J. H. . . E. H-T. . W. H. . . E. I. . . B. D. J. E. C. J. A. J. . . P. W. J. C. F. K. C. K. . . J. K. . . J. K. L. S. L. L. W. B. L. M. M'A. G. P. M. J. M-L. . C. T. M. F. T. M. J. M. . . A. M. . . C. M. . . MRS. ANNE GILCHRIST. . ALFRED GOODWIN. . GORDON GOODWIN. . THE EEV. ALEXANDER GORDON. . EDMUND GOSSE. . A. H. GRANT. . E. E. GRAVES. . THE EEV. A. B. GROSART, LL.D. . J. A. HAMILTON. . EGBERT HARRISON. . PROFESSOR W. JEROME HARRISON. . T. F. HENDERSON. . PROFESSOR T. E. HOLLAND, D.C.L. . Miss JENNETT HUMPHREYS. . EGBERT HUNT, F.E.S. . THE EEV. WILLIAM HUNT. . Miss INGALL. . B. D. JACKSON. . PROFESSOR E. C. JEBB, LL.D. . THE EEV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP, D.D. . P. W. JOYCE, LL.D. . C. F. KEARY. . CHARLES KENT. . JOSEPH KNIGHT. . PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON. . S. L. LEE. . THE EEV. W. B. LOWTHER. . Miss MARGARET MACARTHUR. . G. P. MACDONELL. . JOHN MACDONELL. . C. T. MARTIN. . F. T. MARZIALS. . JAMES MEW. . ARTHUR MILLER. . W. COSMO MONKHOUSE. VI List of Writers. N. M.. . J. B. M. J. N. . . J. H. 0. J. F. P. K. L. P. S. L.-P. . E. E. . . J. M. K. J. H. E. L. S-T. . G-. B. S. W. E. S. W. B. S. L. S. . NORMAN MOORE, M.D. J. BASS MULLINGER. , PROFESSOR JOHN NICHOL, LL.D. THE EEV. CANON OVERTON. J. P. PAYNE, M.D. E. L. POOLE. STANLEY LANE-POOLE. ERNEST EADFORD. J. M. EIGG. J. H. EOUND. LEWIS SERGEANT. G-. BARNETT SMITH. PROFESSOR W. EOBERTSON SMITH. W. BARCLAY SQUIRE. LESLIE STEPHEN. H. M. S. . . H. MORSE STEPHENS. W. E. W. S. THE EEV. CANON STEPHENS. C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON. H. E. T. . . H. E. TEDDER. E. M. T. . . E. MATJNDE THOMPSON. H. A. T. . . H. A. TIPPING. T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT. E. V THE EEV. CANON VHNABLES. C. "W CORNELIUS WALFORD. A. W. W. . PROFESSOR A. W. WARD, LL.D. M. G. W. . THE EEV. M. G. WATKINS. F. W-T. . . . FRANCIS WATT. T. W-E. . . . THOMAS WHITTAKER. H. T. W. . . H. TRUEMAN WOOD. W. W. . . WARWICK WROTH. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Beal Beale BEAL, WILLIAM (1815-1870), re- ligious writer, was born in 1815, and edu- cated at King s College, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He took the degree of B.A. in 1841 ; in the same year he was ordained deacon, and he was made vicar of Brooke near Norwich in 1847. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the uni- versity of Aberdeen. He is best known as the promoter of harvest homes for country districts in 1854. At Norwich he was vice- president of the People's College, and corre- sponding member of the Working Men's Con- gregational Union. He died in 1870. He was the editor of the 'West of England Maga- zine' and author of the following works: 1. ' An Analysis of Palmer's Origines Litur- gicse ' (1850). 2. ' The Nineveh Monuments and the Old Testament.' 3. 'A Letter to the Earl of Albemarle on Harvest Homes.' 4. 'A First Book of Chronology' (1846). He edited with a preface 'Certain godly Prayers originally appended to the Book of Common Prayer.' [Men of the Time, 7th eel. ; Brit, Mus. Cat.] A. G-N. BEALE, FRANCIS (Jl. 1656), was the author of the ' Royall Game of Chesse Play, sometimes the Recreation of the late King with many of the Nobility, illustrated with almost one hundred Gambetts, being the study of Biochimo, the famous Italian/ London, 1656. A portrait of Charles I, engraved by Stent, forms the frontispiece of the volume ; the dedication is addressed to Montague, Earl of Lindsey. The book is translated from Gioacchimo Greco's famous work on chess ; was reissued in 1750, and again in 1819 (with remarks by G. W. Lewis). He contributed a poem to < The Teares of the Isle of Wight shed on the tombe of ... Henrie, Earle of VOL. IT. Southampton, ... as also James, Lord Wriothesley,' London, 1625 ; a copy of which is in the Grenville Library. The poem is reprinted in Malone's ' Shakspeare ' (1821), xx. 452. [Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum in MSS. Addl. 24489 f. 285.] S. L. L. BEALE, JOHN, D.D. (1603-1683 ?), scientific writer, was descended from a good family in Herefordshire, in which county he was born in 1603, being nephew of Sir Wil- liam Pye, attorney in the court of wards (BoTLE, Works, v. 429). He was educated first at Worcester School, and afterwards at Eton, whence he proceeded in 1629 to King's College, Cambridge, where he read philosophy to the students for two years (HAKWOOD, Alumni Etonenses, 228). 'At his entrance into that university he found the writings of the Ramists in high esteem, from which they sunk within three or four years after, without the solicitation of any party or faction, or other concernment, merely by the prevalence of solid truth and reasonable discourse. And the same fate soon after befel Calvinism in both universities' (Bi-RCH, Hist, of the Royal Society, iv. 235). From childhood Beale had been diligent in cultivating the art of memory, and he him- self has left us an account of the marvellous proficiency which he attained. He says : ' By reading Ovid's " Metamorphoses " and such slight romances as the " Destruction of Troy," and other discourses and histories which were then obvious, I had learned a promptness of knitting all my reading and studies on an everlasting string. The same practice I continued upon theologues, logi- cians, and such philosophers as those times yielded. For some years before I came to 'Eton, I did (in secret corners, concealed from Beale others' eyes) read Melancthon's Logicks, Magirus's Physica, Ursin's Theologica, Avhich was the best I could then hear of : and (at first reading) by heart I learned them, too perfectly, as I now conceive. Afterwards, in Cambridge, proceeding in the same order and diligence with their logicians, philosophers, and schoolmen, I could at last learn them by heart faster than I could read them — I mean, by the swiftest glance of the eye, without the tediousness of pronouncing or articula- ting what I read. Thus I oft-times saved my purse by looking over books in stationers' shops. . . . Constantly I repeated in my bed (evening and morning) what I read and heard that was worthy to be remembered ; and by this habitude and promptness of memory I was enabled, that when I read to the students of King's College, Cambridge (which I did for two years together, in all sorts of the current philosophy), I could pro- vide myself without notes (by mere medita- tion, or by glancing upon some book) in less time than I spent in uttering it ; yet they were then a critical auditory, whilst Mr. Bust was schoolmaster of Eton ' (BoYLE, Works, v. 426). Beale, who graduated B.A. in 1632, M.A. in 1636, and was subsequently created a doctor of divinity, spent some time in foreign travel, being at Orleans in 1636, when he was thirty-three years of age. His love of learning brought him into frequent corre- spondence with Samuel Hartlib and the Hon. Robert Boyle. Two of his letters to Hartlib on 'Herefordshire Orchards' were printed in 1656, and produced such an effect, that within a few years the author's native county gained some 100,000/. by the fame of its orchards (GouGH, Brit. Topog. i. 415). In the preface Beale makes the following autobiographical remarks : ( My education was amongst scholars in academies, where I spent many years in conversing with variety of books only. A little before our wars began, I spent two summers in travel- ling towards the south, with purpose to know men and foreign manners. Since my ret urn I have been constantly employ'd in a weighty office, by which I am not disengaged from the care of our public welfare in the peace and prosperity of this nation, but obliged to be the more solicitous and tender in preserv- ing it and promoting it.' Beale resided chiefly in Herefordshire until 1660, when he became rector of Yeovil, in Somersetshire, where he spent the remainder of his life. He was also rector of Sock Dennis in the latter county. He was an early member of the Royal Society, being de- clared an honorary one on 7 Jan. 1662-3, and Beale elected a fellow on the 21st of the same month. In 1665 he was appointed chaplain to King Charles II. In his last letter to Boyle, dated 8 July 1682, he mentions that he was then entering into his eightieth year, and adds that 'by infirmities lam constrained to dictate extempore, and do want a friend to assist me.' It is probable that he did not live long after this. Samuel Hartlib, writing to Boyle in 1658, says of Beale : ' There is not the like man in the whole island, nor in the continent beyond the seas, so far as I know it — I mean, that could be made more universally use of, to do good to all, as I in some measure know and could direct' (BOYLE, Works, v. 275). His works are : 1. ' Aphorisms concerning Cider,' printed in John Evelyn's ' Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees,' 1644, and entitled in the later editions of that work, ' General Advertisements concerning Cider.' 2. 'Here- fordshire Orchards, a Pattern for all Eng- land, written in an Epistolary Address to Samuel Hartlib, Esq. By I. B.,' Lond. 1656, 8vo ; reprinted in Richard Bradley's l New Improvements of Planting and Gardening,' 1724 and 1739. 3. Scientific papers in the 1 Philosophical Transactions.' 4. Letters to the Hon. Robert Boyle, printed in the 5th volume of that philosopher's works. [Information from the Rev. Dr.Luard; Birch's Hist, of the Royal Society, iv. 235 ; Gough's British Topography, i. 415, ii. 221, 225, 391, 634; Boyle's Works, v. 275, 277, 281, 346. 423-510 ; Harwood's Alumni Eton. 228 ; Worth- ington's Diary, i. 122; Birch's Life of Boyle, 115; Collinson's Somersetshire, iii. 212; Felton, On the Portraits of English Authors on Garden- ing, 2nd ed. 21 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 447, iv. 256; Addit. MSS. 6271, f. 10, 15948, ff. 80, 136, 138; Thomson's History of the Royal Society. Append, xxiv.] T. C. BEALE, MARY (1632-1697), portrait painter, born in Suffolk in 1632, was the daughter of the Rev. J. Cradock, vicar of Walton-upon-Thames. She is said to have learned the rudiments of painting from Sir Peter Lely, but it is more probable, as Vertue thought, that she received instruction from Robert Walker, and only copied the works of Lely, who was supposed to have had a tender attachment to her, and through whose influ- ence she obtained access to some of the finest works of Van Dyck, by copying which she ac- quired that purity of colouring for which her portraits are remarkable. She married Charles Beale, the lord of the manor of Walton, in Buckinghamshire, who had some employment under the board of green cloth, and took great interest in chemistry, especially the manufac- ture of colours, in which he did business with Beale Beale Lely and other painters of the day. His diaries, from 1672 to 1681, contain notes of matters connected with art and artists, and afford the fullest account of Mrs. Beale's life and works during that period. The extracts given by Walpole prove that she copied many •of Lely's pictures, and some of these have doubtless been assigned to that painter. 'There were above thirty of these pocket-books, but the greater number appear to have been lost. Mrs. Beale was one of the best female portrait painters of the seventeenth century, and was employed by many of the most distinguished persons of her time. She painted in oil, water-colours, and crayons; her heads being very often surrounded by an oval border painted in imitation of carved stone. Her price was five pounds for a head, and ten pounds for a half-length. Mrs. Beale died in Pall Mall, London, 28 Dec. 1697, and was buried under the communion-table in St. James's Church. She was of an estimable BEALE, ROBERT (1541-1601), diplo- matist and antiquary, is said to have been descended from a family settled at Wood- bridge in Suffolk. Of his parents, however, we know nothing but their names, Robert and Amy. He married Edith, daughter of Henry St. Barbe, of Somersetshire, sister of the wife of Sir Francis Walsingham. Apparently, he very early formed decided opinions upon the theological controversies of his age ; for he seems to have been obliged to quit England at some date during Queen Mary's reign, and not to have returned until after the accession of Elizabeth. It is probably to this period that he refers when, at a much later date, he writes that in his youth he ' took great pains in travelling in divers countries en foot for lack of other abilities.' In 1562 Lord John Grey consulted him concerning the validity of the marriage of his niece with Edward Sey- mour, earl of Hertford, and Beale in conse- quence made a journey to the continent for the n -t • i i n 11 character and very amiable manners, and had I purpose of laying the case before the learned among her contemporaries some reputation as Oldendorpius and some eminent Italian canon- u poet. Dr. Woodfall wrote several poems in ists. The opinion which Beale formed after her honour, under the name of Belesia. Her portrait, from a paint ing by herself, is engraved in the Strawberry Hill edition of Walpole's ' Anecdotes of Painting.' Portraits by her of King Charles II., Abraham Cowley, Arch- bishop Tillotson, and Henry, sixth duke of Norfolk, are in the National Portrait Gallery ; •another of Archbishop Tillotson is at Lambeth Palace ; those of Dr. Sydenham and Dr. Croone are in the Royal College of Physicians ; that of ~L>^«"U« ~\1T!1"1^! * _. A j l T» i c^ • .1 consultation with these sagacious persons, and which he subsequently maintained in a Latin tract, has stood the test of time ; for though a royal commission, with Archbishop Parker at its head, pronounced the marriage void, its validity was established in 1606, and has never since been questioned. In 1564 he obtained some post in con- nection with the English embassy in Paris. "What was the precise nature of his duties Bishop Wilkins is at the Royal Society ; that j does not appear ; but they seem to have of John Milton at Knole; that of James, duke sometimes carried him into Germany. Ap- of Monmouth, at Woburn Abbey ; her own ' parently, Walsingham found him in Paris on portrait is in the gallery of the Marquis of i his appointment as ambassador-resident there j 1 -,T i • . -i * 1 ^* AT /\ T "I 1 • 1 * T j t - Bute ; and other portraits by her are in the collections of Earl Spencer, the Duke of Rut- land, and the Earl of Ilchester. Mrs. Beale had two sons, BARTHOLOMEW, who commenced life as a portrait painter, but in 1570, and made him his secretary. In the correspondence between Burghley and Wal- singham of this period he is frequently men- tioned as carrying despatches to and fro be- tween Paris and London. He appears to afterwards studied medicine under Dr. Syden- j have been .'a witness of the massacre of St, ham, and practised at Coventry : and CHARLES, | Bartholomew two years later (24 Aug. 1572), who followed his mother's branch of art. He ! which furnished him with material for a ' Dis- was born 28 May 1660, and after studying j course by way of Letter to the Lord Burghley/ under Thomas Flatnian, the miniature painter [written shortly after the event. The same and poet, assisted his mother in draperies and ! year he succeeded Robert Monson, then raised backgrounds. He painted portraits both in I to the bench, as M.P. for Totnes. It must oil and in water-colours, and some few in ; have been about this time that he was ap- crayons, but soon after 1689 he was compelled pointed clerk to the council, as in a letter by weakness of sight to relinquish his profes- j dated 1591 he states that he had then held won, and died in London, but in what year is not known. There are portraits of Archbishop that post nineteen years. In April 1575 he was sent to Flushing to recover goods which Burton and Bishop Burnet engraved after him j the Flushingers had seized, consisting partly by Robert White. of merchandise and partly of property of the [Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (ed. Wor- ; Earl of Oxford ; and in the following year num), 1849, ii. 537-44 ; Scharf s Catalogue of the he accompanied Admiral Winter to the Low National Portrait Gallery, 1884.] R. E. G. I Countries to demand the liberation of the B 2 Beale English merchant ships on which the Prince of Orange had laid an embargo in the Scheldt in retaliation for acts of piracy committed by English privateers upon Dutch shipping. The ships were set free at once, but a pecu- niary indemnity for the detention, which Beale was instructed to claim, was the subject of much dispute, and apparently was never conceded. In June 1576 Augustus, elector of Saxony, had summoned to Torgau a conven- tion of Saxon divines for the purpose of set- tling certain disputed questions of theology, in particular, whether omnipresence was or was not an attribute of the physical body of Jesus. The result of their labours was seen in the 'Book of Torgau,' which, after revision at Ber- gen in the following year by James Andrea, or Andreas, chancellor and provost of the univer- sity of Tubingen, and certain other eminent theologians, was issued under the title, l For- mula of Concord,' as the only authoritative ex- position of the orthodox creed of Saxony. This work not only explicitly affirmed the ubiquity of the body of Jesus to be an integral part of the creed, but declared all such as denied that doctrine (Oyptocalvinists, as they were called) to be heretics. At this juncture Elizabeth saw fit to despatch Beale on a kind of circular tour to visit the courts of the Lutheran princes of Germany, and put in a plea for toleration in favour of the Crypto- calvinists. We learn from one of his papers that, for the purposes of this mission, 'he made a long and winter journey, making a circuit to and fro of 1400 English miles at the least, repairing personally to nine princes, and sending her majesty's letters to three others.' Elsewhere he says that ' he obtained that which he was sent for, i.e. that the Elector of Saxony and Palatine would surcease from proceeding to a condemnation of other re- formed churches that did not agree with the ubiquitaries.' Languet, in a letter to Sidney, dated Frankfort, 8 Jan. 1577-8, is able to write : ' Master Beale has met with no small difficul- ties in going through his appointed task, but by his prudence and dexterity he has so sur- mounted them that I hope our churches are saved from the perils which threatened them from the movements of Jacobus Andreas and some other theologians.' In the same letter Languet praises Beale's ' agreeable conversa- tion,' and 'his character, genius, and manifold experience.' Beale was at that time return- ing to England, and Languet's letter, with which he was entrusted, was to serve as an introduction to Sidney. Writing of marriage, Languet observes : < Take the advice of Mas- ter Beale on the matter. He believes that a man cannot live well and happily in celi- bacy.' In another letter he writes that Beale Beale 'often used to launch out into the praises of matrimony.' According to Beale's account he was very ill provided with funds for this journey, while his royal mistress, of course, complained of his extravagance. In a letter to the lord treasurer vindicating himself from the charge he says : * And I protest upon my allegiance that the gifts I gave at the Duke of Brun- swick's in ready money and money's worth for her majesty's honour, being her gossips,, and having had nothing to my knowledge sent unto them (and in other places), came to- better than 100/. And whoso knoweth the- fashions and cravings of these princes' courts may well see that, having been at so many places, I could not escape with less. My charges came in this voyage to 932/. one way or another. Before my going over I sold a chain which I had of the Queen of Scots for 65/.' The fact that Beale received a token of esteem from Mary Stuart is interesting in connection with his subsequent relations with that unfortunate lady. During Walsingham's absence in the Netherlands in the summer of 1578 Beale acted as secretary of state, as also- in 1581 and 1583, on occasion of Walsingham's missions to France and Scotland in those years. In the autumn of 1580 he took part in the examination of Richard Stanihurst, the Jesuit, ' touching the conveying of the- late Lord Garret [Gerald Fitzgerald, Lord Offaley] into Spain at the instigation of Thomas Fleming, a priest,' and in 1581 was one of the commissioners who took the depositions of Edmund Campion before his trial. It is significant, however, that the commission under which he acted extended5 only to threatening with torture. When it was determined to have actual recourse to* that method of persuasion, Beale's name was omitted (doubtless at his own request) from the commission. This yearWalsiiigham, being appointed governor of the Mines Royal, made Beale his deputy. According to the latter's own account he did his duty in this post for fifteen years, keeping the accounts with regu- larity, without receiving any remuneration. Between 1581 and 1584 he was employed in negotiating with the Queen of Scots at Shef- field. Caniden suggests that he was chosen for this business on account of his notorious bias in favour of puritanisni, designating him ' hominem vehementem et austere acerbum," ' quo non alter Scotorum Reginse prse reli- gionis studio iniquior.' However this may have been, it is certain that he soon came to- be suspected of secret partiality to the cause of Mary, and of something like treachery to the council. Of these negotiations he gives the following account : ' Six several Beale 5 Beale times or more I was sent to the late Queen •of Scots. At the first access iny commission was to deal with her alone. Afterwards I did, for sundry respects, desire that I might not deal without the privity of the Earl of Shrewsbury, being a nobleman and a coun- •cillor. She was with much difficult}7 brought to make larger offers unto her majesty than she had before done to any others whose ne- gotiations I had seen. I was then suspected to have been, as some term it, won to a new mistress. Whereupon the charge was com- mitted to the said earl and Sir Walter Mild- may, and I was only appointed to attend upon them to charge her by word of mouth with certain articles gathered out of the earl's ;and my letters. She avowed all that we had reported, and, I thank the Lord, I acquitted myself to be an honest man.' Beale was hardly fit to treat with a person of such dexterity and resource as Mary Stuart. She seems to have contrived to delude him with the idea that she had really given up ambition, and was desirous •only to live a retired life for the rest of her -days. This appears from the tone of a letter to Walsingham, written in the spring of 1583. A year later he appears to have formed a j uster estimate of the character of the queen. '* With all the cunning that we have,' he then wrote to Walsingham, ' we cannot bring this lady to make any absolute promise for the performance of her offers, unless she may be assured of the accomplishment of the treaty. Since the last break off she is more circumspect how she entangle herself.' Next year (1585) Beale was returned to parliament for Dorchester, which place he -also represented in the two succeeding parlia- ments (1586 and 1588). In November 1586 he was despatched with Lord Buckhurst to Fotheringay, to notify the Queen of Scots of the fact that sentence of death had been passed upon her. Early in the following year Beale carried the warrant to Fotheringay and performed the ghastly duty of reading it aloud in the hall of the castle by way of preli- minary to the execution, of which he was an eye-witness, and wrote an account. Though a zealous puritan, Beale seems to have had a dispassionate and liberal mind. During the persecution of the Jesuits which marked the latter years of Elizabeth's reign, he fearlessly and ably maintained the principle of tolera- tion, both in parliament and as a writer. Thus, we know that he published a work impugning the right of the crown to fine or imprison for ecclesiastical offences, and con- demning the use of torture to induce confes- sion, and followed it up at a later date with a second treatise upon the same subject. We cannot fix the precise date of either of these books, but we may infer that the second was a recent publication in 1584 from the fact that Whitgift then thought it necessary to take cognisance of its existence by drawing up and laying before the council a ' schedule of misdemeanours ' alleged to have been committed by its author, of Avhich the con- tents of these two works furnished the prin- cipal heads. What precisely he meant to do with this formidable indictment (the articles were fourteen in number) remains obscure. Probably he wished to procure Beale's dis- missal from the post of clerk of the council. If so, however, he was disappointed, as ap- parently no notice whatever was taken of it. In the spring of the same year Beale had shown the archbishop the manascript of another work which he had nearly com- pleted, dealing with another branch of the same subject, viz. the proper prerogative of the bishops, which the archbishop refused to return when Beale (5 May) presented himself at Lambeth to receive it. On this occasion a great deal of temper appears to have been lost on both sides, Beale predicting that the archbishop would be the overthrow of the church and a cause of tumult, and Whitgift accusing Beale of levity and irreverence, speaking in very disparaging terms of his work, and saying that ' neither his divinity nor his law was great.' Beale addressed a lengthy epistle to the archbishop (7 May), in which he avers that ' by the space of twenty- six years and upwards he has been a student of the civil laws, and long sith could have taken a degree if he had thought (as some do) that the substance of learning consist eth more in form and title than matter, and that in divi- nitie he has read as much as any chaplain his lordship hath, and when his book shall be finished and answered let others judge thereof.' In the summer he served under Leicester I in the Netherlands during the ill-fated at- tempt to relieve Sluys, in what precise capa- city does not appear, but we infer that he was j employed in connection with the transport ! department. In 1589 he was employed in | negotiation with the States, and next year j we find him engaged with Burghley and Buckhurst in adjusting the accounts of Pere- ! grine Bertie, Lord Willoughby, commander in : the Netherlands. In 1592 the attitude which Beale assumed in a debate upon supply, coupled with an animated speech which he 1 made about the same time against the in- ! quisitorial practices of his old enemies the bishops, gave so much offence to the queen that he was commanded to absent himself both from court and from parliament. In 1592 he addressed a lengthy letter to the lord Beale Beale treasurer, vindicating his opinions on church government with great learning and consider- able apparent ability. The same year he was returned to parliament for Lostwithiel, in Cornwall. In 1 595 the Earl of Essex appears to have tried to deprive Beale of his office of clerk to the council in favour of one of his own creatures. Accordingly, we find Beale writing (24 April 1595) a letter to the lord treasurer, in which he sets forth his claims to consideration at great length and with no little emphasis. It appears from this docu- ment that he had held this office for twenty- three years, that ' he enjoyed it with the fee of 50/. yearly under the great seal of Eng- land,' and that he was then suffering from several grievous maladies, amongst them gout and stone. Beale also at this time held another post, that of clerk to the council in the northern parts, and resided at York at least for some part of the year. The emoluments of the office at York amounted, according to Beale's own reckoning, to 400/. yearly, though nominally he had there « but 337. by instruc- tions only alterable without other warrant or assurance.' Beale concluded his letter by beg- ging that on the score of his growing infir- mities he might be allowed a deputy to do the business of the office at York during his absence. His request wras granted, one John Feme being appointed in the following Au- gust. In 1597 he was joined with Sir Julius Csesar in a commission to examine into com- plaints by the inhabitants of Guernsey against Sir Thomas Leighton, the governor of that island. In 1599 he was placed on a special commission to hear and adj udge the grievances of certain Danish subjects who complained of piratical acts committed by English subjects. In 1600 he was appointed one of the envoys to treat for peace with the King of Spain at Boulogne. The negotiation fell through, the representatives not being able to agree upon the important question of precedency. Next year Beale died at his house at Barnes, Surrey, at eight o'clock in the evening of 25 May. He was buried in Allhallows Church, London Wall. He appears to have left no son, but we know of two daughters, of whom one, Margaret, married Sir Henry Yelverton, justice of the common pleas in the time of Charles I, who thus became possessed of Beale's books and papers, which were long preserved by his descendants in the library of the family 'seat at Easton-Maudit, Northamptonshire. The library wras sold in 1784. The manuscripts are now in the British Museum. The other daughter, Ca- therine, married Nathaniel Stephens, of Easington, Gloucestershire. Beale was a member of the Elizabethan Society of Antiquaries, and is mentioned by Milles in the epistle dedicatory to his ' Ca- talogue of Honour ' by the designation of 1 worthy Robert Beale, that grave clerk of the- council,' as one of the ' learned friends ' from whom he had received assistance. He seems also to have taken an interest in geographi- cal discovery; for in Dr. Dee's 'Diary,' under date 24 Jan. 1582, we read : ' I, Mr. Awdrian Gilbert, and John Davis, went by appoint- ment to Mr. Secretary Beale his house, where only we four were secret, and we made Mr. Secretary privy of the north-west passage,, and all charts and rutters were agreed upon in general.' Such of Beale's letters as have been printed are dated vaguely ' at his poor house in London.' He certainly had another house at Priors Marston, in Warwickshire, as he is described as of that place in the in- scriptions on the tombstone of his wife and daughter Catherine. Throughout life Beale was a close student and ardent collector of books. He is the author of the following works: 1. 'Argu- ment touching the Validity of the Marriage of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, with Mary, Queen-dowager of France (sister to King Henry VIII), and the Legitimacy of the Lady Frances, their daughter.' In Latin, MS. Univ. Libr., Cambr. Dd. 3, 85, art. 18., 2. 'A Large Discourse concerning the Mar- riage between the Earl of Hertford and the- Lady Catherine Grey.' In Latin, MS. Univ. Libr. Cambr. li. 5, 3, art. 4. This work con- tains also the opinions of the foreign jurists consulted by Beale upon the case. 3. ' Dis- course after the Massacre in France,' 15 pp. MS. Cotton, Tit. F. iii. 299. 4. ' Rerum Hispanicarum Scriptores aliquot ex Biblio- theca clarissimi viri Domini Robert! Beli Angli.' Frankfort, 3 vols. folio, 1579; Contents : Vol. i., M. Aretius, Jo. Gerun- densis, Roderici Toletani, Roderici Santii, Joannis Vas?ei ; vol. ii., Alfonsia Carthagena,. Michaelis Ritii, Francisci Faraphpe, Lucii Marinei Siculi, Laurentii Vail re, ^Elii An- tonii Nebrissensis, Damiani a Goes : vol. iii.,. Al. Gomecius De Rebus Gestis Fr. Ximenis Cardinalis. 5. l A Book against Oaths mi- nistered in the Courts of Ecclesiastical Com- mission from her Majesty, and in other Courts Ecclesiastical.' Printed abroad and brought to England in a Scotch ship about 1583. Strype's l Whitgift,' vol. i. bk. iii. c. xii. pp. 211-12. 6. 'A Book respecting Ceremonies,, the Habits, the Book of Common Prayer, and the Power of Ecclesiastical Courts,' 1584.. Strype's t Whitgift,' vol. i. bk. iii. c. v. pp. 143-5, 212, vol. iii. bk. iii. nos. v. vi. 7. ' The Order and Manner of the Execution of Mary Queen of Scots, Feb. 8, 1587.* Beale Beale Strype's ' Annals,' vol. iii. bk. ii. c. ii. p. 383. 8. ' Means for the Stay of the Declining and Falling away in Religion.' Strype's * Whit- gift,' vol. iii. bk. iii. no. xxxv. 9. ' Opinions concerning the Earl of Leicester's Placard to the United Provinces.' MS. Cot. Galba, c. xi. 107. 10. ' A Summary Collection of cer- tain Notes against the Manner of proceeding ex officio by Oath.' Strype's < Whitgift, vol. ii. bk. iv. c. ix. 11. ' Observations upon the Instructions of the States-General to the Council of State, June 1588.' MS. Cott. Galba, D. iii. 215. 12. ' A Consideration of certain Points in the Treaty to be enlarged or altered in case her Majesty make a new Treaty with the States, April 1589.' MS. Cott. Galba, D. iv. 163. In this Beale was assisted by Dr. Bartholomew Clerke. 13. 'Op- position against Instructions to negotiate with the States-General, 1590.' MS. Cott. Galba, D. vii. 19. 14. i Collection of the King of Spain's Injuries offered to the Queen of England.' Dated 30 May 1591. With a ' Vindication of the Queen against the Ob- jections of the Spaniards.' MS. Harl. 253, art. 33. 15. ' A Deliberation of Henry Kil- ligrew and Robert Beale concerning the Re- quisition for Restitution from the States. London, August 1595.' MS. Cott. Galba, D. xi. 125. 16. ' A Collection of Official Papers and Documents.' MS. Addit. 14028. 17. 'His- torical Notes and Collections.' MS. Addit. 14029. 18. Letters. Several of Beale's letters have been printed. They are marked by considerable energy of style. [Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 311-14, 552; Burghley State Papers, ed. Murdin, 355, 778, 781, eel. Haynes, 412-17; Digges's Complete Ambassador; Willis's Not. Parl. iii. ; Mosheim's Eccles. Hist. (tr. Murdock), cent. xvi. sect. iii. part ii. cap. i. 39 n: Corresp. of Sidney and Languet (ed. Pears), 132-6, 228-30; Lodge's Illustr. of British Hist. ii. 262-70, 273, iii. 109; Lodge's Life of Sir Julius Caesar, 15 ; Fronde's Hist, of England, xi. 541, 660 ; Fuller's Church Hist. (ed. Brewer), v. 15, 22-6; Cal. State Papers, Ireland (1509-1573), Scotland (1509- 1603), Domestic (1547-1580); Thomas's Hist. Notes, i. 393 ; Strype's Annals, iii. parts i. and ii. ; Strype's Whitgift ; Strype's Parker ; Cam- den's Eliz. i. 260, 338, 445, 457 ; Britannia (ed. Gough), ii. 178 ; Cabala, ii. 49, 59-63, 86, 88 ; Nicolas's Life of W. Davison, 64 ; Nicolas's Life of Hatton, 461; Dr. Dee's Diary, 18, 38, 46; Zurich Letters, ii. 292, 296, 298 ; Hearne's Coll. Cur. Discourses, ii. 423 ; Jardine on Torture, 87, 89; Wright's Eliz. i. 480, ii. 244, 254, 354; Sadler State Papers, i. 389 ; Ellis's Letters (3rd ser.), iv. 112; Stow's Survey of London, ii. c. 7; Kymer, xvi. 362, 412; Parl. Hist. i. 883-6; Moule's Bibl. Herald, 67 ; Harris's Cat. Libr. Hoyal Inst. 313; Coxe's Cat. Cod. MSS. Bib. Bod. iv. 8*27; Win wood's Memorials; Hardwicke, State Papers, i. 340, 342, 344, 352, 357; Bridges' Hist. Northamptonshire, ii. 163; Atkyns's Glou- cestershire, 218; Cat. Cot. MSS.; MSS. Harl. 7, f. 245, 82, f. 43, 1110 f. 102; MSS. Lansd. 27, art. 32 ; 42, art. 79- 82 ; 51, art. 26; 65, art. 67 ; 67, art. 10; 68, art. 107, 111 ; 72, art. 73; 73, art. 2; 79, art. 80; 143, art. 59 ; 155, art, 62 ; 737, art. 2; MSS. Addit. 2442, f. 186; 4114, f. 181, 5935, 11405, 12503, 14028, 14029; Mal- colm's Lond. Eediviv. ii. 67 ; Cat. Univ. Libr. MSS. i. 195, iii. 473; Lysons's Environs, i. 22 ; Madden's Guide to Autograph Letters &c. in British Museum, p. 5.] J. M. R. BEALE, WILLIAM, D.D. (d. 1651), royalist divine, was elected from West- i minster School to a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1605, and proceeded B.A. in 1609-10. He was chosen a fellow of Jesus College in the same university in 1611, commenced M.A. in 1613, was ap- pointed archdeacon of Caermarthen in 1623, and was created D.D. in 1627. Beale be- came master of Jesus College on 14 July 1632, and on 20 Feb. 1633-4 he was ad- mitted master of St. John's College, 'per majorem partem sociorum ex mandate regio.' In 1634 he was chosen vice-chancellor of the university. On 27 Oct. 1637 he was presented by his majesty to the rectory of Paulerspury in Northamptonshire. He had also the rectory of Cottingham in the same county, and in 1639 he was presented to the sinecure rectory of Aberdaron. In the year 1642 Beale took an active part in urging the various colleges to send money and plate to the king at Nottingham. Oliver Cromwell, having failed to intercept the treasure in Huntingdonshire, proceeded to Cambridge with a large force, surrounded St. John's College while its inmates were at i their devotions in the chapel, and carried off' Beale, whom with Dr. Martin, master of Queen's, and Dr. Herne, master of Jesus College, he brought in captivity to London. The prisoners were conducted through Bar- tholomew fair and a great part of the city, j to be exposed to the insults of the rabble, ; and finally were shut up in the Tower. I At this period Beale w^as deprived of his ' mastership and all his ecclesiastical prefer- ments. From the Tower the prisoners were removed to Lord Petre's house in Aldersgate Street, and on 11 Aug. 1643, after having i been in detention a year, they were put on board a ship atWapping, with other prisoners ; of quality and distinction, to the number of I eighty in all, ' and it was afterwards known, upon no false or fraudulent information, that there were people who were bargaining to sell them as slaves to Algiers or the American Beale 8 Beale islands' (MS. Addit. 5808, f. 152). At length, after a confinement of three years, Beale was released by exchange, and joined the king at Oxford. There he was incorporated D.D. in 1645, and in the following year he was nominated dean of Ely, though he was never admitted to the dignity. He was one of the divines selected by the king to accom- pany him to Holdenby (±646). Ultimately he went into exile and accompanied the em- bassy of Lord Cottington and Sir Edward Hyde to Spain. His death occurred at Madrid on 1 Oct. 1651. The antiquary Baker gives this curious account of his last illness and clandestine interment : l The doctor, not long after his coming to Madrid, was taken ill, and being apprehensive of danger and that he had not long to live, desired Sir Edward Hide and some others of the family to re- ceive the holy sacrament with him, which he in perfect good understanding, though weak in body, being supported in his bed, conse- crated and administered to himself and to the few other communicants, and died some few hours after he had performed that last office. He was very solicitous in his last sickness lest his body should fall into the hands of the inquisitors, for the prevention whereof this expedient was made use of, that the doctor dying in a ground chamber, the boards were taken up, and a grave being dug, the body, covered with a shroud, was de- posited therein very deep, and four or five bushels of quicklime thrown upon it in order to consume it the sooner. Everything in the room was restored to the same order it was in before, and the whole affair, being committed only to a few trusty persons, was j kept so secret as to escape the knowledge or suspicion of the Spaniards, and may so re- main undiscovered till the resurrection.' Beale greatly embellished the chapel of St. John's College, and left manuscripts and other books to the library. His portrait is in the master's lodge. Sir Edward Hyde, ' afterwards Lord Clarendon, in one of his manuscript papers styles Dr. Beale his worthy and learned chaplain, commemorates the blessings he had enjoyed from him, and be- moans his loss ; while Baker, the historian of St. John's, declares him to have been one of , the best governors the university or college j ever had. Contributions of his are found in almost all the collections of poems published j on state occasions by the university of Cam- bridge during his time. [Addit. MSS. 5808 ff. 151, 152, 5858 f. 194, I 5863 f. 91 ; Baker's Hist, of St. John's Coll. | Camb., ed. Mayor ; Cambridge Antiquarian Com- munications?, ii. 157 ; Alumni Westmon. 73, 74; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglic., ed. Hardy ; Bent- ham's Hist, of Ely, 231, 232; Bridges's North- amptonshire, i. 313 ; Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, ii. 88 ; Cooper's Annals of Cam- bridge, iii. 328 ; Prynne's Tryal of Abp. Laud, 73, 167, 177, 193, 357, 359, 360 ; Parr's Life of Abp. Usher, 471 ; Life of Dean Barwick, 22, 32, 41, 444; Baker's Northamptonshire, ii. 205.] T. C. BEALE, WILLIAM (1784-1854), musi- cian, was born at Landrake, in Cornwall,! Jan. 1784. He was a chorister at Westminster Abbey under Dr. Arnold until his voice broke, when he served as a midshipman on board the Revolutionnaire, a 44-gun frigate which had been taken from the French. During this period he was nearly drowned by falling overboard in Cork harbour. On his voice settling into a pure baritone he left the sea, and devoted himself to the musical profession. He became a member of the Royal Society of Musicians on 1 Dec. 1811. On 12 Jan. 1813 he won the prize cup of the Madrigal Society for his beautiful madrigal, l Awake, sweet Muse,' and on 30 Jan. 1816 he ob- tained an appointment as one of the gentle- men of the Chapel Royal, in the place of Robert Hudson, deceased. At this period he was living at 13 North Street, Westminster. On 1 Nov. 1820 Beale signed articles of ap- pointment as organist to Trinity College, Cambridge, and on 13 Dec. following he re- signed his place at the Chapel Royal. In December 1821 he threw up his appointment at Cambridge, and returned to London, where, through the good offices of Dr. Att- wood, he became successively organist of Wandsworth parish church and St. John's, Clapham Rise. He continued occasionally to sing in public until a late period of his life, and in 1840 he won a prize at the Adelphi Glee Club for his glee for four voices, ' Harmony.' He died at Paradise Row, Stockwell, 3 May 1854. Beale was twice married: (1) to Miss Charlotte Elkins, a daughter of the groom of the stole to George IV, and (2) to Miss Georgiana Grove, of Clapham. His voice was a light baritone, and he is said to have imitated Bartleman in his vocalisation. He was an extremely finished singer, though somewhat wanting "in power. His compositions, which principally consist of glees and madrigals, though few in number, are of a very high degree of excellence, and often rival, in their purity of melody and form, the best composi- tions of the Elizabethan madrigalists. [Cheque Book of the Chapel Royal ; Records of the Royal Society of Musicians; London Magazine for 1822, p. 474; Records of Trinity College, Cambridge ; information from Mr. W. Beale.] W. B. S. Beales Bealknap BEALES, EDMOND (1803 - 1881), political agitator, was born at Newnham, a suburb of Cambridge, on 3 July 1803, being a son of Samuel Pickering Beales, a merchant who acquired local celebrity as a political reformer. He was educated at the grammar school of Bury St. Edmunds, and next at Eton, whence he proceeded to Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, where he was elected to a scholarship (B.A. 1825, M.A.. 1828). Called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1830, he practised as an equity draughtsman and con- veyancer. For several years he greatly in- terested himself in foreign politics. He pro- moted the earliest demonstration on behalf of the Polish refugees, was a member of the Polish Exiles' Friends Society, and of the Literary Association of the Friends of Poland ; was president of the Polish National League, and chairman of the Circassian Committee ; a member of the Emancipation Society during the American civil war, of the Jamaica Com- mittee under Mr. James Stuart Mill, and of the Garibaldi Committee. It was in connec- tion with Garibaldi's visit to England in 1864 that Beales's name first became known to the general public. He then maintained the right of the people to meet on Primrose Hill, ! and a conflict with the police occurred. At that time he published a pamphlet on the j right of public meeting, but it was as presi- j -dent of the Reform League that Beales be- i came best known. In 1864 a great political I agitation in connection with trade societies I was begun. The first public meeting of the association was held in the Freemasons' j 'Tavern under the presidency of Beales, who from that time till his promotion to the judi- cial bench was identified with the principles of manhood suffrage and the ballot. In 1865 the association developed itself under the name of the Reform League. The Reform Bill introduced by Earl Russell's government in 1866 was heartily supported by the league, and after the rejection of that measure by the House of Commons the league renewed its agitation for manhood suffrage and the ballot. Then followed gigantic meetings in Trafalgar Square, which the conservative government vainly endeavoured to suppress. Sir Richard Mayne, the first commissioner of police, issued a notice to the effect that the meeting announced for 2 July 1866 would not be per- mitted. Beales, however, stated his deter- mination to attend the meeting, and to hold the government responsible for all breaches of the peace. This step led Sir Richard Mayne to withdraw the prohibition, and the meeting of 69,000 persons was held without a single } breach of the law. Then came the memo- j rable 23 July, and the immense gathering near the gates of Hyde Park, when Beales displayed great courage and coolness. While he and the other leaders were returning from the Marble Arch to Trafalgar Square, the mob pushed down the iron railings surround- ing the park, which they entered in large numbers, but they were eventually driven out by the combined efforts of the military and the police. The following day Beales had an interview with Mr. Spencer Walpole, the home secretary, and afterwards proceeded to the park and caused intimation to be given that no further attempt would be made to hold a meeting there ' except only on next Monday afternoon (30 July) at six o'clock, by arrangement with the government.' The mission of the league was virtually at an end when Mr. Disraeli's Reform Bill passed in 1867. Beales resigned the presidency on 10 March 1869, and three days later the league was formally dissolved. Beales was a revising barrister for Middlesex from 1862 to 1866, when, in consequence of the active part he had taken in political agitation, the lord chief justice, Sir Alexander Cockburn, declined to reappoint him. Mr. Beales was an unsuccessful candidate for the Tower Hamlets in 1868. In September 1870 Lord Chancellor Hatherley appointed him judge of the county court circuit No. 35, compris- ing Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire. He died at his residence, Osborne House, Bolton Gardens, London, on 26 June 1881. He published various pamphlets on Poland and Circassia, and on parliamentary reform ; also a work on the Reform Act of 1867. [Men of the Time (1879); Times, 28 June 1881; Irving's Annals of our Time; Annual Register, 1866. pp. 98-102; McCarthy's Hist, of our own Times, iii. 360, iv. 80, 84.] T. C. BEALKNAP or BELKNAP, SIB RO- BERT DE (d. 1400?), judge, was doubtless descended from the Belknape found in the Battle Abbey list of the nobles who followed the Conqueror into England. Nothing ap- pears to be known of the subsequent history of the family until we find Robert de Beal- knap settled in Kent, as lord of the manor of Hempstead, in the fourteenth century. Ac- cording to a deed dated 1 March 1375, Sir Robert de Belcknappe granted certain lands near Chatham to the prior and convent of Rochester; and his parents' Christian names were John and Alice. A certain Bealknap appears as a counsel in the year book for 1 346-7, and may have been the father of Sir Robert. Sir Robert himself is first mentioned in the year book for 1362-3. In 1365 and 1369 Bealknap was named one of the com- missioners appointed to survey the coast Bealknap 10 Beamish of Thanet, and take measures to secure the lands and houses in the district against the encroachments of the sea. In 1366 he was appointed king's sergeant, with a salary of 20/. per annum, at the same time doing duty as one of the justices of assize, at a salary of the same amount. In 1372 he was placed on a commission entrusted with the defence of the coast of Kent against Invaders. In 1374 he was nominated one of seven sent ad paries transmarinas,wiih a special mandate to confer with the envoys of the papal court, not, as Foss absurdly says, ' as to the reformer Wicliff,' who was himself a member of the embassy, but for the purpose of bringing about a happy settlement of such questions as involved the honour of the church and the rights of the crown and realm of England, and in the same year he was made chief justice of the com- mon pleas, but was not knighted till 1385. In 1381, on the outbreak of the insurrection against the poll-tax, afterwards known as that of Wat Tyler, he was sent into Essex with a commission of trailbaston to enforce the observance. of the law, but the insurgents compelled the chief justice to take an oath never more to sit in any such sessions, and Bealknap was only too glad to make his escape without suffering personal violence. In 1386 the impeachment of Michael de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, for waste of the revenues and cor- ruption, was followed by the transfer of the administrative authority to a council of nobles responsible to the parliament. The king, at the instigation of his friends, summoned the judges to a council at Nottingham (August | 1387). With the exception of Sir William Skipwith, all the judges attended. They were asked whether the late ordinances by I which Pole had been dismissed Avere dero- I gatory to the royal prerogative and in what I manner their authors ought to be punished. The questions were answered by the judges in a sense favourable to the king ; and a for- ; mal act of council was drawn up, embodying i the questions and the answers, and sealed ' with the seal of each judge. We learn from Knyghton that Bealknap protested with some vigour against the whole proceeding ; but he yielded eventually to the threats of death with which the Duke of Ireland and the Earl of Suffolk plied him. Early next year all the judges who had subscribed this document (except Tresilian, who was summarily exe- cuted) were removed from their offices, ar- ! rested, and sent to the Tower, by order of the parliament, on a charge of treason. They • pleaded that they had acted under compulsion , and menace of death. They were, however, I sentenced to death, with the consequent at- i tainder, and forfeiture of lands and goods • but at the intercession of the bishops the sentence was commuted for one of banish- ment into Ireland, the attainder, however, not being removed. Drogheda was selected as the place of Bealknap's exile, and he was- ordered to confine himself within a circuit of three miles round it. An annuity of 40 J. was granted for his subsistence. He was recalled to England in 1397. In the same year an act of restitution was passed, by which Bealknap and the other attainted judges were restored to their rights. This act, however, was shortly afterwards an- nulled, i.e. in 1399, on the accession of Henry IV. In 1399 the commons petitioned parliament for the restoration of his estates. He seems to have died shortly afterwards, since he did not join with his former col- leagues, Holt and Burgh, when, in 1401, they petitioned parliament for a removal of the at- tainder. A case in which Bealknap's wife sued alone inspired Justice Markham with two barbarous rhyming hexameters — Ecce modo mirum quod femina fert breve Regis, Non nominando virum conjiinctum robore legis. This lady, who is designated indifferently Sybell and Juliana, was permitted to remain in possession of her husband's estates in spite of the attainder until her death in 1414- 1415. They then escheated to the crown ; but Hamon, the heir of Sir Robert, at the time petitioned parliament for a removal of the attainder, and the prayer was granted. Sir Edward Bealknap, great-grandson of the judge, whose sister Alice married Sir W. Shelley, a justice of the common pleas in the time of Henry VIII, achieved considerable distinction during the reigns of that monarch and of his predecessor, both as a soldier and a man of affairs. [Hasted's Kent, ii. 69 ; Duchesne'sHist. Norm. Script. Ant. 1023 ; Year Books, 20 and 36 Ed- ward III ; Lewis's Isle of Thanet, 200 ; Rymer's. Foedera. ed. Clarke, iii. 870, 952, 961, 1007, 1015; Liber Assis. 40 Edward III; Leland's- Collect. i. 185; Devon's Brantingham's Issue Roll, 369, 370 ; Devon's Issiies of the Exch. 240; Stow's Annals, 284; Knyghton Col. 2694; Holin- shed, ii. 781-2 ; Chron. A. Mon. S. Alb. (Rolls- series), 380-2; Rot. Parl. iii. 233-44, 346, 358, 461 ; Trokelowe et Anon Chron. (Rolls Series), 195-6. 303: State Trials, i. 106-20; Abbrev. Rot. Orig. ii. 319 ; Cal. Inq. p m. iv. 7 ; Cotton's. Records, 331, 540.] J. M. R. BEAMISH, NORTH LUDLOW (1797-1872), military writer and antiquary, was the son of William Beamish, Esq., of Beaumont House, co. Cork, and was born on 31 Dec. 1797. In November 1816 he obtained a commission in the 4th royal Irish dragoon Beamish Beamont guards, in which corps he purchased a troop in 1823. In 1825 he published an English translation of a small cavalry manual written by Count F. A. von Bismarck, a distinguished officer then engaged in the reorganisation of the Wiirtemberg cavalry. Beamish 's pro- fessional abilities brought him to notice, and he received a half-pay majority in the fol- lowing year. Whilst attached to the vice- regal suite in Hanover he subsequently pub- lished a translation of Count von Bismarck's 1 Lectures on Cavalry,' with original notes, in which he suggested various changes soon after adopted in the British cavalry. He also completed and edited a history of ' the King's German Legion ' from its formation in the British service in 1803 to its disbandment in 1816, which was published in England in 1834-7, and is a model of military compila- tions of its class. After quitting Hanover Beamish devoted much attention to Norse antiquities, and in 1841 published a summary of the researches of Professor Eafn of Copen- hagen, relative to the discovery of America by the Northmen in the tenth century. Although the fact had been notified as early as 1828 (in a letter in NILE'S Register, Boston, U.S.), it was very little known. Beamish 's modest volume not only popularised the discovery by epitomising the principal details in Rafn's great work l Antiquitates Americans ' (Co- penhagen, 1837), but it contains, in the shape of translations from the Sagas, one of the best summaries of Icelandic historical literature anywhere to be found within an equal space. Beamish, like his younger brother, Richard, who was at one time in the Grenadier guards, was a F.R.S. Lond. and an associate of various learned bodies. He died at Annmount, co. Cork, on 27 April 1872. His works were : 1. * Instructions for the Field Service of Cavalry, from the German of Count von Bismarck,' London, 1825, 12mo. 2. ' Lectures on the Duties of Cavalry, from the German of Count von Bismarck,' London, 1827, 8vo. 3. ' History of the King's German Legion/ 2 vols. London, 1834-7, 8vo. 4. 'The Discovery of America by the Northmen in the Tenth Century, with Notes on the Early Set- tlement of the Irish in the Western Hemi- sphere,' London, 1841, 8vo ; a reprint of this work, edited by the Rev. E. F. Slafter, A.M., was published by the Prince Society of Albany, N.Y., in 1877. 5. ' On the Altera- tions of Level in the Baltic,' British Asso- ciation Reports, 1843. 6. ' On the Uses and Application of Cavalry in War,' London, 1855, 8vo. [Burke's Landed Gentry ; Army Lists ; Pub- lications of the Prince Society, Albany, N.Y. ; Beamish 's Works.] H. M. C. BEAMONT, WILLIAM JOHN (1828- 1868), clergyman and author, was born at Warrington, Lancashire, 16 Jan. 1828, being the only son of William Beamont, solicitor, of that town, and author of ' An- nals of the Lords of Warrington,' and other- works. After attending the Warrington grammar school for five years he was, in 1842, removed to Eton College, where he- remained till 1846, bearing off Prince Albert's prize for modern languages, and the New- castle medal and other prizes. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1846, took high honours, gained the chancellor's medal,, and was awarded a fellowship in 1852. He graduated B.A. in 1850, and M.A. in 1853. After his election as fellow of Trinity he commenced a tour in Egypt and Palestine, and on being ordained in 1854 he spent some time at Jerusalem, where he engaged ear- nestly in the education of intending mission- aries to Abyssinia, in Sunday school work, and in preaching not only to the English residents but to the Arabs in their own tongue. He afterwards acted as chaplain in the camp hospitals of the British army before- Sebastopol. In 1855 Beamont returned home, and became curate of St. John's, Broad Street, Drury Lane, London, in which parish he worked with great zeal until 1858, when he accepted the vicarage of St. Michael's,, Cambridge. He died at Cambridge, 6 Aug. 1868, at the age of forty, his death being" hastened by a fever caught in the East. He was buried in Trinity College ChapeL Beamont's life was one of unremitting self- denying usefulness, and in addition to his successful parochial labours and his pioneer efforts for church extension in Barnwell and Chesterton, he was the main instrument of founding the Cambridge School of Art (1858) and the Church Defence Association (1859). He was also the originator of the Church Congress (1861), in the foundation of which he was aided 'by his friend, Mr. R. Reynolds Rowe, F.S.A. His published writings are : 1. 'Catherine, the Egyptian Slave,' 1852. 2. ' Concise Grammar of the Arabic Lan- guage,'1861. 3. ' Cairo to Sinai and Sinai to Cairo, in November and December 1860 r (1861). In conjunction with Canon W. M. Campion he wrote a learned yet popular exposition of the Book of Common Prayer, entitled ' The Prayer-Book Interleaved,' 1868. Among his pamphlets are the ' Catechumen's Manual,' ' Paper on Clergy Discipline,' and i Fine Art as a Branch of Academic Study/ [Information from Mr. W. Beumont and Mr. E. R. Rowe ; Warrington Guardian ; Cambridge Chronicle, 15 Ang. 1868-; G. W. Weldon. in the Churchman, August 1883, p. 326.] C. W. S. Bean 12 Bearcroft BEAN or BEYN, SAINT (Jl. 1011), was, according to Fordun (Scotichron. iv. 44), ap- pointed lirst bishop of Murthlach by Mai- col mil, at the instance of Pope Benedict VIII. This statement is confirmed by what professes to be a fragment of the charter of Malcolm II (1003-1029?), preserved in the register of the diocese of Aberdeen (Registrum Aber- donense, i. 3), but the genuineness of the document is called in question by Professor Innes in his preface to the publication (p. xvi) as contradicting an older record, printed in the preface (p. xvii), which gives the date of the foundation of the see as 1063. In any case there is no doubt that Bean, or Beyn, was the first bishop of the see. Dr. Reeves (Martyroloyy of Donegal, p. 337) identifies St. Bean with the Irish Mophiog, the day of both (16 Dec.) being the same. In Molanus's additions to Usuardus, St. Bean is distinctly referred to as a native of Ire- land : ' In Hybernia natalis Beani primi epi- scopi Aberdonensis et confessoris ' (Marty ro- logium, sub die). According to Camerarius he administered the affairs of his diocese for two-and-thirty years. He is not to be con- founded with the St. Bean whose day is 16 Oct., and who was venerated at Fowlis in Strathearn. [Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (Mait- land Club, 1845) ; Collections for Aberdeen (Spalding Club, 1843), i. 123, 141, 142, 649, ii. 253, 254, 258; Brittania Sancta, p. 319; Usuardus's Martyrologium ; Reeves and Todd's Martyrology of Donegal, 337-9 ; Camerarius's De Scot. Port. p. 202 ; Forbes's Kalendars of Scottish Saints, 377.] BEAKBLOCK or BEREBLOCK, JOHN (fl. 1566), draughtsman, was born near Rochester about 1532, and was educated at Oxford. He is said to have become a fellow of St. John's College in 1558 and of Exeter College on 30 June 1566. He graduated B.A. 29 March 1561, and MA. 13 Feb. 1564-5. Before the close of 1566 he was dean of his college, and was elected senior proctor of the university on 20 April 1579, Ms colleague being Thomas (afterwards Sir Thomas) Bodley. In 1570 he was granted four years' leave of absence, probably for study abroad, and in 1572 received the degree of B.C.L. from a continental university. Nothing further is ascertainable about his personal history. In September 1566, on the visit of Queen Elizabeth to Oxford, Bearblock prepared small drawings of all the colleges, the earliest of their kind, for each of which his friend Thomas Neal, Hebrew reader in the university, wrote descriptive verses in Latin. The views, which were greatly admired, were displayed on the walls of St. Mary's Church for several days, and there examined by the queen. A carefully executed copy of them, which is still extant, was subsequently pre- sented to the Bodleian Library by John More in 1630; but the original sketches, having been given to St. John's College, were granted in 1616 to Sir Thomas Lake, and ap- parently lost. Bearblock's drawings, with Neal's verses, were engraved in 1713, at the end of Hearne's edition of Dodwell's 'De Parma Equestri Woodwardiana Dissertatio.' In 1728 they were again engraved in the margin of a reproduction of Ralph Aggas's map of Oxford, first engraved in 1578, and in 1882 they were for the third time re- produced, with Neal's verses, in a volume privately printed at Oxford. Bearblock wrote an elaborate account of the queen's visit to Oxford in 1566 under the title of ' Commentarii sive Ephemerae Actiones rerum illustrium Oxonii gestarum in adventu sere- nissimae principis Elizabeths.' The pamph- let was dedicated to Lord Cobham and to Sir William Petre, a munificent benefactor of Exeter College, but it was not printed until 1729, when Hearne published it in an appendix (pp. 251-96) to his edition of the 'Historia et Vita Ricardi II.' Bearblock refers to the exhibition of his drawings on page 283. A map of Rochester by Bear- block, of which nothing is now known, was extant in the time of Anthony a Wood. Tanner erroneously gives Bearblock's name as Beartlock. [Boase's Registrum Collegii Exoniensis, pp. 45, 207 ; Wood's Athen. Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. 577 ; Fasti Oxon. i. 168 ; Annals of Oxford, ed. Gutch, ii. 159; Tanner's Bibliotheca, p. 82; Rye's Eng- land as seen by Foreigners, p. 208 ; Madan's in- troduction to the reproduction of the drawings in 1882; History of Rochester, ed. 1817, p. 73.] S. L. L. JBEARCROFT, PHILIP, D.D. (1697- 1761), antiquary, descended from an ancient Worcestershire family, was born at Worcester on 1 May 1697 (SUSANNAH BBAECROFT'S pre- face to Relics of Philip Bearcroft}. He was educated at the Charterhouse, of which he was elected a scholar on the nomination of Lord Somers in July 1710. On 17 Dec. 1712 he matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. In 1716 he took his B.A. degree, in 1717 he became probationary, and in 1719 actual, fellow of Merton College, taking his MA. degree in the same year. He was ordained deacon in 1718 at Bristol, and priest in 1719 at Gloucester. He accumulated the degrees of B.D. and D.D. in 1730. He was appointed preacher to the Charterhouse in Beard Beard 1724, chaplain to the king in 1738, secretary to the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts in 1739, rector of Stormonth, Kent, in 1743, and master of the Charter- house on 18 Dec. 1753. In 1755 he was col- lated to a prebendal stall in Wells Cathedral. Bearcroft published 'An Historical Ac- count of Thomas Sutton, Esquire, and of his foundation of the Charterhouse ' (London, 1737). He also intended to publish a col- lection of the rules and orders of the Charter- house, but was prevented by the governors, some extracts only being printed in a quarto pamphlet and distributed among the officers of the house (GouGH, British Topography, i. 691). From his account of Sutton, Smythe's historical account of the Charterhouse was largely derived. In Nichols's ' Bowyer ' Bear- croft is spoken of as l a worthy man, but with no great talents for writing.' Some of his sermons were published both before and after his death. He died on 17 Oct. 1761. [Gent. Mag. xxxi. 538 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 650 ; Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesise Anglicanae, ii. 202. In the Eawlinson MSS. fol. 1 6 1 52 (Bodleian Libr.), where a brief account appears, the date of birth is given as 21 Feb. 1695.] A. G-N. BEARD, JOHN (1716 P-1791), actor and vocalist, was bred in the king's chapel, and was one of the singers in the Duke of Chandos's chapel at Cannon. His musical training was received under Bernard Gates, and his reputation as a singer was gained in the representations given by Handel at Covent Garden Theatre of ' Acis and Galatea,' ( Ata- lanta,' and other works. The favour of the public was, however, won by the de- livery of Galliard's hunting song, 'With early horn.' Beard's first appearance as an actor took place at Drury Lane 30 Aug. 1737, the opening night of the season 1737-8, as Sir John Loverule in ' The Devil to pay/ a ballad opera extracted by Charles CofFey from 1 The Devil of a Wife ' of 'Thomas Jevons. On 8 Jan. 1738-9 Beard espoused Lady Henrietta Herbert, only daughter of James, first earl of Waldegrave, and widow of Lord Edward Herbert, the second son of William, second marquis of Powis. After these nuptials, concerning which, curiously enough, no men- tion is found in peerages of authority, Beard retired for a while from the stage, to which he returned in 1743-4. His married hap- piness, which is said to have been excep- tional, was interrupted, 31 May 1753, by the death of his wife, to whom Beard erected a handsome monument in St. Pancras church. She died in her thirty-seventh year. Six years later he married Charlotte, daughter of Rich, the manager of Covent Garden Theatre, who survived him and died in 1818 at the great age of 92. Beard's reappearance is said to have taken place at Drury Lane about 1743. He is first distinctly traced at Covent Garden on 23 Dec. 1743, when he played Mac- heath in Gay's l Beggars' Opera ' to the Polly Peachum of Mrs. Clive. Macheath remained a favourite character with him. Beard stayed at Covent Garden for some years. On 19 June 1758 he is heard of at Drury Lane, playing Macheath to the Polly of Miss Macklin. On 10 Oct. 1759 he returned to Covent Garden, in which he had since his marriage a species of interest, and reappeared as Macheath. Polly was now played by Miss Brent, whose performance of the part wras sufficiently popular to give new life to Gay's opera, and obtain for it a run, all but unbroken, of thirty-seven nights. After the death of Rich, his father-in-law, 26 Nov. 1761, Beard, who through his wife became a shareholder in the theatre, undertook its management. Shortly after assuming the control, February 1763, he resisted with determination an at- tempt on the part of rioters, who had been successful with Garrick at Drury Lane, to force him to grant admission at half-price at the close of the third act of each perform- ance. Certain ringleaders were brought be- fore the lord chief justice. After under- going a serious loss by the destruction of property and the subsequent closing of the theatre, Beard was compelled to submit. On 23 May 1767, in his original character of Hawthorne in BickerstafFs opera, l Love in a Village,' he retired from the stage, for which loss of hearing had disqualified him. His death took place 5 Feb. 1791 at Hamp- ton, in Middlesex, to which place he had betaken himself upon his retirement. He is buried in the vault of Hampton church. Beard enjoyed great and deserved popularity. Charles Dibdin says that he considers him, ' taken altogether, as the best English singer/ and states that ' his voice was sound, male, powerful, and extensive. His tones were natural, and he had flexibility enough to exe- cute any passages however difficult' {Com- plete History of the Stage, v. 363). His praise is, however, established by the fact that Handel composed expressly for Beard some of his greatest tenor parts, as in ' Israel in Egypt,' ' Messiah,' { Judas Maccabseus,' and 'Jephthah.' Churchill celebrates him, and Davies, who states that Beard excelled greatly in recitation (Misc. iii. 375), speaks of him as the jolly president of the Beefsteak Club (iii. 167). His moral and social qualities are indeed a theme of general commendation. [Genest's Account of the English Stage ; Dib- din's Complete History of the Stage ; Grove's Beard Beard Dictionary of Musicians ; Bellamy's Apology ; Gilltland's Dramatic Mirror; Thespian Diction- ary; Gent. Mag. for 1791.] J. K. BEARD, JOHN RELLY, D.D. (1800- 1876), unitarian minister, born at Southsea, Hants, in 1800, was sent, at the age of twenty, to the unitarian college at York, where he was fellow-student with Dr. Mar- tineau. In 1825 he took charge of a unita- rian congregation at Salford, Manchester. Shortly afterwards he opened a school, where his son, the Rev. Charles Beard (Hibbert lecturer, 1883), was educated. In 1838 the university of Giessen bestowed on him the honorary degree of D.D. in recognition of his services to religious and general literature. In 1848 he removed to a chapel built for him in Strangeways, Manchester, from which he re- tired in 1864. During his ministry there he .started a scheme for educating young men for home missions, which originated the Uni- tarian Home Missionary Board or College, -of which Beard was the first principal. In 1862, at his suggestion, was founded the Me- | morial Hall, Manchester, to commemorate the i non-compliance with the Act of Uniformity j of 1662 of two thousand English clergymen, j From 1865 to 1873 he was minister of a chapel j •at Sale, near Ashton-on-Mersey, where he : died in 1876. Beard's zeal in the cause of public educa- ; tion led to the reforms adopted of late years j in the Manchester grammar school, and to j "the formation of a Lancashire association for popular education. By the labours of | Beard and his friends this subject was con- stantly brought under the notice of the go- vernment, until Mr. Forster's bill was intro- ' duced. The latter was largely suggested, and in the main drafted, by some of the earlier members of the association, founded, chiefly T)y the exertions of Beard, thirty years be- | fore. By his writings he also contributed I 'to the cause of education ; he wrote the ; papers on Latin, Greek, and English litera- j ture for Cassell's ' Popular Educator,' and, ' with the Rev. Charles Beard, compiled the j •'Latin Dictionary' for the same publishers. I His topographical description of Lancashire | in Knight's ' Illustrated England,' and a * Life i •of Toussaint 1'Ouverture' (1853), complete the list of his writings on general subjects. His theological fervour, inherited from his ancestor Relly, a universalist preacher of the •eighteenth century, was shown in his various religious writings. Chief amongst these are I his controversial works in defence of christi- i anity (1826, 1837, 1845) ; many papers in ! the ' Christian Reformer,' the ' Westminster Heview,' 'Journal of Sacred Literature,' Kitto's ' Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature,' Kitto's 'Papers for Sunday Reading,' and 'People's Dictionary of the Bible ' (1847). He also published ' Handbook of Family Devotion from the German of H. Zschokke ' (1862), 'Life and Writings of Theodore Parker from the French of Dr. R6ville ' (1865), 'Autobiography of Satan' (1874), and many minor theological works, ori- ginal and translated. Beard was the first editor of the ' Christian Teacher,' now the 'National Review,' and also started the 1 Unitarian Herald.' [Manuscript autobiographical sketch in the possession of C. W. Sutton, Esq. ; Unitarian He- rald, 1 Dec. 1876, and 4 May 1877; Manchester G-uardian, 24 Nov. 1876; Manchester Weekly Times, 25 Nov. 1876; Ireland's List of Dr. Beard's Works, 1875.] E. I. BEARD, RICHARD. [See BEEIRD.] BEARD, THOMAS, D.D. (d. 1632), puritan divine, and the schoolmaster of Oliver Cromwell at Huntingdon, was, it is believed, a native of Huntingdon, but the date of his birth is unknown. He received his educa- tion at Cambridge, and probably took there his degree of D.D. On 21 Jan. 1597-8 he was collated to the rectory of Hengrave, Suffolk, which he held for a very short time. Not very long afterwards Beard became master of Huntingdon hospital and gram- mar school. It was at this school that Cromwell was educated in the early years of the seventeenth century. In a letter dated 25 March 1614, in the Cottonian MSS. (Julius, C. iii.), Beard asks Sir Robert Cotton for the rectory of Conington, being tired of the painful occupation of teaching. In 1625-6, as we learn from an indenture, made 23 March, between ' the bailifs and burgesses of the town of Huntingdon, patrons of the hospital of St. John in Huntingdon, of the one part, and Thomas Beard, doctor in divinity, and master of the said hospital, and Robert Cook of Huntingdon, gentleman, of the other part,' Beard was holding a lecture- ship at Huntingdon, and his puritan zeal in his mastership and preaching had given great satisfaction to the townspeople. 'All the said parishes and town of Huntington were,' runs the document, ' for a long time before the said Thomas Beard became master of the said hospital, utterly destitute of a learned preacher to teach and instruct them in the word of God ; but sithence the said Thomas Beard became master of the said hospital, being admitted thereunto by the presentation of the said bailifs and burgesses, the said Thomas Beard hath not only maintained a grammar school in the said town, according Beard Beard to the foundation of the said hospital, by him- self, and a schoolmaster by him provided at his own charges, but hath also been continually resident in the said town, and painfully preached the word of God in the said town of Huntington on the Sabbath-day duly, to the great comfort of the inhabitants of the said town ' (Add. MS. British Museum, 15665, p. 126 ; SANFOKD'S Studies and Illus- trations of the Great Rebellion, 1858, pp. 240-1). In 1633 Laud, then archbishop, .succeeded in putting the lectureship down. In 1628, when the Bishop of Winchester •(Neile), who, while Bishop of Lincoln, had j been Beard's diocesan, was accused before the j House of Commons of anti-puritan practices, j Beard was summoned as a witness against him. According to Cromwell's speech in the debate on the subject, Beard had been ap- pointed in 1617 to preach a sermon on the Sunday after Easter in London, in which, ac- cording to custom, he was to recapitulate three ; sermons previously preached before the lord mayor from an open pulpit in Spital Square. Dr. Alabaster was the preacher whom Beard had to follow, and so far from agreeing to repeat Alabaster's sermons, he announced his intention of exposing his support of certain '* tenets of popery.' f Thereupon,' Cromwell •continued, * the new Bishop of Winton, then Bishop of Lincoln, did send for. Dr. Beard •and charge him, as his diocesan, not to Breach any doctrine contrary to that which Alablaster had delivered. And when Dr. Beard did, by the advice of Bishop Felton, preach against Dr. Alablaster's sermon and person, Dr. Neile, now Bishop of Winton, did reprehend him, the said Beard, for it' (GrAK- DINER'S History (1884), vii. 55-6). Before Beard could give his 'testimony from his 'Own lips,' the parliament was dissolved. In 1630 he was made a justice of peace for the county. He was married, and had : issue. In the parish registers of Hunting- don are entries of his own and of his wife's death — ' Mr. Thomas Beard, Doctor of Divi- nity, was buried 10 January 1631[-2],' and ' Mrs. Mary Beard, widow, 9 December 1642.' She seems to have been a Mary Heriman, and to have been married 9 July 1628. Brayley (in his Beauties of England and Wales, vii. 354) gives the inscription on a brass in the nave of All Saints Church, Huntingdon, to Dr. Beard's memory : ' Ego Thomas Beard, Sacrae Theologiae Professor : In Ecclesia Omnium Sanctorum Huntingtonise Verbi Divini Pre- dicator olim : Jam sanus sum : Obiit Jantiarii 8°, an. 1631.' Beard's earliest and most famous book first •appeared in 1597. Its title-page runs thus : u The Theatre of Gods ludgements ; or, a Collection of Histories out of Sacred, Eccle- siastical, arid Prophane Authors, concerning the admirable ludgements of God upon the transgressours of his commandements. Trans- lated out of French, and avgmented by more than three hundred Examples, by Th. Beard. London, printed by Adam Islip,' 8vo. It was in the ' Theatre of ludgement ' that first appeared the tragical account of Christopher Marlowe's death. Other editions followed in 1612 and 1631, with additions. A fourth edition in folio of 1648 is well known. In 1625 he published ' Antichrist the Pope of Home ; or the Pope of Rome is Antichrist. Proved in two treatises. In the first, by a full defi- nition of Antichrist, by a plain application of his definition agreeing with the pope, by the weaknesse of the arguments of Bellar- mine, Florimond, Raymond, and others, which are here fully answered,' 4to. Beard left in manuscript an ' Evangelical Tragoedie : or, A Harmonie of the Passion of Christ, ac- cording to the four Evangelistes ' (Royal MS., 17 D. xvii ; CABLET'S Cat. of MSS. of the King's Library, 270). A full-length portrait of Beard is prefixed to the only other literary production of his calling for notice, viz. ' Pedantius, Comoedia olim Cantab, acta in Coll. Trin. nunquam ante haec typis evul- gata,' 1631. [Brook's Lives of the Puritans, ii. 396-7 ; Carlyle's Cromwell ; Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus. ; Huntingdon Register.] A. B. G. BEARD, WILLIAM (1772-1868), bone collector, the son of a farmer at Banwell, Somerset, was born on 24 April 1772. He received such education as the parish clerk, who was also the schoolmaster of the village, could give him. Like his father, he worked on the land. He married and bought a small estate, which he farmed himself. Excited by the tradition that Banwell Hill contained a large cavern, he persuaded two miners to join him (September 1824) in sinking a shaft. 'At a depth of about 1 00 feet they came to a stalactite cave. While making a second opening lower down the side of the hill, in order to form a better approach to this cave, he discovered a smaller cavern containing animal bones. With some help procured for him by the Bishop of Bath and Wells (G. H. Law), to whom the land belonged, Beard dug out the cavern, and found among the debris a number of bones of the bear, buffalo, reindeer, wolf, &c. Captivated with his discovery, he let his land, and spent all his time in search- ing for bones and putting them together. He acted as guide to the many visitors who came to see the cavern and the bones he collected. Beard more 16 Beatniffe He soon learned something of the scientific importance of his discoveries, and became an eager collector of the contents of the bone- caves of the neighbourhood, at Hutton, Blea- don, and Sandford. He was a reserved man, of quaint manners, and with a high opinion of his own skill. The nickname of the ' Pro- fessor' given him by the bishop greatly pleased him, and he was generally called by it. He died on 9 Jan. 1863 in his ninety-sixth year. He retained his bodily and mental activity almost to the day of his death. He was a small man, of short stature and light build. There is a bust of him in Banwell churchyard, and an engraving representing him at the age of seventy-seven in Rutter's ' Delineations of Somersetshire.' His collec- tion of bones was bought by the Somerset- shire Archaeological and Natural History Society, and is now in the museum at Taun- ton Castle. Some idea of its value may be gained from the fact that it includes a large number of the bones of the Felis spelcea, one skull being the most perfect that has been found in England. [Information received from Mr. W. Edginton of Banwell ; Rutter's Delineations of Somerset- shire, 147-60 ; Somersetshire Archseol. and Nat. Hist. Soc.'s Proc. ii. 103, xiv. 160.] W. H. BEAKDMORE, NATHANIEL (1816- 1872), civil engineer, was born at Nottingham on 19 March 1816. He began his professional education as pupil to a Plymouth architect, and subsequently to the well-known engineer Mr. J. M. Rendel, whose partner he ultimately became. Much of the experience he obtained respecting water supplies and so forth was gained in works undertaken at this time. His partnership with Mr. Rendel ceased in 1848. In 1850 Beardmore became sole engineer to the works for the drainage and navigation of the river Lee. In the same year appeared, with the title of ' Hydraulic Tables,' the first edition of a book which, under the fuller description of ( Manual of Hydrology ; containing I. Hydraulic and other Tables ; II. Rivers, Flow of Water, Springs, Wells, and Percolation ; III. Tides, Estuaries, and Tidal Rivers; IV. Rain-fall and Evapora- tion,' afterwards became the text-book of the profession for hydraulic engineering. The above title is that of the third and enlarged edition, which appeared in 1862. During the remaining ten years of his life Beard- more's practice as an engineer was greatly extended by this work. He died on 24 Aug. 1872, at Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, whither he had moved in 1855. [Annual Report of the Institute of Civil En- gineers, 17 Dec. 1872.] A. D. BEATNIFFE, RICHARD (1740-1818), bookseller, was born in 1740 at Louth in ! Lincolnshire, and was adopted and edu- cated by his uncle, the Rev. Samuel Beat- ! niffe, rector of Gay wood and Bawsey in Nor- i folk. He was apprenticed to a bookseller at | Lynn of the name of Hollingworth, who was in the habit of taking four apprentices. When we are told that all the four were ex- pected to sleep in one bed, that the sheets I were changed only once a year, and that the I youths were dieted in the most economical manner, it says much for the sturdiness of Beatniffe that he was the only apprentice Hollingworth had for forty years who re- I mained to serve his full time. The tempta- tions of the hand of his master's daughter, who was deformed in person and unpleasing in manners, together with a share in the busi- ness, were not able to retain Beatniffe in Lynn. Upon the termination of his appren- ticeship he went to Norwich, and worked there for some years as a journeyman book- binder. His old master Hollingworth, if harsh, must have been also generous, since he advanced Beatniffe 500/. for the purchase of the stock of Jonathan Gleed, a bookseller of London Lane, in Norwich. Shortly after this period Beatniffe produced his excellent little ' Norfolk Tour, or Travel- ler's Pocket Companion, being a concise de- scription of all the noblemen's and gentlemen's seats, as well as of the principal towns and other remarkable places in the county,' of which the first edition appeared in 1772, the second in 1773, the third in 1777, the fourth in 1786, the fifth in 1795, and the sixth and last in 1808, ' greatly enlarged and improved.' This edition extended to 399 pages, or about four times the size of the first. In the ad- vertisement the author states that he had carefully revised every page, ' and by the friendly communications of several gentle- men in the county and [his] own observations during the last ten years greatly enlarged ' it. Improvements and additions were made by the author to each successive edition, and most of the places described were person- ally visited. It is written in a plain man- ner, and is full of information. Mr. W. Rye says : ( The numerous editions to which it ran show it had considerable merit, and in its notes and illustrations there is much useful and interesting reading ' (Index to Norfolk Topogr. 1881, p. xxvii). His biographer tells some characteristic anecdotes of the bookseller's unyielding tory- ism, of his rebuffs to chaffering customers, and of his unwillingness to supply the London trade. He preferred to sell to private buyers, and indeed was often loth to part with his Beaton Beaton v jewels,' as he styled his rarities. Beloe, who knew him, has described Beatniffe as ' a shrewd, cold, inflexible fellow, who traded principally in old books, and held out but little encouragement to a youth who rarely had money to expend. . . . The principal fea- ture of this man's character was suspicion of .strangers, and a constant apprehension lest he should dispose of any of his libri rarissimi to some cunning wight or professed collector. If any customer was announced as coming from the metropolis, he immediately added at least one-third to his price ' {Sexagenarian, 1818, ii. 246). Booksellers have not unseldom thought it necessary to cultivate blunt and -eccentric manners ; but Beatniffe's knowledge •of books, skill as a bookbinder, and business habits, made him a prosperous tradesman. For many years he owned the best collection of old books among provincial dealers, and was long the first secondhand bookseller in Norwich. He published a few works. His first catalogue was printed in 1779, and his last in 1808 ; they contained many rare -volumes, which he knew how to price at their full value. Among the libraries purchased by him was that of the Rev. Dr. Cox Macro, •of Little Haugh in Suffolk, who died in 1767, after having brought together a rich treasure •of early-printed books, old poetry, original letters, and autographs. The library remained unexamined for forty years, when it came into Beatniffe's hands at the commencement •of the century for the small sum of 150/. or 160/. On being sold piecemeal the collection realised nine or ten times as much. Beatniffe married Martha Dinah Hart, who died in 1816, daughter of a writing-master and alderman of Bury St. Edmund's, by whom he had a son and a daughter. Having •amassed a considerable fortune, Beatniffe re- tired from business a short time before his •death, which took place 9 July 1818, in the •seventy-ninth year of his age, at Norwich. He was buried in the nave of the Norwich 'Church of St. Peter at Mancroft. [Biography by the Eev. James Ford in Nichols's Illustrations, vi. 522-8 ; see also iv. 746, viii. 491 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, iii. 672, Tin. 467, ix. 365; Gent. Mag. 1818, ii. 93, 286.1 H. E. T. BEATON or BETHUNE, DAVID (1494-1546), cardinal archbishop of St. An- drews, was the third son of John Bethune of Balfour, elder brother of Archbishop James Bethune. He studied at the universities of St. Andrews and Glasgow, and in his six- teenth year was sent to Paris, where he stu- died both the civil and the canon law. About that time his uncle presented him to the rec- VOL. IV. tory of Campsie, and in 1523 he resigned in his nephew's favour the abbacy of Arbroath, though the pope dispensed the young abbot from taking orders till two years later. In 1537 David Beaton was consecrated bishop of Mirepoix in Foix, and very shortly after Pope Paul III made him cardinal of San Ste- fano on Monte Celio. He succeeded his uncle as archbishop of St. Andrews in 1539, and was murdered at St. Andrews in 1546. From a very early age he was resident for Scotland at the court of France, was made lord privy seal in 1528, and chancellor in 1543. He was also proto-notary apostolic and legate a latere from 1543. Till he be- came primate Beaton was frequently employed on foreign diplomatic service, for which his education and abilities specially fitted him. He negotiated the marriage of James V with Magdalen, daughter of Francis I, and on her death he was sent on the commission to bring to Scotland the king's second wife, Mary of Guise. He continued his uncle's policy of knitting closer the alliance with France, and standing on the defensive against England. It was due to his influence that James V re- jected all his uncle Henry's proposals, and refused to act in concert with him in religious reforms. On the death of James V in 1542, Beaton produced a will appointing himself and the earls of Huntly, Argyle, and Arran, joint regents. This will his opponents re- jected as a forgery. Arran was declared governor of the kingdom by the estates. Beaton was arrested ; but his imprisonment was more nominal than real, as Lord Seaton, to whose custody he was committed, was one of his sworn partisans, and very shortly re- stored him to his own castle. It was sus- pected that his arrest was merely a pretence to secure him against being kidnapped by the English. For a short time the English party, which was also that of the reformers, tri- umphed. The governor drew the preachers round him, and two treaties with England were set on foot. One in July 1543 arranged the marriage of Mary with Henry's son Edward; the other concluded an alliance with England. But no sooner did the cardinal find himself at liberty than he raised a faction against the governor and the English mar- riage. His party mustered in great force, and escorted the queen and her mother from Lin- lithgow to Stirling Castle in July 1543, a pro- ceeding which was approved at the next meeting of the estates. Arran, too, dismissed the preachers, and went over to the cardinal's party on 8 Sept. 1543. The English treaties were repudiated 24 Sept. 1543, a step which provoked a declaration of war from England ; and when Hertford invaded Scotland in 1544 Beaton 18 Beaton he had special instructions to seize the car- dinal and raze his castle of St. Andrews, which Beaton had meanwhile been busily fortifying, and had made so strong that he feared neither English nor French. When the English fleet was seen in the Firth of Forth, both the cardinal and the governor hastened out of reach of the invaders, 1544. As a persecutor the cardinal was even more zealous than his uncle. His memory has been held up to execration for his cruel- ties to the reformers, especially for the burn- ing of Wishart. But as the reformers were in secret treaty with England, their political as well as their religious creed made it im- possible to let the preaching of their doctrines pass unnoticed ; and it has now been ascer- tained that Wishart was a willing agent in the plots laid by Henry against the cardinal. George Wishart was the most popular of the preachers, and had many powerful supporters among the nobles who upheld them. In 1546 the cardinal called a provincial assembly of the clergy at the Blackfriars, Edinburgh. George Wishart was at Ormiston, a laird's house in the neighbourhood. There he was arrested by the Earl of Both well, acting for the cardinal, and brought to St. Andrews, where he was tried on a charge of spreading heretical doctrines, condemned, and burnt on 2 March 1546. At this time the cardinal was at the height of his power. Most of the nobles were bound to him by bonds of man- rent or promises of friendship, and he had just married his natural daughter Margaret to David Lindsay, afterwards ninth earl of Crawford. But the friends of Wishart, the lairds of Fife, were determined to avenge his death and secure their own safety by getting the cardinal out of the way before he could carry out a scheme he had in hand for their destruction. John Leslie, brother to the Earl of Rothes, had sworn on the day of Wishart's death that his whinger and hand should be ' priests to the cardinal.' This bloody threat he fulfilled. Entering the castle by stealth in company with his nephew Norman, and Kircaldy of Grange, they surprised the cardinal in his bedroom, murdered him, and took possession of the fortress, 29 May 1546. Beaton's greatest gift was the power he had of gaining ascendency over the minds of others. He ruled in turn the councils of James V, of the governor and the queen dowa- ger, and had great influence with Francis I. He left several natural children, and the im- morality of his private life, as well as his pride and cruelty, has been much enlarged upon by his religious opponents. After his body had lain nine months in the sea tower of the castle, it was obscurely buried in the con- vent of the Blackfriars at St. Andrews. [Knox's History, ed. Laing; Sir David Lyn de- say's poem of The Cardinal ; Keith's Catalogue of Bishops ; Spottiswood's History of the Church of Scotland; Sir James Balfour's Manuscript Ac- count of the Bishops of St. Andrews ; Register of the Diocese of Glasgow, edited by Cosmo Innes ; Sadler's State Papers ; Chambers's Biographies of Eminent Scotchmen.] M. M'A. BEATON or BETHUNE, JAMES (d. 1539), archbishop of Glasgow and St. An- drews, was the sixth son of James Bethune of Balfour in Fife. He was educated at St. Andrews, where he took his master's degree in 1493. His first preferment was the chantry of Caithness, to which he was presented in 1497. He rose by rapid strides to the high- est honours in the church and state. He was made provost of the collegiate church of Both- well in 1503, prior of Whithorn, and abbot of Dunfermline in 1504. He also held the two rich abbacies of Kil winning and Arbroath. He was elected bishop of Galloway, but was translated to the archbishopric of Glasgow in 1509, and became archbishop of St. Andrews and primate in 1522. He then resigned Ar- broath to his nephew David, reserving half the revenue for his own use for life. He also held the offices of lord treasurer from 1505, and chancellor from 1513 ; but he resigned the treasury on his advancement to the see of Glasgow, and was nominally deprived of the chancellorship in 1526, though his suc- cessor was not appointed till some years later. During the minority of James V, Beaton is one of the most prominent figures in Scottish his- tory. Albany, the regent, withdrew to France whenever he could ; and though the govern- ment was nominally in the hands of a com- mission of regency, the country was distracted by the feuds of the factions of the Douglases and the Hamiltons. Beaton, who was one of the regents, was more apt to stir the strife than to stay it. When appealed to by Bishop Douglas of Dunkeld to avert a fray that seemed imminent, Beaton swore on his con- science he could not help it ; but as he laid his hand on his heart to give weight to his- words, the ring of the coat of mail he wore- beneath his vestments betrayed that he had come ready armed for the fray, and provoked" the retort : f Methinks, my lord, your con- science clatters.' In the tumult which fol- lowed, known as ' Clear-the-causeway,' the^ Douglases won the day. Beaton sought sanctuary at the altar of the church of the* Greyfriars, and would have been torn from it and slain but for the timely interference of Bishop Douglas. At this period the nation Beaton Beaton was hanging in the balance between France and England. Both countries were eager to secure Scotland, and each made offers of find- ing a bride for the young king. Margaret Tudor, the queen mother, and Angus, fa- voured England. Beaton threw all his weight into the French scale, and it was chiefly due to him that the old league with France was maintained, and James wedded to Magdalen of France instead of to Mary of England. The ' greatest man both of lands and expe- rience within this realm, and noted to be very crafty and dissimulating,' was the report of Beaton which the English ambassador sent home, and Wolsey, who well knew that all his schemes concerning Scotland were futile as long as Beaton was at large, laid many a crafty plot for getting hold of him. He sug- gested diets on the border and conferences in London, at which the chancellor must repre- sent the kingdom of Scotland, having an un- derstanding with Angus that he was to be kidnapped on the way ; but Beaton was too wary for him. Secure in his sea-girt castle of St. Andrews, he pursued a policy of his own, and would not pledge himself to either party. He kept up direct and independent communi- cation with France through his nephew David, who was Scottish resident at the French court. During the latter years of his life this nephew acted as his coadjutor. As primate, Beaton was constant in his efforts to assert his superiority over the see of Glasgow. The strife between the two archbishops led to unseemly brawls at home, and pleas carried to the court of Rome, whereof the expenses, the estates complained, caused ' inestimable dampnage to the realme.' He also strove to smother the seeds of the new religious doctrines by burning their most diligent sower, Patrick Hamilton, lay abbot of Fern in Ross-shire. He is called the proto-martyr, as being the first native-born Scot who suffered death for teaching the doc- trines which afterwards became those of the established kirk. He died at the stake in St. Andrews in 1528. His death proved even more persuasive than his living words, inso- much that a shrewd observer counselled the archbishop to burn the next heretics in the cellar, for the l smoke of Mr. Patrick Hamil- ton had infected as many as it blew upon.' Nevertheless, Henry Forest was burned at St. Andrews, and Daniel Stratton and Norman Gourlay at Edinburgh, during Beaton's pri- macy. Beaton founded the new Divinity College at St. Andrews, and built bridges and walls at Glasgow. He died in 1539 at St. Andrews. [Register of the Diocese of Glasgow, edited by Cosmo Innes ; Keith's History of the Church of Scotland ; Spottiswood's History ; Keith's Cata- logue of Bishops ; State Papers, Henry VIII ; Chambers's Biographies of Eminent Scotchmen.] M. M'A. BEATON or BETHUNE, JAMES (1517-1603), archbishop of Glasgow, second \ son of John Bethune of Balfour, and nephew of the cardinal, was the last Roman catholic archbishop of Glasgow, and was consecrated at Rome in 1552. At fourteen he was sent to Paris to study, and at twenty was em- ployed by Francis on a mission to the queen dowager of Scotland. On the death of his j uncle, the cardinal, he was in possession of I the abbacy of Arbroath, but was required to give it up to George Douglas by the governor. Beaton was the faithful friend and counsellor of the queen regent all through her struggles with the lords of the congregation. He was a determined opponent of religious reform, and protested in the parliament of 1542 against the act allowing ' that the halie writ may be usit in our vulgar tongue.' It was to Beaton the regent handed the lords' remonstrance when it was presented to her, with ' Please you, my lord, to read a pasquil,' and in the civil war which followed he shared with the. French auxiliaries all the hardships and privations of the siege of Leith. On the death of the regent Beaton went to France with the French allies, taking with him the muniments and treasures of his diocese, to keep them safe out of the hands of the re- formers. Among them was the Red Book of Glasgow, which dated from the reign of Robert III. He deposited these documents in the Scotch college at Paris, and continued to live in that city till his death in 1603. He acted during the whole of that time as Scottish ambassador at the French court, and still took a lively interest in the affairs of Scotland. He also administered the queen's revenues as dowager of France, and received a salary of 3,060 livres for his services. Mary kept up an active correspondence with Beaton, and was anxious to keep his good opinion. She wrote to him herself giving the first news of Darnley's murder, dwelling strongly on the merciful interposition of Pro- vidence that had prevented her sharing her husband's fate. Beaton in his reply points out to her that to find out and punish the murderers is the only way in which she can prove her innocence before the world. In 1598, on account of the f great honours done to his majestie and the country by the said archbishop in exercising and using the office of ambassadoir,' he was restored to his 1 heritages, honours, dignities, and benefices, notwithstanding any sentences affecting him/ He was as much respected and liked by the c2 Beatson 20 Beatson French as by his own countrymen. He held several French preferments, the abbey de la Sie in Poitou, the priory of St. Peter's, and the treasurership of St. Hilary of Poictiers ; but it was thought much to his credit that he had sent none of the revenues which he drew from them out of the kingdom. During his life Beaton was a constant benefactor to the Scots College founded in Paris in 1325 for the benefit of poor Scots scholars, and at his death he left to it his fortune and his manu- scripts, including a vast mass of correspond- ence. These manuscripts, together with the greater part of the ancient records which he had brought with him from Glasgow, were, on the outbreak of the revolution, sent to St. Omer for safety, and have since been lost eight of. He died in Paris, and was buried by his own desire in the church of St. Jean de Lateran, within the precincts of which he had lived for forty-five years (30 April 1603). In his eloffefunebre,whichweiS attended by the nuncio and many other magnates and a great concourse of people, he is styled l unique Phoenix de la nation 6cossaise en qualit6 de prelat.' Unique he certainly was among the churchmen of that time in leaving behind him an unblemished reputation, for even his enemies could rake up no scandal either in his private or public life to bring against him. [Oraison Funebre by Abbe Gayer, Paris, 1603; Kegister of the Diocese of Glasgow; Knox's His- tory with Laing's notes ; Queen Mary's Letters ; Cosmo Innes's Sketches of E arly Scottish History ; Chambers's Biographies of Eminent Scotchmen.] M. M'A. BEATSON, ALEXANDER (1759-1833), lieutenant-general in the East India Com- pany's service, governor of St. Helena, and experimental agriculturist, was second son of Eobert Beatson, Esq., of Kilrie, co. Fife. He obtained a cadetship in 1775, and was appointed to an ensigncy in the Madras in- fantry, 21 Nov. 1776. He served as an engineer officer in the war with Hyder Ali, although he appears never to have belonged to the engineers. As lieutenant, he served with the Guides in Lord Cornwallis's cam- paigns against Tippoo Sultaun; and eight years after, as a field officer, was surveyor- general with the army under Lieutenant- general Harris, which captured Seringapatam in 1799. He attained the rank of colonel 1 Jan. 1801. After he had quitted India, Beatson was appointed to the governorship of St. Helena, which he held from 1808 to 1813. The island, which then belonged to the East India Company, was in a very unsatisfactory condition. The scanty population had been nearly swept off by an epidemic of measles a short time previously, and, although re- cruited by emigrants from England and by Chinese coolies, was in a wretched state. The acts of the home authorities in sup- pressing the spirit traffic and other matters gave rise to great discontent, resulting in a mutiny in 1811, which was put down by the firmness of Beatson, who also introduced a better system of cultivation and many other beneficial measures. After his return to England, he devoted much attention to ex- periments in agriculture at Knole farm near Tunbridge Wells, and Henley, Essex. He became major-general July 1810, lieutenant- general June 1814, and died 14 July 1833. Beatson was the author of the following works : 1. ' An Account of the Isles of France and Bourbon,' 1794, which was never printed, and remains in manuscript at the British Museum (Add. MS. 13868). 2. < A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War against Tippoo Sultaun' (London, 1800, 4to). 3. < Tracts relative to the Island of St. Helena,' with views (London, 1816, 4to), and other smaller works on the island besides contributions to the St. Helena 1 Monthly Register.' 4. * A New System of Cultivation without Lime or Dung, or Summer Fallowing, as practised at Knole Farm, Sussex' (London, 1820, 8vo); and various papers on improvements in agri- culture. [Dodswell and Miles's Alph. Lists Ind. Army ; Vibart's Hist, of Madras Sappers and Miners, vol. i. ; Beatson's writings.] H. M. C. BEATSON, BENJAMIN WRIGGLES- WORTH (1803-1874), classical scholar, was educated first at Merchant Taylors' School, and afterwards at Pembroke College, Cam- bridge, where he graduated B. A. in 1825 and M.A. in 1828. He was elected a fellow of his college soon after taking his first degree, and was senior fellow at the time of his death (24 July 1874). He compiled the 'Index Grsecitatis yEschyleae,' which was published at Cambridge in 1830 in the first volume of the ' Index in Tragicos Grtecos.1 An edition of Ainsworth's ' Thesaurus Linguae Latinae,' revised by Beatson, was issued in 1829, and republished in 1830 and in 1860. His other works were : 1. ' Progressive Exercises on the Composition of Greek Iambic Verse . . . For the use of King's School, Canterbury,' Cambridge, 1836; a popular school book, which reached a tenth edition in 1871. 2. ' Exercises on Latin Prose Composition,' 1840. 3. < Lessons in Ancient History,' 1853. Beatson 21 Beatson 4. An edition of Demosthenes' Oration against the Law of Leptines, 1864. [Athenaeum, 1 Aug. 1874 ; Luard's Grad. Can- tab. 1760-1856; Brit. Mus. Cat.] BEATSON, GEOKGE STEWARD, M.D. (d. 1874), surgeon-general, graduated in arts and medicine at Glasgow, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1836. In 1838 he joined the army medical department, and did duty on the staff' in Ceylon from 1839 to 1851. He was surgeon to the 51st foot in the second Burmese war, and subsequently served in Turkey during the Crimean war, where he rendered valuable services in the organi- sation of the hospitals at Smyrna. After serving as deputy inspector-general in the Ionian islands and Madras, he became surgeon-general in 1863, and was appointed principal medical officer of European troops in India, an appointment which he held for the customary five years. For the next three years he was in medical charge of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley ; and in 1871 was appointed principal medical officer in India for the second time. He was ap- pointed a C.B. in 1869. He died suddenly at Simla on 7 June 1874. Beatson, who was an honorary physician to the queen, was accounted one of the ablest officers in the army medical service, but it is in the records of the department, at home and in India, rather than in professional literature, that his labours will be noticed. [Ann. Keg. 1874; Army Lists; Lancet, June 1874.] H. M. C. BEATSON, ROBERT, LL.D. (1742- 1818), compiler and miscellaneous writer, was born in 1742 at Dysart in Fifeshire. He was educated for the military profession, and on one of his title-pages describes himself as 'late of his majesty's corps of Royal En- gineers.' It was probably as a subaltern in this corps that he accompanied the unsuc- cessful expedition against Rochefort in 1757, and was present with the force which, reach- ing the West Indies early in 1759, failed in the attack on Martinique, but succeeded in capturing Guadaloupe. He is represented in 1766 as retiring on half-pay, and as failing, in spite of repeated applications, to secure active employment during the American war. Afterwards he seems to have betaken himself to practical agriculture in his native county, his writings on the subject being such as could have scarcely emanated from any one not a practical agriculturist. He became an honorary member of the Board of Agriculture, of the Royal Highland Society of Scotland, and of the London So- ciety of Arts. For the information of the first of these bodies he drew up an elabo- rate ' General View of the Agriculture of the County of Fife, with observations on the means of its improvement,' which was published in 1794, and in which he styles himself ' Robert Beatson, Esq., of Pitterdie.' In this report he advocated long leases and the encouragement of small holdings. In 1798 he published ' An Essay on the Com- parative Advantages of Vertical and Hori- zontal Windmills, containing a description of an horizontal windmill and watermill upon a new construction,' &c. For this wheel he took out a patent, and a model of it was ex- hibited in London. To the fifth volume of A. Hunter's ' Georgical Essays ' (York, 1804) Beatson contributed practical papers (in one of them he speaks of having recently made an agricultural tour in many parts of England) on farm-buildings, farmhouses, barns, and stables. Besides writing on agriculture, Beatson was the author of several works of much more general utility. In 1786 he published in three parts his well-known 'Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain and Ireland, or a complete register of the hereditary honours, public offices, and persons in office from the earliest periods to the present time.' It was dedicated to the author's friend, Adam Smith, who had expressed approval of the work. From its completeness as well as accuracy, it is a most useful, valuable, and indeed a unique work of reference. In 1788 it reached a second edition, in two volumes, containing nearly twice as much matter as the first, and a third edition in 1806. In 1790 appeared, in three volumes, Beatsou's ' Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Bri- tain, from the year 1727 to the present time/ also a useful work, in which the naval element predominates. To the narrative are appended lists of the ships in the squadrons and fleets of France and Spain as well as of Great Britain during the period dealt with, and also despatches, state papers, and geogra- phical descriptions of the places referred to in the text. In 1807 appeared the last of Beatson's works, of reference, three volumes of ' A Chronological Register of both Houses of Parliament from the Union in 1708 to the Third Parliament of the United Kingdom of Grreat Britain and Ireland.' Besides lists of 3eers qualified to sit in each parliament, bounties and boroughs alphabetically ar- ranged are given in chronological order, with ;he names of their members in every house f commons during the period embraced, and notes chronicling as they arose the changes, with their causes, in the representation of each constituency. Election petitions and Beattie 22 Beattie the decisions on them are likewise given with a statement of the elective authority, and of the nature of the electoral franchise in each constituency. Beatson was also the author of a pamphlet on the indecisive engagement fought off Usliant by the fleets under Ad- miral Keppel and Count d'Orvilliers— < A New and Distinct View of the memorable Action of the 27th July 1778, in which the Aspersions cast on the Flag Officers are shown to be totally unfounded.' He died at Edin- burgh on 24 Jan. 1818. One obituary no- tice describes him as 'late barrack-master at Aberdeen.' It is uncertain whether Edin- burgh or Aberdeen university conferred on him his degree of LL.D. [Beatson's writings; Gent. Mag. for April 1818; Annual Biography and Obituary for 1819; Biographical Dictionary of the Living Authors of Great Britain and Ireland, 1816.] F. E. BEATTIE, GEORGE(1786-1823),Scotch poet, was the eldest son of a crofter and sal- mon fisher at Whitehills, near St. Cyrus, Kincardineshire, where he was born in 1786. He received a good education at the parish school. During his boyhood he was noto- rious for his frolics and love of practical jokes. It is also related of him that on Saturday afternoons it was his delight to wander among the ' braes ' of St. Cyrus, and that he used to 1 visit the auld kirkyard with a kind of me- lancholy pleasure.' When the boy was about thirteen years of age, his father obtained a situation on the excise at Montrose, and * young George,' it is said, walked all the way to his new home ' with a tame kae (jackdaw) on his shoulder.' After an ineffectual attempt to become a mechanic he obtained a clerkship in Aberdeen, but six weeks later his employer died, bequeathing him a legacy of 50/. Return- ing to Montrose, Beattie entered the office of the procurator-fiscal, and on the completion of his legal education in Edinburgh he esta- blished himself in Montrose as a writer or at- torney. His remarkable conversational gifts, especially as a humourist, rendered him a general favourite among his companions, and, being combined with good business talents, contributed to his speedy success in his pro- fession. In 1815 he contributed to the ' Mont- rose Review ' a poem, ' John o' Arnha,' which lie afterwards elaborated with much care, and published in a separate form, when its rol- licking humour and vivid descriptions soon secured it a wide popularity. Its incidents bear some resemblance to those of 'Tarn o' Shanter,' of which it may be called a pale reflex. In 1818 he published in the ' Review ' a poem in the old Scotch dialect, written when he was a mere boy, and entitled the 1 Murderit Mynstrell.' The poem, which is in a totally different vein from 'John o' Arnha,' is characterised throughout by a charming simplicity, a chastened tenderness of sentiment, and a delicacy of delineation which are sometimes regarded as the special attributes of the earlier English poets. In 1819 he published also in the ' Review ' the ' Bark,' and in 1820 a wild and eerie rhap- sody, entitled the l Dream.' He also wrote several smaller lyrics. In 1821 Beattie made the acquaintance of a young lady with whom he contracted a marriage engagement. Be- fore, however, the marriage was completed, the lady fell heir to a small fortune, and re- jected Beattie for a suitor who occupied a better rank in life. Deeply wounded by the disappointment, Beattie from that time medi- tated self-destruction. After completing a narrative of his relations with the lady, con- tained in a history of his life from 1821 to 1823, he provided himself with a pistol, and, going to St. Cyrus, shot himself by the side of his sister's grave 29 Sept. 1823. Since his death his poems have gone through several editions, and a collection of them, accom- panied with a memoir, has been published under the title ' George Beattie, Montrose, a poet, a humourist, and a man of genius/ by A. S. M* Cyrus, M.A. [Memoir mentioned above.] T. F. H. BEATTIE, JAMES (1735-1803), poet, essayist, and moral philosopher, was born at Laurencekirk, Kincardine, Scotland; on 25 Oct. 1735. His father, a shopkeeper and small farmer, dying in 1742, the boy was supported by his eldest brother, David, who sent him in 1749 to the Marischal College, Aberdeen, where he soon obtained a bursary. At Aberdeen he studied Greek under Thomas Blackwell, author of < An Inquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer,' but showed no aptitude for mathematics. In 1753, having taken the degree of M.A., and being anxious to obtain immediate employment in order to relieve his brother from further expense, he accepted the post of schoolmaster and parish clerk to the parish of Fardoun, near Laurence- kirk. Here he made the acquaintance of Lord Gardenstown and Lord Monboddo, and began to come into notice by his contributions to the 'Scots Magazine.' He had always been fond of music, and now cultivated it zealously in his retirement. We are assured by his biographers that, in his admiration for the romantic scenery, he would often stay whole nights under the open sky, re- turning home at sunrise. The impressions gained during his residence at Fardoun are apparent in the descriptive passages of his Beattie Beattie best and most celebrated poem, written many years afterwards, the * Minstrel.' With a view to entering the church he returned during the winter to the Marischal College, in order to attend some divinity lectures. In 1758 he was appointed to a vacant master- ship at the grammar school of Aberdeen; and two years afterwards, much to his own surprise, was raised, by the influence of a powerful friend, to the chair of moral philo- sophy and logic in the Marischal College. He began to lecture in the winter session of ! 1760-1, and for upwards of thirty years continued to discharge his duties with in- dustry and ability. There existed at Aber- deen a literary and convivial club, known as ! the ' Wise Club/ consisting chiefly of pro- fessors who used to meet once a fortnight at j a tavern to read essays. Beattie was ad- ' xnitted to membership, and enjoyed the society | of Dr. Reid, Dr. Campbell, Dr. Gregory, and other worthies. In 1761 he published his first volume, * Original Poems and Translations,' dedicated I to the Earl of Erroll, consisting of pieces j contributed to the ' Scots Magazine ' and ' verses recently composed. ' This collection,' says his biographer, Sir William Forbes, f was very favourably received, and stamped Dr. Beattie with the character of a poet of great and original genius.' The poet, too sensible to form such an astounding judg- ment, used in later years to destroy all the copies that he could find, and only four pieces from the collection were allowed to accom- pany the * Minstrel.' ' Beattie's first visit to London was paid in the summer of 1763, on which occasion he made a pilgrimage to Pope's villa at Twicken- | ham. In 1765 he published a smoothly I •written but inanimate poem, the ' Judgment • of Paris,' and later in the same year * Verses j on the Death of Churchill,' a most abusive j performance which he afterwards suppressed. [ In the autumn of 1765 Beattie addressed a j letter in terms of extravagant flattery to the i poet Gray, who was on a visit to the Earl of , Strathmore at Glammis Castle. ' Will you j permit us,' he wrote, ' to hope that we shall ' nave an opportunity at Aberdeen of thanking ! you in person for the honour you have done | to Britain and to the poetic art by your ines- timable compositions ? ' In response arrived a letter of invitation to Glammis; a very cordial meeting followed, and a lasting friend- ship sprang up between the poets. A new edition of Beattie's poems appeared in 1766. Writing to Dr. Blacklock on 22 Sept. of that year, he announced that he was engaged on a poem in the Spenserian stanza, wherein he proposed to be either ' droll or pathetic, de- scriptive or sentimental, tender or satirical, as the humour strikes.' In May of the fol- lowing year he recurred to the subject :- < My performance in Spenser's stanza has not ad- vanced a single line these many months. It is called the " Minstrel." The subject was suggested by a dissertation on the old min- strels which is prefixed to a collection of ballads lately published by Dodsley in three volumes.' In 1768 he wrote (in the * Aberdeen Journal') a poetical address in broad Scotch to Alexander Ross, author of a poem in that dialect, ' The Fortunate Shepherdess.' On 28 June 1767 Beattie married Mary Dunn, daughter of the rector of the grammar school, Aberdeen. This lady became some years afterwards afflicted with insanity, a malady inherited from her mothei. At first it showed itself in strange follies, as when she took some china jars from the mantel- piece and arranged them on the top of the parlour-door so that they might fall on her husband's head when he entered (DYCE'S Prefatory Memoir to Beattie1 s Poems in the Aldine Series). Finally she became so violent that she had to be separated from the family. Two sons were the issue of the marriage. Hitherto Beattie had been known only as a poet ; he now aspired to make his mark as a philosopher. In his professorial capacity he had been compelled to make some ac- quaintance with the writings of Hume, and he now announced his intention of exposing the absurdity of that philosopher's system. ' Our sceptics,' he writes to Dr. Blacklock, ' either believe the doctrines they publish, or they do not believe them; if they believe them they are fools, if not they are some- thing worse.' The result of Beattie's in- quiries was given to the world in 1770 under the title of an t Essay on Truth.' Being anxious to sell the manuscript to a publisher, Beattie had asked his friends Sir William. Forbes and Mr. Arbuthnot to conduct negotia- tions. These gentlemen, finding a difficulty in disposing of the manuscript, determined to publish the book on their own account, wrote to the author that the manuscript was sold, and sent him fifty guineas. The book was received very favourably, passed through, five large editions in four years, and was translated into French, German, Dutch, and Italian. In the history of philosophy it has not the slightest importance. The loose, commonplace character of the professor's reasoning made the essay popular among such readers as wish to be thought acquainted with the philosophy of the day, while they have neither the ability nor inclination to grapple with metaphysical problems. Attacks on. Hume in singularly bad taste abound through- Beattie Beattie out the book. Hume is said to have com- | plained that he ' had not been used like a | gentleman ; ' and this probably is the only notice that he deigned to take of the pro- fessor's labours. In 1771 appeared anonymously the first book of the ' Minstrel,' which passed through four editions before the publication (in 1774) of the second book. The harmony of versi- fication and the beauty of the descriptive passages have preserved this poem from the oblivion which has overtaken Beattie's other writings. Immediately after the publication of the first book Gray wrote to congratulate the author and offer some minute criticism. In a letter to the Dowager Lady Forbes, dated 12 Oct. 1772, Beattie confessed that he intended to paint himself under the cha- racter of Edwin. His health having been impaired by the labour bestowed on the composition of the ' Essay on Truth,' Beattie went for a change to London in the autumn of 1771. Here he made the acquaintance of Mrs. Montagu, Hawkesworth, Armstrong, Garrick, and Dr. Johnson. In one of his letters he writes : ' Johnson has been greatly misrepresented, I have passed several days with him and found him extremely agreeable.' He returned ! to Aberdeen in December. Partly for the I sake of his health and partly in the hope of improving his prospects, he came again to : London in April 1773, accompanied by his ! wife. Having called on Lord Dartmouth | with a letter of introduction, he was shortly afterwards invited to wait on Lord North, who assured him that the king should be made acquainted with his arrival. At the .same time he became familiar with Dr. Porteus, afterwards bishop of London. By Lord Dartmouth he was presented, at the first levee after his arrival, to the king, and a few days later he received the honorary degree of doctor of laws at Oxford. On 20 Aug. an official letter arrived from Lord North's secretary announcing that the king had con- ferred upon him 200/. a year. Shortly after- wards Beattie paid his respects to the king and queen at Kew, and was received very affably. ' I never stole a book but one,' said his majesty, l and that was yours. I stole it from the queen to give it to Lord Hertford to read.' They conversed on the state of moral philosophy and deplored the progress of infidelity, the king remarking that he ' could hardly believe that any thinking man could really be an atheist, unless he could bring himself to believe that he made him- self; a thought which pleased the king ex- ceedingly, and he repeated it several times to the queen.' About this time his portrait was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who generously made him a present of it. In the picture Beattie is represented in his doctor's gown, Vith the ' Essay on Truth ' under his arm; beside him stands Truth, holding in one hand a pair of scales, and with the other thrusting down three figures (two of which are meant to represent Hume and Voltaire) emblematic of Prejudice, Scepticism, and Folly. After five months' stay in London Beattie returned to Aberdeen. In 1773 Beattie declined the offer of the vacant chair of moral philosophy at Edin- burgh ; nor could he be persuaded to accept a living in the Anglican church. Three years- afterwards appeared a new edition, published by subscription, in quarto, of the 'Essay on Truth,' to which were appended three essays, ' On Poetry and Music as they affect the Mind,' 'On Laughter and Ludicrous Composition,' and ' On the Utility of Classical Learning.' A new edition of the ' Minstrel,' together with such other poems as the author wished to preserve, was published in 1777. A letter to Dr. Blair, ' On the Improvement of Psalmody in Scotland,' was printed for private circulation in 1778, which was fol- lowed (in 1779) by a l List of Scotticisms,' published for the use of those who attended his lectures. In 1780 he contributed a paper 1 On Dreaming ' to the l Mirror ; ' and in 1783 he published ' Dissertations Moral and Cri- tical,' a book which met with the most en- thusiastic praise from Cowper, who declared, in a letter to Hayley, that Beattie was the only author he had seen l whose critical and philosophical researches are diversified and embellished by a poetical imagination that makes even the driest subject and the leanest a feast for epicures.' To seek relief from domestic troubles (his wife's insanity being now confirmed), Beattie paid a visit to London in 1784, and after- wards spent some time with Dr. Porteus (now bishop of Chester) at Hunton near Maidstone. In 1786 he published his l Evi- dences of the Christian Religion,' and in the following year he came again to London, on which occasion he visited the king and queen at Windsor. The first volume of his ' Ele- ments of Moral Science ' appeared in 1790, and about this time he superintended an edition of Addison's l Periodical Papers,' adding a few notes to Tickell's Life and Johnson's Remarks. Vol. ii. of the ' Trans- actions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ' contains some remarks by Beattie l On Pas- sages of the Sixth Book of the ^Eneid.' On 19 Nov. he suffered a severe affliction by the loss of his eldest son (aged 22), James Hay Beattie, a young man of considerable promise. Beattie Beattie In the following April he went with his second son to London, and spent some time at Fulham with Dr. Porteus, now bishop of London. The second volume of ' Ele- ments of Moral Science,' which contained a strong attack on the slave trade, appeared in 1793; and in the same year his favourite sister, Mrs. Valentine, died. His health be- came now so impaired that he was unable to attend to his duties and was obliged to en- gage an assistant. He continued, however, to deliver occasional lectures until 1797. In 1794 he issued for private circulation ' Essays and Fragments in Prose and Verse, by James Hay Beattie ' (published afterwards for sale in 1799), to which he prefixed an affecting biographical sketch. Meanwhile his second son, Montagu, became seriously ill, grew from bad to worse, and died in 1796. As he looked for the last time on the body, the father ex- claimed, 1 1 have now done with the world.' He was quite stupefied with grief, and for a time his memory forsook him. In April 1799 he was struck with palsy, which kept him almost speechless for eight days. From this attack he recovered, but the malady frequently returned, and he eventually succumbed to it, after great suffering, on 18 Aug. 1803. He was buried next to his sons in St. Nicholas's churchyard, Aberdeen, and Dr. James Gregory wrote a Latin inscription for his tomb. In his later years he had grown somewhat cor- pulent, but it was noticed that he grew thinner a few months before his death. A life of Beattie by Sir William Forbes, who had much enthusiasm but little judg- ment, appeared in 1806. Beattie's letters, of which there is a profusion in these volumes, are for the most part dull and cumbersome. [Bower's Account of the Life of James Beattie, 1804 ; Sir W. Forbes's Account of the Life and Writings of James Beattie,' 1806: Edinburgh Review, No. xix. The best edition of Beattie's 'Poems ' is in the Aldine Series, edited by Rev. Alexander Dyce. In the British Museum there is a copy of the second edition of Forbes's book, containing manuscript annotations by Mrs. Piozzi, formerly Mrs. Thrale, who (as we learn from Boswell's Johnson) once declared that ' if she had another husband she would have Beattie.'] A. H. B. BEATTIE, JAMES HAY (1768-1790), son of Dr. James Beattie, author of the ' Minstrel,' was born at Aberdeen on 6 Nov. 1768. Having received the rudiments of his education at the grammar school of his native city, he was entered, in his thirteenth year, as a student in Marischal College. From the first he showed premature capacity. He took his degree of M.A. in 1786. In June 1787, when he was not quite nineteen, on the unanimous recommendation of the Senatus Academicus of Marischal College, he was ap- pointed by the king ' assistant professor and successor to his father ' in the chair of moral philosophy and logic. Although very young,, he fulfilled the requirements of his position. He was studious and variously cultured, being especially devoted to music. But his career was destined to be brief. On 30 Nov. 1789 he was prostrated by fever. He lingered in ' uttermost weakness ' for a year, and died 19 Nov. 1790, in his twenty-second year. In 1794 his heart-broken father privately printed his l Remains ' in prose and verse, and prefixed a ' Life.' The book was pub- lished in 1799. [Beattie's Life of his son.] A. B. G-. BEATTIE, WILLIAM, M.D. (179&- 1875), was born at Dalton, Annandale. His father, James Beattie, had been educated as an architect and surveyor, but his real occu- pation was that of a builder. He lost his life by an accident in 1809. It has been said that his son inherited from him his classical, and from his mother his poetical, tendencies. TheBeattieshad been settled in Dumfriesshire for several generations. When just fourteen he went to school at Clarencefield Academy in Dumfriesshire, and during his stay there of six years, under the rector, Mr. Thomas Fer- gusson, attained a competent knowledge of Latin, Greek, and French. In 1812 he became a medical student at Edinburgh University, and took his M.D. degree with credit in 1818. He helped to keep himself at the uni- versity by undertaking, during a portion of his college course, the mastership of the parochial school at Cleish, Kinross-shire, and other kinds of tuition. Of his university days he says : ' At college I acquired the usual accomplishments of young men of my own humble standing in society. I danced with "Doigt," wrestled and fenced with Roland, read to a rich dotard in the even- ings, and sat up night after night to make up for lost time, and then took a walk on the Calton Hill as a substitute for sleep; but even then, when surrounded by gay and brilliant companions, I never forgot my reli- gious duties, and the God whom I remem- bered in my youth has not forsaken me in my old age.' He remained for two years at Edinburgh after taking his diploma, living chiefly ' out of his inkhorn,' teaching, lectur- ing, translating, and conducting a small pri- vate practice. During this period he wrote 1 The Lay of a Graduate,' i Rosalie,' and ' The Swiss Relic.' He afterwards practised me- dicine in Cumberland, and in 1822 was in London preparing to settle in Russia. This Beattie Beattie project he abandoned on becoming engaged to be married to a young lady of fortune, and 'no inconsiderable attractions/ Miss Elizabeth Limner. He accordingly spent three months in Paris, attending the hospitals, returned to London, was married in the autumn of 1822, i and was about to commence a medical practice ! at Dover when he received a summons from the ' Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV), I to whom he had been introduced by Admiral Child, a connection of Mrs. Beattie's, to attend the duke's family on a visit to the courts of } Germany. At the close of the winter he re- sumed his studies in Paris, and the next two years he spent travelling and studying IE Italy, Switzerland, and on the Rhine. At the end of 1824 he entered upon a medical practice at Worthing (the salubrity of whose climate he recommended in a pamphlet pub- lished in 1858), but left it in the following March to again accompany the Duke and j Duchess of Clarence to Germany. On this occasion, at Gottingen, he made the ac- | quaintance of Blumenbach, of whom he says : 1 Though I have been in company with some of the prime spirits of the age, I have met none from whose conversation I have derived so much solid and original information.' He also busied himself in investigating the medi- cinal properties of the most renowned Ger- man spas. In recrossing the Channel in October on the steamer Comet he was nearly wrecked on the Goodwin Sands. On his re- i turn to London he published ' The Helio- I trope ' and ' The Courts of Germany,' which j lie completed in a new edition in 1838. \ Early in 1826 he for the third time formed ' one of the suite of the Duke of Clarence on. j a German visit, and ingratiated himself with ! the Queen of Wiirtemberg, Princess Royal of Great Britain. When she visited Eng- land he was sent for to attend her at Hamp- ton Court and Windsor. He repaid her majesty's good opinion by a nattering me- moir of her in 1829. The only recompense Dr. Beattie ever received for all his services to the Duke of Clarence, extending over some fourteen years, including, during three years, those also of private secretary, were a service of silver plate and a letter certifying him to be * a perfect gentleman.' Dr. Beattie, however, appears to have been grateful. The duchess added l a pair of bracelets for Mrs. Beattie, knit by her own hands,' and, after lier coronation, a gold medallion, as a mark of her majesty's esteem and regard ; while the King of Prussia, whom he had profes- sionally attended, also sent him a gold me- dallion accompanied by *a complimentary autograph letter.' In 1827 Dr. Beattie was admitted a licen- tiate of the Royal College of Physicians, London, and established himself in Hamp- stead, where for eighteen years he enjoyed an extensive practice. In 1835 and 1836 he travelled in Switzerland and in the land of the Waldenses, and in the former year was in Paris at the time of Fieschi's attempt upon the life of Louis-Philippe, and in the imme- diate vicinity of the explosion. He was too a frequent contributor to the periodicals, and he published during this period two poems — ' John Huss ' and * Polynesia ' — ' Ports and Harbours of the Danube,' and a series of de- scriptive and historical works, beautifully il- lustrated by his friend and fellow traveller, the well-known W. H. Bartlett [q. v.], on ' Switzerland,' < Scotland,' l The Waldenses,' ' Castles and Abbeys of England,' and ' The Danube.' He also edited the ' Scenic Annual,' for which the poet Campbell was supposed to be responsible, ' Beckett's Dramatic Works,' and ' Lives of Eminent Conservative States- men.' Of the 'Scenic Annual' a leading cri- tical journal observed, ' The name of Campbell is a sufficient pledge for its poetic character ; ' while Beattie, in a memorandum for the year 1838, wrote : ' Published " Scenic Annual," by which I gained for Campbell 200/. clear ; all the pieces, three excepted, are mine? ' Scot- land Illustrated' passed through several editions, and elicited the acknowledgment from its publisher, Mr. Virtue, ' that the prosperity he had attained was mainly owing to Dr. Beattie's literary assistance.' In 1833 Dr. Beattie was introduced by her biographer, Madden, to the Countess of Bles- sington, and became her very useful friend. She frequently availed herself of his services as a poetical contributor to her * Book of Beauty ' and other annuals, bestowing upon him in return for his verses ^a large amount of fluent flattery, and a general invitation to Seymour Place for any ' evenings between ten and half-past twelve,' a privilege of which Beattie could not avail himself in conse- quence of the state of his eyes. When Lady Blessington was deserted by many, Beattie remained her firm friend. Madden tells us that ' the very last letter, a very short time before the crash at Gore House, was one of entreaty for his exertions among the pub- lishers to procure for her "any kind of literary employment ; " and the answer to that appli- cation was a letter of pain at the failure of every effort to accomplish her wishes.' Beat- tie's relations with Lady Byron also would appear to have been confidential. A friend of Beattie's, whose obituary of him may be found in the ' Dumfriesshire and Galloway Herald ' (24 March 1875), says that Beattie told him that Lady Byron ' had imparted to Beattie Beatty him the true reason of her separation from her husband, and that it was not the one given by Mrs. Stowe.' vDr. Beattie was long intimate with Thomas Campbell, and was selected by the poet as his biographer, an office which he discharged in 1849 by the publication of ' The Life and Letters of Thomas Campbell,' in three vo- lumes. In 1833 Beattie speaks of Campbell as coming to take up his quarters at ' Rose Villa,' Beattie's cottage at Hampstead, where on former occasions he had experienced much benefit, and adds : ' These visits in after life were frequently repeated, and whenever he found himself relapsing into a depressed state of health and spririts, " Well," he would say, "I must come into hospital," and he would re- pair for another week to " Campbell's Ward," a room so named by the poet in the doctor's house.' In 1842 Campbell's ' Pilgrim of Glen- coe' appeared, dedicated ; To William Beattie, M.D., in remembrance of long subsisting and mutual friendship.' Both as physician and friend Beattie seems to have been the great stay of the poet's declining years. On hear- ing of Campbell's illness in 1844, Beattie hastened to his bedside at Boulogne, and never left him again until all was over. Campbell's cherished wish to find his last resting-place in Westminster Abbey would probably never have been realised but for Beattie, nor would a statue have been placed in 'Poet's Corner' to his memory had not Beattie collected contributions to it, and made good a considerable deficit out of his own pocket. He was also intimate with Samuel Rogers, who attributed his longevity to the care and vigilance of his physician, and who requested him to perform for him the same sad office Beattie had discharged for Campbell — that of closing his eyes in death. His intercourse with Rogers was, however, far less close than that with Campbell. In 1845 Beattie's wife died, and soon after- wards he gave up regular practice as a physi- cian ; but he continued to the close of his life to give medical advice to clergymen, men of letters, and others without accepting profes- sional fees, and otherwise to occupy his time in works of charity. In 1846 he published, for instance, a memoir of his friend Bartlett for the benefit of the artist's family, which realised 400/., and through his influence with the prime minister obtained a pension of 75/. a year for his widow. This was the last of his systematic literary works, but he continued to contribute papers to the Archaeo- logical Society, and to write articles for the reviews. Beattie's only strictly professional work, unless we except his pamphlet on 'Home Climates and Worthing,' was a Latin treatise on pulmonary consumption, the subject of his M.D. thesis at Edinburgh. Some of his works were translated into German and French. He was foreign secretary to the British Archaeological Society, fellow of the I Ethnological Society, member of the His- torical Institute, and of thelnstitut d'Afrique, Paris. Dr. Beattie lost 7,000/. by the failure of the Albert Assurance office. This was a great shock to one of his advanced age, and probably accelerated his end ; but he bore the loss with manly fortitude, and all he said in reference to it (to a writer in the ' Medical Times ') was that ' he should be obliged to give up his charitable donations to the amount of 300/. a year.' Dr. Beattie's own verdict on his laborious, painstaking, benevolent, and interesting life, t Laboriose vixi nihil agendo,' is much more modest than correct. He died on 17 March 1875, at 13 Upper Berkeley Street, Portman Square, at the age of eighty- two, and was buried by the side of his wife at Brighton. He had no children. It is understood that he left an autobiography, which has not yet seen the light. [Scotsman, 26 March 1875 ; Dumfriesshire and Galloway Herald, 24 March 1875; Medical Times, 3 April 1875 ; Rogers's Scottish Minstrel ; Madden's Literary Life and Correspondence of the Countess of Blessington ; Cooper's Men of the Time, 9th edition ; Beattie's Journal of a Residence in G-ermany ; Beattie's Life and Cor- respondence of Thomas Campbell.] P. B.-A. BEATTY, SIR WILLIAM, M.D. (d. 1842), surgeon on board the Victory at the battle of Trafalgar, entered the service of the navy at an early age, and saw much ser- vice in it in various districts of the globe. In 1806 he was appointed physician to the Greenwich Hospital, an office which he re- tained till 1840. He attended Lord Nelson after he received his mortal wound, and pub- lished ' An Authentic Narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson, with the Circumstances pre- ceding, attending, and subsequent to that Event ; the Professional Report of his Lord- ship's Wound ; and several Interesting Anec- dotes,' 1807, 2nd edition, 1808. He gives in the book a representation of the ball which killed Nelson, with the pieces of the coat, gold lace, and silk pad which remained fixed in it. The ball Beatty retained in his posses- sion in a crystal case mounted in gold. Beatty obtained the degree of M.D. from the uni- versity of St. Andrews on 14 Oct. 1817, was made licentiate of the College of Physicians on 22 Dec. of the same year, and was elected F.R.S. on 30 April 1818. On 25 May 1831 Beauchamp Beauchamp he received the honour of knighthood from William IV. He died in York Street, Port- man Square, on 25 March 1842. [Gent. Mag. (N.S.)xviii. 209; Annual Kegister for 1842, p. 260 ; Nicholas's Despatches and Let- ters of Nelson; Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), iii. 177.] T. F. H. BEAUCHAMP, GUY DE, EARL OF WARWICK (d. 1315), a lord ordainer, suc- ceeded his father, William, earl of Warwick, the grandson of Walter de Beauchamp [see BEAUCHAMP, WALTER DE, d. 1236], in 1298. He distinguished himself at once by his bravery at Falkirk (22 July 1298), for which he re- ceived grants of estates in Scotland, and he did homage for his lands 15 Sept. (Hot. Fin. 26 Ed. I. m. 1). He was one of the seven earls who signed the famous letter to the pope (12 Feb. 1301), rejecting his authority in the Scottish question. He also took part in the next Scotch campaign (1303-4), including the Biege of Stirling; and, attending King Edward to his last campaign, was present at his death (7 July 1307), when he was warned by him against Piers Gaveston. On the accession of Edward II Gaveston returned to England, and dubbed Warwick, in insult, from his swarthy complexion, ' the black cur of Arden ' (T. WALS. i. 115). Warwick took part in pro- curing his banishment (18 May 1308), and alone refused to be reconciled to his recall in the summer of 1309 (Chronicles, ii. 160). With Thomas of Lancaster, who now headed the opposition, and the Earls of Lincoln, Oxford, and Arundel, he declined (HEMINGB. ii. 275) to attend the council at York (26 Oct. 1309), and presented himself in arms, against the king's orders, at the council of West- minster (March 1310). Here he joined in the petition for the appointment of t or- dainers,' and was himself chosen (Chron. i. 170, 172) to act as one (20 March 1310). He refused the royal summons to the Scottish campaign (June 1310), busied himself in the preparation of the ' ordinances,' and attended their publication in St. Paul's Churchyard 27 Sept. 1310 (Chron. i. 270, ii. 164). On the return of Gaveston (who had been ban- ished by the ordinances) in January 1312, Lancaster and his four confederates took up arms, seized him, and committed him to the custody of Pembroke, by whom he was" left in charge for a time at Deddington Rectory, near Warwick. At daybreak, on Sunday, 10 June, the Earl of Warwick, with 100 footmen and forty men-at-arms, surprised him and carried him off to Warwick Castle (TROKELOWE, 76, Chron. i. 206). On the arrival of Lancaster, with Hereford and Arundel, Gaveston was handed over to them and beheaded by them on Blacklow Hill? outside Warwick's fief (19 June 1312), the earl himself declining to be present, and re- fusing to take charge of the corpse (Chron. i. 210). Edward instantly threatened ven- geance, and Warwick and his confederates met at Worcester to concert measures for their mutual defence (ib. ii. 182). At tha head of his foresters of Arden (ib. ii. 184) he joined their forces at Ware in September, and remained there during the negotiations of the autumn, till peace was proclaimed on 22 De- j cember (ib. i. 221, 225). On 16 Oct. 1313 I the confederates were finally pardoned, but i1 refused the following year to serve in the Scotch campaign, on the plea that the f or- dinances ' had been disregarded (TROKELOWE, 83, Chron. ii. 201). A year later the Earl of Warwick fell ill and died (10 Aug. 1315), not without suspicions of poison (T. WALS. i. 137). His untimely death, at forty-three, was lamented by the chroniclers as that of a ( discreet and well-informed man' (Chron. i. 236), whose wise advice had been invalu- ble to the ordainers, and who had been unanimously supported by the country (ib. ii. 212). So highly was his sagacity esteemed, that the Earl of Lincoln, the counsellor of Edward I, urged his son-in-law, Thomas of Lancaster, on his death-bed (February 1311) to be guided by him in all things (TROKE- LOWE, 53). [Chronicles of Edward I and II (Eolls Series) ; Chronica J. de Trokelowe (ib.) ; Thomas of Walsiugham (ib.) ; Rymer's 1'oedera ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 229 ; Stubbs's Constitutional His- tory, chap, xvi.] J. H. E. BEAUCHAMP, HENRY DE, DUKE OF WARWICK (1425-1445), was born at Hanley Castle 21 March 1425, and succeeded his father, Richard, earl of Warwick [see BEAU- CHAMP, RICHARD DE, 1382-1439], in 1439. In consideration of his father's merits he was created premier earl by patent 2 April 1444, and duke of Warwick three days later, with precedence above the duke of Buckingham (which precedence was compro- mised by act of parliament the same year). He is asserted to have been also crowned king of the Isle of Wight by Henry (Mon. Ang. ii. 63 ; LELAND'S Itinerary ; NICOLAS'S Synopsis, ed. Courthope, p. 500), but for this there is no evidence (CoKE, &th Inst. p. 287 j STUBBS'S Const. Hist. iii. 433). He died at Hanley 11 June 1445, and was buried at Tewkesbury, leaving an only child, Anne, who died young, 3 Jan. 1449. [Dugdale's Baronage, i. 247 ; Lords' Third Report on the Dignity of a Peer, pp. 155, 157, 210.] J. H. R. Beauchamp Beauchamp BEAUCHAMP, SIR JOHN DE, LORD BEAUCHAMP (d. 1388), minister of Richard II, was the grandson and heir of John de Beau- champ of Holt (brother of William, earl of Warwick). He was steward of the house- hold to Richard II from his accession ; was created by him 'lord de Beauchamp and baron of Kidderminster ' 10 Oct. 1387 (being the first baron created by patent) ; was im- peached of treason at the instance of the lords appellant, with Sir Simon Burley [q. v.] and others, by the ' Wonderful Parliament,' 12 March 1388, and was convicted after Easter, and beheaded on Tower Hill [Thomas of Walsingham (Rolls Series), ii. 173-4 ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 250 ; Reports on the Dignity of a Peer. i. 345, v. 81.] J. H. R. BEAUCHAMP, RICHARD DE, EARL OF WARWICK (1382-1439), a brave and chival- rous warrior in an age of chivalry, of an ancient family, whose ancestry was traced to the legendary Guy of Warwick, was the son of Thomas, earl of Warwick [see BEAUCHAMP, THOMAS BE], by Margaret his wife, daughter of William, Lord Ferrers of Groby. He was born atSalwarp, in Worcestershire, on 28 Jan. 1382. His godfathers at baptism were King Richard II and Richard Scrope, afterwards archbishop of York, who was esteemed a saint by the people after he was beheaded for rebellion against Henry IV. Earl Richard's first biographer, Rous — who speaks of Scrope as ' then bishop of Lichfield ' — has been fol- lowed by later writers hitherto, though a reference to Le Neve shows that he was not ^a bishop till 1386. We have no record of Beauchamp's boyhood, but in his eighteenth year he was made a knight of the Bath at •the coronation of Henry IV. He succeeded his father as earl of Warwick in 1401, from whom he received as a bequest, in addition to his inheritance, ' a bed of silk, embroidered with bears, and his arms ' (DUGDALE, i. 238). On 26 Jan. 1403, when within two days of attaining his majority, he jousted at the coronation of Henry IV's queen, Joan of Navarre. On 13 Feb. following he had livery -of his lands after performing homage. That same year he was retained to serve the king with 100 men-at-arms and 300 archers, John Lord Audley being then of his retinue, and was put in commission for arraying the men -of Warwickshire. He put Owen Glendower to flight and captured his banner. He fought against the Percys at the battle of Shrews- bury (1403), and is said to have been made knight of the Garter not long after. Some, however, have questioned this date upon in- ternal evidence, thinking his admission to the Border must have been about 1420 ; but if the accounts of the Wardrobe have been cor- rectly enrolled, it was at least not later than 1416 (RYMER, ix. 335). In 1408 he obtained leave of the king to visit the Holy Sepulchre. He crossed the Channel and first visited his kinsman, the Duke of Bar, with whom he spent eight days ; then went on to Paris, where at Whitsuntide he was the guest of Charles VI, who, wear- ing his crown at the feast, caused him to sit at his own table, and afterwards gave him a herald to conduct him through his realm to Lombardy. Here he was presently met by another herald, despatched by Sir Pandolph Malatete or Malet, to challenge him to cer- tain feats of arms at Verona before Sir Galeot of Mantua. He accepted, and after performing a pilgrimage to Rome, the combat took place, in which he gained the victory. Indeed, he was on the point of killing his opponent outright, when Sir Galeot cried * Peace,' and put an end to the combat. He went on to Venice, where the doge received him in state, and in course of time reached Jerusalem. He performed his vows, and set up his arms on the north side of the temple. While in the Holy City, he is said to have received a visit from the sultan's lieutenant, who said that he was familiar with the story of his ancestor, Guy of Warwick, which ' they had in books of their own language.' I As remarked by Warton (Hist, of Enyl. I Poetry, section iii.), the thing is by no means i incredible ; but it may be observed that it is ! an error to talk of Rous, on whose authority ! it rests, as a contemporary writer. It is | added that the sultan's lieutenant declared to the earl privately his belief in Christianity, and repeated the Creed to him, but said he dared not profess himself a Christian openly. From Jerusalem he returned to Venice, and after travelling in Russia, Lithuania, Poland, Prussia, Westphalia, and other parts of Germany, he returned to England in 1410. The king immediately retained him by in- denture to serve with his son Henry, Prince of Wales, he receiving a pension of 250 marks a year out of the prince's exchequer at Car- marthen. That same year he was also joined with the bishop of Durham and others to treat with the Scots. In 1413 he was lord high steward at the coronation of Henry V, and was soon afterwards appointed a com- missioner, both for an alliance with Burgundy and for a truce with France (RYMER, ix. 34- 38). In the beginning of the year 1414 he was very instrumental in suppressing the Lol- lard rising ; and about this time we find him first mentioned as deputy of Calais (ib. 111). On 20 Oct. in the same year he was commis- sioned to go with certain bishops to represent Beauchamp Beauchamp England at the council of Constance, and on 16 Nov. Sir William Lisle, jun., was ap- pointed his lieutenant to supply his place at Calais during his absence. The splendour of the English embassy at the council is said to have excited general admiration and as- tonishment. The earl appears, however, to have returned to England pretty early next year, as we find him at the Blackfriars in London on 21 May (RYMER, ix. 319). In August he accompanied the king in the in- vasion of France ; but after the siege of Harfleur the king sent him home again, along with his brother Clarence, in charge of a number of prisoners and a quantity of the spoils of war (MONSTRELET, i. 226). It is said that when he was appointed deputy of Calais the French were expected to besiege the place ; but that when he found their forces were bent in a different direction he caused some new feats of chivalry to be instituted, of which a curious description may be seen in Dugdale. In 1416 he re- ceived the Emperor Sigismund at Calais on his way to England, and also conducted the Duke of Burgundy to Calais to a conference with Henry V. Next year he was appointed to receive the surrender of Caen Castle. So great was Henry's confidence in his military skill that he divided the chief commands in Normandy between himself, his brother Cla- rence, and the Earl of Warwick. In 1418 he won Domfront from the French, and joined the king at the siege of Rouen. Dugdale's statement, that he was sent to besiege Nully Levesque, is clearly an error, owing to a mis- reading of Walsingham's words, who really says that the Earl of Kyme was despatched on that mission. While the English army lay before Rouen the Dauphin made overtures for peace, and Warwick, along with other commissioners, was appointed to discuss matters with his deputies (RYMEK, ix. 626). But these negotiations took no effect. In January 1419 Warwick was the principal commissioner to receive the capitulation of Rouen ; after which he was again employed in frequent negotiations, not now with the dauphin's party, but with the Burgundian faction, who had charge of the imbecile king (RYMER, ix. 717, 750-1, 774-5, 782, 813). He arranged the truce preparatory to the treaty of Troyes and the marriage of Henry V to Katharine of France. It was presumably on the capture of Aumarle, or Aumale, in Normandy, this year, that the king granted him the additional title of earl of Aumarle, which he bore in his later years. In 1420 he besieged and took Melun. He returned to England with the king in 1421, and acted as deputy to the Duke of Clarence, steward of England at Queen Katharine's coronation. In 1422 he was one of the com- missioners appointed to receive the surrender of Meaux, and assisted in the rescue of the Duke of Burgundy's city of Cosne when it was besieged by the dauphin. That same year Henry V died. So great had been the confidence he reposed in War- wick that he bequeathed to him the care of the education of his infant son, Henry VI, and his wishes were complied with by the council a few years later. On 10 July 1423 his commission as captain of Calais was re- newed for two years dating from 4 Feb. pre- ceding. Yet he appears to have resided chiefly in England for several years as mem- ber of the council during the king's minority. On 1 June 1428 the council gave him a formal commission under the great seal to take charge of Henry's education — a task in which four years later he demanded special autho- rity to chastise his pupil when necessary, and to remove from his presence any associate whose influence might not tend to improve him. In 1429, at Henry's coronation at Westminster, he bore the king to church. In 1430 he went to Edinburgh, and arranged a truce with Scotland. Next year he was again in Normandy, and took a notable prisoner named Poton de Xaintrailles beside Beauvais. But we find him at Westminster again in August 1433 (RYMER, x. 555). He made his will at Caversham, in Oxfordshire, 8 Aug. 1435. Next year he crossed the Channel to protect Calais from a threatened siege by the Duke of Burgundy ; and in 1437 (having meanwhile returned to England) he was again sent over sea, being appointed on 16 July lieutenant of France and Nor- mandy, and discharged by the council of the care of the king's person. It was the most serious responsibility he had yet undertaken ; for the English dominion in France was even then manifestly giving way, and though his predecessor, the Duke of York — who was now to be withdrawn — had achieved some marked success, he had been very ill sup- ported. Warwick accordingly took care to make special conditions touching his appoint- ment, and particularly stipulated that if those conditions were not fulfilled he might return without blame (STEVENSON, Wars of the English in France, ii. Ixvi-lxx). He set sail from Portsmouth on 29 Aug., and re- mained in France till his death, which oc- curred at Rouen on 30 April 1439, hastened, in all probability, by the grave anxieties of his position. His body was brought home and buried at Warwick, where his magnifi- cent tomb and effigy are still to be seen in a chapel attached to the collegiate church of Beauchamp Beauchamp Our Lady, which was built by his executors under his will. We have not related all the deeds of this hero of chivalry. The most characteristic were collected a generation later by John Rous, chaplain of the chantry founded by this earl at Guy's Cliff in Warwickshire, and ' illustrated by pencil drawings of high artistic merit. The manuscript containing them is still preserved in the Cottonian Library ; the drawings have been engraved by Strutt (Manners and Customs, vol. ii. pi. vii-lix), and the narrative they illustrate has been j embodied in Dugdale's notice of this earl. It i is to be regretted that the drawings and the narrative have never been published together, j They are certainly a most interesting product I of the art and literature of the middle ages, | exhibiting our earl as the mirror of courtesy ; and refinement in many things of which we ! have not taken notice ; among others, his \ declining to be the bearer of the Emperor Sigismund's precious gift to Henry V — the heart of St. George — when he knew that the ! emperor intended to come to England him- j self, suggesting that it would be more accept- able to his master if presented by the em- peror in person. Besides the manuscript just referred to and ! the chapel built by his executors, there is one other memorial of this earl still abiding in the curious stone image of Guy of War- wick exhibited to visitors to Guy's Cliff, j It was executed and placed there by his j orders. It certainly does not suggest that ! he was a very discriminating patron of art : of which, indeed, there is little appearance otherwise ; for it was his father that built Guy's Tower in Warwick Castle, and his executors that built the chapel at Warwick in which his bones repose. The earl was twice married. His first wife was Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Thomas, Lord Berkley, by whom he had three daughters. His second, whom he married by papal dispensation, was Isabella, widow of his cousin, Richard Beauchamp, earl of Worcester, who was slain at Meaux in 1422. ! It was by this second marriage that he had j his son and heir, Henry [see BEAUCHAMP, j HEKRY DB]. [Dugdale's Baronage; Dugdale's Warwickshire, i. 408-11 ; Cotton MS. Julius, E iv. ; Walsing- ham's Historia Anglicana and Ypodigma Neu- striae ; Fabyan ; Hall ; Gregory, in Gairdner's Historical Collections of a London Citizen; Leland's Itinerary, vi. 89 ; Paston Letters, No. 1 8 ; Rymer, ix. x.j J. G. BEAUCHAMP, RICHARD DE (1430?- 1481), bishop of Salisbury and chancellor of the order of the Garter, was the son of Sir Walter Beauchamp [q. v.] and brother of William Beauchamp, Lord St. Amand. Of the date of his birth there is no record, but it was probably about the year 1430. For his elder brother, Lord St. Amand, first received summons to parliament in 1449 by reason of his marriage with the heiress of the old barons of St. Amand ; and as early marriages were the rule in those days, he was probably not much over one-and-twenty when he took his seat in the House of Lords. Nothing, how- ever, is known about Richard Beauchamp previous to the year 1448, when, being at that time archdeacon of Suffolk, he was nominated bishop of Hereford by Pope Nicolas V on 4 Dec. His consecration took place on 9 Feb. following. But he had only remained in this see a year and a half when he was translated by papal bull, dated 14 Aug. 1450, to Salisbury, and received restitution of the temporalities on 1 Oct. In 1452 his name appears for the first time in the register of the Garter as performing divine service at a chapter of the order at Windsor, which he did also in 1457 and 1459. It would thus appear that he acted occasion- ally as chaplain to the order long before he became their chancellor; for, as Anstis ob- serves, he could not have claimed to officiate at Windsor as diocesan, the college being exempt from his jurisdiction. On 10 Oct. 1475 he was appointed chancellor of the order by patent of King Edward IV, the office being created in order to provide a more convenient custodian for the common seal of the brotherhood, which by the statutes was to be kept only by one of its members, who should be in attendance upon the king's person. From this time till his death he was present at most, if not all, the chapters of the Garter; and in 1478 the deanery of Windsor was given him, to hold along with his bishopric. He was installed on 4 March. He moreover procured the incorporation of the dean and canons of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, which was granted by patent of 6 Dec. 19 Edw. IV (1479). He died on 16 Oct. 1481, of what illness does not appear, and is said to be buried at Windsor. Hi& will was proved on 8 Feb. 1482. [Godwin ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Anstis's Register of the Order of the Garter ; Ashmole's History of the Garter, 89.] J. G. BEAUCHAMP, ROBERT DE (d. 1252), judge, was a minor at the death of his father, Robert de Beauchamp, lord of Hatch, Somerset, in 1211-12. Adhering to John, he was appointed constable of Oxford and sheriff of the county towards the close Beauchamp Beauchamp of 1215, and received grants of land for his services to the king. He was raised to the bench by Henry III 6 July 1234, and ap- pointed a justice itinerant in August 1234 and April 1238. He last appears as a judge in 1241-2, and died shortly before 1 Feb. 1251-2, when his son did homage for his lands. [Dugdale's Baronage, i. 253 ; Foss's Judges of England, 1848, ii. 230.] J. H. R. BEAUGHAMP, THOMAS DE, EARL OF WARWICK (d. 1401), statesman, was son of Thomas de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, who had distinguished himself at Crecy, Poitiers, and elsewhere, and was one of the founders of the order of the Garter. He succeeded his father 13 Nov. 1369, being then twenty-four years old. He accompanied John of Gaunt in the fruitless French cam- paign of 1373, and took part shortly after in the descent on Britanny (T. WALS. i. 318). In the ' Good Parliament ' of 1376, and in those of February and of October 1377, he was one of the committee of magnates deputed by the lords to act in concert with the com- mons for reform, and he was placed on the commission of inquiry in that of 1379. The parliament now. insisted on a governor for the king, and Warwick was appointed, ' communi sententia,' to the post (ib. 427), and was placed on the commission of re- trenchment in the parliament of January 1380 (Fcedera, iv. 75). On the rising of the villeins in 1381 he was despatched, with Thomas Percy, against those of St. Ed- mund's (T. WALS. ii. 28). He accompanied Richard in his Scotch campaign (1385), at the head of 600 archers and 280 men-at- arms, the largest contingent in the field (MS. ut infra) ; but on the king commencing his struggle for independence, joined the oppo- sition which was forming under Gloucester and Derby. Of a retiring and somewhat in- dolent disposition, and unsuited to his great station among the nobles, he withdrew for the time to Warwick, and indulged his tastes in quietude, till the decision of the judges in Richard's favour (25 Aug. 1387) com- pelled him to come forth from his seclusion and join Gloucester and Arundel in their ad- vance on London (T. WALS. ii. 164). From Waltham Cross (14 Nov. 1387) they issued a manifesto against the king's advisers, and formally ' appealed ' them of treason, 27 De- cember. A parliament was summoned in February (1388), and the ministers accused by ' the lords appellant ' were tried and con- demned. The lords appellant retained power till 3 May 1389, when Richard, by a coup •d'etat, removed them from his council ; and the earl, again withdrawing to Warwick, occupied himself in adding to his castle and building the nave of St. Mary's Church. Richard, ever eager for vengeance on the opposition, contrived, in 1396, that Warwick and Nottingham should quarrel over the lands of Gower ; and the former, who lost his case, may have been goaded into joining the alleged, but most obscure, conspiracy at Arundel in July 1397 (Chronique, 5-6), re- vealed by Nottingham to Richard. Invited by the king, with Gloucester and Arundel, to a banquet 8 July, he alone came, and was ar- rested (ib. 9, T. WALS. ii. 222), and committed to the Tower (his quarters giving name to ' the Beauchamp Tower '). Tried in parliament, on 28 Sept., his courage failed him, and pleading guilty (' confessa toute la traison '), he threw himself on the king's mercy (Chronique, 10, T. WALS. 226, TROK. 219-20). He was sentenced to forfeiture and to im- prisonment for life in the Isle of Man, where he was harshly treated by the governor, William le Scrope (TROK. 252). But on 12 July 1398 he was recommitted to the Tower, whence he was liberated, on Henry's triumph, in August 1399. Hastening to meet the king and Henry, he returned with them to town, and attended Henry's first parliament (October 1399), in which he at- tempted to deny his confession of 1397, but was silenced by Henry (TROK. 307-8). He was also one of those who challenged Arun- del (ib. 310), and he is said, with other mag- nates (1 Jan. 1400), to have urged Henry to put Richard to death (Chronique, 78). On 6 Jan. 1400 he set out with the king from London against the rebel lords (ib. 82), but after their capture disappeared from public life, and died 8 July 1401 (T. WALS. ii. 247, TROK. 337). He was succeeded by his son, Richard de Beauchamp, 1382-1439 [q. v.]. [Chronique de la Traison (Eng. Hist. Soc.) ; Thomas of Walsingham and Trokelowe (Rolls series) ; a Latin MS. 6049, Bibl. du Roy, f. 30 ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 236 ; The Rows Roll of the Earls of Warwick, 1845; Stubbs's Consti- tutional History, chaps, xvi. xviii.] J. H. R. BEAUCHAMP, WALTER DI \(d. 1236), judge, was son and heir of William de Beauchamp, lord of Elmley, Worcester, and hereditary castellan of Worcester and sheriff of the county. A minor at his father's death, he did not obtain his shrievalty till February 1216 (Pat. 17 John, m. 17). De- claring for Louis of France on his arrival (May 1216), he was excommunicated by the legate at Whitsuntide, and his lands seized by the Marchers (Claus. 18 John, m. 5). But Beauchamp 33 Beauclerk hastening to make his peace, on the acces- sion of Henry, he was one of the witnesses to his reissue of the charter (11 Nov. 1216), and was restored to his shrievalty and cas- tellanship (Pat. 1 Hen. Ill, m. 10). He also attested Henry's ' Third Charter,' 11 Feb. 1225. In May 1226 and in January 1227 he was appointed an itinerant justice, and 14 April 1236 he died (Ann. Tewk. 101), leav- ing by his wife (a daughter of his guardian, Roger de Mortimer), whom he had married in 1212, and who died in 1225 (Ann. Wore. 400), a son and heir, William, who married the eventual heiress of the earls of War- wick, and was grandfather of Guy, earl of Warwick [see BEAUCHAMP, GUY DE]. [Dugdale's Baronage, i. 226 ; Foss's Judges of England, 1848, ii. 231.] J. H. K. BEAUCHAMP, SIR WALTER DE (fi. 1415), lawyer and soldier, was the younger son of John de Beauchamp, of Powyke and Alcester, the grandfather of John, first Baron Beauchamp of Powyke. At first he studied the law, but afterwards distinguished himself as a soldier under Henry IV and Henry V in the French wars. Upon his return from France after the battle of Agincourt, he was elected knight of the shire for Wiltshire, and on 16 March 1415-16 was chosen speaker of the House of Commons. This office, however, Sir Walter did not hold long, as parliament was dissolved in the same year. He was employed as counsel by his relative, Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, to argue his claim of precedency before the House of Com- mons. This quarrel between the Earl of Warwick and John Mowbray, earl marshal, which took up much of the time of the ses- sion of 1425, was terminated by the restora- tion of the forfeited dukedom of Norfolk to Mowbray. Sir Walter was married twice, first to Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Sir Peter de la Mere ; and secondly to Elizabeth, •daughter and coheiress of Sir John Roche, knight. By this second marriage he had three children, one of whom, William, was, in 1449, summoned to parliament as fourth Baron St. Amand, in right of his wife, the great-grand- daughter of Almeric, third Baron St. Amand. Another was Richard, bishop of Salisbury [see BEAUCHAMP, RICHARD DE, 1430 P-1481J. [Manning's Lives of the Speakers, pp. 60-2 ; Burke's Extinct Peerage (1883), pp. 32 and 34.1 GK F. K. B. BEAUCHAMP, WILLIAM DE (d. 1260), baronial leader and judge, succeeded his father, Simon de Beauchamp, lord of Bedford, in 1207-8. He took part in John's •expedition to Poitou (1214), but joined the VOL. IV. baronial host at Stamford, Easter 1215 (M. PARIS, 253-5), and entertained them at Bedford as they marched on London. He was among the baronial leaders excommuni- cated by name 16 Dec. 1215 (ib. 227), and his castle was seized the same month by John's general, Fulk de Breaute, who was allowed to retain it. Belonging to the ex- treme party, he fought with them at Lincoln (19 May 1217), and was there taken prisoner by the royal forces (M. PARIS), but made his peace before the end of the year (Claus. 1 Hen. Ill, m. 4). On the capture and de- struction of Bedford Castle in 1224 [see BREAUTE, FULK DE], the site was restored to him (Claus. 8 Hen. Ill, m. 7 dors.; cf. Royal Letters, 1085). He acted as sheriff of Bed- fordshire and Buckinghamshire 1234-7, and on 6 July 1234 was appointed a baron of the exchequer, in which capacity he reappears in 1237. He seems to have attained an unusual age, dying, according to Foss, in 1262, but according to the t Annals of D unstable ' (p. 215), which are probably right, in 1260. His younger son John fell at Evesham (T. WYKES), having succeeded his brother Wil- liam shortly before. [Dugdale's Baronage, i. 223 ; Foss's Judges of England, 1848, ii. 234.] J. H. K. BEAUCLERK, LORD AMELIUS (1771- 1846), admiral, third son of Aubrey, fifth duke of St. Albans, was entered on the books of the Jackal cutter in 1782, and in 1783 was appointed to the Salisbury, bearing the flag of Vice-admiral John Campbell on the Newfoundland station. Afterwards he served in the West Indies under Commodore Gardner, and returned to England in 1789 as acting lieutenant of the Europa, in which rank, however, he was not confirmed till the Spanish armament of the following year. In 1792 he went to the Mediterranean as lieu- tenant of the Druid frigate, and on 16 Sept. 1793 was posted by Lord Hood and appointed to the command of the Nemesis of 28 guns. In March 1794 he was transferred to the Juno of 32 guns, and attached to the squa- dron employed, under Admiral Hotham, in the blockade of Toulon. The Juno was also in company with the fleet in the action of 14 March 1795, which resulted in the cap- ture of the Qa ira and Censeur, and was one of the squadron, under Commodore Taylor, which convoyed the homeward trade in the following autumn, and when the Censeur was recaptured by the French off Cape St. Vincent (7 Oct.) On his return to England Lord Amelius was appointed to the Dryad frigate, of 44 guns and 251 men, and on the coast of Ireland, on 13 June 1796, captured D Beauclerk 34 Beauclerk the Proserpine, of 42 guns and 348 men, after a brilliant and well-managed action, j in which the Dryad lost only 2 killed and I 7 wounded, whilst the loss of the Proser- | pine amounted to 30 killed and 45 wounded (JAMES'S Naval History (ed. 1860), i. 304, 369). He captured also several of the enemy's privateers, and in 1800 was appointed to the Fortunee, 40 guns, employed in the Channel and in attendance on the king at Weymouth. During the next ten ytars he commanded different ships — the Majestic, Saturn, and Royal Oak, all 74's — in the Channel, and in 1810 had charge of the debarkation of Lord Chatham's army at Walcheren, and con- tinued, during the operations on that coast, as second in command under Sir Richard Strachan. On 1 Aug. 1811 he became a rear-admiral, but during that and the two following years he continued in the North Sea, stretching in 1813 as far as the North Cape in command of a small squadron on the look-out for the American Commodore Rogers, who was reported to be in that lo- cality. In the following year he commanded in Basque Roads, and conducted the nego- tiations for the local suspension of hostilities. In August 1819 he was advanced to be a vice-admiral, and from 1824 to 1827 com- manded in chief at Lisbon and on the coast of Portugal. He became a full admiral on 22 July 1830, and ended his active service as conimander-in-chief at Plymouth, 1836-9. Croker, writing to Lord Hertford, describes a ludicrous scene which took place on New Year's eve 1833, at the Brighton Pavilion, when the king (William IV) danced a country dance with Lord Amelius as his partner. ' I am told,' says Croker, ' by one who saw it, that the sight of the king and the old admiral going down the middle hand- in-hand was the most royally extravagant farce that ever was seen' (Croker Papers, 1884, ii. 200). Beauclerk was a fellow of the Royal Society, was made K.C.B. on 2 Jan. 1815, G.C.H. on 29 March 1831, G.C.B. on 4 Aug. 1835, and principal naval aide-de-camp on 4 Aug. 1839. He died on 10 Dec. 1846. His portrait, bequeathed by himself, is in the Painted Hall at Greenwich. [Marshall's BoyalN a v. Biog.ii. (vol.i., part ii.), 484 ; O'Byrne's Diet, of Nav. Biog. ; Gent. Mag. Feb. 1847, p. 201.] J. K. L. BEAUCLERK, LOUD AUBREY (1710P-1741), captain in the royal navy, was the eighth son of Charles, first duke of St. Albans. After some previous service he was made post-captain on 1 April 1731, and appointed to the Ludlow Castle, which ship he commanded on the Leeward Islands sta- tion for about eighteen months. Through the years 1734-5 he commanded the Garland in the Mediterranean, and in 1737-9 the Dolphin on the same station. He returned home in January 1739-40, and was almost immediately appointed to the Weymouth of 60 guns, from which, in the course of the summer, he was transferred to the Prince Frederick of 70 guns, one of the fleet which sailed for the West Indies with Sir Chaloner Ogle on 26 Oct. 1740. On the afternoon of one of the first days in January 1740-1, as the fleet was off the west end of Hispaniola, four large ships were sighted. The admiral signalled the Prince Frederick and five other ships of the line to chase. Towards dusk the strangers hoisted French colours, but did not shorten sail, and they were not overtaken till nearly ten o'clock. The Prince Frederick was the headmost ship, and Lord Aubrey hailed the ship he came up with, desiring- her to heave to. As she neither did so nor answered his hail, he fired a shot across her bows ; she replied with a broadside, and as the other ships came up a smart interchange of firing took place, after which they lay by till daylight. Their nationality was then apparent ; they were really French ships, and the two squadrons parted with mutual apologies. The affair passed as a mistake, and probably was so on the part of the Eng- lish. The fleet, under Sir Chaloner Ogle, arrived at Jamaica on 7 Jan. and joined Vice- admiral Vernon, under whose command it proceeded to Cartagena on the Spanish main. There, in the attack on the Boca Chica, Lord Aubrey was slain on 22 March 1740-1. A handsome monument to his memory was erected in Westminster Abbey, and a pen- sion of 2007. per annum was conferred on his widow, which she enjoyed till her death on 30 Oct. 1755. [Charnock's Biog. Nav. iv. 221 ; Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs, i. 69 ; Official Let- ters, &c. in the Public Eecord Office. ] J. K. L. BEAUCLERK, CHARLES (1670- 1726), first DTJKE OF ST. ALBANS, son of Charles II by Nell Gwynn, was born at his mother's house in Lincoln's Inn Fields on 8 May 1670. It is said that one day when the king was with Nell Gwynn she called to the child, l Come hither, you little bastard, and speak to your father.' ' Nay, Nelly ,r said the king, t do not give the child such a name.' ' Your majesty/ she answered, i has given me no other name by which I may call him.' Upon this the king gave him the name of Beauclerk, and created him Earl of Burford (GEANGEE, iii. 211 ; Ellis Corre- spondence, i. 209 w.) The story can scarcely Beauclerk 35 Beauclerk be accurately told, for the child was created j Baron Heddington and Earl of Burford, both I in Oxfordshire, before the end of 1670, the year of his birth. In 1684 he was created | Duke of St. Albans, and on Easter day of that year accompanied his father and two other natural sons of the king, the Dukes of Northumberland and Richmond, when Charles II made his offering at the altar at Whitehall, the three boys entering before the king within the rails. He was at that time, Evelyn says, ' a very pretty boy' (Diary, ii. 195, 199). During the last illness of his mother it was said that he was about to go into Hungary, and return a good catholic, and that l the " fraternity ' (the other na- tural sons of the late king) ' would be on the same foot or give way as to their advan- tageous stations' (Ellis Corresp. i. 264). On his mother's death on 14 Nov. 1687 he received a considerable estate (LUTTRELL, i. 420), and the next year fulfilled one part of the general expectation, for in 1688 he served in the imperial army against the Turks, and was present at the talking of Belgrade on 20 Aug. of that year. Meanwhile, the regi- ment of horse he commanded in England was placed under the command of Colonel Langston, who in November 1688 brought it to join the Prince of Orange. The duke took his place in the House of Lords on 9 Nov. 1691. On 17 May 1693 he left for Flanders, and served under William III in the campaign of Landen. A false report was brought to London that he had fallen in that battle. The duke was a gallant soldier, and was highly esteemed by the king, who gave him many tokens of his regard. On his return from Flanders William made him captain of the band of pensioners. He at- tempted to reform the corps, but on a com- plaint made by certain of the members the council decided that it was to be kept on the same footing as it had been under Lord Lovelace, the last captain (LUTTKELL, iv. 250, 260). In April 1694 the duke married Lady Diana Vere, daughter and sole heiress of Aubrey de Vere, twentieth and last Earl of Oxford. He served in Flanders as a volun- teer in the July following. In August he received a pension of 2,000/. a year from the crown, half of which was paid out of the ecclesiastical first-fruits (LUTTKELL, iii. 358 ; BURNET'S Works, vi. 300). The hereditary office of master falconer and the reversion of the office of register of the High Court of Chancery had been granted him by his father. The reversion came to him in 1697, and was worth 1,500/. a year. In the summer of that year he was again with the king in Flanders. On his return after the conclusion of the peace of Ryswick, William gave him ' a sett of coach horses finely spotted like leopards.' In December he was sent to Paris to offer the king's congratulations on the marriage of the Duke of Burgundy with Mary Ade- laide, daughter of Victor Amadeus II of Savoy. He had the good fortune the next year to escape from three highwaymen, who, on the night of 18 June, plundered between thirty and forty persons on Hounslow Heath, the Duke of Northumberland being among those attacked. These men * attempted ' the Duke of St. Albans, ' but he was too well attended ' (LUTTKELL, iv. 394). In 1703 he received a further grant of 800/. a year voted by the parliament of Ireland. The duke voted for the condemnation of Dr. Sacheverell. On the triumph of the tory ministry in January 1712 he was dismissed from his office of captain of the pensioners ; he was, however, reinstated by George I, and in 1718 was made a knight of the Garter. He died in 1726. His brother James had died at Paris in 1680. The Duchess of St. Albans, who was a cele- brated beauty, died in 1742. The duke had eight sons by her. The eldest succeeded to his father's title ; the third was created Lord Vere of Hanworth in 1750 ; the fifth, Sydney, a notorious fortune-hunter, was the father of Topham Beauclerk [q. v.] ; the eighth son was Aubrey Beauclerk [q.v.]. [LuttrelTs Brief Eelation of State Affairs; Evelyn's Diary, ed. 1854 ; Ellis Correspondence, ed. Hon. Gr. A. Ellis ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, iii. 211, 3rd edit.; Burnet's Own Time, Oxford ed. ; Collins's Peerage of England, ed Brydges, i. 244; Walpole's Letters, i. 118, ed. Cunningham.] "W. H. BEAUCLERK, LADY DIANA "(1734- 1808), amateur artist, was born 24 March 1734. She was the eldest daughter of Charles Spencer, second duke of Marlborough. Her sister, Lady Betty Spencer, was afterwards countess of Pembroke. Lady Diana, or, as she was more frequently called, Lady Di, was married in 1757 to Frederick St. John, second Viscount Bolingbroke, 'nephew and heir of the great Lord Bolingbroke. In 1768 she was divorced by act of parliament. Two days later she was married at St. George's to Topham Beauclerk [q. v.] Johnson, according to Boswell (Life of Johnson, ch. xxik.), spoke of her character with great asperity, although he knew her ; but he admitted subsequently that she nursed her sick husband (Beauclerk) * with very great assiduity ' (Letter to Boswell, 21 Jan. 1775). Beauclerk died in 1780. His widow survived him for many years. In later life she resided at Spencer Grove, Twickenham, which she decorated with her own paintings. D2 Beauclerk Beaufeu Walpole speaks of her art with, all the ex- travagant enthusiasm which he employs in praising his friends. She executed a series of seven large designs ' in sut-water ' (her first attempt of the kind) for his ' Mysterious Mother.' To these he devoted a closet at Strawberry Hill, which he christened the 'Beauclerk Closet/ where they hung on Indian blue damask. ' Salvator Rosa and Guido could not surpass their expression and beauty/ he says ( Correspondence, ed. Cunning- ham, vi. 311, 452, vii. 265). In 1778 she made a drawing of Georgiana, duchess of Devonshire, which Bartolozzi engraved. He also engraved a set of illustrations which she prepared for the Hon. W. R. Spencer's translation of Burger's ' Leonora/ published by Bensley in 1796. In the following year the same publisher issued the ' Fables of John Dryden/ with ' engravings from the pencil of the Right Hon. Lady Diana Beauclerc/ en- graved by Bartolozzi, and his pupil, W. N. Gardiner. Bartolozzi also reproduced some of her designs of children, cupids, &c. Rey- nolds painted her portrait in 1763, when she was Lady Bolingbroke. According to a note in Hardy's ' Life of Charlemont/ 1812, i. 345, Sir Joshua thought highly of her artistic abilities, and said that t many of her lady- ship's drawings might be studied as models.' Hume describes her as ( handsome and agree- able and ingenious, far beyond the ordinary rate ' (Private Corr., 1820, 251-2), and Bos- well on his own account (Life of Johnson, ch. xxix.) bears witness to her ' charming conversation.' Lady Beauclerk died in 1808, aged 74. "[Walpole's Letters, and Anecdotes of Painting; Boswell's Johnson ; Tuer's Bartolozzi.] A. D. BEAUCLERK, TOPHAM (1739-1780), a friend of Dr. Johnson, was the only son of Lord Sydney Beauclerk and a grandson of the first Duke of St. Albans. He was born in December 1739, and on the death of his father, 23 Nov. 1744, succeeded to the estates which Lord Sydney Beauclerk, a man noto- rious in his day for fortune-hunting, had in- herited from Mr. Richard Topham, M.P. for Windsor. Topham Beauclerk matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, 11 November 1757, but does not seem to have taken any degree. Whilst there he had the good fortune to make the acquaintance of Bennet Langton. Beauclerk's tastes were widespread, both in science and literature ; his conversation was easy and vivacious, with that ' air of the world ' which showed that he had seen much, and knew how to describe what he had seen. But his talents would have passed away without leaving any record behind them had he not sought the acquaintance of Dr. John- son, and been loved by him with signal de- I votion. From 1757 to 1780 his name and I his good qualities are written in the pages of I Boswell. He married, at St. George's, Han- over Square, 12 March 1768, Lady Diana Spencer, eldest daughter of the second Duke of Marlborough, two days after she had been divorced from Lord St. John and Boling- broke, and she made an excellent wife to her new husband. Beauclerk died at Great ; Russell Street, Bloomsbury, 11 March 1780, leaving issue one son and two daughters. His library of 30,000 volumes, housed, as Horace Walpole remarks, in a building ' that reaches half-way to Highgate/ was sold by auction April-June 1781, and was especially i rich in English plays and English history, travels and science. A catalogue (' Biblio- theca Beauclerkiana ') is in the British Mu- seum. Many of Beauclerk's letters are in the possession of Lord Charlemont. [Brydges's Collins's Peerage, i. 249 ; Gent. Mag. 1. 155 (1780); Hardy's Lord Charlemont; Cornhill Mag. xxx. 281-96 (1875), by G. B. H. (Hill).] W. P. C. BEAUFEU, BELLOFAGO, or BEL- LOFOCO, ROBERT DE (Jl. 1190), was a secular canon of Salisbury. Educated at Oxford he gained, at an early age, a re- putation for learning, and became the friend of Giraldus Cambrensis, Walter Map, and other scholars. He is said to have written a work entitled i Encomium Topographic/ after hearing the ' Topographia Hibernise ' of Giraldus read by the author at a festival at Oxford. A second work, ' Monita salubria/ is also attributed to him by Bale ; and a poem in praise of ale, 'Versus de commen- datione Cervisiae/ in a manuscript in the Cambridge University Library (Gg. vi. 42), bears his name. [Bale, iii. 36 ; Works of Giraldus Cambr. (Bolls Series), vol. i. 1861, p. 72, vol. iii. 1863, p. 92 ; Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit. Anglo-Norman Period, 1846, p. 469.] E. M. T. BEAUFEU or BELLO FAGO, ROGER DE (fl. 1305), judge, was probably of the same family as Nicholas de Beaufo of Beaufo's Manor, Norfolk, a contemporary of the judge. One Radulphus de Bello or Bella Fago (botli genders are found, though the masculine pre- dominates) is mentioned in Domesday Book as holding extensive estates in Norfolk, and the bishop of Thetford also there mentioned we know from other sources to have been William de Beaufo, called by Godwin inac- curately Galsagus, and by others still more corruptly Welson. It may be mentioned in Beaufeu 37 Beaufeu passing that many other varieties of the name are found, such as Belfagus, Beaufou, Beau- fogh, Beaufour, Belflour, Beufo, Beufew, and, in the eighteenth century, Beaufoy. How the bishop of Thetford stood related to Radulphus de Bello Fago we do not certainly know. Of Ralph nothing more is known than has already been stated, while of William [q.v.] we know little more than the dates of his appointment to the see of Thetford and his death. That Roger de Beaufo was a lineal descendant of either Ralph or William de Bello Fago cannot be affirmed, nor can hisvre- lation to his contemporary Nicholas de Beau- fo, of Beaufo's manor, be precisely determined, and we cannot connect him with Norfolk, all the estates which he is known to have possessed being situate in Berkshire and Ox- fordshire ; but the singularity of the name renders it highly probable that he was derived from the same original stock as the Norfolk family. The earliest mention of him occurs in the roll of parliament for 1305, when he was as- signed with WTilliam de Mortimer and others as receiver of petitions from Ireland and Guernsey, with power to answer all such as might not require the attention of the king. In the same year he received, with the same Wrilliam de Mortimer, a special commission to try an action of 'novel disseisin' — i.e. ejectment — brought by one John Pecche against the abbot of Westminster for the re- covery of a messuage and one carucate of land in Warwickshire. From the writ it appears that the ordinary justices itinerant for that county were in arrear with their business, and it would seem that Mortimer and Beaufo were appointed 'justices of assize for that occasion only. In the same year and that following he travelled the large western circuit of that day, which stretched from Cornwall to South- ampton in one direction, and Staffordshire and Shropshire in another, as one of the first commission of trailbaston issued for those counties. The popular odium which he ex- cited, and of which the memory is preserved by a line, 'Spigurnel e Belflour sunt gens de cruelte,' in a ballad of the time celebrating the doings of the commission, proves him to have displayed exceptional vigour in the performance of his duty. In a writ of un- certain date he is joined with William de Bereford and two other judges in a commis- sion to inquire into the obstruction of the Thames between London and Oxford by weirs, locks, and mills, which was considered so serious a grievance by the merchants who were in the habit of travelling or sending goods by water between the two towns, that they had petitioned the king for its redress. We find him summoned with the other judges to parliament at Northampton by Edward II in 1307, and to attend the coronation of that monarch in 1308. He was not summoned to parliament after that year. He is classed as a tenant of land or rents to the value of 20/. or upwards in Berkshire and Oxfordshire in a writ of summons to muster at London for service overseas issued in 1297 ; in 1301 he was included in the list of those summoned to attend the king at Berwick-on-Tweed with horses and arms for the invasion of Scotland, as one of the contingents to be furnished by the counties of Bedford and Buckingham. From a grant enrolled in the King s Bench we know that he possessed land at Great Multon, in Oxfordshire, and from the record of an assize of ' novel disseisin ' preserved in the rolls of the same court it appears that his daughter Isabella acquired by marriage a title to an estate in Little Bereford in the same county, which a subsequent divorce and remarriage was held not to divest. Later on, one Hum- frey Beaufo of Bereford St. John, Oxfordshire, is mentioned by Dugdale as having married a lady named Joan Hugford, whereby the manors of Edmondscote or Emscote in War- wickshire, and Whilton in Northampton- shire, passed into his family in the reign of Henry VII. From him descended the Beau*- fos or Beaufoys of Edmondscote and Whilton. The manor of Whilton was sold in 1619 by the then lord, Henry Beaufo, mentioned by Dugdale as lord of the manor of Edmonds- cote in 1640. His daughter, Martha Beaufoy, married Sir Samuel Garth, the author of the 'Dispensary,' and their daughter Martha, who inherited the estates, married, in 1711, William Boyle, grandson of Roger, the first earl of Orrery. [Godwin, De-Praesul. 426, 731; Dugdale's Monasticon, iii. 216 ; Blomefield's Norfolk, i. 200, 404, ii. 465 ; Eot. Parl. i. 168 b, 218 b, 475 b ; Ky- mer (ed. Clarke), i 970 ; Wright's Political Songs (Camden Society), 233 ; Parl Writs, i. 155, 291, 353, 408, ii. div. ii. pt. i. 3, 17, 18. 21, 23 ; Plac. Abbrev. 214, 299 ; Dugdale's Ant. Warwickshire, 189; Baker's Hist. Northamptonshire, i. 232; Domesday Book, fols. 190 6-201 b, 225 J-229 b • Coll. Top. et Gen. viii. 361 ; Foss's Judges of England.] J- M. E. BEAUFEU, WILLIAM, otherwise DE BELLAFAGO, BELLOFAGO, BELFOU GALSAGUS, VELSON (d. 1091), bishop of Thetford, was, apparently, a son of Robert Sire de Belfou, who fought on the Conqueror's side at Senlac, and whose lordship was situ- ated in the neighbourhood of Pont-1'Eveque. His brother Ralph received several lord- ships in Norfolk from the Conqueror, and was a personage of great importance in East Beaufort Beaufort Anglia. Of the bishop little is known ex- cept the fact that he was consecrated at Canterbury by Lanfranc in 1086, and that he died in 1091. Before his elevation to the episcopate he appears to have acted as chan- cellor; so at least he is designated in a deed attested by him at some date in or subsequent to 1080 — the date is so far fixed by the fact that another attesting witness was William de Carlisle, bishop of Durham, who was not appointed till 1080 — by which the Conqueror empowered Ivo Tailboys to endow the church of St. -Nicholas of Angers with the manor of Spalding. Whether he was married, and had1 a '-son who succeeded to some of his estates ; ' whether he was a monk at Bee ; whether- he was the husband of Agnes de Tony,' and father of Richard de Bellofago, who was archdeacon of Norwich in his time ; finally, whether any such person ever existed, and whether he were not identical with his successor, Herbert de Losinga, are questions which have been discussed by antiquaries. Roger de Bellafago, who lived [see BEATJ- FETJ or BELLO FAGO, ROGER BE] in the time of ' Edward I, may with probability be reckoned as a member of the same family as the bishop. [Munford's Analysis of the Domesday Book for the County of Norfolk, 8vo, 1858, "p. 31 ; Planche's The Conqueror and his Companions, 8vo, 1874, ii. 283; Blomefield's Norf., iii. 465; Norfolk Antiquarian Miscell., 8vo, 1877, i. 413 ; Stubbs's Reg. Sacr. Anglic.] A. J. BEAUFORT, DTTKE OF. [See SOMERSET.] BEAUFORT, DANIEL AUGUSTUS, LL.D. (1739-1821), geographer, born on I Oct. 1739 at East Barnet, was the son of DANIEL CORNELIS DE BEAUFORT, a French refugee (1700-1788), who became pastor of the Huguenot church in Spitalfields in 1728, and of that in Parliament Street, Bishops- gate, in 1729 ; entered the church of England in 1731 ; married Esther Gougeon in London, II June 1738, and was rector of East Barnet from 1739 to 1743. Going to Ireland with Lord Harrington, the father became rector of Navan in 1747, was provost and archdeacon of Tuam from 1753 to 1758, was rector of Clonenagh from 1758 until his death thirty ! years later, and published in English, in 1788, * A Short Account of the Doctrines and Prac- i tices of the Church of Rome, divested of all • Controversy.' His brother, Louis de Beau- : fort, published (in 1738) a work on the un- j certainty of Roman history, supposed to have given some suggestions to Niebuhr. Daniel Augustus was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, of which he was elected a scholar in 1757. He became B.A. in 1759, M.A. in 1764, and LL.D. (honoris causa) in 1789. He was ordained by the Bishop of Salisbury, and, in succession to his father, was rector of Navan, co. Meath, from 1765 to 1818. In 1790 he was presented by the Right Hon. John Foster to the vicarage of Collon, co. Louth. He afterwards built the church at Collon, where he remained until his death in 1821. He was successively col- lated to the prebendal stalls of Kilconnell, in the diocese of Clonfert (3 Oct. 1818), and of Mayne, in the diocese of Ossory (20 April 1820). Dr. Beaufort took a prominent part in the foundation of Sunday schools and in the preparation of elementary educational works. The Royal Irish Academy owed its forma- tion in great measure to his exertions. His most important work was his map of Ireland, published in 1792, and accompanied by a memoir of the civil and ecclesiastical state of the country. All the places marked on the map are systematically indexed in the memoir and assigned to their respective parishes, baronies, &c. In the preface the author states that this map was prepared from ori- ginal observations to remedy the defects of existing maps of Ireland. Competent autho- rities pronounce it and the memoir to be valuable contributions to geography. The publication of this work was encouraged by the Marquis of Buckingham, lord-lieu- tenant of Ireland. Beaufort married Mary, daughter and coheiress of William W^aller, of Allenstown, co. Meath. Their elder son, William Louis Beaufort (1771-1849), was rector of Glanmire, and prebendary of Rath- cooney, Cork, from 1814 until his death in 1849. Their younger son was Sir Francis Beaufort [q. v.]. [Information from W. M. Beaufort, Esq. ; Times, 18 June 1821; Gent. Mag. vol. ix. ; Cotton's Fasti Hibernici ; Monthly Review, xiii. 173; Webb's Compendium of Irish Biography.] A. Gr-N. BEAUFORT, EDMUND (d. 1455), second DUKE OF SOMERSET, statesman and general, was the younger brother of Duke John, and excelled him in the brilliancy of his early military exploits. He held his first command in France in 1431, and nine years later he succeeded in recapturing Harfleur, the loss of which had shaken the English ascendency in Normandy. He was at once invested with the garter on the scene of his triumph. In 1442 he obtained the earldom of Dorset for having relieved Calais, and on his return home after a successful expedition into Anjou in conjunction with his future antagonist the Duke of York, he was raised to a marquisate. But on succeeding his Beaufort 39 Beaufort brother in the Somerset titles (to the earldom after a three weeks' siege. His position in 1444 and the dukedom in 1448), though in Normandy was gone, that in England he gained in political influence, military threatened. Suffolk and two ministerial success deserted him. The government had bishops had been murdered, Cade and the just recognised that England could not Kentish rebels had occupied London, and hope to permanently hold France as a con- York was preparing to take advantage of his quered country, and sought an honourable popularity and seize upon the government, peace. With this end in view they con- After five years' marriage Henry remained eluded a truce in 1444, and shortly afterwards married Henry VI to Margaret of Anjou, childless. Of the two possible heirs to the throne, Margaret, Somerset's niece, repre- ceding Anjou and Maine, nominally to her ! sented the parliamentary, York the here- father, really to Charles VII. This policy i ditary title. Whichever party was in power was wholly unpopular in England, where at the moment of the sickly king's death the warlike spirit remained in the ascendant : j would crown their candidate. Supported by and the Duke of York, seizing the oppor- Henry, Somerset, on his return from Caen, tunity of Gloucester's -death to head the op- •• carried on the government despite the popu- position to the court, was superseded in the J lar hate ; but success abroad would alone lieutenancy of France by Somerset, whose uncle, Cardinal Beaufort, was chief minister. The truce was taken advantage of by the French to prepare for a final effort to drive the foreigner out, while the English minis- ters and commanders were especially engaged in swelling their private fortunes. On the one side patriotism, on the other love of plunder, led to frequent breaches of the truce, and removed more and more the pro- spect of a definitive peace. At length the commander of one of the English detach- ments, with the secret support of Somerset, surprised the town and castle of Fougeres, and Somerset, who probably profited largely by the spoils, refused to give it up, or even exchange it. Hence in 1449 regular war re- commenced, in which the English were com- pletely overmatched. Their outposts fell rapidly into the hands of the French, who in October invested Rouen. The inhabitants were their eager partisans, and Somerset, unable to contend with enemies within and without, retired into the castle. His energy seemed paralysed ; he had neither courage to make a desperate effort to cut his way out, nor determination to at once capitulate on honourable terms. At last, being hard pressed, he qpnsented to give up not only Rouen but six other strongholds and a large sum of money 'for the deliverance of his person, wife, children, and goods.' The par- liamentary opposition in England at once impeached Suffolk, now chief minister, and prepared accusations against Somerset. But secure him in power against the attacks of York, and he bent every effort to re-establish the English ascendency in Gascony, where the strictness of French rule was unpopular. He got supplies from parliament, and raised a fleet and army. But the death of the veteran Talbot and the surrender of the English at Chatillon in 1453 put an end to his hopes. The disaster brought on Henry's first attack of insanity ; parliament, now supreme, appointed York protector, and sent Somerset to the Tower. He was saved from further proceedings against him by the re- covery of the king, who restored him to power and made him captain of Calais, the only con- tinental appointment remaining in his gift. Though the birth of a Prince of Wales changed the quarrel of the two dukes from a dynastic into a personal one, it was none the less bitter. After what had passed one could not brook the existence of the other. Failing to get his enemy tried for treason, York ap- pealed to arms, and, according to a contem- porary, raised a force and ' attacked Somerset, who was then in St. Albans, preferring that Somerset should be taken prisoner than that he should be seized and slain by Somerset.' The first battle of St. Albans was fought in May 1455, and in it Somerset was killed. His blood was the first shed in the war of the Roses, which proved fatal to his sons, and ended the male line of the Beauforts. [The Wars in France under Henry VI, Rolls Series, No. 22 ; Blondel's Reductio Normannise, Rolls Series, tfo. 32; Rot. Parl. v. 210-81; Henry VI retained his ministers, and, by Stow's Chronicle, 385-400.] pawning his jewels and resorting to other such financial expedients, sought to raise a sufficient force for the campaign of 1450 Unfortunately the English troops were cut to pieces at Formigny in May, and a huge French army advanced against Caen, where Somerset lay with a garrison of 3,000 men. As no relief was possible, he capitulated H. A. T. BEAUFORT, SIB FRANCIS (1774- 1857), rear-admiral and hydrographer to the navy, was the son of the Rev. Daniel Au- gustus Beaufort [q. v.], rector of Navan, county Meath, himself a topographer of some distinction. His sister Frances married Richard Lovell Edgeworth, and was thus the Beaufort Beaufort stepmother of Maria Edgeworth, the novelist. He entered the navy in June 1787, under the care of Captain Hugh Cloberry Christian, on board the Colossus ; during the Spanish armament of 1790 he was a midshipman of the Latona frigate, with Captain Albemarle Bertie, and was afterwards with the Hon. Robert Stopford, in the Aquilon, 32 guns, one of the repeating frigates in Lord Howe's action of 1 June 1794. H^ followed Captain Stopford to the Phaeton, 38 guns, and in her ! he saw much active and splendid service, in- I eluding Cornwallis's retreat, 17 June 1795, | and the capture of the Flore, 36 guns, on 8 Sept. 1798. Beaufort was made a lieu- tenant on 10 May 1796 ; and on 28 Oct. 1800, being then first lieutenant of the Phaeton, under Captain James Nicoll Morris, he com- manded the boats of that ship when they cut out the Spanish ship, San Josef, of 26 guns, from under the guns of Fangerolle Castle, near Malaga; in this service he received nineteen wounds in the head, arms, and body, three sword cuts and sixteen musket shots, and dearly won his promotion to the rank of ! commander, which bore date 13 Nov., as ' well as a wound pension of 45Z. For some years after this he was unemployed at sea, and in 1803-4 assisted his brother-in-law, Mr. Edgeworth, in establishing a line of tele- graphs from Dublin to Galway. In June 1805 he was appointed to the command of the Woolwich, armed store-ship, in which, during the presence of the fleet off Buenos Ayres in 1807, he made an accurate survey of the entrance to the Rio de la Plata. In May 1809 he was appointed to the Blossom, em- ployed in convoy duty on the coast of Spain. On 30 May 1810 he was advanced to post rank, and appointed to the Frederiksteen frigate. During the two following years he was employed in the archipelago, principally in surveying the coast of Karamania, and in- cidentally in suppressing some of the most barbarous of the Mainote pirates. His work was brought to an untimely end by the attack of some Turkish fanatics on his boat's crew, 20 June 1812. Beaufort was badly wounded in the hip, and after months of danger and suffering at Malta was obliged to return to England, and the Frederiksteen was paid off on 29 Oct. The account of this survey and exploration he afterwards published in an interesting volume entitled ' Karamania, or a brief description of the South Coast of Asia Minor, and of the Remains of Antiquity ' (8vo, 1817) ; and, it is said, refused to accept any payment for the manuscript on the ground that the materials of the work were acquired in his majesty's service and in the execution of a public duty. For many years after his return to England he was engaged in constructing the charts of his survey, with his own hand, and the charts were engraved directly from his drawings, as sent in to the Hydrographic Office. In 1829 he was appointed hydrographer to the navy, and during the twenty-six years through which he held that post rendered his name almost a synonym in the navy for hydrography and nautical science. It is still preserved by the- general introduction of the scale of wind force, and the tabulated system of weather registration in common use both afloat and ashore. These expedients occurred to him when he was captain of the Woolwich, 1805, and wished to -render the ship's log- at once more concise and more comprehen- sive. In April 1835 he was a member of a commission for inquiring into the laws under which pilots were appointed, governed, and paid ; and in January 1845 of another com- mission for inquiring into the state of har- bours, shores, and rivers of the United Kingdom. On 1 Oct. 1846, according to an order in council just issued, he was made a rear- admiral on the retired list ; and on 29 April 1848 he was made a K.C.B. in acknowledg- ment of his civil services as hydrographer, which post he continued to hold almost till the last. He retired in 1855, only two years before his death on 17 Dec. 1857. A sub- scription memorial took the form of a prize awarded annually to that young naval officer, candidate for the rank of lieutenant, who- passes the best examination in navigation and other kindred subjects, at the Royal Naval College, in addition to which a portrait, by Stephen Pearce, was placed in the Painted Hall at Greenwich Hospital. His scientific work was solely in connection with his office ^ though a fellow of the Royal Society, his- name as an author does not appear in the- ' Philosophical Transactions,' and the only papers attributed to him in the ' Royal So- ciety Catalogue' are: 1. l Account of an Earthquake at Sea,' in ' Edinburgh Journal of Science,' v. (1826), 232-4. 2. < Determina- tion of the Longitude of Papeete, from ob- servations of a Partial Eclipse of the Sun,' in ' Monthly Notices of Royal Astron. Soc/ xiv. (1853-4), 48-9. He was for many years engaged in his own house in preparing the- extensive Atlas published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. For this labour of many years, to execute which he rose daily between five and six, he received no remuneration, except a magnificent copy of the large edition of the ' Gallery of Por- traits,' presented only to him, the king of the French, and the Duke of Devonshire. He was a fellow of the Royal and Royal Beaufort Beaufort Astronomical Societies, and a member of the Royal Irish Academy, a corresponding mem- ber of the Institute of France and of the United States Naval Lyceum. Sir Francis married Alicia Ma gdalena Wil- son. Their son, FKANCIS LESTOCK BEAUFORT, born in 1815, served in the Bengal civil service from 1837 to 1876, and was for many years judge of the twenty-four Purgunnahs, Calcutta. He was the author of the well- known ' Digest of the Criminal Law Pro- cedure in Bengal' (1850), and died in 1879. [Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog. vi. (supplement, part ii.), 82 ; O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet. ; Gent. Mag. 1858, i. 118; information from W. M. Beaufort, Esq.] J. K L. BEAUFORT, HENRY (d. 1447), bishop of Winchester and cardinal, was the second and illegitimate son of John of Gaunt by Catherine, widow of Sir Hugh Swynford. His parents having been married in 1396, their children were the next year declared legitimate by Richard II, and the king's pa- tent of legitimation was confirmed by par- liament. In common with his brother John, earl of Somerset, and Thomas, duke of Exeter, Henry took his name from Beaufort Castle, in Anjou, the place of his birth. He is said to have studied at Oxford, but he spent the greater part of his youth at Aachen, where he read the civil and the canon law. He was made prebendary of Thame 1389, and of Sutton 1391, both in the diocese of Lincoln. He held the deanery of Wells in 1397, and, having been appointed bishop of Lincoln by papal provision, was consecrated 14 July 1398, after the death of John Bokyngham [see BOKYNGHAM, JOHN]. The next year he became chancellor of the university of Oxford. The election of his half-brother, Henry of Lancaster, to the throne, gave the Bishop of Lincoln a prominent place in the kingdom. Forming a kind of constitutional court party, he and his brother steadily up- held the Lancastrian dynasty, while at the same time they were opposed to the masterful policy of Archbishop Arundel [q. v.]. Bishop Beaufort was made chancellor in 1403, and in the same year was named as a member of the king's ' great and continual council.' On the death of William of Wykeham, in 1404, he was nominated to the bishopric of Winchester by papal provision, and in the spring of the next year received the spirituali- ties of the see. He resigned the chancellorship on his translation to Winchester. He is said to have been the tutor of the Prince of Wales. He certainly exercised considerable influence over him. While the king was in a great measure guided by Arundel, the prince at- j tached himself to the younger and more ! popular party, of which the Bishop of Win- | Chester was the head. In 1407 the arch- bishop, who was then chancellor, gained a triumph over the Beaufort s ; for when in that year the king exemplified and confirmed the patent of their legitimation granted by Richard, he inserted in it words (' excepta regali dignitate ') which expressly excluded j them from the succession. As, however,, I these words do not occur in the document confirmed by parliament in the preceding reign, they have no legal value, though pro- bably this fact was not recognised at the time. The strength of Bishop Beaufort and the weakness of the archbishop »alike lay in the parliament. Arundel felt himself unable to continue in office, and in 1410 Thomas Beau- fort was made chancellor. As the new chancellor was not installed when the par- liament met, his brother the bishop declared the cause of summons. Taking as the text of his discourse l It becometh us to fulfil all ' righteousness,' he dwelt on the relations of I England with France and Scotland, and on the duty of loyalty to the crown. Dr. Stubbs, who in his 'Constitutional History' (iii. c. 18) has given a masterly sketch of the career of Bishop Beaufort as an English politician, ha& pointed out the probability that during the administration of Thomas Beaufort the Prince of Wales ruled in the name of his father; for during this period the illness of Henry IV | seems to have rendered him incapable of performing the duties of kingship. The rule of the prince involved the predominance of the Bishop of Winchester in the council. The divergence of the parties of Beaufort and Arundel came to a climax in 1411. A family quarrel probably hastened the issue of the struggle. On the death of John Beau- fort, earl of Somerset, the bishop's brother, in 1410, Thomas of Lancaster, the earl's- nephew, married his widow, and demanded that Bishop Beaufort should give up to him part of a sum of 30,000 marks, which he had received as the earl's executor. The bishop refused the demand, and in the quarrel which ensued the Prince of Wales upheld his. uncle against his brother. Prince Henry and the bishop were alike anxious to secure the continuance of their power. With the assent of the numerous lords of their party they tried to prevail on the king to resign the crown, and to allow the prince to reign in his stead. The king was much angered at this request, and dismissed the prince from the council. Bishop Beaufort and his whole party seem to have shared the disgrace of the prince ; for in November the commons prayed the king to thank the Prince of Wales, Beaufort Beaufort the Bishop of Winchester, and other lords for their labour and diligence during the time that they were of the council. The arch- bishop succeeded Thomas Beaufort as chan- cellor in 1412. The change in the adminis- tration brought with it a change in foreign politics. The Bishop of Winchester agreed with the prince in upholding the cause of the Duke of Burgundy, and in 1411 the united forces of the English and Burgundians gained a brilliant victory over the Arma- gnacs at St. Cloud. On the accession of Arundel to power the alliance with Burgundy was suddenly broken, and an expedition was sent to help the Armagnacs. When, in 1413, the prince succeeded his father as Henry V, he at once gave the chan- cellorship to Bishop Beaufort, who accord- ingly, on 15 May 1413, opened the first par- liament of the reign. On 23 Sept. he sat as j one of the assessors of the archbishop on the ' trial of Sir John Oldcastle. In opening the parliament held at Leicester in the April of the next year he referred at some length to the dangerous rising which followed Oldcastle's escape. Preaching on the words 'He hath applied his heart to understand the laws,' he described how the Christian faith was in danger of being brought to naught by the Lollard confederacy, and the peace of the realm by riots, and called on the estates to aid the crown in the work of government by their good advice. The bishop | was this year sent to France, along with I other ambassadors, to propose terms which | were too hard to be accepted even in the dis- tracted state of that kingdom. In opening | parliament on 4 Nov. 1415 the chancellor en- larged on the noble exploits of the king in the war with France, and made an appeal to the gratitude of the people, which was answered by a liberal grant. The war, however, placed the king in constant need of money, and Henry found his uncle the chancellor always ready to lend. As Beaufort cannot have in- herited any great estates, and as the income of his see, considerable as it was, was by no means large enough to supply him with the vast sums which he lent the crown from time to time, as well as to provide him with the means of indulging his taste for magnificence, it is probable that his constant power of finding ready money was the result of singular financial ability, combined with a high cha- racter for integrity. Knowing how to use money, and using it with boldness, careful to maintain his credit, and not afraid of making- Ms credit serve him, Beaufort gained immense wealth. While he guarded this wealth care- fully, he never refused to lend it for the sup- j port of the crown. In 1416 he lent the kin 14,000/., secured on the customs, and received a certain gold crown to be kept as a pledge of repayment. Having been relieved of his office in the July of 1417, the bishop left England, nominally on a pilgrimage. The real object of his journey was to attend the council then -sitting at Constance. His ar- rival at the council was coincident, and can scarcely have been unconnected, with an im- portant change in the position of parties. Up to that time the English and the Germans worked together in endeavouring to force the council to undertake the reformation of the church. In alliance with the Emperor Sigis- mund, Henry, by the English representatives, opposed the election of a pope until measures had been taken to bring about this reforma- tion. On the other hand, the Latin nations sided with the cardinals in demanding that the council should at once proceed to the election of a pope, and should leave the work of reformation to be accomplished by him. Henry had, however, suffered from reformers in his own kingdom. Whatever the reasons of the king may have been for changing his policy, there can be no doubt that the Bishop of Winchester carried out this change. He effected a compromise, to which the emperor was forced to agree. At his suggestion the council pledged itself to a reformation to be effected after the election of a pope. The conclave was formed. It was believed in England that the Bishop of Winchester was, among many others, suggested as the future pope. The choice of the conclave fell on the Cardinal Colonna, who took the title of Martin V. The new pope was not un- mindful of the good service rendered him by Beaufort, and on 28 Dec. nominated him car- dinal, without specifying any title. Claim- ing a universal right of presentation, and intent on bringing the English church into subservience to the see of Rome, Martin hoped to find in Beaufort an instrument for carrying out his schemes of aggression. He intended to apply to the king to 'allow the bishop to hold the see of Winchester in commendam, and to accept him as legate a latere holding office for life. He mistook the king with whom he had to deal. When Arch- bishop Chichele, who had succeeded Arundel in 1414, heard of the plan, he wrote to Henry, who was then in France, and remonstrated against such an outrage on the liberties of the kingdom and on the rights of his own see. Henry refused to allow the bishop to accept the office of cardinal, saying, if we may trust the account of the matter given in 1440 by the Duke of Gloucester, that ' he had as lief sette his coroune besyde hym as to see him were a cardinal's hatte, he being a Beaufort 43 Beaufort cardinal.' Great as must have been the j the chancellor. On 30 Oct. 1425. the duke bishop's disappointment, the refusal of the j persuaded the mayor to keep London Bridge king did not alienate him from his attach- j against the bishop, and so prevent him from ment to the crown ; for when in 1421 Henry I entering the city. The men of the bishop returned to England to raise money for a and of the duke well nigh came to blows. All fresh expedition, Beaufort, who had as yet i the shops in London were shut, the citizens only received in repayment part of his former crowded down to the bridge to uphold their loan, lent him a further sum of 14,000/., '< mayor, and had it not been for the interfe- making a total debt of 22,306/. 18*. 8d., and j rence of the archbishop and the Duke of again received from the hands of the trea- surer a gold crown as security for repayment. In the December of the same year he stood godfather to the king's son, Henry of Win- chester. And the next year the king, when on his deathbed, showed his confidence in Coimbra, a dangerous riot would have taken place. The chancellor wrote urgently to Bedford begging him, as he valued the wel- fare of the king, his safety, and the safety of the kingdom, to return to England with haste. On the return of Bedford the council tried to him by naming him one of the guardians of arrange the dispute. Matters were, however, the infant prince. j still unsettled when the parliament, called In the debates on the regency which fol- I the Parliament of Bats, met at Leicester on lowed the death of Henry V, Beaufort op- 18 Feb. 1426. At the petition of the com- posed the ambitious claims of the Duke of mons Bedford and the lords undertook an Gloucester, the late king's youngest brother, arbitration. Gloucester charged the chan- During the long and bitter quarrel which cellor with refusing to admit him into the ensued between the uncle and nephew, Beau- Tower, with purposing to slay him at Lon- fort's wise and loyal policy stands in strong don Bridge, and with designing to seize the contrast to the wild schemes by which Glou- I person of the king. He also declared that cester, as protector in the absence of his ! he had plotted against the life of Henry V brother Bedford, sought his own aggrandise- when prince of Wales, and had counselled ment at home and abroad. In December 1422 Beaufort was named a member of the council, and powers were granted to that body which strictly limited the autho- j tinct denial of the truth of the charges of rity of the protector. When, in 1424, Glou- I treason against Henry IV, Henry V, and cester was about to leave England on his Henry VI, that Bedford should thereupon futile expedition against Hainault, the bishop | declare him ' a true man to the king, his him to take the crown from his father. Beaufort made answer to these accusations. The lords decreed that he should make a dis- was again appointed chancellor. In the ab- sence of both Bedford and Gloucester the father, and his grandfather,' and that he and Gloucester should take each other by the hand. whole burden of the government rested on The bishop must have felt the pacification, him, and in consideration of his extra work he received an addition of 2,000/. to which was effected on 12 March, a distinct defeat. He resigned the chancellorship, and his salary. His administration was unpo- applied for license to perform a vow of pil- pular in London, where the citizens were : grimage by which he was bound. He does attached to the Duke of Gloucester. The ! not, however, seem to have left England, favour which the chancellor showed to the ' and his name appears twice in the proceedings Flemings angered the merchants, and some of the council during the remainder of the ordinances restraining the employment of year. labourers, which were made by the mayor and aldermen, and were approved by the council, set the working classes against the govern- ment. Threatening bills were posted on the gates of the bishop's palace, and a tumultuous meeting of men of ' low estate ' was held l at the Crane of the Vintry,' in which some loudly wished that they had the bishop there, that they might throw him into the Thames. Beaufort took the precaution of placing in the Tower a garrison composed of men from the duchy of Lancaster. While affairs were in this uneasy state, the Duke of Gloucester returned to England. The strictures of the council on his foolish expedition doubtless helped to fan the discord between him and Encouraged by the condition of the go- vernment in England, the pope renewed his plan of making the Bishop of Winchester a cardinal, which had been defeated by the vigorous policy of Henry V. His special object in conferring this office on Beaufort at this time was to gain his help against the Hussites. The bishop was nominated car- dinal-priest of St. Eusebius on 24 May 1426. He left England in company with the Duke of Bedford in March of the next year, and on Lady day received the cardinal's hat from the hands of the duke in St. Mary's church at Calais. In accepting the cardinalate Beaufort made a false step, which brought him into much trouble. The legatine com- Beaufort 44 Beaufort mission which accompanied his new dignity lessened his popularity, and gave occasion to ! his enemies to attack him. His energies were to some extent diverted from the service of his country, and men naturally looked on him as identified with the papal policy which, under Martin V, was antagonistic to the ec- clesiastical liberties of England. The new ! cardinal lost no time in obeying the papal call for help in the Hussite war. With the full approval of the emperor he accepted the ; office of legate in Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia. At the moment of his entrance into Bohemia a combined attack was made by three armies of the crusaders upon the Hussites at Mies. The attack failed, and at Tachau the cardinal met the German host in full flight. He bade them turn against their pursuers, and, planting a cross before them, j succeeded for a moment in his attempt to rally the panic-stricken multitude. At the • sight of the advancing army of the Bohe- { mians the Germans again turned and fled. The cardinal vainly called on them to halt and j make a stand against their enemies. In his indignation he tore the flag of the empire and ! cast it before the feet of the German princes, j His efforts wrere fruitless, and the close ap- proach of the Bohemian army forced him to j share the flight of the Germans. The pope j wrote him a letter encouraging him to perse- j vere in the crusade. He exhorted him to restore ecclesiastical discipline in Germany, and to put an end to the quarrel between the archbishops of Coin and Maintz, that the German churchmen might be more earnest in the crusade. The cardinal returned to England to raise money for the prosecution of the w^ar, and on entering London 1 Sept. 1428 was received | with great state by the mayor and aldermen, j When, however, he opened his legatine com- ' mission, the Duke of Gloucester refused to I recognise it, as contrary to the customs of | the kingdom, and Richard Caudray, the king's proctor, argued the case against him. Beau- I fort promised not to exercise his legatine functions without the king's leave, and the matter was dropped for the time. In February 1429 the cardinal went to Scotland on civil as well as ecclesiastical business, and had an interview near Berwick with James and with his niece, Joan the queen. On his return Gloucester made an effort to deprive him of his see by bringing before the council the question whether he, as a cardinal, might law- fully officiate at the chapter of the order of the Garter on St. George's day, a right which pertained to him as bishop of Winchester. The question was left undecided; but the council requested him not to attend the ser- vice. In after years he officiated on these occasions without any objection being made. In spite of the somewhat doubtful attitude of the council he obtained leave to raise a body of troops for the Bohemian war, and to publish the crusade. On 22 June he again set out for Bohemia. Disasters in France, however, caused the council to press on him the necessity of allowing his troops to serve six months with the regent. Beaufort agreed to this, and stayed himself with the regent in France. He excused his conduct to the pope by declaring that he was forced to obey the king's command, and that his troops would have refused to follow him had he not done so. The death of Martin V, in February 1431, put an end to Beaufort's legation and to his part in the Bohemian Avar. At the close of 1429 Beaufort received 1,000/. to defray the expenses of a mission which he wras about to undertake to the court of Philip, duke of Burgundy, who had just married his niece, Isabella of Portugal. His compli.ance in lending the troops which he had raised for the crusade evidently strengthened his position at home ; for an attempt made by Gloucester in the December following to shut him out from the council, on the ground of his being a cardinal, was answered by a vote that his attendance was lawful, and was to be required on all occa- sions except when questions between the king and the papacy wrere in debate. Alarmed at his increasing power, Gloucester persuaded him to accompany the king to France in April 1430, and during 1430-1 he was con- stantly employed in the aftairs of that king- dom. In November 1430 he lent the king" 2,81 61. 13s., and an order was made in council the following year for the repay- ment of this and of other sums which were owing to him. On 17 Dec. 1431 he crowned Henry YI king of France at Paris. Mean- while, Gloucester took advantage of his ab- sence to make another attempt to deprive him of his see. This attack seems to have been made in the name of the crowrn ; for in a general council, held 6 Nov., the king's ser- jeants and attorney argued that he could not, as cardinal, continue to hold an English bishopric. At this council the Bishop of Worcester, in answer to a question from Glou- cester, asserted that he had heard the Bishop of Lichfield, who acted as Beaufort's proctor, say that the cardinal had bought an exemp- tion from the jurisdiction of Canterbury for himself and his see. The Bishop of Lichfield, who was present, seems neither to have de- nied nor confirmed this statement. The council was not disposed to proceed in haste in a matter of such importance, and made aa Beaufort 45 Beaufort order that documents should be searched, and the question was put off until the return of the king. Three weeks afterwards, how- ever, Gloucester was more successful in the privy council, where the number of bishops was larger in proportion to the lay councillors . than in the general council. This preponde- : ranee of the clerical element was contrary to Beaufort's interest ; for Archbishop Chichele naturally bore him no good will, and the chance of a vacancy of the see of Winchester excited the hopes of the other bishops. Ac- cordingly, in this council writs were sealed of prsemunire and attachment upon the sta- tute against the cardinal. Some valuable jewels also belonging to him were seized at Sandwich. The cardinal boldly faced the danger. He returned to England and attended the parliament which met in May 1432. There, in the presence of the king and of the Duke of Gloucester, he demanded to hear what accusations were brought against him. He had come back, he said, because the de- fence of his name and fame and honour was more to him than earthly riches. Gloucester was foiled by this appeal to the estates, and In answer to his demand the cardinal was assured that the king held him loyal. He further demanded that this answer should "be delivered under the great seal, which was accordingly done. The parliament then pro- ceeded to consider the seizure of his jewels. In order to get them at once into his posses- sion the cardinal deposited the sum of 6,000/. ; and as in 1434 an order was made that this money should be repaid, it is evident that on inquiry the seizure was shown to have been made unlawfully. He also lent the crown another sum of 6,000 /., and further respited a debt of 13,000 marks. Beaufort owed his victory in this, which was the greatest crisis of his life, to the support of the par- liament ; and on the petition of the commons a statute was framed exonerating him from the penalties of any offences which he might have committed against the Statute of Provisors, or in the execution of any papal bulls. On 16 Feb. 1433 the cardinal obtained leave to attend the council of Basel. As he •received license to take with him the large sum of 20,000/., it seems probable that he desired to make interest for himself in the hope that he might at some future time be chosen pope. Although he did not take ad- vantage of this permission to attend the council, he did not abandon his intention of doing so, and in the June of the next year he presented a series of ' demands ' to the king, in which, after asking. for securities for his loans, he stated that he was bound by certain vows, and that since it would be to his jeopardy if the time or end of his journey should be known, he desired license to go when and whither he pleased and to take with him such money as he might choose. In answer to this request he was told that he might attend the council and take with him the sum allowed in the pre- vious year. Meanwhile, on the return of Bedford in 1433, the cardinal upheld him against Gloucester, and, in common with i other lords, agreed with the request made by the commons that the duke should remain in England, and help to carry on tlje govern- ment. The change in the administration was i followed by a vigorous attempt to introduce I economy into the disordered finances of the : kingdom, and the cardinal, together with some other members of the council, follow- \ ing the example set by Bedford, agreed to ; give up their wages as councillors, provided that their attendance was not enforced in vacation. In 1435 the cardinal was present at the famous European congress, held at Arras, for the purpose, if possible, of making peace. In common with the other ambassadors from England, he had power to treat for a mar- riage between the king and the eldest or other daughter of his adversary of France. He joined his colleagues on 19 Aug. Fail- ing in their preliminary negotiations with I the French, and convinced that the Duke of Burgundy was about to desert their alliance, the English ambassadors returned on 6 Sept. The death of the Duke of Bedford, which took place a few days afterwards, had a con- siderable effect on the position of the cardi- nal. With Bedford the Lancastrian house lost almost all that remained of the strength of the days of Henry V. From this time the house of York began to occupy a prominent place, and in doing so it naturally entered into a rivalry with the Beauforts, who had no other hope than in the fortunes of the reigning house. WThen Bedford was dead, the cardinal was the only Englishman ' who had any pretension to be called a politician/ His policy was now plainly marked out, and from this time he began to labour earnestly for peace (STFBBS, Qmftit, Hist. iii. c. 18). Gloucester, who had of late made his brother Bedford the chief object of his opposition, I now turned all his strength to thwart the ! policy of his uncle, even, as it seems, trying I to use against him the hostile family interest ! of the house of York. Although by the decision of the council in 1429 the attendance of the cardinal was not required when questions between the king and the papacy were in debate, he took part Beaufort 46 Beaufort in the settlement of a dispute which arose dinal and the part taken by Orleans in the from an attempt made by the council in 1434 to put an end to the claim of the pope to nominate to English bishoprics. The immediate question, which concerned the ap- pointment to the see of Worcester, was settled by a compromise proposed in a letter from negotiations show that Beaufort had by this time fully regained his influence in the council. In his absence, however, the Duke of Gloucester was left without control, and the council accordingly sent instructions to the ambassadors to refuse the French de- the council to Eugenius IV to which the i mands, which were indeed of such a nature name of the cardinal is subscribed. The as to make the failure of the negotiations jealousy of papal interference which was i certain. On 2 Oct. the cardinal and the aroused by this dispute may probably be dis- cerned when, in April 1437, the cardinal having requested license to go to Rome, the council recommended the king not to allow him to leave the kingdom, alleging as their reasons for this advice their fear lest evil ambassadors returned to England. Another attempt to arrange a peace was made by the cardinal and the Duchess of Burgundy in January 1440. Ambassadors were again ap- pointed, and the council decided on the re- lease of the Duke of Orleans. Against this should befall him by the way, and the irn- decision Gloucester made a violent remon- portance of his presence at the negotiations strance to the king. He embodied in a for peace which were then on foot. Thefol- long document all his causes of complaint lowing year they further advised the king against Beaufort. He began with his ac- not to allow him to attend the council of ceptance of the cardinal's hat and his re- tention of the see of Winchester. He accused him of defrauding the crown, of forwarding the interests of his family to the hurt of the king, alleging divers instances, and among them the fact that while Beaufort was chan- cellor part of the ransom of James of Scot- land was remitted on his marriage with his niece. He further declared that he had been guilty of extravagance and mismanagement Basel, a determination which Sir Harris Nicolas considers (Ordinances of the Privy Council, v. pref. xxx) to have arisen from ' the fear of his intriguing with the cardinals and other influential ecclesiastics at the council for the tiara at the sacrifice of the interests of his country.' In this year Beau- fort obtained from the king a full pardon for all offences f from the beginning of the world up to that time.' This pardon evidently had I at the congress of Arras and at the late meet- reference to his dealings with securities. I ing of ambassadors at Calais, and that he Taken, however, in connection with the re- now intended to destroy the king's realm of fusal of his journey, it seems to indicate that France by the release of the Duke of Orleans. his influence was shaken. If this was so, j To this manifesto, which is full of bitterness it was not long before his importance as a I and mischievous intent, the council returned financier fully restored him to power. The j a moderately worded answer. Powerful as futile campaign of Gloucester in Flanders, Gloucester was to do evil by slandering those and the continued demands for money from who were striving for peace and by setting France, having exhausted the treasury, the men's minds against them, he had, in corn- cardinal lent the king 10,000 marks, ex- | parison with the cardinal, little real weight tended the time of repayment of another sum in the conduct of affairs. His weakness was of 14,000 marks, and gave him possession of i manifested in the following year by the trial some jewels which had been pledged to him. ! of his wife, Eleanor Cobham, who was ac- Each year the hopelessness of the war be- came more apparent. In January 1439 the cardinal had a conference with the Duchess of Burgundy at Calais, and it was agreed that ambassadors should be sent thither to treat of peace. During the negotiations which ensued, the cardinal had full and cused of witchcraft before the archbishops and the cardinal. Although Beaufort was eagerly desirous of peace, he never discouraged any efforts which were made to prosecute the war with vigour. In a debate in the council on 6 Feb. 1443, when the question was proposed secret powers from the king, and in con- I whether an army should be sent to the relief ,. * -.I ,-t i ^ .L__I_. _.J'j_ i __£• TVT . _.3_ -£ f-i __•_.. • - ji junction with the duchess acted as mediator between the ambassadors of the two parties. He landed at Calais on 26 June. As he was the advocate of peace, and hoped to secure it by means of the intervention of the captive Duke of Orleans, while, on the other hand, Gloucester was set on prosecuting the war and on keeping the duke prisoner, the discretionary powers entrusted to the car- of Normandy or of Guienne, since there seemed little hope of sending troops to both, the cardinal, after others had spoken, some for the one plan and some for the other, de- clared that ' him seemeth both to be entended were right necessary,' and suggested that the treasurer should declare what funds he had available for 'the setting of the said armies r (Ordinances, v. 224). And when his nephew, Beaufort 47 Beaufort the Duke of Somerset, was persuaded to take the command of the expedition which was fitted out in that year, the cardinal promised to lend 20,0007. towards its equipment, in- sisting1, however, at the same time that the patent securing the repayment of this sum should be drawn out in the exact words he chose; 'else he would lend no money.' When, therefore, the form was being read before the lords of the council, the Duke of Gloucester said that such reading was needless, since his uncle had passed it, and would have that and no other (Ord. v. 280). Bitterly as the words were spoken, they were true enough, for without the help of the cardinal the whole expedition must have come to naught. In this year Beaufort obtained another gene- ral pardon and release from all fines and penalties for anything which he had done. In the marriage of the king with Margaret I of Anjou, in 1445, the cardinal must have believed that he saw the promise of that peace for which he had sought so earnestly, and it is therefore interesting to find (Ore?, v. 323) that the queen's wedding-ring was made out of a ring with f a fair ruby ' which the cardinal had presented to the king on the day of his coronation. In the mysterious death of the Duke of Gloucester, which took place 23 Feb. 1447, Cardinal Beaufort cer- tainly could have had no part. Bitter as was the duke's enmity against him, Beaufort would never have done a deed which was so contrary to the interests of the Lancastrian dynasty, and which opened the way for the ambitious schemes of the rival house. A few weeks later, on 11 April, the great car- dinal died. The scene in which Shakespeare portrays (Second Part Hen. VI, act iii. sc. 3) ' the black despair ' of his death has no historical basis. Hall records some words of complaint and repentance which, he says, Dr. John Baker, the cardinal's chaplain, told him that his master uttered on his death-bed. In spite, however, of this au- thority, there is good reason for doubting the truth of the story. A short account of the cardinal's last days has been given us by an eye-witness (Cont. Cray land}. As he lay dying in the Wolvesey palace at Winchester, he had many men, monks and clergy and laymen, gathered in the great chamber where he was, and there he caused the funeral ser- vice and the requiem mass to be sung. During the last few days of his life he was busied with his will, and added the second of its two codicils on 9 April. In the even- ing before he died the will was read over to him before all who were in the chamber, and as it was read he made such corrections and additions as he thought needful. On the morning of the next day he confirmed it with an audible voice. Then he took leave of all, and so died. He was buried, accord- ing to his directions, in his cathedral church of Winchester. A large part of his great wealth was left for charitable purposes. When his executors offered the king 2,0007. from the residue of his estate, Henry refused it, saying, ' My uncle was very dear to me, and did me much kindness while he lived ; may the Lord reward him ! Do with his goods as ye are bound to do ; I will not have them' (BiAKMAtf, De Virtutibus Hen. VI}. At Winchester Beaufort finished the re- building of the cathedral, and re-founded and enlarged the hospital of St. Cross, near that city, giving it the name of Nova Domus Eleemosynaria Nobilis Paupertatis. Busied in the affairs of the world, he lived a secular life. In his early years he was the lover of Lady Alice Fitzalan, daughter of Richard, Earl of Arundel, and by her had a daughter named Joan, who married Sir Edward Strad- ling, knight, of St. Donat's, in the county of Glamorgan. Beaufort was ambitious, haughty, and impetuous. Rich and heaping up riches, he has continually been charged with avarice. He certainly seems to have clung unduly to his office as trustee of the ! family estates of the house of Lancaster, I which must have given him command of a I considerable sum of money. Trading in money, he was not to blame if he took care that he should as far as possible be defended from loss, and if he loved it too well he at least made his country a gainer by his wealth. His speeches in parliament are marked by a constitutional desire to uphold the crown by the advice and support of the estates of the realm. He was unwearied in the business of the state and farsighted and patriotic in his counsels. Family relationships with foreign courts, as well as his position as cardinal, gave him a place in Europe such as was held by no other statesman, and made him the fittest representative of his country abroad. The events which followed his death are the best proofs of the wisdom of his policy and of his loyalty both to the crown and to the truest interests of England. [Ordinances of the Privy Council, ii.-v. ed. Sir H. Nicolas ; Eolls of Parliament, iii. iv.; Eymer's Fcedera, ix. x. ; Gesta Henrici V. eel. Williams, Eng. Hist. Soc. ; Thomas Otterbourne's Chron. ed. Hearne ; Thomas do Elmham's Vita, &c. ed. Hearne ; Letters illustrative of the Wars in France, ed. Stevenson, Eolls Ser. ; Historical Collections of a Citizen of London, ed. G-airdner, Camden Soc. ; Walsingham's Historia, John Amundesham's Annales, Chron. Monast. Sancti Beaufort 48 Beaufort Albani, ed. Riley, Rolls Ser. ; Hardyng's Chron. ; Hall's Chron. ; Cont. Croyland, Gale's Scriptores, i. ; Raynaldus, Eccl. Annales ; ^Eneas Sylvius, Historia Bohemica ; Andrew of Ratisbon, Hotter, Geschichtschreiber der Hussititchen Bewegung, ii. ; Duct's Life of H. Ghiehele, Abp. of Cant. 1699 ; Godwin de Prsesulibus ; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy ; Wharton's Anglia Sacra, i. ; Nichols's Royal Wills; Stubbs's Const. Hist. iii. c. 18 ; Ex- cerpta Historica, ed. Bentley ; Creighton's His- tory of the Papacy during- the Reformation.] BEAUFORT, JOHN (1403-1444), first DUKE OF SOMERSET, military commander, was the son of John Beaufort, eldest son of John of Gaunt, by Catherine Swynford, who was created Earl of Somerset and died in 1409. John the younger succeeded to the earldom on the death of his brother Henry in 1419. He was early inured to arms, and fought at the age of seventeen with Henry V in France. In 1421 the Duke of Clarence, the king's brother, being sent against the dauphin in Anjou, advanced rashly against him with his vanguard, and being surprised as he crossed a marsh was killed, and Somerset, who was with him, was taken prisoner, ' Speedily ransomed, the latter continued fight- ing in France under Henry VI, his nearness to the throne insuring him high command. But though made duke in 1443 and captain general in Aquitaine and Normandy, the Duke of York was preferred to him as regent of France. Somerset returned home in dis- gust and died the next year — by his own hand it is said, being unable to brook the •disgrace of banishment from court which his quarrel with the government had brought upon him. [Dugdale's Baronage ; Chronicles of Walsing- ham and Croyland.] H. A. T. BEAUFORT, MARGARET (1441- 1509), COUNTESS OF RICHMOND AND DERBY, was daughter and heiress to John, first duke of Somerset, by his wife Margaret, widow of :Sir Oliver St. John, and heiress to Sir J. j Beauchamp of Bletso. She was only three years old at the time of her father's death ; but her mother appears to have brought her up with unusual care until, in her ninth year, •she was brought to court, having passed into the wardship of the Duke of Suffolk, then in the height of his power. He hoped to obtain her in marriage for his son, not without thought of her possible succession to the throne. On the other hand, Henry VI des- tined her for his half brother Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond. A vision inclined her to the latter suitor, and she was betrothed at once to him, and married in 1455. In the follow- ing year the Earl of Richmond died, leaving Margaret with an infant son. The breaking out of the war of the Roses endangered the safety of any related to the throne, and ' the child-widow retired with the future ! Henry VII to her brother-in-law's castle of I Pembroke. Here she remained after her | marriage with Henry Stafford, son of the | Lancastrian Duke of Buckingham, and here I she was detained in a kind of honourable confinement after the triumph of the Yorkists in 1461. The revolution of 1470 saw Mar- garet back at court ; but the speedy return of Edward IV, and his final victory at Tewkesbury, by making the young Earl of Richmond immediate heir to the Lancastrian title, increased his danger, and forced him to escape to Brittany. Margaret remained at home, and, though keeping up communica- tions with her exiled son, wisely effected a re- conciliation with the ruling powers, and took as her third husband the Lord Stanley, Ed- ward's trusted minister, afterwards Earl of Derby. The accession of Richard III (1483) and the consequent split in the Yorkist party raised the hopes of the Lancastrians, and Margaret, emerging from her accustomed re- tirement, took an active part in planning the alliance between her own party and that of the Wydviles by the marriage of Henry with Elizabeth of York, and in preparing for the abortive insurrection of 1484. Richard's parliament at once attainted Henry, and de- prived Margaret of her title and lands. Fur- ther persecution she was spared, for Richard, though he did not trust, dared not alienate her husband, Lord Stanley, to whom her lands were granted for his life, and her per- son to be kept 'in some secret place at home, without any servants or company, so that she might not communicate with her son.' Yet Stanley's growing sympathy with her cause enabled her to aid in the preparations for the rising of 1485, and his final defection from Richard's side on Bosworth field secured the throne to her son. After this she took no part in the active duties of government, and seldom appeared at court, except for the christening of a goddaughter or the knight- ing of a godson ; but the king deferred to her opinion, especially in matters of court etiquette, and their correspondence shows the respect he bore her, and that he never forgot that he derived his title through her, who, had there then existed a precedent for female succession, might herself have mounted the throne. Sharing to the full the religious spirit and strict orthodoxy of the Lancastrian house, a life of devotion and charity best suited her after the anxieties of her early life. ' It would fill a volume,' says Stow, ' to re- Beaufort 49 Beaufort count her good deeds.' She fell under the influence of John Fisher, who left his books at Cambridge to become her confessor ; and long before her husband's death, in 1504, she separated from him and took monastic vows. Yet she never retired to any of the five religious houses to which she was ad- mitted member, but lived for the most part at her manor of Woking, in Surrey, which had been seized and made a royal palace by Edward IV, and was restored, with its new building, to the countess when Henry VII became king. Following Fisher's advice, she instituted that series of foundations which have earned her a lasting name at the univer- sities as * the Lady Margaret.' Her divinity professorships at both Oxford and Cambridge date from 1502. Fisher was the first occupant of the latter chair, and when Henry VII, not without asking his mother's leave, made him bishop of Rochester, he was, after an in- terval, succeeded by Erasmus. The Cam- bridge preachership was endowed in 1503 ; but Fisher had still greater plans for the de- velopment of the university of which he was now chancellor. Margaret's religious bias had inclined her to devote the bulk of her fortune to an extension of the great monas- tery of Westminster. • Her spiritual guide, strict Romanist as he was, knew that active learning, not lazy seclusion, was essential to preserve the church against the spirit of the Renaissance, and he persuaded her to direct her gift to educational purposes. Henry VI's uncompleted foundation of God's house at Cambridge was enriched by a fair portion of Margaret's lands, and opened as Christ's Col- lege in 1505. Nor were her benefactions to cease here. The careful son's full treasury did not require swelling with the mother's fortune. An educational corporation should be her heir. Her Oxford friends petitioned her on their behalf, and St. Frideswide's might have been turned into a college by Margaret, and not by Wolsey. But Fisher again successfully pleaded the cause of his own university, and the royal license to re- found the corrupt monastic house of St. John's as a great and wealthy college was obtained in 1508. In the next year both the king and the countess died, and Henry VIII, although, during the short interval which elapsed be- tween the death of his father and that of his grandmother, he followed the advice of the able councillors whom she had selected, tried to divert her estates to his own extravagant expenditure. His selfish intention was thwarted by Fisher, who proved an able champion of his benefactress's will, as he had been an eloquent exponent of her virtues in his funeral sermon. He obtained a peremp- VOL. iv. tpry papal bull, which Henry dared not re- sist, and the charter of foundation was given in 1511, the buildings being completed five years later at the then enormous cost of 5,000/. St. John's College is the Lady Mar- garet's greatest monument, and possesses the best memorials of her life. Although her own contributions to literature are confined to translating part of the * Imitatio Christi ' and other books of devotion into English from j French editions, she was a valuable and early | patron to Caxton and Wynkyn de Worde, who undertook the composition and printing of several books at her special desire and command, the latter styling himself in 1509 j ' Printer unto the most excellent princess , my lady the king's grandame.' She was one | of the few worthy and high-mindsd members ; of the aristocracy, in an essentially selfish I and cruel age ; and Fisher scarcely exagge- : rated her reputation when he declared : ' All England for her death had cause of weeping. i The poor creatures that were wont to receive her alms, to whom she was always piteous and merciful : the students of both univer- sities, to whom she was a mother; all the learned men of England, to whom she was a , very patroness; all the virtuous and devout persons, to whom she was as a loving sister; j all the good religious men and women, whom i she so often was wont to visit and comfort ; i all good priests and clerks, to whom she was a true defender ; all the noble men and women, to whom she was a mirror and exampler of honour ; all the common people of this realm, for whom she was, in their causes, a common mediatrix, and took right : great displeasure for them ; and generally | the whole realm hath cause to complain and to mourn her death.' To the list of her bene- factions must be added a school and chantry I at Wimborne Minster, where her father and | mother lay buried beneath the stately monu- | ment she erected to their memory, and a sum for perpetual masses to her family at West- minster. [Halsted's Life of Margaret, Countess of Richmond. 1839; Cooper's Memoir of Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, edited by Rev. J. E. B. Mayor, 1874; Baker's edition of | Fisher's Funeral Sermon, re-edited by J. Hy- I mers, 1840; Ellis's Original Letters, Series I. !'i. 41-8; Lodge's Illustrious Portraits, vol. i.] H. A. T. ^ BEAUFORT, SIR THOMAS (d. 1427), DUKE OP EXETER, warrior and chancellor, was the third and youngest son of John of Gaunt by Catherine Swynford, and was called, like his brothers, ' De Beaufort,' after his father's castle of that name. With them he was le- gitimated by Richard II in 1397 (Rot. Parl See Ly*n Beaufort Beaufoy iii. 343), and from that king he shortly after received a grant of Castle Acre (Pat. 22 Ric. II, p. 1, m. 11). As a half-brother of Henry IV he was promoted by him in state employment, being made constable of Ludlow in 1402, and admiral of the fleet for the northern parts in 1403 (Pat. 5 Hen. IV, p. 1, m. 20). In the insurrection of 1405 he was one of the commanders of the king's forces against the northern rebels, and on their sur- render took a chief part (Ann. Hen. 408-9) in procuring the execution of Scrope and Mowbray (8 June 1405). On 9 Feb. 1407 his legitimation was confirmed by Henry, and he had a grant soon after of the forfeited Bardolph estates in Norfolk, and was made captain of Calais. In 1408-9 he was made admiral of the northern and western seas for life, and on the anti-clerical reaction of 1409 he received from Henry the great seal 31 Jan. 1410, being the only lay chancellor of the reign (Claus. 11 Hen. IV, m. 8 dors.). In 1411 he asked leave to resign, but was refused (ib. 12 Hen. IV, m. 9), and he opened and adjourned the parliament of 5 Nov.-19 Dec. 1411. He was allowed to resign 5 Jan. 1412 (Rot. Parl. iii. 658), and, taking part a few months later in the French expedition under the Duke of Clarence (T. WALS. ii. 288), was created earl of Dorset 5 July 1412. On the ac- cession of Henry V (1413) he was made lieu- tenant of Aquitaine (Rot. Vase. 1 Hen. V, m. 8), and was associated in the embassy to France in 1414. Accompanying Henry on the invasion of the next year, he was appointed captain of Harfleur (T. WALS. ii. 309) on its surrender (22 Sept. 1415), and, after com- manding the third line at Agincourt (25 Oct. | 1415), sallied forth with his garrison and | ravaged the Caux close up to Rouen (ib. 314). j Armagnac early in 1416 besieged him closely by land and sea, but having been relieved by a fleet under the Duke of Bedford [see PLANTAGENET, JoHtf, duke of Bedford] he engaged and defeated the French (ib. 315). He had been made lieutenant of Normandy 28 Feb. 1416, and on 18 Nov. he was created in parliament duke of Exeter for life (Pat. 4 Hen. V, m. 11), and also received the garter. In the summer of 1417 he went on pilgrimage to Bridlington, and, hearing of the Foul Raid and the siege of Roxburgh by the Scots, raised forces (the king being in Normandy) and re- lieved Roxburgh (T. WALS. ii. 325). At Henry's summons he passed over to Nor- mandy about Trinity (May) 1418, at the head of reinforcements 15,000 strong (ib. 328). He besieged and took Evreux (ib. 329), but failed to take Ivry. He was now (1 July 1418) created by Henry count of Harcourt in Normandy (Rot. Norm. 6 Hen. V). On the approach of Henry to Rouen he sent forward the duke to recon- noitre and summon the town to surrender (20-29 July 1418). On the siege being formed he took up his quarters on the north, facing the ' Beauvoisine ' gate. The keys of' Rouen were given up to Henry 19 Jan. 1419, and handed by him to his uncle, the duke, whom he made captain of the city, and who- took possession of it the next day. He was then despatched to reduce the coast towns. Montivilliers was surrendered to him 31 Jan. (1419), and Fecamp, Dieppe, and Eu rapidly followed. In the following April he laid siege- to Chateau-Gaillard, which surrendered to him after a five months' leaguer 23 Sept. (1419). In the spring he was sent to the French court to negotiate the treaty of Troyes- (21 May 1420), and in the autumn he took part in the siege of Melun (T. WALS. ii. 335), On Henry's departure he was left with the Duke of Clarence, and was made prisoner on his defeat at Bauge" (22 March 1421). Re- gaining his liberty he was despatched to Cosne with the relieving force in the summer of 1422 (ib. 343), but, being one of Henry's executors, returned to England at his death (21 Sept. 1422), and was present at his ob- sequies. The chroniclers differ as to the king's instructions (see STTTBBS, Const. Hist. iii. 92) ; but it seems probable that he en- trusted his son to Thomas Beauforde his uncle dere and trewe Duke of Excester, full of all worthyhode. HAEDYNG, p. 387. It is certain that the duke was placed on the council under Gloucester's protectorate (Rot. Parl. iv. 175), and he was also appointed justice of North Wales (Pat. 1 Hen. VI, p. 3, m. 14). He seems, however (Rot. Franc. 5 Hen. VI. m. 18), to have returned to the French wars before his death, which took place at his manor of Greenwich about 1 Jan. 1427 (Esch. 5 Hen. VI, n. 56) By his will (given in Dugdale) he desired to be buried at St. Edmund's Bury, where, 350 years later, his body was found t as perfect and entire as at the time of his death.' He had married Mar- garet, daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Nevill of Hornby, but he left no issue. _ [Thomas of Walsingham (Rolls Series) ; Ho- ! linshed's Chronicle; Stow 's Chronicle; Chronicque d'Enguerrand de Monstrelet ; Poem on the Siege of Kouen (Archseologia, vols. xxi, xxii) ; Dug- dale's Baronage (inaccurate), ii. 125; Bent- ley's Excerpta Historica, pp. 152 sq. ; boss's Judges of England (1845), ii. 151 ; Puiseux's i Siege et Prise de Rouen (1867).] J. H. R. BEAUFOY, HENRY (d. 1795), whig politician, was the son of a quaker wine ( merchant in London, who, to provide him Beaufoy 51 Beaufoy with a liberal education, sent him first (1765-7) to the dissenting- academy at Hox- ton, and afterwards (1707-70) to the more famous Warrington academy, at the head of which was Dr. Aikin [see AIKIN, Joutf, D.D.]. His education gave him a taste for science, and identified him with the politics of liberal dissent. He sat in parliament nearly fifteen years, being elected for Minehead in 1780, for Great Yarmouth in 1784, and again on 18 June 1790. On 10 March 1786 he was placed on the committee for the establish- ment of a new dissenting academy, and gave 100/. towards the institution, which was opened as the Hackney College on 29 Sept. 1787. The dissenters placed in his hands the advocacy of their case against the Cor- poration and Test Acts, the repeal of which he moved on 28 March 1787, and again on 8 May 1789. Next year Fox took the initia- tive, and Beaufoy seconded his motion. He held the post of secretary to the board of control. He was roughly handled in cross- examination by Home Tooke, on his trial for high treason (November 1794), and this is supposed to have hastened his death, which took place on 17 May 1795. He wrote: 1. 'The Effects of Civilisation on the Real Improvement and Happiness of Mankind, in answer to Rousseau,' 1768 (this was an aca- demical oration at Warrington, published by his father). 2. ' Substance of the Speech on motion for Repeal of Test and Corpo- ration Acts/ 1787, 8vo. 3. 'Substance of the Speech to British Society for Extend- ing the Fisheries,' 1788, 8vo. 4. 'Plan of the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa/ 1788, folio. 5. ' Speech [18 June] in Committee on Bill for Regulating the Conveyance of Negroes from Africa to the West Indies ; with addi- tional observations/ 1789, 8vo. 6. ' Pro- ceedings of the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa/ vol. i., 1790, 8vo (the first report is his). [Gent. Mag. May 1795, p. 445 ; W. Turner in Monthly Repos. 1814, pp. 268, 290; Norf. Tour, 1829, p. 263 ; Hackney Coll. Reports.] A. G. BEAUFOY, MARK (1764-1827), astro- nomer and physicist, was the son of a brewer near London, of the quaker persuasion. He began experiments on the resistance of water to moving bodies before he was fifteen, in the coolers of his father's brewhouse, and it was mainly by his exertions that the Society for the Improvement of Naval Architecture was founded in 1791. Under its auspices an im- portant series of experiments was conducted at the Greenland Dock during the years 1793-8 by the care, and in part at the cost, of Colonel Beaufoy. Many useful results in shipbuilding were thus obtained, as well as the first prac- tical verification in England of Euler's theo- rems on the resistance of fluids. The details were printed in 1834, at the expense of Mr. Henry Beaufoy (son of the author), in a large quarto volume entitled ' Nautical and Hy- draulic Experiments, gratuitously distributed to public bodies and individuals interested in naval architecture. In the laborious cal- culations connected with this work, Beaufoy was materially assisted, up to the time of her unexpected death in 1800, by his gifted wife. His magnetic observations, prolonged (though not altogether continuously) from March 1813 to March 1822, were superior in accuracy and extent to any earlier work of the kind. They served to determine more precisely the laws of the diurnal variation, as well as to fix the epoch and amount of maximum westerly declination in England. This he considered to have occurred in March 1819, for which month the mean deviation of the needle from the true north was 24° 41' 42" W. (Annals of Philosophy, xv. 338). The data accumulated by Beaufoy en- abled Lamont in 1851 to confirm his discovery of a decennial period in the amount of diurnal variation, by placing a maximum in 1817 (Poyy. Annal. Ixxxiv. 576). Beaufoy removed from Hackney Wick to Bushey Heath near Stanmore in Hertford- shire towards the close of 1815. It was here that the series of observations on the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites was made, which the Astronomical Society rewarded with its silver medal on 11 April 1827. They embraced 180 immersions and emer- sions, observed 1818-26, and their value — as Sir John Herschel pointed out in his ad- dress (Mem. R. A. Soc. iii. 135) — was en- hanced by the uniformity imparted to them by being the work of one observer, using a single telescope (a 5-foot Dollond), and a single power (86). They were communicated to the society in two papers, printed amongst their ' Memoirs ' (ii. 129, iii. 69), and repro- duced in the ' Astronomische Nachrichten ' (Nos. 19 to 82), and gave to the little ob- servatory where they were made a Euro- pean reputation. Beaufoy was prevented by illness from attending in person to re- ceive the medal, and died at Bushey Heath on 4 May 1827, aged 63. His instruments, consisting of a 4-foot transit, an altitude and azimuth circle (both by Gary), and two clocks, were, by his desire, presented to the Astronomical Society by his son, Lieutenant George Beaufoy (Mem. H. A. Soc. iii. 391). Beaufoy 's military title dated from 20 Jan. 1797, when lie became colonel of the Tower E2 Beaulieu Beaumont Hamlets militia. He was admitted to the Royal Society in 1815, was a fellow of the Liniiean Society, and one of the earliest members of the Astronomical Society. He was the first Englishman to ascend Mont Blanc, having reached the summit on 9 Aug. 1787, only six days later than Saussure. His ' Narrative ' of the adventure was made public in 1817 (Ann. Phil. ix. 97). He was a constant contributor to the ' Annals of Philosophy' from 1813 until 1826. The whole of his astronomical, meteorological, and magnetic observations appeared in its pages, besides miscellaneous communica- tions of scientific interest, of which a list, to the number of twenty-eight, will be found in the Royal Society's ' Catalogue of Scien- tific Papers.' [Silliman's Am. Jour, xxviii. 340 (1835) ; Poggendorff ' s Biog. Lit. Handworterbuch ; Gent. Mag. xcvii. (pt. i.) 476.] A. M. C. BEAULIEU, LUKE DE (d. 1723), divine, a native of France, was educated at the uni- versity of Saumur. Obliged to quit his coun- try on account of his religion, he sought re- fuge in England about 1667, settled here, and rapidly became known as an acute and learned ecclesiastic. In November 1670 he received the vicarage of Upton-cum-Chalvey, Buck- inghamshire, having a short time before been elected divinity reader in the chapel of St. George at Windsor. Beaulieu obtained an act of naturalisation in June 1682. A year later we find him acting as chaplain to the infamous Judge Jeffreys, an office which he continued to hold till the revolution brought his patron's career to a close. Meanwhile he had become a student at Oxford in 1680, ' for the sake of the public library,' says Wood, but he does not seem to have permanently resided there. As a member of Christ Church he took the de- gree of B.C. 7 July 1685, and in October the same year was presented by Jeffreys to the rectory of Whitchurch, near Reading. He had resigned his living of Upton in 1681. He was installed prebendary of St. Paul's 17 Jan. 1686-7, and on the following 21 May prebendary of Gloucester, promotions which he again owed to the lord chancellor. To modern readers Beaulieu is chiefly known as the author of a remarkably eloquent and original manual of devotion, entitled l Clau- strum Animse, the Reformed Monastery, or the Love of Jesus/ two parts, 12mo, London, 1677-76, which reached a fourth edition in 1699. This little work is dedicated, under the initials of L. B., to Dr. John Fell, bishop of Oxford, who was also dean of Christ Church, and to whom the author expresses himself under obligations. Beaulieu was afterwards I chosen one of the bishop's chaplains. He died j 26 May 1723, aged 78, and was buried on the I 30th at Whitchurch. His wife Priscilla was laid in the same grave 5 Dec. 1728. Their son, George de Beaulieu, matriculated at his father's college, Christ Church, took his B. A. degree in 1708, and entered into orders. He was buried with his parents 17 May 1736. The late Dr. George Oliver, of Exeter, pos- sessed some curious correspondence of Luke de Beaulieu with a certain Franciscan monk, in reference to devotional manuals and books of meditation, which is said to indicate ' the yet abiding influence of the Laudian revival up to that period.' Besides the above-mentioned work and several sermons Beaulieu was the acknow- ledged author of: 1. ' Take heed of both Ex- treams, or plain and useful Cautions against Popery and Presbytery, in two parts,' 8vo, London, 1675. 2. ' The Holy Inquisition, wherein is represented what is the religion of the church of Rome, and how they are dealt with that dissent from it,' 8vo, London, 1681. 3. ( A Discourse showing that Protestants are on the safer side, notwithstanding the un- charitable judgment of their adversaries, and that their religion is the surest way to heaven/ 4to, London, 1687, which has been twice re- printed. 4. ' The Infernal Observator, or the Quickning Dead/ 8vo, London, 1684, which, according to Wood, was originally written in French. Beaulieu also translated from the Latin Bishop Cosin's t History of Popish Transubstantiation/ 8vo, London, 1676. [Information from the Rector of Whitchurch ; Wood's Athen. Oxon.. ed. Bliss, iv. 668 ; Lips- comb's Hist. Buckinghamshire, iv. 573 ; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl. ed. Hardy, i. 450, ii. 443 ; Agnew's Protestant Exiles, 2nd ed. i. 30, 42, iii. 19 ; Hist. Reg. 1723, Chron. Diary, p. 29 ; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 307, 3rd. ser. vii. 37-8 ; Introduction by F. Gr. L. to new edit, of the Reformed Monastery, 12mo, London (1865) ; Jones's Catalogue of Tracts for and against Po- pery (Chetham Soc.), pt. i. 237, ii. 382, 523.1 Gr. Gr. BEAUMONT, SIB ALBANIS (d. 1810 ?), draughtsman, aquatint engraver, and land- scape painter, was born in Piedmont, but naturalised in England. Between the years 1787 and 1806 he published a great number of views in the south of France, in the Alps, and in Italy. The short account of him in Fiissli's ' Lexicon ' (1806) is the best : ' Pro- bably a Piedmontese, and the son of Claudio Francesco, he carried the sounding title of 'Architecte pensionn<3 de S. M. le roi de Sardaigne a la suite de S. A. R. le due de Gloucester." In 1787 he exhibited a set of twelve views in Italy, mostly in the neigh- Beaumont 53 Beaumont bourhood of Nice and in 1788 vet other twelve views bourhood of neva, drawn rs (mediocre enough) in the neigh- f Chamouny and the lake of Ge- and etched by himself. The value of these is due to the beautiful colour- ing added by Bernard Lory the elder. Soon after he betook himself and his landscape factory (Prospektfabrik) to London, and there associated himself with a certain Thomas Gowland as his partner, and Cornelius Apos- tool as engraver. In the last ten years of the eighteenth century this firm turned out a new series of views in Switzerland, France, anc Savoy, which are about on a level with their precursors, but had not the advantage 01 Bernard Lory's tasteful brush. It must be acknowledged, however, that the clean firm lines of Apostool's needle add as much to this series as the other lost from the flaccid and insecure draughtsmanship of Beaumont. A description of these plates and their prices (high at times) is found in Meusel's Museum. He afterwards took to landscape painting, exhibiting in 1806 f his elder brother, had succeeded to the title ind estates, was unmarried and appointed a ord commissioner of the admiralty in 1714, the implied statement that the family was dependent on Basil is curious. The petition, lowever, was successful, and a pension of Beaumont 54 Beaumont 50/. a year was granted to each of the six daughters. Beaumont's portrait, by Michael Dahl, is in the Painted Hall at Greenwich, to which it was presented by King George IV ; it is that of a comely young man, who might have become very stout if he had lived. [Official documents in the Public Eecord Office.] J. K L. BEAUMONT, FRANCIS (d. 1598), judge, was the eldest son of John Beaumont, sometime master of the rolls, by his second wife Elizabeth, daughter of William Hast- ings. His father was removed from the bench in 1552 for scandalously abusing his position [see BEAUMONT, JOHN]. Of Francis s early education nothing is recorded. He appears as a fellow-commoner of Peterhouse, Cam- bridge, when Elizabeth visited the university. There is no entry of his matriculation, nor of his having graduated. He studied law in the Inner Temple, was called to the bar, and practised with success and reputation. He represented Aldborough in the parliament of 1572. In 1581 he was elected autumn reader in the Inner Temple. In 1589 he was called to the degree of serjeant-at-law (NICHOLS'S Leicestershire, iii. 655). He was promoted to the bench as a judge of the common pleas on 25 Jan. 1592-3. He was never knighted: he is described in his will, made the day before his death, as l Esquire.' He married Anne, daughter of Sir George Pierrepoint, knt., of Holme-Pierrepoint, Not- tinghamshire, and widow of Thomas Thorold, of Marston, Lincolnshire. She predeceased him. They had a family of three sons and one daughter. The sons were Henry, who was knighted in 1603 and died in 1605, setat. 24 ; John [see BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN] ; Francis, the great dramatist [q. v.]. The daughter was Elizabeth, wife of Thomas Sey- liard, of Kent. Beaumont died at Grace-Dieu on 22 April 1598, and was buried on 12 June following, with heraldic attendance, in the church of Belton, within which parish Grace- Dieu lies. Burton, the historian of Leicester- shire, who was three-and-twenty when Beau- mont died, calls him a f grave, learned, and reverend judge.' [Cooper's Athen. Cantab, ii. 246 ; Dyce's Beau- mont and Fletcher's Works, i. xix, xxii, Ixxxvii, Ixxxxix ; Introduction to Dr. Grrosart's edition of the Poems of Sir John Beaumont in Fuller's Worthies Library (1869) ; Cal. Chanc.Proc.temp. Eliz. i. 61 ; Coke's Beports, ix. 138 ; Foss's Judges of England, v. 408, 411, 414, 421, 456 ; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. 166, 186 ; Chron. Ser. 98 ; Nichols's Leicestershire, iii. 649, 655, 656, 666*, and pi. Ixxvii. ng. 4; Originalia Eliz. p. 3, r. 126; Strype's Annals, iii. 92 ; Talbot Papers, GK 472, 505, 529, H. 207 ; Willis's Not. Parl. iii. (2) 95.] A. B. G-. BEAUMONT, FRANCIS (1584-1616), dramatist, was the third son of Francis Beaumont, the judge of the common pleas, and younger brother of Sir John Beaumont [see BEAUMONT, FRANCIS, d. 1598, and BEAU- MONT, SIK JOHN, 1583-1627]. He was doubtless born at Grace-Dieu, Leicestershire, the family seat. The baptismal registers of Grace-Dieu and Belton contain, however, no Beaumont entries of service to us ; but the rite may have been administered in the me- tropolis, where was the father's permanent residence. Thomas Bancroft (in his Epi- grams, 1639, B. i. Ep. 81), expressly connects all the well-known members of the family with Grace-Dieu in the lines : — Grace-dieu, that under Charnwood stand'st alone . . . That lately brought such noble Beaumonts forth, Whose brave heroick Muses might aspire To match the anthems of the heavenly quire. The entry of Francis's matriculation in the Oxford university register establishes the date of his birth. It runs : Broadgates [after- wards Pembroke College], 1596-[7], Feb. 4. Francisc. Beaumont Baron, fil. eetat. 12. The age is dated by the last birthday, so that he must have been born in 1584. In the second year of his academic course at Oxford his father died (22 April 1598), and, with his brothers Henry and John [q. v.], he then abruptly left the university without taking a degree. Beaumont was 'entered a member of the Inner Temple, 3 Nov. 1600 ; ' but no evidence remains that he pursued his legal studies. Judging from after-events and occupations, he was (it is to be suspected) more frequently within the ' charmed circle ' of the Mermaid than in chambers. Very early both his elder brother Sir John and himself were bosom friends of Drayton and Ben Jonson. The former, in his epistle to Reynolds ' Of Poets and Poetry,' thus boasts of their friendship : — Then the two Beaumonts and my Browne arose,. My dear companions, whom I freely chose My bosom friends ; and in their several ways Rightly born poets, and in these last, days Men of much note and no less nobler parts, Such as have freely told to me their hearts, As I have mine to them. Francis's earliest known attempt in verse was the little address placed by him before Sir John Beaumont's ' Metamorphosis of Tobacco ' (1602). It already shows the in- evitable touch of a master, but is mainly interesting for its timorous entrance into Beaumont 55 Beaumont •that realm of poetry whereof its writer was destined to be a sovereign. Later in the same year (1602) the young poet grew bolder and published 'Salmacis and Hermaphroditus.' Mr. A. 0. Swinburne (in Encyc. Brit.) has described this poem as ' a voluptuous and voluminous expansion of the Ovidian legend, not on the whole discreditable to a lad of .seventeen [eighteen] fresh from the popular love poems of Marlowe and Shakespeare, which it necessarily exceeds in long-winded .and fantastic diffusion of episodes and con- ceits.' Early in 1613 he wrote a masque for the Inner Temple. Beaumont must shortly afterwards have •come to know Ben Jonson. One priceless memorial of their friendship belongs to 1607 in a commendatory poem prefixed to Jonsou's masterpiece, ' The Fox,' acted in 1605. In this beautiful encomium Beaumont addresses the author as his 'dear friend.' In 1609, before Jonson's ' Silent Woman,' and in 1611, before his l Catiline,' Beaumont was again ready with commendatory verses, though unequal to those of the ' Fox.' Some have -supposed that Beaumont did more for Jonson than these slight things — that he helped him to prepare the version of his 'Sejanus' acted in 1603 (cf. JONSON'S address ' to the readers ' in edition of 1605). But more probably Jon- son's assistant there was George Chapman. There is no record of the circumstances • under which Beaumont and Fletcher first I met. Jonson may have introduced them to ! «ach other, but nothing certain is known. But that their warm and close friendship dated from their early youth there can be little question. ' There was,' says the all-inquiring Aubrey, 'a wonderfull consi- mility of phansy between him [Beaumont] •and Mr. lo. Fletcher, which caused that dearnesse of friendship between them. . . . They lived together on the Banke side [in South wark], not far from the playhouse [Globe], both batchelors, lay together, had one wench [servant-maid] in the house, between them, which they did so admire, the same cloaths and cloake, &c. between them ' (Letters, ii., part i., p. 236). The lite- ' rary partnership, born of this close intimacy, was not one of the sordid arrangements made between needy playwrights of which Henslowe's ' Diary ' gives many examples ; j it arose at their own, not at any theatrical | manager's prompting. In worldly matters ' Beaumont, though a younger son, had on the death of his eldest brother Sir Henry, in 1605, shared the surplusage of the estate, •over and above his own direct inheritance, along with Sir John. Fletcher — latterly at least — may have had his difficulties, but so long as Beaumont lived these could not have pressed on him very heavily. The numerous conjoint works of Beaumont and Fletcher ranged from about 1605-6 to 1616. The question as to the share taken by the two authors will be discussed under FLETCHER, JOHN. Beaumont, in his occasional retirements from the capital to Grace-Dieu, apparently carried Fletcher with him. His verse ' Letter to Ben Jonson,' most probably written from Leicestershire, leaves the impression that the two friends were then together. This letter furnishes the best-remembered example of Beaumont's non-dramatic verse in the un- dying description of the wit-combats between Shakespeare and Jonson and their fellows. Ben Jonson in reply to these verses paid a high tribute to their author. It seems to be agreed that Beaumont married 'about 1613' (DrCE, i. li). His wife was Ursula, daughter and coheiress to Henry Isley,of Sundridge in Kent, an ancient though then decayed house (HASTED, Kent, i. 368-9). Two daughters were their issue, Elizabeth and Frances, the latter born after her father's death. Elizabeth married 'a, Scotch colonel,' and was resident in Scot- land in March 1681-2. Frances was living at a great age in Leicestershire in 1700, and then receiving a pension of 100/. from the Duke of Ormond, in whose family she had been domesticated as, probably, lady's maid (DrcE, i. lii, and authorities). The married life was a brief one, for Francis Beaumont died on 6 March 1615-16, and was, like his elder brother, interred in Westminster Abbey. The following is the entry in the register : ' 9 March 1615-16. Francis Beaumont : at the entrance of St. Benedict's Chapel' (CHESTER, Westminster Register). He left no will, but his widow administered his estate 20 June 1619. Dray- ton ascribed the elder brother's death to a too ' fiery brain ' or overwrought body. Similarly Bishop Corbet sang of the younger :— So dearly hast thou bought thy precious lines ; Their praise grew swiftly, as thy life declines. Beaumont is dead, by whose sole death appears, Wit's a disease consumes men in few years. DYCE, i. lii. Beaumont's successive ' elegies ' and minor poems, written at various times, are in the aggregate inexplicably poor and unequal. Even with the ' sole daughter ' of a Sidney to inspire him, his ' mourning ' verse is me- chanical. It is alone as a dramatic poet that he lives. Two collections of poems, published after his death (1640 and 1653) and bearing his name, included miscellaneous waifs and Beaumont Beaumont strays by all manner of men, and very few are to be ascribed to his pen. The first collected edition of Beaumont and Fletcher's plays appeared in 1647 under the title i Comedies and Tragedies written by Francis Beavmont and lohn Fletcher, Gentlemen. Never printed before, an$ now published by the Authours Originall Copies,' 1647 (folio). Dyce's edition (11 vols. 1843) is the latest, and, like all texts edited by him, modernised. Beaumont and Fletcher, like Ben Jonson, still await a competent editor, for with its many merits Dyce's work lacks faithfulness and thoroughness of colla- tion. Hunter, in his ' Chorus Vatum,' notes Oldys's difficulty as to Beaumont's early poems, viz. that his name appears in Speght's * Chaucer ' (1598) ; but there was another earlier writer of the same name. [Burton's Leicestershire ; Nichols's Hist, of Leicestershire; Collier's Life of Shakespeare (cf. with Dyce's Beaumont and Fletcher, xi. 445) ; Malone's Shakespeare ; Barley's Introduction to the Works of Beaumont and Fletcher; Francis Beaumont, a critical study by G. C. Macaulay, 1883 ; Jonson's Works by Cunningham, 3 ATO!S. ; Hallam's Introduction to the Literature of Europe, iii. 99 (ed. 1 843) ; Notes of Jonson's Conversa- tions with Drummond by Laing ; College of Arms MSS. ; Visitations of Leicestershire ; Thompson's Leicester; Davies's Scourge of Folly in his com- plete Works in Fuller's Worthies Library, 2 vols. 4to; Hey wood's Hierarchie of the Blessed Angells, 1635, p. 206.] A. B. G. BEAUMONT, SIR GEORGE HOW- LAND (1753-1827), connoisseur, patron of art and landscape painter, was the son of Sir George Beaumont, the sixth baronet, and Rachel, daughter of Michael Howland. of Stonehall, Dunmow, Essex, where he was born 6 Nov. 1753. He succeeded to the title in 1762, and was educated at Eton and New College, Oxford. In 1778 he married Mar- garet Willes, daughter of John Willes of As- trop, and granddaughter of Lord Chief Jus- tice Willes, and in 1782 made with her the tour of Italy. From his youth he had shown taste for literature and the fine arts, and cul- tivated the society of poets and painters, prac- tising himself the art of landscape painting. In 1790 he entered parliament, and was mem- ber for Beeralston till 1796. His social po- sition, wealth, and cultivation secured for him a distinguished position as a ruler of taste, and to these qualifications b^e added much personal attraction, being tall and good- looking, with polished manners and gentle address. In 1800, with the assistance of the architect Dance, he began to rebuild Coleor- ton Hall, where, according to the dedication of Wordsworth to the edition of his poems in 1815, several of that poet's best pieces were composed. It was here also, after Sir George's death, that Wordsworth wrote his elegiac musings, a tender and eloquent tribute to the character and talents of his friend, and his noble ' Song at the Feast of Brougham Castle r was suggested by one of Beaumont's pictures. Sir George knew Dr. Johnson, was the in- timate friend of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and it was under his roof that Sir Walter Scott met Sir Humphry Davy, Samuel Rogers, and Byron, who satirised him in ' The Blues/ He encouraged Coleridge, and helped to pro- cure his pension. Sir George soon began to collect works of art, beginning with drawings by the English artists, Wilson, Gilpin, Hearner Girtin, and others. To these he added slowly r and with good judgment, a fine but small collection of old masters, and of oil pictures by contemporary Englishmen. Haydon | (whose ' Macbeth ' he purchased) and Jack- I son were among the artists whom he specially \ befriended, and after John Robert Cozens be- I came insane he supported him till he died. Sir George was one of the first to detect the merits of Wilkie, and Edwin Landseer, and Gibson the sculptor. . It was for him that the first painted the < Blind Fiddler.' In 1818, I when Landseer was a lad of sixteen, he pur- chased the now celebrated picture of * Fight- ing Dogs,' and when in Rome in 1822 he gave Gibson a commission for the group of ' Psyche borne by Zephyrs.' It was here at the same I time that he purchased the beautiful un- | finished bas-relief, by Michael Angelo, of ' The i Virgin, the Holy Child, and St. John,' now I in the possession of the Royal Academy, to i whom it was presented by him. Sir George greatly admired the works of Wilson and Claude, and it was on these 1 painters that he formed his own style ; but ' though his landscapes show signs of poetical feeling, they did not rise above mediocrity in execution. This fact and his reported say- ings that ' a good picture, like a good fiddle, should be brown,' and that ' there ought to be , one brown tree in every landscape,' have cast undeserved ridicule upon his taste, which was unusually intelligent and independent for his time. This opinion is attested not only by the judgment shown in his collection, but by i his criticisms both of ancient and modern 1 pictures. His lifelong devotion to art cul- ' minated in the success of his endeavours to- j wards the formation of a national gallery. These were much assisted by his conditional offer to present his own collection to the na- I tion, and in 1826, or two years after the pur- i chase by the state of Mr. Angerstein s pictures (the nucleus of the present National Gallery), he added sixteen of his own, including four v Beaumont 57 Beaumont Claudes, two fine Rembrandts, Rubens's land- scape of 'The Chateau de Stem/ Wilson's ' Maecenas's Villa ' and ' Niobe,' and Wilkie's < Blind Fiddler.' To one of the Claudes, now No. 61 in the National Gallery, he was so attached that he requested to have it re- turned to him for his lifetime. It was this picture probably, and not the 'Narcissus' (No. 19), as recorded by Cunningham, that he used to carry with him whenever he changed his residence from Coleorton Hall to Grosvenor Square, or vice versa. Sir George Beaumont died on 7 Feb. 1827, aged 74. [Cunningham's Lives, ed. Heaton ; Red- grave's Dictionary; Annals of the Fine Arts; Wordsworth's Poems (1813); Byron's Poems; Bos well's Life of Johnson ; Lockhart's Lite of Scott ; Catalogues of the National Gallery ; Burke's Peerage ; Annual Register, 1827.] C. M. BEAUMONT, JOHN (/. 1550), master of the rolls, was great-grandson of Sir Thomas Beaumont, of Bachuile, in Normandy, and great-great-grandson of John de Beaumont, baron, knight of the Garter, who died in 1396. The barony, however, with which this unfortunate judge's family had thus been collaterally connected, had already fallen into abeyance in his time through the death of the seventh baron and second viscount without issue in 1507, the viscounty then becoming extinct. The sixth baron had been distinguished as the first viscount ever created in this country. The barony was claimed, but unsuccessfully, in 1798 by Thomas Stapleton, wTho traced his descent to Joan Beaumont, sister and heir of the seventh baron. His grand-nephew, Miles Thomas Stapleton, father of the present baron, was successful in asserting his claim in 1840. The earliest mention of John Beaumont appears to be a memorandum in the books of the corporation of Leicester, under date 1529-30, to the following effect : — ' Agreed to give to John Beaumont, gent., 6s. Sd. fee to answrer in such causes as the town shall need and require.' In 1534, on the abbot of Leicester subscribing to the king's spiritual supremacy, a commission was appointed to take an ecclesiastical sur- vey of the county, and Beaumont was placed thereon. In 1537 he was appointed reader at the Inner Temple, and in 1543 double reader (duplex lector), as a person appointed for the second time was then called. In 1547 he was elected treasurer of that society. His name is not to be found in the year books of Henry Til's reign, nor in any of the re- ports belonging to the reign of Edward VI. In 1550 he was appointed recorder of Lei- cester, and in the same year master of the rolls, in succession to Sir Robert Southwell. In this capacity he was commissioned to- hear causes for Lord Chancellor Rich, 26 Nov. 1551, and for Lord Chancellor Goodrich, 21 Jan. 1552. He had not, however, long- sat on the bench before he abused his posi- tion for his own advantage in the grossest possible manner. He concluded a corrupt bargain (known to lawyers as champerty) with Lady Anne Powis, who was suing in his court to recover possession of land to which she claimed to be entitled from Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, by which Lady Anne Powis agreed to sell the benefit of her suit, if she should be successful, to the judge for a sum of money. The selling of titles by persons not having possession of the lands is, even as between private individuals, a cor- rupt practice by English law, and a statute of Henry VIII renders either party to the contract liable to forfeit the full value of the lands. Beaumont, however, did not stop short at champerty. He endeavoured to cor- roborate Lady Powis's title by forging the signature of the late Duke of Suffolk to a deed by which that nobleman purported to grant the lands in question to the lady. He was also guilty of appropriating to his own use funds belonging to the royal revenues coming into his hands in his capacity of iudge of the court of wards and liveries (established by Henry VIII in 1540-41) to the amount of 20,871/. 18s. 8d., and of con- cealing a felony committed by his servant. On 9 February, i.e. when he had been in office little more than a year, he was ar- rested on these charges and put in prison. He subsequently (4 June) admitted their truth, but retracted his confession on the 16th, only again to acknowledge his guilt on the 20th. Of that, however, there appears to have been no doubt from the first. His successor, Sir Robert Bowes, was nominated as early as 10 May. Beaumont formally sur- rendered his office, and admitted his defalca- tions on 28 May, and by the same document assigned all his manors, lands, goods and chattels, with the issues and profits of the same, to the king in satisfaction of his claims. On 4 June he acknowledged a fine of his lands, which were entailed upon himself and his wife, and signed a covenant to surrender his goods. By what may have been either a curious oversight or an intentional act of grace, his wife was not made a party to the fine, and by consequence on Beaumont's death her estate tail never having been barred ' survived ' to her. She entered within five years thereafter upon the estate of Grace- Dieu in Leicestershire, which Henry, earl of Beaumont Beaumont Huntingdon, to whom in 1553 it had been granted by the king, released to her. By this lady (named Elizabeth, and daughter of Sir William Hastings, knight; younger son of William, Lord Hastings) Beaumont had two sons, of whom the elder was Francis [see BEAUMONT, FRANCIS, d. 1598]. Of the younger, Henry, nothing seems to be known except that he was a member of the Inner Temple, died at the early age of forty-two, and was buried in the Temple Church. The family acquired further distinction in a legal aspect by a celebrated case decided in Lord Coke's time between Barbara, daughter of Sir Henry Beaumont, the eldest son of Sir Francis, the judge, and John, the second son of Sir Francis. Sir Henry had settled Orace-Dieu upon his heirs male, with re- mainder to his brother John and his heirs male. Accordingly on Sir Henry's death, John took possession, but Barbara being of tender years and ward to the king (James I) the question whether she was not entitled as tenant in tail under the original* settle- ment was raised and elaborately argued with the result that a new point in the law of settlement was established, viz. that the barring of an entail by one of two joint tenants in tail, while it is inoperative to put an end to the entail, is yet sufficient to pre- clude the issue from inheriting. [Nicolas's Hist. Peerage of England ; Nichols's County of Leicester, i. part ii. 274, 391, 393 ; Dugdale's Orig. 164, 170, 178; Dugdale's Chron. Series, 89 ; Eot. Pat. 4 Edward VI, p. 6, m. 24 ; Hardy's Cat. of Lords Chancellors, 62 ; King Edward's Journal in Burneb's Hist. Kef. Church Eng. Appendix, under date 1552, 9 Feb., 4, 16, and 20 June; Hayward's Life of Edward VI in Kennet's Hist. ii. [319].] J. M. K. BEAUMONT, SIK JOHN (1583-1627), poet, was the second son of Francis Beau- mont, judge [see BEAUMONT, FRANCIS]. His mother was Anne, daughter to Sir George j Pierrepoint, knt., of Holrne-Pierrepoint, Not- j tinghamshire, and relict of Thomas Thorold, I of Marston, Lincolnshire. He was born (pro- ' bably) at the family seat of Grace-Dieu, j Leicestershire, in 1582. There are no entries j of the baptisms of the Beaumonts at Grace- Dieu, the explanation being that the rite would most naturally be administered in the metropolis, where the judge resided perma- nently. According to the funeral-certificates in the College of Arms, John Beaumont, ' se- cond sonne,' was l at the tyme of the death of his father [22 April 1598] of the age of fourteen years or thereabouts' (NICHOLS, Leicestershire). He proceeded to Oxford in 1596, and entered as a gentleman commoner at Broadgates Hall 4 Feb. 1596-7, when, according to Wood, he was ' aged fourteen ' (Athen. O.Ton. ed. Bliss, ii. 437, also 434-5). Broadgates Hall, now Pembroke College, was the principal nursery in Oxford for students of the civil and common law. With his brothers Henry and Francis, who went with him to Oxford, John quitted the university without taking a degree on the death of his father in 1598. Henry succeeded to his fa- ther's estates in Leicestershire ; was knighted in 1603, but died in 1605, aged twenty-four (DrCE, p. xxi), when John succeeded his brother. John, with his brother Henry, was admitted student of the Inner Temple in November 1547 (List of Students admitted to Inner Temple, 1571-1625, pp. 80, 82). But it appears that he soon gave up resi- dence— in all likelihood on coming into pos- session on the death of Sir Henry. During his college residence, and while in London, he must have begun his poetic studies. l In his youth,' say Wood and the ' Biographia Britannica ' and other authori- ties, ' he applied himself to the muses with good success' (Eiogr. Brit. (1747) i. 621). While in his twentieth year (1602) he pub- lished anonymously his 'Metamorphosis of Tobacco ' — a mock-heroic poem ; and prefixed to it, among others, were dedicatory lines to Michael Drayton and the first printed verses of his brother Francis [q. v.]. In the same year (1602) appeared Francis Beaumont's ' Salmacis and Hermaphroditus,' and among the commendatory verses pre- fixed is a little poem signed ' I. B.' — doubtless by his elder brother. The Duke of Buckingham was his patron, and introduced his poems to the king. A cavalier and a royalist, he was made a ba- ronet in 1626. But he was a puritan in religion. He died, according to Anthony a Wood and all the old authorities, ' in the winter- time of 1628 ; ' but in the register of burials in Westminster Abbey it is stated that he was buried 19 April 1627, 'in the broad aisle on the south side ' of the Abbey. William Coleman, in his appendix to his { La Dance Machabre, or Death's Duell,' has some fine lines dedicated to his memory. He married a lady of the family of Fortes- cue, whose brother, George Fortescue, added a grateful and graceful poem to the posthu- mously published volume of Sir John's poems (1629). By her he had four sons — John, Francis, Gervase, and Thomas. The first, who succeeded his father, and lovingly edited his poems, fell at the siege of Gloucester in the service of the king in 1644. Francis — sometimes confounded with his uncle — be- Beaumont 59 Beaumont -came a Jesuit. Gervase died in his seventh year, and very pathetic is his father's poem to his memory. Thomas ultimately came into possession of the family property and title. Beaumont's son and heir, Sir John, piously prepared and published in 1629 his father's poems for the first time under the title : * Bos worth Field, with a Taste of the Variety of other Poems, left by Sir John Beaumont, Baronet, deceased : Set forth by his Sonne, Sir lohn Beaumont, Baronet : and dedicated to the Kings most excellent Maiestie.' ' Bos- worth Field ' is written in heroic couplets of ten syllables. The preserving fragrance of the book must be looked for, not in his secular, but in his sacred poems. Very strong reli- gious feeling is apparent in many of his poems, especially in his ' In Desolation,' ' Of the Miserable State of Man,' and ' Of Sinne.' The genuineness of his Christianity is well attested by the quotations made from his works by Dr. George Macdonald, in his ' An- tiphon' (pp. 143, 145). Beaumont's 'Act of Contrition,' 'Of the Epiphany,' 'Vpon the Two Great Feasts of the Annunciation and Resurrection,' and other of the 'Sacred Poems,' are of a high level for sincerity of sentiment and literary quality. It is commonly stated, even by Dyce, that Sir John Beaumont's poetry belonged solely to his youth. The dates and names of various •of his elegies and other verses disprove this. He seems to have written poetry to the close. Throughout his life he yearned after a true joet's renown, and wrote : — No earthly gift lasts after death but fame. His friend Michael Drayton referred in a poem written after his death to his thirst after celebrity : — Thy care for that which was not worth thy breath Brought on too soon thy much-lamented death. The work upon which Sir John evidently put forth all his resources — a poem entitled the ' Crown of Thorns : in eight books ' — has unhappily disappeared. It must have been printed, for in his admirable elegy on Shakespeare's Earl of Southampton the au- thor thus refers to it : — His onely mem'ry my poore worke adornes : He is a father to my crowne of thornes. Now since his death how can I ever looke Without some teares vpon that orphan booke ? Sir Thomas Hawkins also celebrates the poem. Sir John seems to have dedicated certain hours daily to the gratification of his literary tastes. lie tells us something of his studies in a letter prefixed to Edmund Bol- ton's ' Elements of Armories ' (1610). It is entitled ' A Letter to the Author, from the learned young gentleman I. B. of Grace-Dieu in the County of Leicester, Esquier.' Burton, the historian of Leicestershire, wrote of Sir John Beaumont : ' A gentleman of great learning, gravity, and worthiness ; the remembrance of whom I may not here omit, for many worthy respects ' (NICHOLS). Anthony a Wood remarks : ' The former part of his life he had fully employed in poetry, and the latter he as happily bestowed on more serious and beneficial studies, and had not death untimely cut him off in his middle age he might have prov'd a patriot, being ac- counted at the time of his death a person of great knowledge, gravity, and worth' (Athence Oxon. ii. 434-5). [Dr. Grosart's Introduction to the first col- lected edition of Sir John Beaumont's work in Fuller's Worthies Library, where all that is known of the poet may be found; Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum; Campbell's Specimens; Wordsworth's Poems.] A. B. G. BEAUMONT, JOHN (A. 1701), colonel, was the second son of Sapcote Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont of Swords, Leicester- shire, and Bridget, daughter of Sir Thomas Monson of Carleton, Lincolnshire (ped. in NICHOLS'S Leicestershire, iii. 744). He at- tended Charles II in his exile, and was employed at court under James II; but, notwithstanding this close connection with royalty, he was instrumental in thwarting the policy of the king in a matter deemed of the highest importance. With, it was supposed, an ulterior design of gradually leavening the army with Roman catholic sentiments, the experiment was attempted (10 Sept. 1688) of introducing forty Irish- men into the regiment of which the Duke of Berwick was colonel, then stationed at Portsmouth. Beaumont, who was lieute- nant-colonel, resisted the proposal in his own name and that of five of the captains. ' We beg,' he said, 'that we may be either per- mitted to command men of our own nation or to lay down our commissions.' At the court- martial which followed they were offered forgiveness if they would accept the men, but they all refused, whereupon they were cashiered, the highest punishment a court- martial was then competent to inflict. In Clarke's ' Life of James II ' (ii. 169) it is affirmed that Churchill (afterwards Duke of Marlborough) moved that they should be put to death, but this is apparently a base- less calumny. The resistance of the officers was supported by the general sentiment of the army, and no further attempts were made to introduce Irishmen into the English regi- Beaumont Beaumont ments. All the portraits of the officers were engraved by R. White on one large half-sheet in six ovals, joined by as many hands expres- sive of their union. The print, which is called the ' Portsmouth Captains,' is extremely scarce (GRANGER, Biog. Hist., 2nd ed., iv. 300). Colonel Beaumont was with the Prince of Orange at his first landing. After the coro- nation he was made colonel of the regiment of which he had previously been lieutenant- colonel, and served with it in Ireland, where he was present at the battle of the Boyne, in Flanders, and in Scotland, holding his com- mand till December 1695 (LTITTRELL, Rela- tion of State Affairs, iii. 564). He was also for some time governor of Dover Castle. In 1685 he was chosen M.P. for Nottingham, and he was returned for Hastings in 1688 and 1690. In May 1695 he fought a duel with Sir William Forrester, ' occasioned by some words between them in the parliament house, and the latter was disarmed ' (ib. iii. 468). Beaumont died on 3 July 1701. He was twice married : first, to Felicia, daughter of Mr. Hatton Fermor of Easton Neston, and widow of Sir Charles Compton, and, second, to Phillipe, daughter of Sir Nicholas Carew of Bedington, Surrey, but by neither had he any issue. [Nichols's Leicestershire, iii. 738-9, 744 ; Luttrell's Eelation of State Affairs (1857); Keresby's Memoirs (1875), pp. 402, 403 ; History of the Desertion (1689); Burnet's Own Time, i. 767 ; Clarke's Life of James II ; Granger's Biog. Hist., 2nd ed., iv. 306 ; Macaulay's p]ng- land, chaps, ix. and xvi. : Townsend- Wilson's James II and the Duke of Berwick (1876), pp. 78-9.] T. F. H. BEAUMONT, JOHN (d. 1731), geologist, lived a retired life at Stone-East on, Somerset- shire, where he practised as a surgeon. His letters to the Royal Society in 1676 and 1683 on the ' Rock-plants growing in the Lead Mines of MendipHills' attracted much attention, and their author was advised by Dr. Robert Hooke, a distinguished fellow of the society, to write the natural history of the county. Beaumont gave a specimen in his ' Account of Okey [Wookey]-hole and several other subter- raneous Grottoes and Caverns,' printed in No. 2 of Hooke's ' Philosophical Collections ' for 1681, and some three years afterwards pre- sented a draft of his design to the society. He was elected a fellow in 1685, but soon laid his intended history aside that he might devote himself to theology and spiritualism. He was a man of considerable reading, of excessive credulity, and a firm believer in supernatural agency. His principal and cer- tainly most curious performance, ' An His- torical, Physiological, and Theological Trea- tise of Spirits, Apparitions, Witchcrafts, and other Magical Practices,' 8vo, London, 1705, is written in an amusing, gossiping style, and abounds with grotesque tales and illus- trations from little-known authors. Hi& personal experience of spirits, good and bad,, was long and varied (pp. 91-4, 393-7) ; but he innocently contrives to lessen the eft'ect of his narration by adding that in their frequent visitations ' all would disswade me from drinking too freely.' Of this work a German translation by Theodor Arnold ap- peared at Halle in 1721. Dr. Fowler, bishop of Gloucester, expressed high approval of this curious treatise (THORESBY'S Diary, ii. 103, 124). Beaumont was buried at Stone-Easton on 23 March 1730-1. He had married Do- rothy, daughter of John Speccott, of Penheale, Egloskerry, Cornwall ; and his wife's claim to the family estate involved Beaumont in a long and disastrous lawsuit. His other publications were : 1. ' Considerations on a Book entituled the Theory of the Earth, publisht by Dr. Burnet,' 4to, London, 1693. 2. Postscript to above, 4to, London, 1694. 3. ' The Present State of the Universe,' 4to, London, 1694. 4. ( Gleanings of Antiquities/ 8vo, London, 1724 (the third part of which contains additions to the 'Treatise of Spirits'). [Gough's British Topography, ii. 189, 223 ; Nicolson's Historical Libraries, ed. 1776, pp. 7,. 17-18 ; Plot's Staffordshire, p. 251 ; MS. Sloane 4037, ff- 128-32; Ray's Philosophical Letters, p. 262 ; Letters of Eminent Literary Men, ed. Sir H. Ellis (Camd. Soc.), p. 199; Stone-Easton Register ; Law Cases in British Museum.] G. G. BEAUMONT, JOHN THOMAS BAR- BER (1774-1841), founder of insurance offices, usually known as ' Barber Beaumont/ was born 22 Dec. 1774, and devoted his early life to historic painting, securing medals from the Royal Academy and the Society of Arts. At the time of the threatened Bonaparte in- vasion of England he raised a rifle corps,, urged that the people should be armed as- sharpshooters, and is said to have trained his men so perfectly in rifle practice, that on one- occasion he held the target in Hyde Park, while his entire corps fired at it from a dis- tance of one hundred and fifty yards. In 1807 he founded the County Fire and the- Provident Life offices, still carrying on busi- ness in Regent Street, in offices designed by himself. He resisted a fraudulent claim made upon the fire company in 1824 by Thomas Thurtell, and ultimately secured the com- mittal of this man and his associates to Newgate. The brother, John Thurtell (after- Beaumont 61 Beaumont wards executed for the murder of Mr. Weare), took up the quarrel, and made an attempt to murder Beaumont, which failed by a mere accident. Beaumont also took an active part in the exposure of a fraudulent insurance office (the notorious West Middlesex). In 1825 he fought against the board of stamps, which charged his company with defrauding the inland revenue, and came oft' victorious, notwithstanding that he had been mulct in a fine of 500/. Under the pseudonym of ' Phi- lanthropes ' he published an essay on ' Life Insurance ' in 1814. He established (in 1806) the Provident Institution and Savings Bank in Covent Garden, and in 1816 lie pub- lished an essay on 'Provident or Parish Banks.' In 1821 he published an ' Essay on Criminal Jurisprudence.' Shortly before his death he founded the New Philosophical Institution in Beaumont Square. He died 15 May 1841, aged 67. [C. Walford's Insurance Cyclopaedia, i. 261-2; Morning Chronicle, 20 May 1841; Angelo's Re- miniscences, vol. ii.] C. W. BEAUMONT, JOSEPH, D.D. (1616- 1699), master of Peterhouse, poet, was de- scended from the Leicestershire Beaumonts. He was the son of John Beaumont, clothier, and of Sarah Clarke, his wife. He was born at Hadleigh in Suffolk, on 13 March 1616, and was baptised on the 21st of the same month. From his earliest years he displayed an extraordinary love of learning. He was educated at Hadleigh grammar school. He proceeded to Cambridge in 1631, and was admitted as a pensioner to Peterhouse Col- lege on 26 Nov. His university career was a brilliant one ; he took his degree of B. A. in 1634, became a fellow of his college on 20 Nov. 1636, the master then being Dr. Cosin, afterwards bishop of Durham. Richard Crashaw, the poet, had now passed from Pembroke to Peterhouse, and in 1638 he and Beaumont received their degree of M.A. together. He read with great enthusiasm during the early years of his fellowship, and gained a high reputation for classic acquire- ments, although he never became a really fine scholar. In 1640 ' he was called out by the master of his college, and appointed guardian and director of the manners and learning of the students of that society.' In 1644 he was one of the royalist fellows ejected from Cambridge, and he retired to his old home at Hadleigh, where he sat down to write his epic poem of * Psyche.' As this is of very great length, extending in its first form to twenty cantos, it is surprising to learn that its composition occupied Beau- mont only eleven months. It was published early in 1648. The poem represented the soul led by divine grace and her guardian angel through the various temptations and assaults of life into her eternal felicity ; it is written in a six-line heroic stanza, and contains, in its abridged form, not less than 30,000 lines. Beaumont seems to have fared particularly well during the Commonwealth. From 1643 he held the rectory of Kelshall in Hertfordshire, as non-resident, and in 1646 he added to this, or exchanged it for, the living ! of Elm-cum-Emneth in Cambridgeshire. He | was appointed in the same year to a canonry of Ely. In 1650 he became domestic chap- lain to Wren, bishop of Ely, and held various other sinecures. The wealthy ward of the I bishop, a Miss Brownrigg, fell in love with ! the rising young churchman, and they were married from Ely House in 1650. Beaumont and his wife resided for the next ten years at the manor-house of the latter, Tatingston Place, in the county of Suffolk. During this period of retirement he wrote the greater number of his minor poems. At the Restora- tion Beaumont was not forgotten; he was ! made D.D. and one of the king's chaplains in 1660. Early in 1661 he went down to Ely to reside, at the bishop's request, but unfortunately Mrs. Beaumont caught the fen fever, and died on 31 May 1662. She was buried in Ely Cathedral. During his wife's fatal illness Beaumont was appointed master : of Jesus College, in succession to Pearson, the ! expounder of the Creed ; and after her funeral he proceeded to Cambridge with his six young children, only one of whom lived to man- hood. He restored Jesus Chapel at his own ; expense ; but his connection with that col- lege was brief. On 24 April 1663 he was admitted master of his own college of Peter- house. His long-winded controversy with | Dr. Henry More, the Platonist, dates from 1665. In 1674 he was appointed regius divinity professor to the university, and de- livered a course of lectures on Romans and . Colossians, which he forbade his executors to publish. In 1689 he was appointed to | meet the leaders of nonconformity as one of the commissioners of comprehension. He continued to enjoy good health to extreme old age, and, being in his eighty-fourth year, persisted in preaching before the university on 5 Nov. 1699. He was, however, very much exhausted by this exertion, and was attacked a few days after with gout in the stomach. In great composure and resigna- tion of mind he lingered until the 23rd of I the month, when he died. He was buried in j the college chapel of Peterhouse. Beaumont was an artist of some pretension, and adorned the altar of Peterhouse Chapel with scrip- Beaumont Beaumont ture scenes which have now disappeared. In 1702 Charles Beaumont, the only surviving son, brought out a new edition of his father's 1 Psyche,' entirely revised, and enlarged by the addition of four fresh cantos. [The life of Joseph Beaumont was written by the Eev. John Gee, M.A., of Peterhouse, who affixed it to the collection of Beaumont's miscel- laneous poems which he first edited at Cambridge in 1749. Further information was published by the Rev. Hugh Pigot in his ' History of Hadleigh ' in 1860. The complete poems of Beaumont, in English and Latin, were first edited, in two 4to vols., privately printed, by the Rev. A. B. Grosart in 1880, with a memoir, in which some important additions are made to the information preserved by Gee. Beaumont prefixed a copy of Latin verses to the ' Musse Juridicse' of William Hawkins in 1634, and published in 1665, at Cambridge, ' Some Observations upon the Apologie of Dr. Henry More.'] E. G. BEAUMONT, JOSEPH, M.D. (1794- 1855), was born at Castle Donington, in Lei- cestershire, 19 March 1794. He belonged to a family which had lived more than four hun- dred years at Longley, a farm on the hillside above Holmfirth, in the west riding of York- shire. His family was said to be connected j with that of Francis Beaumont, the dramatist. His father was the Rev. John Beaumont, an itinerant preacher among the Wesleyan me- i thodists, and his mother was a daughter of | Colonel Home of Gibraltar. From them he inherited a keen taste for music and the fine arts. He was educated at Kingswood school, near Bristol, founded by Wesley for training the sons of his preachers. While there young Beaumont was afflicted with a serious impe- diment in his speech, but, by great pains and resolution, he so completely mastered it as to become a most fluent and impassioned speaker. Contrary to the wishes of his maternal rela- tives, who wanted him to become a clergy- man in the established church, he chose the ministry of the Wesleyans, as his father had done. After spending a short time in the shop of a dispensing chemist in Macclesfield, he commenced the itinerancy in 1813, and soon became widely known as an eloquent and popular preacher. He had all the qualities of a true orator. He possessed a sweet and powerful voice, a fertile imagination, and much literary cultivation. Dr. Beaumont was in great request as the preacher of ser- mons on special occasions, and vast crowds assembled to hear him whenever he appeared in the pulpit or on the platform. He pleaded effectively for many benevolent objects and public institutions outside the limits of his own church. He had a deep-rooted antipathy to hierarchical assumptions, and in the con- troversies which agitated the methodist com- munity he always took the liberal side. His strong sympathy with the weak and the op- pressed occasionally led him into error. Dr. Beaumont was of course subject to the law of methodism which requires its ministers to change their pastoral charge every three years. In two instances, however, at the urgent request of the people, he was reap- pointed, after an interval of years, to Edin- burgh and Hull, in each of which he had previously laboured. It was during his first residence in Edinburgh that he obtained' from the university the degree of doctor in medicine. He exercised his ministry for six years in Liverpool, eight years in London, and three years each in Nottingham and Bristol. In the year 1821 he married Miss Susan- Morton, daughter of Mr. Morton of Hardshaw Hall, near Prescot, Lancashire, and sister of the wife of Dr. Morrison, the pioneer of mis- sions in China. By this lady, who survived him, he had a large family. He was elected by the conference of 1846 as a member of the- legal hundred. On Sunday morning, 21 Jan. 1855, he entered the pulpit of Waltham Street chapel, Hull, and opened the service by an- nouncing the lines — Thee while the first Archangel sings, He hides his face behind his wings ; and as the congregation was singing the second of these lines he sank down on the spot where- he stood, and, without sound or motion, died. He was in the sixty-first year of his age. He published a few occasional sermons, and in 1838 a volume containing { Memoirs of Mrs. Mary Tatham, late of Nottingham.' A pos- thumous volume of ' Select Sermons ' by him was issued in 1859. [Life, with portrait, London, 1856; Minutes of the Methodist Conferences, vol. xiii., for 1855.] W. B. L. BEAUMONT, LOUIS DE (d. 1333) bishop of Durham, is said to have been of royal descent, and related to the kings of France, Sicily, and England. Surtees, in his * History of Durham,' makes him grandson of John de Brienne, king of Jerusalem (d. 1237), by Berengaria, daughter of Al- phonso IX of Leon, and thus son of Louis de Brienne, who married Agnes, Viscountess de Beaumont, about 1252 (ANSELME, Hist. GeneaL v. 583, 584, vi. 137). Another ac- count, however, makes him grandson of Charles, king of Sicily (see DTTGDALE, ii. 50r and SURTEES, i. xliv). He was certainly akin to Isabella of France and her husband Edward II, for both of these call him ' consanguineus ' (cf. GEAYSTANES, 757, ancK Beaumont Beaumont RYMER, iii. 581). According to the inscription on his tomb Louis de Beaumont was born in France. He seems to have come over to England in the reign of Edward I, and was appointed treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral about 1291 (Fasti Eccles. Sarisb. 344). In this capacity he seems to have drawn a re- buke on his head for neglecting to repair the church. About the same time he appears to have held the prebend of Auckland (Eegistr. Palatin. Dunelm. iii. cxvii). On the death of Richard Kellaw, bishop of Durham, in 1316, the king, the queen, the Earl of Lan- caster, and the Earl of Hereford had each his own candidate for the vacant office. As the day of election came on, the church was filled with the above-mentioned nobles and their followers, as well as with the retainers of Louis de Beaumont and of his brother Henry. Threats passed freely to slay the elected bishop if the monks should dare to choose one of their own number. They, how- ever, made choice of an outsider, the prior of Finchale, who would have been admitted to the office at once had not the queen with bare knees besought Edward to favour her kins- man Louis. The case was transferred to the pope (John XXII), who consented to quash the election in consideration of a fine so large that we are told it could hardly be paid in fourteen years. Next year John XXII despatched two cardinals to En gland for the sake of making peace between this country and Scotland. Louis de Beaumont, who was a man given to much ostentation, determined to take advantage of this visit and be conse- crated in their presence on St. Cuthbert's day. As the cardinals were on their road to Durham, accompanied by the Beaumont brothers, Gilbert de Middleton, warden of the Marches, swooped down upon them at the head of certain Northumbrian freebooters or * savaldores ' (1 Sept. 1317). The cardinals were merely stripped of their horses and forced to continue their journey on foot, but the Beaumonts were carried off to Morpeth and Milford respectively, nor were they liberated till a large sum of money had been paid as their ransom. Before the year was out Middleton was hanged, drawn, and quartered at London for his share in this offence, in the presence of the two cardinals whom he had robbed. The consecration of the new bishop took place next year, on 26 March 1318 (AnnaL Paulin. i. 282). From this time Louis de Beaumont's life seems to have been one of constant bickerings with all he came into contact with. He first quar- relled with the prior of St. Mary's, who had become security for the 3,000/. which the merchants had lent for the bishop's ransom, and so annoyed him with threats of litiga- tion that the prior, who was a peaceable man, resigned his office in 1322. William de Gisburn, who was elected his successor, seems to have been frightened out of ac- cepting a post that would bring him into constant communication with so sturdy a prelate. Next year Louis de Beaumont ap- pears as supporting the claims of the arch- deacon of Durham against the prior and chapter of St. Mary's, and threatening to accuse them before the pope of obeying neither their bishop nor archdeacon. Indeed, throughout his whole episcopacy, he seems to have shown a special spite against the monks of his own cathedral. A few years later (1328) he was embroiled with Arch- bishop Melton of York on similar grounds. Both claimed the right of visitation in Aller- tonshire — Louis apparently on behalf of St. Mary's chapter, the archbishop on his own. i It was to no purpose that the bishop at- I tempted to prevent the prior and chapter i from coming to terms with the archbishop. Their love for their immediate spiritual head was hardly sufficient to make them ready at i his pleasure to break the arrangement they had already come to with the archbishop, who accordingly made several attempts to ' enforce his right of visitation. But no sooner ! did he appear on the borders of Allertonshire j than Louis called together a host of armed | men from Northumberland and Tynedale — reckless soldiers prepared to take away the | archbishop's life at a word from their chief. The bishop was careless how much he spent, whereas the archbishop, though wealthy, was parsimonious. Excommunication was fol- i lowed by suspension, and these were met on the bishop's part by three appeals to the legates. Finally the question was settled by compromise (1331). At the end of 1332 the archdeacon of Northumbria died,and Louis ap- pointed his nephew — a man who is described as being short and deformed — to the vacant office. A dispute as to visitation rights arose ! once more, and was again settled by a com- I promise to last only for the bishop's life. Of the career of Louis de Beaumont outside his diocese little is known. When the northern barons met at Pomfret under the Earl of Lancaster (May 1321), they deemed it right to lay their federation oath before the clergy of the province, who were summoned to meet at Sherburn in Elmet. Louis de Beaumont was present on this occasion, and it cannot be doubted that a man of his high birth and courage had much to do with the decision there arrived at — to render aid against the Scotch invasions, but to hold political matters over till the next parlia- Beaumont 64 Beaumont rnent. Louis does not seem to have been a very vigorous protector of his palatinate against the Scotch, though this was one of the pleas on which Edward IT urged the pope to appoint him ; and we have a letter from that king reproaching the bishop for being by no means a ' stone wall ' against the enemy. On 24 Sept. 1333 Louis died at Brantingham, and was buried two days later before the great altar in his cathedral church. His character and even his personal appear- ance have been minutely sketched by his con- temporary, Robert Graystanes, sub-prior of St. Mary's and his elected successor. This writer describes the bishop as comely-featured but limping in each foot, over-lavish in ex- penditure, and, by the number of his retainers, involved in such huge expenses that it was a saying of the time : ' Never was man so greedy to get, and yet so rashly improvident -of what he had gotten.' Forgetting all that he owed to the prior of St. Mary's, he bluntly answered his requests by an unvarnished re- fusal : * You do nothing for me, and I will do nothing for you. Pray for my death, for while I live you will get nothing.' Nevertheless he was a stern supporter of the rights of his see, whether against archbishop, earl, or baron. He appealed in parliament for his rights over Bernard Castle, Hert, Geyneford, and other forfeited manors of the Bruces and Baliols ; and Edward II issued a confirmation of his claims against the Beauchamps (Warwick), Cliffords, and others into whose hands these estates had fallen. Towards the very end of his life Louis was formulating other claims on Norham and Westupsethington (Upsetling- ton) against the Scotch, who seem to have then secured them. For his unwavering assertion -of the rights of his own see his biographer gives him great praise, and adds that though j chaste he was unlearned. Indeed, of Latin j the bishop knew so little that before his con- secration he had to take several days' lessons before he could read his part of the service ; j and even then, when he came to the word J * Metropoliticae,' which he could not master, ! even with the aid of a little prompting behind, ; after a long pause he had to exclaim/ Seit pur dite,' ' Let it be taken as said.' The words | * in aenigmate ' were a similar stumbling-block, | and he could not refrain from whispering to ; those standing by, ' By St. Louis, the man who wrote that word had no courtesy in him.' | Once consecrated he was very masterful in his own diocese, and got two bulls from the pope, one empowering him to appoint any monk he would prior of St. Mary's, and another to hold a third part of the priory's income while the Scotch wars lasted. He j was a great builder, and commenced a spacious | hall and kitchen with a chapel attached at Middleham. He was buried before the high altar in Durham cathedral in a magnificent tomb, ' wherein he was most excellently and lively pictured as he was accustomed to sing or say mass.' This tomb, which Louis had prepared in his lifetime, is fully described in Davies's ' Durham Cathedral,' and was marked by a Latin epitaph (in hexameters) which claimed for its occupant the character of ' a man of royal birth, lavish, gleeful, and a constant enemy to sadness.' [Robert de Graystanes ap. Wharton's Anglia Sacra, i. 751-61 ; Godwin's Prsesules, ed. Rich- ardson, 745-6; Raine's Historical Papers from the Northern Registers (Rolls Series), 265-8, &c. ; Hardy's Registrum Dunelmense (Ricardi Kel- low), ii. 7, iii. &c. ; Annales Paulini, &c., in Chronicles and Memorials of Edward I and II, vols. i. and ii. ; Rymer, iii. 581, 670, 952, iv. 297, 405, 491 ; Surtees's History of Durham, i. xxxvii-xlv ; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 50 ; Davies's Ancient Rites of Durham Cathedral, 24-7 ; Jones's Fasti Ecclesise Sarisburiensis.] T. A. A. BEAUMONT, PHILIP. [See TESI- MOND, OSWALD.] BEAUMONT, ROBERT DE (d. 1118), count of Meulan, feudal statesman, was son of Roger de Beaumont (' de Bellomonte ' in the latinized form) and grandson of Humfrey de Vielles, who had added to his paternal fief of Pont Audemer, by the gift of his brother, that of Beaumont, afterwards ' Beaumont-le-Roger ' (including Vielles), from which his descendants took their name. Roger de Beaumont had married Adeline, the daughter of Waleran, count of Meulan (' de Mellente ') in France, and was allied pater- nally to the ducal house of Normandy, of which he was a trusted counsellor. Being advanced in years at the time of the inva- sion of England, he remained in Normandy at the head of the council, and sent his sons with William. Of these, Robert fought at Senlac (14 Oct. 1066), though confused with his father by Wace (Roman de Rou, 1. 13462) :— Rogier Ii Veil, cil de Belmont, Assalt Engleis el primier front. He distinguished himself early in the day by a charge on the right wing, in which he was the first to break down the English palisade (WiLL. POITOTJ, 134). On William's march into the midlands in 1068, he was rewarded with large grants in Warwickshire (Domesday, 239 b\ and Warwick Castle was entrusted to his brother Henry [see NEWBTTKGH, HENRY DE]. He then practi- cally disappears for more than twenty years. Beaumont Beaumont He is said to have striven in 1079 to reconcile Robert with his father, the Conqueror (OKD. VIT.), and shortly afterwards he succeeded, in right of his mother, to his uncle, Hugh, count of Meulan. On the death of the Conqueror (1089) he and his brother espoused the cause of Rufus, and were thenceforth high in his favour. Presuming on his power, the count of Meulan is said to have haughtily de- manded from Robert, then duke of Nor- mandy, the castellanship of Ivry, which his father had consented to exchange for that oi Brionne. The duke, resenting the request, arrested him, and handed over Brionne to Robert de Meules. At the intercession of "the count's aged father he was released on payment of a heavy fine, and restored to the castellanship of Brionne. But he was com- pelled to recover the castle by a desperate siege (ORD. VIT. viii. 13). His father, Roger, not long after entered the abbey oi St. Peter of PrSaux (founded by his father and himself), and the count, succeeding to the family fiefs of Beaumont and Pont Aude- mer, was now a powerful vassal in England, in Normandy, and in France (ib. viii. 25). He and Robert de Belesme, according to Mr. Freeman, though ' of secondary import- ance in the tale of the conquest and of the reign of the first William, became the most prominent laymen of the reign of the second ' ( Will. Ruf.) In the struggle between Robert and William Rufus (1096) he sided actively in Normandy with the latter (ORD. VIT. ix. 3), and on William invading France to recover the Vexin (1097) he threw in his lot with his English lord, and by admitting him to his castle of Meulan opened the way for him to Paris (ib. x. 5). He was now the king's chief adviser, and when Helias of Maine offered to come over to him, dissuaded him from accepting the offer (ib. x. 7). He and his brother were present at William's death (2 Aug. 1100), and they both accompanied Henry in his hasty ride to London (ib. x. 14, 15). The count, adhering strenuously to Henry in the general rising which followed (ib. x. 18 bis ; W. MALM. v. § 394), became his ' specially trusted counsellor ' ( Will. Ruf.), und persuaded him in the Whitsun gemot of 1101 to temporise discreetly with his op- ponents by promising them all that they asked for (ORD. VIT. x. 16, 18). Ivo de Grantmesnil, who had been a leading rebel, was tried and sentenced the following year (1102), and sought the influence of the powerful count, ' qui pnecipuus erat inter consiliarios regis,' for the mitigation of his penalty. The cunning minister agreed to intervene, and to advance him the means for a pilgrimage, on receiving in pledge his VOL. IV. Leicestershire fiefs, with the town of Lei- cester, all which he eventually refused to return (ib. xi. 3). Having thus added to his already large possessions, he attained the height of wealth and prosperity, and is dis- tinctly stated by Orderic (ib.) to have been created earl of Leicester ('hide consul in Anglia factus '). But of this the Lords' com- mittee l found no evidence ' (3rd Report on the Dignity of a Peer, p. 133). Nor does he appear to have been so styled, though he possessed the tertius denarius, and though that dignity devolved upon his son. He was now (1103) despatched by Henry on a mis- sion to Normandy, where from his seat of Beaumont he intrigued in Henry's interest (ib. xi. 6). On Henry coming over in 1104 he headed his party among the Norman nobles (ib. xi. 10), and was again in close attendance on him during his visit of 1105 (ib. xi. 11), and at the great battle of Tenche- brai (28 Sept, 1106), in which he com- manded the second line of the king's army (ib. xi. 20). He was again in Normandy with the king 3 Feb. 1113, persuading him to confirm the monks of St. Evreul in their possessions (ib. xi. 43). The close of his life, according to Henry of Huntingdon, was embittered by the infidelity of his wife, but the details of the story are obscure. He is also said by Henry to have been urged on his death-bed to restore the lands he had unjustly acquired, but to have characteristic- ally replied that he would leave them to his sons that they might provide for his salva- tion (HEN. HUNT. 240, 306-7; W. MALM. v. § 407). He died 5 June 1118, and was buried with his fathers in the chapter-house of Preaux (ORD. VIT. xii. 1). < On the whole,' says Mr. Freeman, ' his character stands fair ' ( Will. Ruf.) Almost the last survivor of the conquest generation, he strangely impressed the imagination of his contemporaries by his unbroken prosperity under successive kings, by his steady advance in wealth and power, while those around him were being ruined (ORD. VIT. xi. 2), but above all by his unerring sagacity. ' A cold and crafty statesman .... the Achitophel of his time,' he was deemed, says Henry of Hunt- ingdon (p. 306), ( sapientissimus omnium hinc usque in Jerusalem,' and, according to William of Malmesbury, was appealed to ' as the Oracle of God ' (v. § 407). In the con- test with Anselm he took the same line as his son in the contest with Becket, interven- ing to save him from the vengeance of Rufus, and in the council of Rockingham ^1095) opposing his deposition, yet steadily supporting the right of the crown in the question of investitures (ib. v. § 417). For Beaumont 66 Beaumont this, indeed, he was excommunicated (An- selmi Epist. iv. 99 ; EADMER, Hist. Nov. 82). Eadmer (94) complains that he disliked the English and prevented their promotion in the church. He is said to have introduced, after AlexiosComnenos, the fashion of a single meal a day in the place of the Saxon pro- fuseness. His benefactions to the church were small, but at Leicester he rebuilt St. Mary's as a foundation for secular canons (Won. Ang. vi. 467). The charter by which he confirmed to his ' merchants ' of Leicester their guild and customs will be found in Mr. Thompson's { Essay on Municipal His- tory,' but the story of his abolishing trial by duel is, though accepted, probably unfounded. He had married, late in life (1096-7), Eliza- beth (or Ysabel), daughter of Hugh the Great of Vermandois (or of Crepy) and niece of Philip of France (ORD. VIT. ix. 4). She mar- ried, at his death, William de Warrenne, having had by him, with five daughters, three sons (ORD. VIT. xi. 2), Robert and Waleran [see BEAUMONT, ROBERT DE, 1104-1168 ; and BEAUMONT, WALERAN DE, 1104-1166], and Hugh, ' cognomento Pauper,' who received the earldom of Bedford from Stephen (Gest. Steph. p. 74). [Ordericus Vitalis, lib. viii. ; Henry of Hunt- ingdon (Rolls series) ; William of Malmesbury ; Monasticon Anglicanum ; Nichols's History of Leicester (1797), pp. 22-3 ; Thompson's History of Leicester (pp. 27-31), and Essay on Municipal History (pp. 38-40) ; Third Report on the Dignity of a Peer (p. 133); Planche's The Conqueror and his Companions (i. 203-16) ; Freeman's Norman Conquest (v. 151, 828), and William Rufus.] J. H. R. BEAUMONT, ROBERT DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (1104-1168), justiciary of Eng- land, was son of the preceding, and a twin with his brother Waleran [see BEAUMONT, WALERAN DE]. He seems, however, to have been deemed the younger, and is spoken of as postnatus in the ' Testa de Nevill.' He is stated to have been born in 1104 (ORD. VIT. xi. 6) when his father was advanced in years, a date fatal to the story in the ' Abingdon Chronicle ' (ii. 229), that he had been at the Benedictine monastery there as a boy, ' regis Willelmi tempore' (i.e. ante 1099). At his father's death (1118) he succeeded to his English fiefs (ORD. VIT. xii. 33), being ap- parently considered the younger of the twins, and Henry, in gratitude for his father's ser- vices, brought him up, with his brother, in the royal household, and gave him to wife Amicia, daughter of Ralph (de Wader), earl of Norfolk, by Emma, daughter of William (Fitz-Osbern), earl of Hereford, with the fief of Breteuil for her dower (ib.) The twins accompanied Henry to Normandy r and to his interview with Pope Calixtus at Gisors (November 1119), where they are said to have astounded the cardinals by their learning. They were also present at his- death-bed, 1 Dec. 1135 (ib. xiii. 19). In the anarchy that followed, war broke out between Robert and his hereditary foe, Roger de Toesny (ib. xiii. 22), whom he eventually captured by his brother's assistance. In December 1137 the twins returned to Eng- land with Stephen, as his chief advisers, and Robert began preparing for his great founda- tion, his Norman possessions being overrun (ib. xiii. 36) in his absence (1138), till he came to terms with Roger de Toesny (ib. xiii. 38). In June 1139 he took, with his brother, the lead in seizing the bishops of Salisbury and Lincoln at Oxford (ib. xiii. 40), and on the outbreak of civil war was de- spatched with him, by Stephen, to escort the empress to Bristol (October 1139), and is said (but this is doubtful) to have received a grant of Hereford. He secured his in- terests with the Angevin party (ib. xiii. 43) after Stephen's defeat (2 Feb. 1141), and then devoted himself to raising, in the outskirts of Leicester, the noble abbey of St. Mary de Pre (' de Pratis ') for canons regular of the Austin order. Having bestowed on it rich endowments, including those of his father's foundation, he had it consecrated in 1143 by the bishop of Lincoln, whom he had contrived to reconcile. In 1152 he was still in Stephen's confidence, and exerted his in- fluence to save his brother (GERVASE, i. 148), but on Henry landing in 1153 he supplied him freely with means for his struggle (ib. i. 152), and attending him, shortly after hi& coronation (December 1154) was rewarded with his lasting confidence, and with the post of chief justiciar, in which capacity (' capitalis justicia ') he first appears 13 Jan. 1155 (Cart. Ant. W.\ and again in 1156 (Rot. Pip. 2 Hen. II}. He was now in the closest attendance on the court, and on the queen joining the king in Normandy (De- cember 1158) he was left in charge of the kingdom, in a vice-regal capacity, till the king's return 25 Jan. 1163, Richard de Luci [q. v.], when in England, being associated with him in the government. He was pre- sent at the famous council of Clarendon (13-28 Jan. 1164), and his name heads the list of lay signatures to the l constitutions ' (MS. Cott. Claud. B. fo. 26), to which he is said, by his friendly influence, to have pro- cured Becket's assent (GERVASE, i. 177). As with his father, in the question of investi- tures he loyally upheld the claims of the- crown, while maintaining to the church andl Beaumont 67 Beaumont Foss's Judges of England (1848), i. 190; Eyton's Court and Itinerary of Henry II.] J. H. K. churchmen devotion even greater than his father's. In the great crisis at the council of Northampton (October 1164) he strove, with the Earl of- Cornwall, to reconcile the i BEAUMONT, ROBERT DE, EAEL OP primate with the king, pleading hard with ' LEICESTER (d. 1190), baronial leader, was Becket when they visited him (12 Oct.) at | son °f Robert de Beaumont, earl of Leicester his house. The following day they were [ wn? died in 1168. He joined the re- commissioned to pronounce to him the sen- hellion against Henry II in favour of Prince tence of the court ; but when Leicester, as Henry, which broke out in April 1173 (BEN. chief justiciary, commenced his address, he ABB. i. 45), and having obtained permission to was at once cut short by the primate, who ™^* Normandy, shut himself up in his castle rejected his jurisdiction (GEKVASE, i. 185 ; of Breteuil (R. Die.) His English fiefs were ROG. Hov. i. 222, 228 ; Materials, ii. 393, ; confiscated in consequence, and an army sent &c.) Early the next year (1165) he was against his town of Leicester, which was again, on the king's departure, left in charge i taken and burnt (28 July), with the exception of the kingdom, and, on the Archbishop of | °f tae castle, after a siege of three weeks *&•) Henry II himself marched on Breteuil, Aug., and (the earl having fled before him) captured and burnt the place on 25-6 Sept. The earl is said to have been nresent Cologne arriving as an envoy from the em- peror, refused to greet him on the ground that he was a schismatic (R. Die. i. 318). He appears to have accompanied Henry to H?3. Normandy in the spring of 1166, but leaving- at Gisors during the fruitless negotiations 1 " , 1 , 1 • . -1 rt V-Y.1 ^ 1 ... 4 ,,-..,.,. 4-"U « J ___ 1 * ____ 1 J 1 him, returned to his post before October, and retained it till his death, which took place in 1168 (RoG. Hov. i. 269 ; Ann. Wav. ; Chron. Mailros.). It is said, in a chronicle of St. Mary de Pre (Mon. Any. ut infra), that he himself became a canon regular of that abbey, and resided there fifteen years, till his death, when he was buried on the south side of the choir ; but it is obvious that he cannot thus have entered the abbey. This earl was known as le Bossu (to distinguish him from his successors), and also, possibly, as le Goc- zen (Mon. Any. 1830, vi. 467). He founded, in addition to St. Mary de Pre, the abbey of between the two kings, and to have up- braided Henry with his grievous losses. But this seems incompatible with the fact that he landed from Flanders, at Walton, Suf- folk, 29 Sept. 1173, at the head of a force of Flemings (R. Die.), and having been joined by Hugh (Bigod), earl of Norfolk, plundered Norwich, and besieged and took the castle of Hagenet on 13 Oct. Setting out for Leicester, he was intercepted at Fornham, near Bury St. Edmunds, by Richard de Luci and other supporters of the king (17 Oct.), and taken prisoner, with his wife (RoG. Hov. ii. 54-5). They were sent over Garendon (Ann. Wav. 233), the monastery to Henry (Eot. Pip.} and imprisoned by him of Nuneaton, the priory of Lusfield, and the I at JMaise, till his return to England, 8 July hospital of Brackley (wrongly attributed by 1174, when he brought them with him (RoG. Dugdale to his father), and was a liberal Hov. ii. 61). Meanwhile the earl's castellan benefactor to many other houses (see DUG- ^ad broken forth from Leicester, and ravaged DALE). His charter confirming to his bur- tne country round, and Henry now (31 July gesses of Leicester their merchant-gild and 1 customs is preserved at Leicester, and printed on p. 404 of the Appendix to the eighth re- port on Historical MSS., and copies of his charters of wood and pasture are printed in Mr. Thompson's essay (pp. 42-84). He is also said to have remitted the ' gavel-pence ' impost, but the story, though accepted by Mr. Thompson (p. 60) and Mr. Jeaffreson (Appendix to 8th Report, ut supra, pp. 404, 406-7), is probably false. [Ordericus Vitalis, lib. xii.,xiii. ; Roger Hove- den (Rolls Series) ; Gervase of Canterbury (ib.) • R. Diceto (ib.) ; Materials for History of Thomas a Becket (ib.) ; Monasticon Anglicanum, ii. 308 (ed. 1830, vi. 462-69) ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 85-87; Lyttelton's Henry II (1767); Nichols's History of Leicester (1795), pp. 24-68, app. viii. p. 15; Thompson's History of Leicester (chap, vi.), and Essay on Municipal History (1867); 1174) extorted the surrender of his castles, Leicester, Mountsorrel, and Groby (ib. ii. 65). The king took his prisoners back with him to Normandy on 8 August, but by the treaty with Louis on 30 Sept. 1174 the earl's libe- ration was provided for (ib.) His castle of Leicester was, however, demolished (R. Die. i. 404), and it was not till January 1177 that in the council of Northampton he was re- stored in blood and honours (ib. ii. 118), and his castles (except Mountsorrel) returned to him. He accompanied the king to Normandy in the summer, but is not again heard of till the spring of 1183, when, with the earl of Gloucester, he was arrested and imprisoned. He was, however, in attendance on the king at Christmas 1186, when he kept his court at Guildford, and on the accession of Richard (July 1189) he was completely reinstated (ib. iii. 5) and appointed at the coronation, F 2 Beaumont 68 Beaumont 3 Sept. 1189, to carry one of the swords of state (ib, iii. 9). He appears as attesting a charter to the monks of Canterbury, 1 Dec. 1189 (GERVASE, i. 503), but then went on pilgrimage to Palestine, and died in Greece, on his way back, 1190 (ib. iii. 88). This earl was known as Robert (es] Blanchesmains. Copies of his charters to his burgesses of Leicester will be found on pp. 36 and 44 of Mr. Thompson's ' Essay on Municipal His- tory.' He married Petronilla (* Parnel '), heiress of the house of Grantmesnil, who is said to have brought him the honour of Hinckley (Leicester), but it is possible that he may have inherited it from his grandfather. His son and heir Robert (Fitz-Parnel) was invested with the earldom of Leicester by Richard at Messina, early in 1191 (RoG. Hov.), and having distinguished himself in the cru- sade and been subsequently captured by the king of France in 1193, while defending Rouen for Richard, and liberated in 1196, died child- less in 1204. Of this Robert's two younger brothers, Roger was made bishop of St. Andrew's in Scotland, 1189, and William (founder of St. Leonard's at Leicester) was a leper. The great inheritance of the earls of Leicester consequently passed, through his two sisters, to the houses of de Montfort and de Quenci. [Roger Hoveden (Kolls series) ; R. Diceto (ib.) ; Dugdale's Baronage, i. 87 ; Nichols's His- tory of Leicester, pp. 69-90 ; Thompson's His- tory of Leicester (chap, vii.) and Essay on Mu- nicipal History ; Eyton's Court and Itinerary of Henry II.] J. H. E. BEAUMONT, ROBERT (d. 1567), di- vine, may have belonged either to the Whitley Beaumonts of Yorkshire, whose arms were depicted on the gates of Trinity College after his death, or to the Leicester- shire family, so prominent in the sixteenth century. Beaumont went to Westminster School, and afterwards to Peterhouse, Cam- bridge ; graduated B.A. in 1543-4, and be- came fellow of his college ; in 1550 he took the degree of M.A. In the reign of Mary he fled with the protestant refugees, and resided at Zurich (Troubles at Frank- furt, published in Phoenix, ii. 55). In 1556 he joined the English congregation of Geneva (BURN'S Livre des Anglois, 8). Returning to England after the death of Mary, he was admitted Margaret professor of divinity (1559). He proceeded B.D. in 1560, and on 28 Sept. of that year was presented by the Earl of Rutland to the archdeaconry of Huntingdon. In 1561 he became master of Trinity College, and vacated his professor- ship. He commenced D.D. in 1564, and in that year disputed a thesis in divinity before Queen Elizabeth on her visit to Cambridge. He was vice-chancellor of the university in 1564-5, and was collated to a canonry of Ely on 15 Nov. 1564. In 1566 he was a second time made vice-chancellor, and died in that office in 1567. (For his preferments see LE NEVE'S Fasti, i. 355, ii. 52, iii. 604, 654, 699). Dr. Beaumont is a prominent figure in the movement of the Calvinists at Cam- bridge against conforming to the ordinances of Elizabeth and Parker. Dr. Baker, in his preface to Fisher's sermon on Lady Mar- garet, mentions Robert Beaumont as ' a learned good man, but deeply tinctured.' By ' deeply tinctured ' Baker has been thought to mean that Beaumont was not free from Romish doctrine (Alumni Westmonasteri- enses, 8) ; but though in his will Beaumont confesses that he once was in ' that damnable pit of idolatry,' all his public acts and his connection with Geneva point towards puri- tanism. He subscribed to the articles of 1562, and, both by signing a request to the synod concerning rites and ceremonies, and by voting with the minority in convocation for the six articles 011 discipline, he sup- ported the anti-ritualistic side in the church (STEYPE, Ann. i. i. 480, 501, 504, 512). In a letter to Parker, 27 Feb. 1564, he disap- proves of dramatic representations among the students (FULLER'S Cambridge, 266). On 26 Nov. 1565 Beaumont with Kelk, master of Magdalen, Hutton, master of Pembroke, Longworth, master of St. John's, and Whit- gift, then Margaret professor, wrote to Cecil as chancellor of the university for a remission in the orders just issued by the queen through Parker for enforcing the use of the surplice at Cambridge. Cecil was angry and Parker contemptuous (STRYPE'S Life of Parker, i. 386, letter in the appendix) ; thereupon Beaumont wrote in his own name a submis- sive letter to Cecil, saying that he was careful to observe order himself and only wrote on be- half of others (Lansdowne MS. 8, art. 54). Dr. Beaumont and Sir William Cecil had many dealings together on unimportant matters (see LEMON'S State Papers, 1547-80). Beaumont left a will (dated 1 May 1567), in which he bases his salvation on the free adoption of God, and desires to be buried without ' the jangling of bells or other popish ceremonies.' He also bequeathed 50/. to Trinity College. [Cooper's Athenae Cantabrigienses, i. 24-5 ; Alumni Westmonasterienses, 8 ; Strype's Annals of the Keformation, i. i. and ii. ; Life of Parker, book i., and General Index to Strype ; Burn's Livre des Anglois a Geneve ; Troubles at Frank- furt (1575), reprinted in Phoenix, ii. ; Lemon's Beaumont 69 Beaumont Ciilendar of State Papers (1547-80) ; Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesise Anglican* ; Cooper's Annals of Cambridge, ii.; Bishop Fisher's Sermon for Lady Margaret, ed. Hymers, 68 ; Baker MSS. iii. 309, xxxii. 427, 430.] A. G-N. BEAUMONT, ROBERT (fi. 1639), essayist, was a man of a retired life and solitary disposition, if his testimony of his own character, which he gives in the preface to his book, is to be believed. He is chiefly remarkable for his i Missives,' which are, in plain speech, letters, and seem, from one part of Beaumont's epistle to the reader, to be his own composition, and from another part to be the composition of others. But the former intimation has the stronger sup- port. It is evident they were written upon supposititious occasions. Letters, he says, should be like a well-furnished table, where every guest may eat of what dish he pleases. This reminds us of Bickerstaff's once-popular opera, ' Love in a Village : ' The world is a well-furnished table, Where guests are promiscuously set. The essays are fifteen in number, and are on the various parts of the body — the head, eye, nose, ear, tongue, and so forth. They are full of trope and figure, frequently with much force of application, quaint and sententious. The precise title of his work is as follows : * Love's Missives to Virtue ; with Essaies, Lond. printed by William Godbid, and are to be sold at the signe of the Star, in Little Britain, 1660.' Small 8vo, pp. 120. [Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Lowndes's Bibliog. Man. i. 138 ; Sir E. Brydges' Eestituta, 3, 278-81.] J. M. BEAUMONT, THOMAS WENT- WORTH (1792-1848), politician, was the eldest son of Colonel Thomas Richard Beau- mont, of Bretton Hall, Yorkshire, and Diana, daughter of Sir S. W. Blackett, baronet, of Hexham Abbey, and was born 15 Nov. 1792. He was educated at Eton, and in 1809 became a fellow commoner of St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1813. In 1818 he suc- ceeded his father in the representation of Northumberland, but in 1826 he lost the election, under circumstances which led to a duel on Bamburgh sands with Mr. Lambton, afterwards Earl of Durham. After repre- senting the borough of Stafford for a short time he was in 1830 returned for Northum- berland, and from the passing of the Reform Bill he continued to represent the southern division of the county until 1837. In early life he was a member of the Pitt Club, but from 1820 an advanced liberal and among the most energetic of politicians in the cause of reform. Acquiring, on the death of his mother in 1831, a large accession of property, he took also an active interest in the advance- ment of the fine arts, and by his munificent generosity won the attachment of many friends. He was one of the chief originators of the ' Westminster Review,' to which he is said to have contributed some articles. Some of his verses are contained in the 'Musre Etonenses.' He died at Bournemouth 10 Dec. 1848. [Annual Register, xci. 213 ; Latimer's Local Records of Remarkable Events in Northumber- land and Durham (1857), p. 254.] T. F. H. BEAUMONT, WALERAN DB, COUNT OF MEULAN (1104-1166), warrior and feudal statesman, was the twin brother of Robert, earl of Leicester [see BEAUMONT, ROBERT DE, 1104-1168] and the son of Robert, count of Meulan [see BEAUMONT, ROBERT DE, d. 1118]. Born in 1104 (ORD. VIT. xi. 2), and brought up with his brother, he succeeded at his father's death (1118) to his French fief of Meulan and his Norman fief of Beaumont (ib. xii. 33). In the struggle of 1119 he was faith- ful to Henry I (ib. xii. 14), probably because too young to rebel ; but the movement in fa- vour of William 'Clito' and Anjou (1112) was eagerly joined by him (ib. xii. 34). He was present at the conspiracy of Croix St. Leu- froi, Sept. 1123 (ib.), and threw himself into Brionne (ib.) On Henry's approach, he withdrew to Beaumont (ib. xii. 36), whilst his castles of Brionne and Pont-Audemer were besieged and captured (RoG.Hov. i. 180, HEN. HUNT. 245, SIM. DURH.) On the night of 24 March 1124 he relieved and re- victualled his tower of Watte ville, but was intercepted two days later by Ranulf of Bayeux, near Bourg Thorolde, and taken prisoner with thirty of his knights (ORD. VIT. xii. 39). Henry extorted from him the surrender of Beaumont, his only remain- ing castle, and kept him in close confinement for some five years (ib.) He was present with his brother at Henry's deathbed, 1 Dec. 1135 (ib. xiii. 19), but warmly espoused the cause of Stephen, and received the promise of his infant daughter in 1136 (ib. xiii. 22). Returning to Normandy after Easter, to assist his brother against Roger de Toesny, lie captured him after prolonged warfare on 3 Oct. 1136 (ib. xiii. 27). Joined by Stephen the following spring, he hastened back with him to England in Dec. 1137, at the rumour of rebellion (ib. xiii. 32), but was again des- patched by him to Normandy in May 1138, to suppress his opponents (ib. xiii. 37). Re- turning to England with his brother, before Beaumont Beaver the end of the year, they continued to act as Stephen's chief advisers, and headed the opposition to the bishop of Salisbury and his nephews (Gest. Steph.) At the council of Oxford (June 1139) matters came to a crisis, and, in a riot between the followers of the respective parties, the bishops were seized by the two earls, and imprisoned, at their advice, by Stephen (ORD. VIT. xiii. 40 ; Gest. Steph.) This gave ' the signal for the civil war ' (STUBBS, Const . Hist. i. 326), in which the earl, active on Stephen's side, was re- warded by him with a grant of Worcester (and, it is said, the earldom) towards the close of 1139. At the battle of Lincoln (2 Feb. 1141) he was one of Stephen's com- manders, but fled at the first onset, and left him to his fate (OED. VIT. xiii. 42 ; Gest. Steph. ; HEN. HUNT, 270; GEKVASE, i. 116), and though he hastened to assure the queen that he would be faithful to the captured king (&.), he assisted Geoffrey of Anjou to besiege Rouen in 1143. In 1145 he went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem (Chron. Norm.}, having (as * count of Meulan ') entrusted his lordship of Worcester to his brother, the earl of Leicester, and to the sheriff (App. 5th ^Report Hist. MSS. p. 301). On his re- turn, he adhered to the empress, and held Worcester against Stephen in 1150. The king took the town, but not the castle (HEN. HUNT. 282), which he again attacked in 1152. He erected two forts to block it up, but was treacherously induced to destroy them by the count's brother (GERVASE, i. 148). lie would seem to have subsequently withdrawn to Normandy, where he was cap- tured by his nephew, Robert de Montfort, who imprisoned him at Orbec till he restored to him his fief of Montfort (Chron. Norm.} He reappears in attendance on the court early in 1157, and in May 1160 is one of the witnesses to the treaty between Henry II and Louis. Henry took his castles into his own hands about January 1161, but he is not again mentioned. He died in 1166, being buried on 9 April. His son, Robert, count of Meulan (d. 1181), joined in Prince Henry's rebellion against his father, Henry II, in 1173 (BENED. ABB. i. 45), and was father of Robert, count of Meulan, excommunicated as a member of John's faction in 1191 (Ros. Hov.) [Orderic Vitalis, lib. xi. xii. ; Gervase of Can- terbury and Henry of Huntingdon (Rolls series) ; Gesta Stephani (Eng. Hist. Soc.), pp. 47, 49 ; Chronica Normannise ; Lyttelton's Henry II (1767) vol. i. ; Nichols's History of Leicester (1795) pp. 23-4 ; Green's History of Worcester, pp. 255-6 ; Eyton's Court and Itinerary of Henry II.] J. H. E. BEAVER, JOHN. [See CASTORIFS.] BEAVER, PHILIP (1766-1813), captain in the royal navy, son of the Rev. James Beaver, curate of Lewknor in Oxfordshire, was born on 28 Feb. 1766. He was little more than eleven years old when his father died, and his mother, being left poor, was glad to accept the offer of Captain Joshua Rowley, then commanding the Monarch, to take the boy with him to sea. His naval service began in October 1777 ; and during the following year, as midshipman of the Monarch, he witnessed the fight, celebrated in song, between the Arethusa and Belle- Poule (17 June), and had his small share in the notorious action off Ushant (27 July). In December he followed Rowley to the Suffolk, and went in her to the West Indies. He continued with Rowley, by this time rear- admiral, in the Suffolk, Conqueror, Terrible, and Princess Royal, in the fleet under ad- mirals the Hon. John Byron, Hyde Parker, and Sir George Rodney, during the eventful years 1779-80, and afterwards under Sir Peter Parker at Jamaica. At Jamaica young Beaver continued during the rest of the war. Oil 2 June 1783 his patron, Admiral Rowley, advanced him to the rank of lieutenant. During the next ten years he resided princi- pally with his mother at Boulogne, his naval service being limited to a few months in 1790 and in 1791, on the occasions known as the Spanish and the Russian armaments. In the end of 1791 he associated himself with a scheme for colonising the island of Bulama on the coast of Africa, near Sierra Leone, and left England for that place on 14 April 1792. The whole affair seems from the beginning to have been conducted without forethought or knowledge. The would-be settlers were, for the most part, idle and dissipated. Beaver found himself at sea in command of a vessel of 260 tons, with 65 men, 24 women, and 31 children, mostly sea-sick, and all equally useless. When they landed, anything like discipline was unat- tainable. The party, assembled on shore, proved ignorant alike of law, industry, or order. The directors lost heart and took an early opportunity of returning to England. The command devolved on Beaver, and during a period of eighteen months he en- deavoured, by unceasing toil, to keep a little order and to promote a little industry ; but the men were quite unfitted for the work and manner of life, and the greater number of them died. The miserable remnants of the party evacuated the island in November 1793, and went to Sierra Leone, whence Beaver obtained a passage to England, and arrived at Beaver Beaver Plymouth 17 May 1794. War with France had meantime been declared, and a proclama- tion in the 'Gazette' had ordered all naval officers to report themselves to the admiralty. Beaver had felt morally bound to stay with the colony. t If I disobey their lordships' orders in the " Gazette," ' he wrote to the secretary of the admiralty, ' I know that I am liable to lose my commission ; and if I obey them, I never deserved one.' His excuses had been favourably received, and within two months after his return he was appointed first lieu- tenant of the 64-gun ship Stately. This ship, commanded by Captain Billy Douglas, sailed for the East Indies in March 1795, but near the Cape of Good Hope fell in with Sir George Elphinstone, afterwards Lord Keith, and was by him detained to take part in the conquest of that settlement. Sub- sequently, in the East Indies, the Stately was engaged in the reduction of Ceylon, and on the homeward voyage again met with Sir George Elphinstone off Cape Agulhas. It was blowing very hard, and, as she joined the admiral, a violent squall rent her sails into ribbons and threw the ship on her beam- ends. The smart seamanlike manner in which she was righted and brought into station, with new sails set, caught the ad- miral's attention, and a few days later he moved Beaver into his own ship. Sir George returned to England in the spring of 1797, and, as first lieutenant of the flag- ship, Beaver should, in ordinary course, have been promoted. In this, however, he was disappointed ; he was still a lieutenant when, in the next year, Lord Keith was appointed to the command of the Mediterranean station, and went out with his lordship as first lieu- tenant of the Foudroyant and afterwards ot the Barfleur. The juniors were appointed, as it seemed to Beaver, for promotion rather than for duty. He was thus driven to bring Lord Cochrane, the junior lieutenant, to a court- martial for disrespect. Lord Cochrane, though admonished to avoid flippancy, was acquitted of the charge, which Beaver was told ought not to have been pressed. The circumstance did not, however, interfere with the admi- ral's good will. On 19 June 1799 Beaver was made a commander, and a few months later was appointed by Lord Keith to the flag-ship as acting assistant-captain of the fleet. During April and May 1800 Beaver was specially employed in command of the repeated bombardments of Genoa, and on the surrender of Massena was sent home with the despatches. Unfortunately for him Marengo had been fought before he arrived ; it was known in England that Genoa was lost again before it was known how it had first been won; and Beaver went back to Lord Keith without his expected promotion. On his way out he was detained for a fort- night at Gibraltar, where he took the oppor- tunity to get married to a young lady, Miss Elliott, to whom he had been for some time engaged. Shortly after rejoining the admiral he was advanced to post rank, and appointed to the command of the flag-ship, in which he had an important share in the operations on the coast of Egypt (1800-1); but in June of this latter year, being weary of the monotony of the blockade, he obtained per- mission to exchange into the Determinee frigate, and in her was sent up to Constanti- nople with despatches. The sultan was de- sirous of acknowledging this service with a large sum of money, which Beaver positively declined, though he afterwards consented to accept a diamond box for himself and a gold box for each of the lieutenants. He also re- ceived for his services in Egypt the Turkish order of the Crescent. On the conclusion of the peace of Amiens the Determinee was ordered home, and was paid off at Portsmouth on 19 May 1802. Beaver now settled down on shore, and was placed in charge of the sea fencibles of Essex in July 1803. Three years later he was ap- pointed to the Acasta, 40-gun frigate, and in her proceeded to the West Indies, where he remained until after the capture of Mar- tinique, in February 1809. He was then sent home in charge of convoy and with a large number of French prisoners. Some months later he was appointed to the Nisus of 38 guns, a new frigate just launched, and on 22 June 1810 sailed in her for the East Indies. He arrived on the station in time to take a very distinguished part, under Vice-admiral Albemarle Bertie, in the reduction of Mauri- tius (November 1810), and, under Rear-ad- miral the Hon. Robert Stopford, in the con- quest of Java (August and September 1811). After nearly a year spent in the Mozambique and on the coast of Madagascar, towards the end of 1812 the Nisus received her orders for England, and in the latter days of March 1813 put into Table Bay on her homeward voyage. Here Beaver, who had complained of a slight indisposition, was seized with a violent inflammation of the bowels, and, after a few days of the most excruciating torment, died on 5 April. Beaver was a man of remarkable energy and ability, and in the exceptional posts which he held, both in the Mediterranean and in the East Indies, he performed his duty not only effectively, but without awak- ening the jealousy of his seniors whom he temporarily superseded. So far as his pro- Beavor Beazley fession permitted, he was an almost omni- vorous reader of solid books; during one cruise he read entirely through the ' Ency- clopaedia Britannica.' In command he was a strict disciplinarian ; but at a time when strictness not unfrequently degenerated into cruelty, no charge of tyranny was ever made against him : and yet, says his perhaps par- tial biographer, ' the pardonable weakness of forgiving a little more frequently would, perhaps, have brought the commander's cha- racter nearer to perfection.' By his early death, and the previous bank- ruptcy of his agent, his widow, with six children, was left but poorly provided for. The efforts of his friends in her behalf pro- duced no result, and she was eventually reduced to accept the situation of matron of Greenwich Hospital school as a refuge from pecuniary distress. [The Life and Services of Captain Philip Beaver, late of His Majesty's Ship Nisus, by Captain W. H. Smyth, R.N., K.S.F., F.R.S., &c., 8vo, 1 829 ; Captain Beaver himself published an account of his Bulama experiences, under the title of African Memoranda, 4to, 1805; he also contributed to the papers of the day some letters on nautical subjects, a selection of which was re- published by Captain Smyth.] J. K. L. BEAVOR, EDMOND (d. 1745), captain in the royal navy, was made a lieutenant on 2 March 1733-4, and whilst serving in theWest Indies was promoted by Sir Chaloner Ogle to command the Stromboli fireship in the summer of 1743, and, in company with the Lion, 60 guns, was sent home with a convoy of thirty merchant-ships. Very bad weather scattered the fleet ; several of the convoy were lost, and the Stromboli, dis- masted and in an almost sinking condition, just managed to get into Kinsale harbour. There she was refitted, and arrived in the Downs on 21 Dec. Towards the end of the next year he was appointed to the Fox frigate, and during the spring and summer of 1745 was employed cruising, with some success, against the Dunkirk privateers in the North Sea. In September he was in Leith roads, engaged in assisting the transport of the army, and in stopping, so far as possible, the communications of the rebels. On the even- ing of the 21st, after the defeat of Sir John Cope's army in the morning, the Fox became a place of refuge for numbers of the soldiers who could not get into the castle, the town gates being held by the enemy. Beavor's position was not an easy one for a young officer ; for he had no instructions, and did not know how far his authority extended. The rebels were in possession of Leith, and would not allow him to communicate with the shore, even to get fresh provisions. On 6 Oct. he wrote that there were 1,200 rebels- quartered in Leith ; and though he thought that a few shot might dislodge them, he was not certain that it would meet with their lordships' approval. A few weeks later he put to sea on a cruise, and in a violent storm the Fox went down with all hands, 14 Nov. 1745. [Charnock's Biog. Nav. v. 279 ; Official Letters in the Public Record Office.] J. K. L. BEAZLEY, SAMUEL (1786-1851), architect and playwright, was born in 1786 in Parliament Street, Westminster, where his father carried on the business of an archi- tect and surveyor, and died at his residence, Tunbridge Castle, Kent, on 12 Oct. 1851. When at school at Acton, a boy of twelve years old, he wrote a farce and constructed the stage upon which he and his comrades performed it. As a youth he volunteered for service in the Peninsula, and experienced many romantic adventures, which he was- fond of relating in after-life to his friends. As an architect he enjoyed a considerable prac- tice, especially in the construction of theatres, of which he certainly designed more than any other architect of his day. The Lyceum, St. James's, City of London, the Strand front of the Adelphi, and the colonnade of Drury Lane were among those erected by him in London, and he prepared drawings for two theatres in Dublin, two in Belgium, one in Brazil, and two in different parts of India. With- out presenting much artistic attraction, his theatres possessed the merit of being well adapted to their purposes. He designed one or two country houses and some new buildings for the university of Bonn. His last most important works were erected for the South- Eastern Railway Company, and include their terminus at London Bridge, most of their sta- tions on the North Kent line, and the Lord Warden Hotel and Pilot House at Dover. Like his theatres, they were always well suited to their purposes. He was a most prolific writer of dramatic pieces, of which upwards of one hundred are ascribed to his pen. They are chiefly farces and short comedies, showing- considerable mechanical dexterity. Among the best known are : ' Five Hours at Brighton/ the first of the author's plays performed, 'The Boarding House,' ' Is he Jealous ? ' an operetta in one act composed for Mr. Wrench, and first performed at the Theatre Royal English Opera House on 2 July 1816, 'Gretna Green/ < The Steward,' < Old Customs,' ' The Lottery Ticket,' 'My Uncle,' 'Bachelors' Wives/ ' Hints to Husbands,' ' Fire and Water,' and Beche 73 Beche * The Bull's Head.' He also wrote English versions of the operas of ' Robert the Devil,' 'The Queen of Cyprus,' and ' La Sonnambula,' which last is said to have been adapted by him to the pronunciation of Malibran, by being written in morning interviews with her at her bedside. He also wrote two novels, ' The RoueV 1828, and < The Oxonians/ 1830. These are cleverly constructed, but to modern taste they seem tedious and formal. In private life Beazley was a pleasant companion, a good and witty causeur, some of his bonsmots being remembered and re- peated to this day, such as his reply to a lady's inquiry w^hy the rooks near her house made so much noise, that they had caws for conversation. He died suddenly of an apoplectic seizure in the sixty-sixth year of his age. [Builder, 1851 ; Gent. Mag. 1829, 1851.1 G. W. B. BECHE, Sra HENRY THOMAS DE LA (1796-1855), geologist, the last of an ancient family, was born in a London suburb in 1796. Losing his father, a military officer, at a very early age, young De la Beche was sent to the grammar school at Ottery St. Mary in Devonshire, but his mother soon removed thence, first to Charmouth and afterwards to Lyme Regis, so famous for its liassic fossils, in collecting which the young student showed the first evidence of his taste for natural his- tory. Intending to follow the profession of his father, Henry De la Beche entered the military school at Great Marlowe in 1810; where the artistic powers of sketching, after- wards so useful to him in his geological work, were sedulously cultivated. But his mili- tary career was short. The general peace of 1815 led De la Beche, in company with Mur- chison and many other active and restless spirits, to quit the army. De la Beche settled in Dorset, where the geological structure of the district engaged his attention ; but he soon found the need of wider culture and information, and when in 1817, at the age of twenty-one, he became a member of the Geological Society of Lon- don, it became clear to him that he must seek abroad for deeper tuition. For the four or five succeeding years the young geologist was an ardent student of the natural pheno- mena of the Alps, and spending his time chiefly in Switzerland and France, he gained a sound knowledge of mineralogy and petro- graphy. In 1819 De la Beche's observations on the temperature and depth of the Lake of Geneva were printed in the l Bibliotheque Universelle ' (reprinted in the * Edinburgh Journal,' 1820), and in the same year his first geological paper, ' On the Secondary Forma- tions of the Southern Coast of England,' ap- peared in the ' Transactions of the Geological Society ' (vol. i. 1819). In 1824 De la Beche visited his paternal estate in Jamaica, and among the fruits of j his stay there was the publication (Trans. \ Geol. $00.) of a paper in which, for the first I time, the rocks of the island were described. On his return to England from Jamaica, De la Beche's pen was very busy in the prepa- ration of other papers on the rocks of the south and west of England ; the first distinct volume which he issued (in 1829) appears to be a translation of a number of geological memoirs from the ' Annales des Mines.' The list of books which may be said to have been written by De la Beche in his private capa- city include ' Manual of Geology,' 1831 ; ' Re- searches in Theoretical Geology,' 1834 ; and the * Geological Observer,' 1853. It is not too much to say that the publication of these works would alone have placed De la Beche in the first rank of geologists. In them he exhibits the most varied acquirements, ap- plying almost every branch of science to the elucidation of geological facts. Notwith- standing the rapid advancement of geological knowledge, these books will long continue to- be well worthy of the earnest study of every geologist. But the great epoch of De la Beche's. life was now approaching. In 1815 William Smith— the father of English geology— had published the first geological map of Eng- land, in which the position of each of the main beds of rock, or formations, is shown as they run across our island from south- west to north-east. This was necessarily a map on a small scale, not sufficiently de- tailed, for example, to indicate to any land- owner the nature of the rocks composing his estate. But a great map of England was now in process of construction by the govern- ment department, entitled the Ordnance Sur- vey, on the scale of one inch to a mile. De la Beche's idea was to make this ' ordnance map ' the groundwork of a geological survey of each county, representing upon it, by dif- ferent colours, the exact surface-area occu- pied by the different beds of rock, and further illustrating the relations of the strata to one another by means of horizontal and vertical sections. This great task was commenced by De la Beche at his own expense in the mining district of Devon and Cornwall. But the work was so clearly one deserving the name of ' national ' that the government of the day quickly acceded to De la Beche's re- quest for aid. In 1832 he was appointed to conduct the proposed geological survey under Beche 74 Becher the board of ordnance, a sum of 300/. was granted, and in 1835 a house in Craig's Court, Charing Cross, was placed at the disposal of the new * director of the ordnance geological survey.' With the help of six or eight field- assistants the work went on rapidly; geo- logical maps of Cornwall, Devon, and So- merset were soon completed. Specimens of rocks, minerals, and fossils poured into Craig's Court so rapidly, that, although an adjoining house was taken, the premises were soon too small to contain the collections, which in- cluded all the economically valuable mineral substances met with in the course of the sur- vey, such as materials for making roads, building-stones, useful metals, and all mine- rals having any industrial importance. De la Beche was now enabled to push forward another of his long-cherished ideas, and, with the help of Sir Robert Peel, Lord Carlisle, and other enlightened statesmen, secured the erection of an excellent building, built * very much after his own designs,' between Jermyn Street and Piccadilly, for a museum of eco- nomic or practical geology. Previous to the completion of the building, which was opened by Prince Albert in 1851, several other important steps had been made by De la Beche. The geological survey was transferred in 1845 from the Ordnance to the Office of Woods and Forests ; a mining record office was established in 1839 for the reception of plans and information about mines, and this has since approved itself a most useful institu- tion ; moreover, between the years 1840-50, De la Beche — now 'director general' — collected round the new institution a band of distin- guished scientific men, including Lyon Play- fair, Edward Forbes, Robert Hunt, Dr. Percy, A. C. Ramsay, and W. W. Smyth. With these to aid him, De la Beche ventured to complete his scheme by the establishment of a ' School of Mines,' the equivalent of the famous Ecole des Mines of France. For want of suitable room the project could not be effectively carried out until the opening of the new Jermyn Street Museum in 1851. De la Beche was elected president of the Geological Society in 1847 ; he received the ! honour of knighthood in 1848, and was awarded the Wollaston palladium medal by the Geological Society in 1855 ; he was also the recipient of many honours from abroad. Although, during the last three years of his ; life he suffered much from paralysis and gene- ral debility, he continued to work till only a few hours before his death, which occurred on 13 April 1855. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery in London. His bust stands in the building of his creation, the Geolo- gical Museum in Jermyn Street. Murchison, Ramsay, and Geikie have in turn occupied the post of director-general of the geological survey since the death of De la Beche. In his l Life of Edward Forbes ' Professor Geikie has described his predecessor as l a man who for many a long year, with unwearied energy, spent time and toil and money in the service of his country and in the cause of science. The volumes which he wrote, with the survey and museum which he founded and fostered, form after all his most fitting epitaph as well as his proudest memorial.' In addition to those of De la Beche's writings referred to above, we may name : 1. { Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset,' 1839, a bulky and valuable volume. 2. l First Report on Coals for Steam Navy,' in ' Geological Survey Memoirs,' vol. ii., part ii., and in vol. i., Sart i., ' On the Formation of the Rocks of outh Wales,' 1846. 3. ' Presidential Address to Geological Society,' ' Quarterly Journal/ vol. iv., 1848. 4. < Inaugural Address,' ' Re- cords of School of Mines,' vol. i., part, i., 1852. In the Royal Society's l Catalogue of Scientific Papers ' there appear the titles of thirty-seven written by De la Beche alone, in addition to three of which he was part author only. [Quart. Jour. Greol. Soc., vols. xi. xii., President's Addresses ; Geikie's Life of Murchison, ii. 177 ; Geikie's Life of E. Forbes, p. 376.] W. J. H. BECHER, ELIZA, LADY (1791-1872), actress, was daughter of an Irish actor named O'Neill, of no great reputation, who was stage-manager of the Drogheda theatre. Her mother before marriage was a Miss Featherstone. After a little instruction, obtained at a small school in Drogheda, Miss O'Neill made, as a child, her first appearance on the stage of the Drogheda theatre. Two years were subsequently spent in Belfast, and Miss O'Neill then proceeded to Dublin, where she speedily made a high mark as Juliet and Jane Shore, and as Ellen in a ver- sion of the ' Lady of the Lake.' An engage- ment followed at Covent Garden, at which house she appeared 6 Oct. 1814 as Juliet to the Romeo of Conway. A success altogether beyond the modest expectations of the management was reaped; the houses were nightly crowded, and the debutante was hailed with extravagant enthusiasm as 'a younger and better Mrs. Siddons.' For five years Miss O'Neill was a reigning favourite, commanding acceptance in comedy in such parts as Lady Teazle, Mrs. Oakly, Lady Townly, and Widow Cheerly, but causing a more profound sensation in Juliet, Belvidera, Becher 75 Becher Monimia, and other characters belonging to tragedy. Stories concerning the influence of her acting — now not easy to credit — were freely told. Men are said to have been borne fainting from the theatre after witness- ing her tragic performances. Through her theatrical career an unblemished reputation was maintained, and a constantly iterated charge of avarice was the worst accusation brought against her. On 13 July 1819 she made as Mrs. Haller what was announced as her last appearance before Christmas. It proved to be her last appearance on the stage. On 18 Dec. in the same year she married Mr. William Wrixon Becher, an Irish mem- ber of parliament for Mallow, where he pos- sessed considerable estates. By the death of an uncle Mr. Becher became subsequently a baronet. Lady Becher never returned to the stage. She died 29 Oct. 1872. By the best judges she is credited with the possession of gifts all but the highest. Reynolds, the dramatist, alone ventured a word of dis- paragement, saying that her acting was ' of too boisterous and vehement a nature.' He owns that in this opinion he was in a minority (Life, ii. 398). Macready, speak- ing of her debut, says : ' Her beauty, grace, simplicity, and tenderness were the theme of every tongue. . . . The noble pathos of Sid- dons's transcendent genius no longer served as the grand commentary and living exponent of Shakespeare's text, but in the native ele- gance, the feminine sweetness, the unaffected earnestness and gushing passion of Miss O'Neill the stage had received a worthy suc- cessor to her ' (Reminiscences, ed. Sir F. Pol- lock, i. 86). From this estimate of her he did not recede. Hazlitt also gave her high, if discriminating praise, saying that 'her excellence — unrivalled by any actress since Mrs. Siddons — consisted in truth of nature and force of passion ' (Dramatic Essays, p. 309, ed. 1851). Her beauty appears to have been of the classical type, her features having a Grecian outline ; her voice was ' deep, clear, and mellow ; ' her figure was middle- sized, and she had a slight stoop in the shoulders, which does not seem to have detracted from her grace and dignity. It has been maintained that with her the race of tragic actresses expired — a statement in which there is as much truth as is to be found in other similarly sweeping asser- tions. [Genest's Account of the English Stage; Kelly's Keminiscences ; London Magazine; Burke's Baronetage ; Era Almanack.] J. K. BECHER, HENRY QZ. 1561), transla- tor, was vicar of Mayfield, in the jurisdiction of South Mailing. He translated into the English tongue and adorned with a long pre- face against the late Pelagians — i.e. Henry Hart and others in Kent, Essex, London, and other places — the two books of ' St. Ambrose de Vocatione Gentium.' In the preface are many things concerning this heresy which in- fested no small number of provinces in Eng- land in the times of Henry VIII and Queen Mary. The full title of his translation is as follows : * Two Books of Saint Ambrose, Bys- shoppe of Mytleyne, entituled Of the Voca- tion and Calling of all Nations : newly trans- lated out of Latin into Englyshe, for the edifying and comfort of the single-mynded and godly, unlearned in Christes Church, agaynst the late stronge secte of the Pelagi- ans, the maynteyners of the free v, yll of men, and denyers of the grace of God/ London, 1561, 8vo. [MS. Coll. Corp. Chr. Cantabr. Miscell. ; Tan- ner's Bibl. Brit.-Hibern. p. 82; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] J. M. BECHER, JOHN THOMAS (1770- 1848), clergyman and writer on social eco- nomy, was born in 1770, and received his early education at Westminst er School, which he entered at fourteen. In 1788 he was elected thence to Oxford, where in 1795 he took the degree of M.A. In 1799 he was presented to the perpetual curacies of Thur- garton and Hoveringham, Nottinghamshire. He devoted himself actively to the work of local administration, and it was as one of the visiting justices for his division of Notting- hamshire that he wrote what was printed in 1806 as 'A Report concerning the House of Correction at Southwell,' in his imme- diate neighbourhood. In this he urged that prison discipline should be made reformatory as well as penal. About 1816 he was made chairman of the quarter sessions of the Newark division of Nottinghamshire, an office which he held for thirty years. In 1801 he had been appointed vicar of Rumpton, Notting- hamshire, and of Midsomer Norton in 1801. He became a friend of Byron when the poet was staying at Southwell during his Cam- bridge vacations; and at his advice Byron suppressed his first privately printed volume. In 1818 he became a prebendary of South- well, and was vicar-general of that colle- giate church, the dean and chapter of which presented him in 1830 to the rectory of Barnborough, Yorkshire. He took a warm interest in everything connected with the social condition of the people, and, whether he was its founder or not, zealously promoted the establishment of a friendly society at Southwell. In 1824 he published ' The Con- Becher Beck stitution of Friendly Societies upon Legal and Scientific Principles exemplified by the Rules and Tables of Calculations adopted | ... for the Government of the Friendly In- I stitute at Southwell ' (3rd edition, 1826) ; ! followed in 1825 by ' Tables showing the single and monthly contributions to be paid, the allowances to be granted, and the method of calculating, at every period of life, the value of assurances effected by members of Friendly Societies, together with a system of Bookkeeping recommended for the use of such institutions.' In 1826 appeared his ' Ob- servations upon the Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Laws respecting Friendly Societies, ex- emplifying and vindicating the principles of Life Assurance adopted in calculating the Southwell Tables, together with the heads of a Bill for improving the constitution and management of such institutions.' The vindication was of Becher's contention that sick allowances could be calculated on a scientific basis, and that the Northampton tables of mortality afforded the best data for life assurance and cognate calculations, both of which positions had been contested before the committee by Mr. Finlaison, the actuary of the national debt. In 1828 Becher pub- lished ' The Anti-Pauper System, exemplify- ing the positive and practical good realised by the relievers and the relieved under the frugal, beneficent, and careful administration of the poor laws prevailing at Southwell and in the neighbouring district,' &c. The erec- tion of a workhouse at Southwell, the sub- stitution of indoor for outdoor relief, and the making the former as repulsive as pos- sible to able-bodied paupers, had caused con- siderable reduction in the rates at Southwell, and the system in operation there had been copied with similar results in various parishes throughout the country. The select com- mittee of the House of Commons on agri- culture in its report pointed attention to the value of Becher's system, which was also favourably mentioned by the ' Quarterly Review.' In 1834, during the official in- vestigation which resulted in the new poor law, Becher issued a second edition of this •work, with a new introduction. In 1837, lie apparently converted, on at least one point, Finlaison, his former antagonist, and there appeared 'Rules of the Northampton Equitable Friendly Institution, and tables calculated from actual returns of sickness, old age, and death, by the Rev. J. T. Becher, M.A., and J. Finlaison, Esq., Ac- tuary of the National Debt.' Becher died at Hill House, Southwell, on 3 Jan. 1848, aged 78. [Becher's writings; "Welch's List of the Queen's Scholars of St. Peter's College, Westminster (new edition, 1852); Gent. Mag. for April 1848.] BECK. [See BEK.] BECK, CAVE (1623-1706 ?), writer on pasigraphy, son of John Beck, baker, of the parish of St. John, Clerkenwell, was born in London in 1623. He was educated in a private school kept in London by Mr. Brath- wayte, and on 13 June 1638 was admitted a pensioner of St. John's College, Cambridge. He took the degree of B.A. in 1641, and sub- sequently that of M.A., being incorporated in the latter at Oxford, 17 Oct. 1643. In 1655 he was master of the free grammar school at Ipswich; in 1657, however, Robert Woodside was retained as master, during the pleasure of the corporation, in the room of Beck, who perhaps resigned that situation on being instituted to St. Helen's, or Monk- soham, of which he was also rector. In 1662 he licensed to the perpetual curacy of St. Margaret's, Ipswich, and in the same year he was presented by the king, by lapse, to the rectory of St. Helen's, Ipswich, with St. Clement's annexed. We have been unable to ascertain the precise date of the death of this ingenious scholar. He was certainly alive in 1697, and William Ray, who was instituted to Monksoham in 1706, was pro- bably his immediate successor. He wrote an extremely curious and interest- ing work entitled ' The Universal Character, by which all Nations in the World may under- stand one another's Conceptions, Reading out of one Common Writing their own Mother Tongues. An Invention of General Use, the Practise whereof may be Attained in two Hours' space, Observing the Grammatical Directions. Which Character is so contrived, that it may be Spoken as well as Written, Lond. 1657, 8vo. The work was also pub- lished the same year in the French language. It is dedicated to Nathanael and Francis Bacon, esquires, 'patronis suis colendissimis.' The characters chosen by Beck are the ten Arabic numerals, which he proposes to pro- nounce aun, too, tray, for orfo,fai, sic, sen, at, nin, o. The combinations of these cha- racters, intended to express all the radical | words in any language, are to be arranged in numerical order, from unity to 10,000. which number he thinks sufficient to express all words in general use ; and to each number is to be annexed the word in any language, as for example English, of which it is a symbol, thus forming a numerical vocabulary. The same words are also to be arranged in another vocabulary in the alphabetical order of the language they belong to ; thus each Beck 77 Becke serves for a key to the other. There is also a list of about two hundred characters to de- note parts of compound words, and the gram- matical modifications of words are expressed by letters of the alphabet. The words are in most instances extended to an unmanageable length, and the difficulty of discovering the meaning of the numerical group which stands for the radical word is increased by the still greater difficulty of disconnecting the radical from the modifying appendage, and of ana- lysing the component parts of the latter. As a frontispiece to the book there is an engraving by Faithorne, and the figure of the European is supposed, with great proba- bility, to be the portrait of the author. [Addit. MSS. 5863, f. 135, 19166, f. 11 ; Hoi- j lingworth's Character of Charles I, p. 27 ; MS. j note in Thomas Baker's copy of The Universal Character ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 60 ; Groves's Pasilogia, 62 ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, 5th edit. iii. 329 ; Gent. Mag. N. S. xiv. 365; Wodderspoon's Ipswich, 391, 399.1 T. C. BECK, DAVID (d. 1656), portrait painter, was born at Delft. His name is variously written B'eec and Beek. The statement of Houbraken and the writers who follow him, that he was born 25 May 1621, is contradicted by the existence of an authenticated picture at St. Petersburg, which is dated 1631, and made at least doubtful by the fact, which Houbraken himself adduces, that he taught drawing to the children of Charles I. In this country he was Vandyck's pupil, and had so | much facility in painting that Charles I is ! stated to have said, ' Faith, Beck ! I believe j you could paint riding post.' He left Eng- land, and worked as a portrait-painter in the courts of France and of Denmark. Still later he entered the service of the Queen of Swe- den, and was sent by her to various courts of Europe with a commission to paint portraits of the most illustrious persons of Christendom. This information we find in Cornelius de Bie's ' Het gulden Cabinet,' where is also a pane- gyrical poem and a fine, as well as very handsome, portrait of the painter. He ac- companied the queen to Rome, and was elected a member of the painters' guild of that city in 1653. Returning, he accompanied his patroness as far as Paris, and then left her upon a plea that he wished to revisit his old friends in Holland. He died suddenly at the Hague on 20 Dec. 1656. Houbraken describes him as l a handsome distinguished man, but without genius.' He also asserts that he was poisoned by order of the Queen of Sweden, who feared he did not intend to keep his pro- mise of returning to her; but Houbraken's tales are in general debateable. Beck's pictures, the number of which should be very great if the tales of his celerity have any truth, are now rare. There is one in the National Gallery of Stockholm, a three- quarter portrait of his patroness, the Queen of Sweden, which shows him to have been a sober follower of Vandyck ; and there is another in a private collection in the same city. His best work is seen in small portraits, as in that already mentioned picture at St. Petersburg, in the possession of Peter von Semmnow, dated 1631. Even here the influ- ence of Vandyck is marked. Beck has little claim, to rank among English artists, and the printed accounts of him in English are in- complete and incorrect. The best account is by W. Bode in the latest edition of Nagler. [Houbraken's De groote Schonburgh, ii. 83; De Bie's Het gulden Cabinet ; Walpole's Anec- dotes of Painters, i. 338 ; Pilkingtoii's Diet, of Painters (recounts an extraordinary miracle which befell the painter) ; Nagler's Allgemeines Kiinstler-Lexikon, ed. 1881.] E. K. BECK, THOMAS ALCOCK (1795- 1846), author of ' Annales Furnesienses,' was the son of James Beck, gentleman, and was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne 31 May 1795. He was educated at Archbishop Sandys's grammar school, Hawkshead, Lancashire, and later in life by a private tutor. He never adopted any profession. Having, owing to a special complaint, become unable to walk somewhat early in life, he mitigated the tedium of confinement at his residence of Esthwaite Lodge, Lancashire, by the compo- sition of his l Annales Furnesienses,' pub- lished in 1844 in a splendid quarto volume, a work not only completely exhaustive on all matters bearing on the history of the abbey of St. Mary, but of prime importance with regard to antiquarian research throughout the whole district of Furness. He died 24 April 1846, and was buried in Hawkshead church- yard. A beautiful mural tablet has been erected in the church to his memory. [Historic Society of Lancas. and dies. Pro- ceedings, New Series, v. 154; Kichardson's His- tory and Antiquities of Furness, 1880, i. 80; private information.] T. F. H. BECKE, EDMUND (Jl. 1550), theo- logical writer, was ordained deacon by Bishop Ridley in 1551 (STKYPE'S Memorials, ii. pt. i. 313). In 1549 he supervised an edition of the Bible, * truly and purely translated into English and nowe lately with greate industry and diligence recognized.' The volume was printed by John Day and William Seres, and was preceded by a long dedicatory address to 'the most puisant and mighty prince Becke Beckett Edwarde the Sixt,' signed by his ' most humble and obedient subiect Edmund Becke.' An autograph copy of the address is among the Ashmolean MSS. at Oxford. Becke there speaks of the book as 'the frutes of myne industry,' but it appears to be merely a re- print of T. Matthew's (i.e. John Rogers') ' Bible/ published in 1537, with trifling va- riations in the text and notes. It contains Tindal's preface to the New Testament. Becke's chief original contribution consists of ' a perfect supputation of the yeares and tyme from Adam unto Christ, proued by the Scriptures after the colleccyon of dyuers Authours.' In 1551 Becke published two more Bibles, one printed by John Day, 1 faythfully set forth according to ye coppy of Thomas Matthewes translacion [really Ta- verner's Bible of 1539] wherevnto are added certaine learned prologes and annotacions for the better understanding of many hard places threwout the whole Byble.' The dedi- catory address and the various prologues which occur in Becke's earlier edition of the Bible are again inserted. The other Bible followed the Matthew revision, and was printed by N. Hyll. Becke's other works included: 1. 'Two Dyalogues wrytten in Latin by the famous clerke D. Erasmus of Roterodame, one called Polyphemus or the Gospeller, the other dysposing of thynges and names ; translated into Englyshe by Ed- mond Becke. And prynted at Canterbury in Saynt Paules paryshe by John Mychell.' 2. 'A Brefe Confutacion of this most de- testable and Anabaptistrial opinion that Christ dyd not take hys flesh of the blessed Vyrgyn Mary nor any corporal substance of her body. For the maintenaunce whereof Jhone Bucher, otherwise called Jhon of Kent, most obstinately suffered and was burned in Smythfyelde, the ii. day of May Anno Domini M.D.L.' (London, John Day, 1550, 4to.) The first tract is described by Becke j as ' the fyrste frutes of this my symple translacyon,' and as undertaken at the re- quest of ' a nere cosyn of myne ' for ( such as are not lerned in the Latin tongue.' It is undated : its publication at Canterbury j suggests some ecclesiastical connection be- tween Becke and that town. The second tract is a popular rhyming pamphlet, written to point the moral of the martyrdom of the anabaptist Joan Bocher [q.v.], which is fully described by Stow. The tract has been re- printed by Mr. J. P. Collier in the second volume of his ' Illustrations of Early Eng- lish Popular Literature ' (1864). [Lewis's History of the English Translation of the Bible, prefixed to his edition of Wiclif's New Testament (1731), pp. 44, 47; Tanner's Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica; Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L. BECKET, THOMAS, archbishop of Canterbury. [See THOMAS.] BECKET, WILLIAM (1684-1738), sur- geon and antiquary, was born at Abingdon, Berkshire. In the early years of the eighteenth century he was well known in London as a surgeon and an enthusiastic antiquary. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on j 11 Dec. 1718, and read three papers on 'The I Antiquity of the Venereal Disease ' at its l meetings during the same year (Phil. Trans. I vi. 368, 467, 492), and one on another sub- ject in 1724 (ib. vii. 25). Becket was an original member of the Society of Anti- quaries, which was virtually established in 1717, and lived on intimate terms with Stukeley, Bowyer, Browne- Willis, and other antiquaries. He was for some years surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, South wark, but before 1736 he had retired to Abingdon, where he died 25 Nov. 1738. Dr. Stukeley, the well-known antiquary, adds in his com- mon-place book to his note of the death of ' my old friend William Becket, surgeon,' that his papers were bought 'by the infamous Curl,' and purchased of Curll for thirty guineas by Dr. Milward (STTJKELEY'S Me- moirs, ed. Lukis (Surtees Soc.), i. 97). His works are : 1. l New Discoveries re- lating to the Cure of Cancers,' 1711 and 1712. 2. 'An Enquiry into the Antiquity and Efficacy of Touching for the King's Evil,, with a Collection of Records,' 1722. John Anstis the elder gave Becket some assist- ance in this work (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecdotes, ii. 498). 3. ' Practical Surgery, illustrated and improved, with remarks on the most remarkable Cases, Cures, and Discussions in St. Thomas's Hospital,' 1740. 4. 'A Collec- tion of Chirurgical Tracts,' 1740. Gough in his ' British Topography,' 1780 (i. 519), re- marks, on Stukeley's authority, that Becket examined the wills in the prerogative office referring to Lincolnshire and other counties. [Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, ii. 88, v. 278 ; Ni- chols's Lit. Illustrations,]]. 796 ; Watt's Biblio- theca Brit. ; Thomson's Hist, of Royal Society, appendix, xxxiv ; Archseologia, i. xxxvi n.~\ S. L. L. BECKETT, ISAAC (1653-1719), mezzo- tint engraver, was born in Kent in 1653, and apprenticed to a calico printer in London, but happening to visit Lutterel, he became capti- vated by a desire of learning the new art of engraving in mezzotint. Hearing that one John Lloyd was acquainted with the process, and being obliged through an intrigue to- absent himself from his business, Beckett Beckett 79 Beckett offered his services to him, and entered into articles to Avork for him. Before long, how- ever, he again fell into trouble, and was as- sisted by Lutterel, with whom he became associated in the development of the art. He is said to have been noted for his gallantries, and to have married a woman of fortune, which enabled him to set up as the publisher of his own prints, and Lutterel did many heads for him, being more expeditious and more skilful in drawing than Beckett, but they were often finished by the latter. His plates are all referable to dates between 1681 and 1688, yet he survived until 1719. Isaac Beckett and Robert Williams were the first native Englishmen who extensively practised engraving in mezzotint, and, in a measure, may be considered to have founded the school, for the earlier works were executed chiefly by engravers of foreign birth. John Smith was Beckett's pupil, and appears to have obtained possession of many of his plates and to have placed his own name on them, not only as publisher, but on some even as engraver. Beckett executed several scriptural and allegorical subjects, as well as a few land- scapes, but by far the greater number of his plates are portraits, of which Mr. Chaloner Smith describes 107. Among the best of them may be mentioned full-length portraits of Charles II, the Duchess of Portsmouth, James II, and Catharine Sedley, countess of Dorchester, after Kneller ; and of Lady Wil- liams, said by Granger to have been a mistress of the Duke of York, after Wissing ; and other portraits of Catharine of Braganza, queen of Charles II, Barbara Villiers, duchess of Cleve- land, and Elizabeth, countess of Chesterfield, after Sir Peter Lely ; Mary of Modena, queen of James II, after Kneller and Largilliere ; Queen Anne, after Wissing ; Prince George of Denmark, after Riley and W'issing ; Beau Fielding, after Kneller and Wissing ; Henry Compton, bishop of London, after Riley; Thomas Cartwright, bishop of Chester, after Soest; and Sir Peter Lely, Sir Godfrey Kneller, and Nicolas de Largilliere and his family, after paintings by themselves. The most important of Beckett's subject plates are ' The Virgin and St. Joseph, with the Infant Jesus asleep ; ' { Time cutting the Wings of Love ; ' ' Cupid and Psyche,' after Turchi ; 'The Village Surgeon,' after Lingelbach ; and ' The Dutch School,' after Egbert van Heems- kerk. Beckett's own portrait has been en- graved by John Smith and others. [Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (ed. Wor- num), 1849, iii. 960-1, with portrait ; J. Chaloner Smith's British Mezzotinto Portraits, 1878-84, i. 20-54 ; Meyer's Allgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon, 1872, &c., iii. 272-274.] K. E. G. BECKFORD, PETER (1740-1811), eminent sportsman and master of foxhounds, was the son of Julines Beckford, of Stapleton. Dorset, and grandson of Peter Beckford, governor and commander-in-chief of Jamaica, He was thus cousin to William Beckford, the celebrated lord mayor of London. His pre-eminence among foxlmnters is due to the fact that he was the first English writer to describe minutely and accurately the whole system of the sport of hunting. This he did in a work entitled ' Thoughts upon Hare and Fox Hunting ; also an account of the most celebrated Dog Kennels in the Kingdom/ Sarum, sm. 4to, 1781, 1796, 1820. 'Never,' says a writer (Sir Egerton Brydges ?) in the ' Retrospective Review ' (xiii. 231), l had fox or hare the honour of being chased to death by so accomplished a hunter ; never was huntsman's dinner graced by such urbanity and wit. He would bag a. fox in Greek, find a hare in Latin, inspect his kennels in Italian, and direct the economy of his stables in ex- quisite French,' In 1781 Beckford published ' Essays on Hunting ; containing a philoso- phical inquiry into the nature and properties of Scent ; on different kinds of Hounds, Hares, &c., with an introduction describing the method of Hare-hunting among the Greeks,' London, 8vo. In 1773 he married Louisa, daughter of Lord Rivers, and by a special patent, granted in 1802, his son William Horace succeeded to the barony, and became the third Lord Rivers. Peter Beckford sat in parliament, as representative of Morpeth, in 1768. In 1787, just before the outbreak of the French revolution, he travelled in Italy, and wrote an entertaining account of his journey, which was published some years later under the title of ' Familiar Letters from Italy to a Friend in England,' 2 vols. 8vo, Salisbury, 1805. Here he described visits to Voltaire, Rousseau, and other celebrities. In Turin, he writes, he had met Sterne in 1765, and had ' passed hours with that eccentric genius that might have been more profitably em- ployed, but never more agreeably.' He seasons nearly every letter with anecdotes, both grave and gay, and makes remarks, political and philosophical, that must have astounded the country squire of later days. That he was an extensive reader of classical and modern literature is proved by the tenor of both his published works. He died on 18 Feb. 1811, and was buried in Stapleton church, where the following doggerel was inscribed above his grave : — "We die and are forgotten ; 'tis Heaven's decree : Thus the fate of others will be the fate of me. Beckford Beckford [Hutchins's Dorset, iii. ; Retrospective Review, iii. 231 ; Watt's Biblioth. Brit. 91w. ; Apperley on the Horse ; Beatson's Paii. Register, ii. 172.] R. H. BECKFORD, WILLIAM (1709-1770), alderman and twice lord mayor of London, -was born in Jamaica, where he was baptized on 19 Dec. 1709. His father, the Hon. Peter Beckford, was at the time speaker of the assembly in that coiony; his mother, Bathshua, being the daughter of Colonel Julines Herring, also of Jamaica. The Beck- fords were descended from a family long es- tablished in Gloucestershire. In that county the parish of Beckford still marks the site of the ancient manor of the same name, which, according to Domesday Book, had been terra regis in the time of the Confessor. One noted ancestor, Sir William Beckford, was among the principal adherents of Richard III. As such he loyally followed that monarch to the field of Bosworth, where he was probably killed. After passing through many vicissi- tudes, the family had its fortunes restored about the middle of the seventeenth century by Peter Beckford, the alderman's great- grandfather, who, quitting England in search of advancement, settled down in Jamaica, and there rose to considerable wealth as a planter. His son, Colonel Peter Beckford, acquired so much distinction among the colonists during the reign of Charles II that he was nominated president of the council, being eventually, under William III, ap- pointed lieuten-ant-governor and commander- in-chief of the island. His immense property having on his death, 3 April 1710, been in- adorned a palatial country residence in Wilt- shire. He was advanced to the magis- tracy and entered parliament. According to Nicoll's quarto ' History of the Ironmongers ' (p. 453) he was admitted in 1752 to the free- dom and livery of that company. According to Noorthouck's quarto ' History of London ' (p. 374) he was in that same year on 24 June elected alderman- of Billingsgate ward, in succession to Thomas Winterbottom, the then lord mayor, who had died on 4 June 1752. In the following year (1753) Beckford served the office of master of the Ironmongers' com- pany. In the ensuing spring he was returned simultaneously during the course of the gene- ral election as M.P. for the city of London and as M.P. for Petersfield, the latter on 19 April, the former 'on 7 May. Deciding, almost as a matter of course, that he would sit for London, he sent, in munificent evi- dence of his goodwill, as a solatium to his other constituents, 400£. to pave the streets of Petersfield. In 1755 he was installed in the office of sheriff of the city of London, in association with the other sheriff, Ive Whit- bread, the lord mayor of that year being Sliiigsby Bethell, alderman of Walbrook, presumably an ancestor of Lord West- bury. On 4 April 1761 Beckford was re- elected M.P. for the city of London. Before the close of the following year he became lord mayor. Though he was in a manner entitled by rotation to that office, it was known that a strong. party were preparing to oppose him. Beckford, on 28 Oct. 1762, attended the court of aldermen and desired leave to resign his gown as alder- man. His resolute course in thus acting had its due effect. His request was post- herited by his eldest son and namesake (the alderman's father already mentioned), passed on the latter's demise, 23 Sept. 1735, to the poned until the following day, when (29 Oct. fourth Peter Beckford of Jamaica. That 1762) he was elected lord mayor, eighteen eldest son dying unmarried, however, but votes being given for him and but one for little more than a year afterwards, the whole Alderman Bridger, the rival candidate. This mayoralty was memorable for its luxurious character. Though extremely moderate in his own diet, Beckford's public banquets were sumptuous description. 1 inheritance came of right into the possession of his younger brother William. As a boy of fourteen William Beckford, in 1723, had first arrived in England from Jamaica. Being sent here expressly to be of the most sumptuous description. Four of them in particular were long afterwards re- educated, he was placed under the care of ferred to by gourmets as probably more elabo- the Rev. Robert Freind, then the able head- master of Westminster School, by whom he was often spoken of afterwards in later life as one of the best scholars that the school had ever had. At Westminster he secured the lasting friendship of Lord Mansfield. Entering public life on the death of his elder brother as an enormously rich West Indian planter, he soon found his onward path made clear before him in many direc- tions. He expanded his operations as a merchant in London. He acquired and rate than any since the days of Henry VIII. His political sayings and doings during this year were remarkable in a different way. John Wilkes's name and his were then and long afterwards intimately associated. Wilkes was at the time a London alderman and M.P. for Aylesbury. On 23 April 1763 No. 45 of the 1 North Briton ' was published, in which the king was openly charged with uttering false- hood in his royal speech. On the 26th gene- ral warrants were issued by Lord Halifax for the apprehension of its authors, printers, Beckford 81 Beckford and publishers. On the 30th they were ar- rested and committed to the Tower. A week later they were (on 6 May), upon their being- brought by writ of habeas corpus before Chief Justice Pratt, summarily discharged. But it was only upon the very morrow of the completion of the year of Beckford's mayoralty (15 Nov. 1763) that Wilkes's No. 45 was declared by parliament to be ' a scan- dalous and seditious libel,' and was ordered as such to be burnt by the common hangman. Beckford throughout that agitated twelve- month was side by side with Wilkes. Beck- ford's, not Wilkes's, was the daring dictum then in everybody's mouth — that under the house of Hanover Englishmen for the first .time had been able to be free, and for the first time had determined to be free. To him, almost as much as to Wilkes, the oppo- sition looked for their guidance. Seven years afterwards Beckford was re- elected (25 March 1768) by the metropoli- tan constituency, and before the close of the following year he again became lord mayor. On 29 Sept. 1769, three persons having been returned by the livery of Lon- don to the court of aldermen, the nomina- tion at once took place, when the show of hands was declared by the sheriffs to be in favour of two of them. A poll having been then demanded by the rejected candidate, Beckford, at the close of it on 6 Oct., was found to be at its head with 1,967 votes, the second candidate numbering 1,911, and the third 676. On the following day (7 Oct.) the aldermen scratched Beckford for sixteen, his opponent being able to se- cure no more than six supporters. The popular champion resolutely declined the proffered honour, pleading as his excuse, though he had not yet completed his fifty- ninth year, his age and infirmities. This in- timation having been conveyed to the livery was received by them with signal marks of dissatisfaction. On 13 Oct. a great number of them waited upon Beckford and induced him to reconsider his decision. On 8 Nov. he was duly sworn in at the Guildhall. A stormy time was before him. Attended by the aldermen and common councilmen of London, he went from Guildhall to St. James's Palace on 14 March 1770, and there presented to the king a powerfully worded address complaining in the strongest terms of a certain false return made at the Middle- sex election. In consequence of his majesty's .answer to this address being couched in words of stern reproof, the agitation was intensified. On 23 May 1770 Beckford, ac- companied by the aldermen and livery, again sought audience of the king, to whom he VOL. IV. presented another address and remonstrance, equally resolute. The sovereign's answer was even more curt and emphatic than the last, "thereupon, in obedience to a sudden impulse, the lord mayor asked permission of his majesty to utter a few words in reply. I Accepting the momentary silence which en- j sued upon this most unexampled request as [ indicative of assent, Beckford then delivered 1 an impromptu speech which has since be- come historical, and the words of which have for more than a century past been legible in j gold letters on the pedestal of his monument in Guildhall — a speech which when it was being uttered made the king's countenance flush with anger, while the court surround- ; ing him listened to it with something like consternation. A glance at the Earl of Chatham's corre- i spondence will demonstrate the absurdity of j the pretensions long afterwards put forth by Home Tooke, that he himself wrote that j speech, and that Beckford never delivered it. j Those pretensions were first heard of by the public at large more than forty years after I Beckford's death, when, in 1813, Stephens, I in his ' Memoir of Home Tooke ' (i. 157), remarked that Mr. Home (as he was then called) lately acknowledged to him that it (the speech) was his composition. Gifford, three years afterwards, in a truculent foot- note to his edition of Ben Jonson (vi. 481), insisted upon the accuracy of that astounding statement. According to Isaac Reed, these claims were first put forth orally by Tooke in the midst of an in- formal club-house gossip. Turning now, however, to the f Chatham Correspondence ' (iii. 458-9), it will be seen that immediately after the delivery of Beckford's impromptu address to the king, one of the sheriffs pre- sent on the occasion, Mr. Sheriff Townshend, wrote to the Earl of Chatham on that very day, 23 May 1770, 'My lord, I take the liberty of enclosing to your lordship his majesty's answer to our petition. The lord mayor made a reply to the king which greatly disconcerted the court. He (the lord mayor) has promised to recollect what he said, and I fancy the substance will appear in the papers to-morrow.' To this the earl replied on that same day, 23 May, ' I greatly rejoice to hear that my lord mayor asserted the city with weight and spirit, and am full of im- patience for the papers to-morrow.' There- upon, in the ' Public Advertiser ' of the morrow, 24 May 1770, the impromptu speech as recollected by the lord mayor duly ap- peared, with this sentence appended to it : ' The humility and serious firmness with which the Lord Mayor uttered these words G Beckford Beckford filled the whole court with admiration and confusion.' And on the following day Sheriff I Townshend, again writing to the Earl of Chatham under date 25 May 1770 (see Cor- \ respondence, iii. 460), said : ' The Lord Mayor's j Speech in the " Public Advertiser " of yester- ; day is verbatim, the words " and necessary " being left out before " revolution," and is | ordered to be entered on the journals of the Court of Common Council.' Besides being entered thus on the records of the city, the speech was scattered broadcast over all con- | temporary periodicals. Horace Walpole, j writing on 24 May 1770 to Sir Horace Mann, i referred (see Letters, v. 238-9) to its having reduced the king to the alternative of either j sitting silent, or tucking up his train, jump- ing from the throne, and taking sanctuary in i the royal closet. Lord Chatham in return for that speech was more affectionate than ever to Beckford. It was printed directly after its delivery in the l Gentleman's Maga- ! zine,' xl. 218-9. Half a year later it i was deliberately republished as authentic in '•• the ' Annual Register ' for 1770, in which ! may also be found, at p. Ill, under date 30 May, an account of the lord mayor, in | company with the aldermen, sheriffs, and common councilmen, having again gone from Guildhall to St. James's with an address on the queen's safe delivery, when the lord chamberlain came into the ante-chamber bearing a paper in his hand from which he read these words : ' As your lordship thought fit to speak to his majesty after his answer to the last remonstrance, I am to. acquaint your lordship, as it was unusual, his majesty desires that nothing of this kind may happen for the future.' Upon the following day, 31 May 1770, Beckford laid the first stone of Newgate. Exactly three weeks afterwards, at the age of sixty years and six months, he died in London, on 21 June 1770, his fatal illness being the result of a chill caught in hastening up to town from his estate of Fonthill Abbey in Wiltshire. He was buried at Fonthill on the last day of that month, leaving his only child and namesake [see BECKFORD, WILLIAM, 1759-1844], then a boy of nine, to come into possession, after a long minority, of a million of money and 100,000/. a year. Lord Mayor Beck- ford's wife, the mother of this boy, was Maria, daughter of the Hon. George Hamil- ton, second surviving son of James, sixth earl of Abercorn. The sum of 1,000/. was set apart by the city of London on the morrow of Beckford's death for the Guild- hall monument in his honour, which was unveiled on Midsummer day two years after- wards. Another adirirable life-size statue of Beckford in white marble, formerly at Fonthill Abbey, sculptured by More, and th& gift of Beckford's son, the author of ' Vathek/ to his father's old city company, stands mid- way on the staircase of Ironmongers' Hall,, in Fenchurch Street. [Nicoll's History of the Ironmongers' Com- pany, 1866, pp. 453, 467, 491, 590; Orridge's Account of the Citizens of London and their Rulers, from 1060 to 1867, pp. 203, 244-8; Maitland's History of London, continued to 1772 by the Rev. John Entick, 1775, ii. 35, 47, 52, 72,. 85, 92, 96-116 ; Britton's Illustrations of Font- hill Abbey, 1823, ch. iii. pp. 61-8; Noorthoack's History of London, 1783, pp. 417, 462, 468- 486 ; Redding's Memoirs of William Beckford, i. 1-70 ; Thornbury's Old andNew London, i. 407 ; Gent. Mag. xl. 215-9, 340-1 ; Annual Register for 1770, 8vo, pp. Ill, 199-203, 251,252 ; Notes and Queries, 1st series, ii. 262 ; Craik and Macfar- lane's Pictorial History of England, 2nd series, iv. 80, 96-8 ; Massey's History of England under George III, i. 357, 358 ; Adolphus's History of England, i. 437-40 ; Horace Walpole's Letters, v.238, 239; Chatham Correspondence, iii. 458-9, 460 ; Gifford's ed. Ben Jonson, 1816, vi. 481 note ; History of Lord North's Administration to the Dissolution of the Thirteenth Parliament of Great Britain, 1781, part i. 12-15 ; Correspondence of Gray and Mason, 1853, p. 439 ; Public Adver- tiser, No. 11067, 24 May 1770 ; Stephens's Me- moirs of John Home Tooke, 1813, i. 157.1 C. K. BECKFORD, WILLIAM (d. 1799), historian, passed a great part of his life in Jamaica, where he made observations on the country and particularly on the condition of the negroes. On returning to England he- settled at Somerley Hall in Suffolk, and died in London on 5 Feb. 1799. His Avorks are : 1. ' Remarks on the Situa- tion of the Negroes in Jamaica, impartially made from a local experience of nearly thir- teen years in that island,' 1788. 2. ' A De- scriptive Account of the Island of Jamaica, with Remarks upon the Cultivation of the Sugar Cane throughout the different seasons of the year, and chiefly considered in a pictu- resque point of view,' 1790. 3. ' History of France from the most early records to the death of Louis XVI,' 1794. The early part is by Beckford, and the more modern by an anonymous Englishman who had been some- time resident in Paris. [Gent. Mag. vol. Ixix. pt. i. ; Monthly Review, Ixxix. 69 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] A. G-N. BECKFORD, WILLIAM (1759-1844), author of i Vathek,' son of William Beckford (1709-1770) [q.v.], was born at Fonthill, 29 Sept. 1759. After the death of his father Beckford Beckford he was educated by a private tutor, the Rev. Dr. Lettice. A public school would have afforded a more salutary discipline ; the tutor, though judicious and attentive, could hardly be expected to prevent the spoiled heir to enormous wealth from grow- ing up wilful, extravagant, and capricious. Beckford received musical instruction from Mozart, and for his father's sake was par- ticularly noticed by Chatham, who pro- nounced him ' all air and fire/ and solemnly admonished the future author of ' Vathek ' against reading the ; Arabian Nights.' His precocity and talent for satire were evinced by his ' History of Extraordinary Painters,' a mystification composed in his seventeenth year in ridicule of the biographies in the ' Vies des Peintres Flamands,' and to indulge his humour at the expense of the old house- keeper at Fonthill, who is said to have long continued to exhibit her master's pictures as works of Watersouchy, Og of Basan, and other creations of his invention. His mother being strongly prejudiced against the univer- sities, Beckford, accompanied by his tutor, went in 1777 to complete his education at Geneva, and there passed a year and a half. In 1780 and 1782 he visited the Low Coun- tries and Italy. His letters on his travels, together with a description of the Grande Chartreuse dating from 1778, were published anonymously in 1783 under the title of * Dreams, Waking Thoughts, and Incidents, in a series of letters from various parts of Europe.' The work, however, was almost im- mediately destroyed, with the exception of six copies, one of which at least is still in existence, though Mr. Redding seems to imply the contrary. He had already, in 1781* or 1782, written ' Vathek ' in French at a single sitting of three days and two nights. A.n English version, made by a person whom Beckford declared to be unknown to him, but who is understood to have been the Rev. S. Henley, rector of Rendlesham, was published anonymously and surreptitiously in 1784. It is sufficiently idiomatic to have entirely eclipsed and to have frequently been taken for the original, and is accompanied by an erudite commentary, whose value is somewhat impaired by the annotator's igno- rance of Arabic. The original appeared at Paris and Lausanne in 1787, the latter edition only bearing the author's name. In 1783 he translated and published the little Oriental tale of ' Al Ravni ; ' in the same year he married Lady Margaret Gordon, daughter of the Earl of Aboyne, and lived with her in Switzer- land until her death in May 1786. Two daughters were the fruit of this union. In 1787 he sought distraction in a visit to Por- tugal, where his intimacy with the Marquis j de Marialva enabled him to acquaint himself j with the affairs of the court and kingdom. His ; Portuguese letters, not published for nearly half a century afterwards, are the most valu- able in every point of view that he ever wrote. He extended his tour to Spain, and on his return spent much time in Paris, witnessing the destruction of the Bastille. He was again I in Paris in 1791 and 1792, proceeded subse- quently to Lausanne, where he bought Gib- i bon's library, shutting himself up like a her- mit to read it, and in 1794 again visited Portugal, where he occupied the retreat at Cintra immortalised in Byron's verse, and wrote his celebrated account of Alcobaca and Batalha. Notwithstanding his incessant ab- sences from his country he was successively M.P. for Wells and Hindon ; but he had no taste for public life, and retired in 1794. He was, however, re-elected for Hindon in 1806, and sat until 1820. After his return from Portugal the connoisseur and collector seemed to absorb the author, and he published no more except two burlesques on the sentimental novels of the period, ' The Elegant Enthusiast ' and ' Amezia/ printed in 1796 and 1797. In the former year he settled down at Fonthill GifFard, and launched out upon the course of architectural and artistic extravagance which, combined with his oriental whims and his mysterious seclusion, has given him even more celebrity than he could acquire by his writings. The imaginations of ' Vathek ' seemed to take ac- tual substance, and Coleridge might have be- held the visions of his Kubla Khan with his corporeal eyes. First the old family mansion was rebuilt on a grand scale, then it was pulled down and a yet more sumptuous edi- fice raised on a different site. The grounds, magnificently laid out and enclosing ' sunny spots of greenery,' were girdled by a lofty wall to baffle intruding tourists and trespassing sportsmen ; the costly old furniture was reck- lessly sold off to make room for new more costly still ; a tower three hundred feet high, erected by gangs of workmen labouring day and night, fell from the injudicious haste of construction, and was immediately succeeded by another, which, after Fonthill had passed from Beckford's hands, also tumbled to the ground. Making a hermitage of a palace, Beckford sequestered himself with a phy- sician, a major-domo, and a French abbe, and here, neglectful of his genius, his private af- fairs, and his responsibilities as a citizen, spent twenty years with few friends or visitors, and apparently with no other object in life than the collection of books and works of art and virtu. This seclusion may have been G 2 Beckford Beckford partly owing to grave imputations upon ' his moral character, which, however, in the j absence of any avowed accuser or attempt at j proof, it is reasonable as well as charitable to regard as rather the consequence of his retire- I ment than the cause. The only recorded ex- ternal incidents of his existence during this j period are the marriages of his two daugh- j ters. One became Duchess of Hamilton ; the other, who married Colonel Orde without his consent, was never forgiven by him. His expenditure on Fonthill alone for sixteen years is stated by himself at upwards of a quarter of a million. At length he could go on no longer. Extravagance, inattention to his affairs, the depreciation of his West India property, and unfortunate lawsuits, compelled him in 1822 to dispose of Fonthill and the greater part of its contents for 330,000/. to Mr. John Farquhar, a person who, reversing Beckford's history, had accumulated a vast fortune from the humblest beginnings. Beck- ford's collections were resold by the new owner in the following year, the sale occupy- ,ing thirty-seven days. The collection was not always favourably criticised. ' It is,' wrote Hazlitt when the public were ad- mitted to view Fonthill, ' a desert of magnifi- cence, a glittering waste of laborious idleness, a cathedral turned into a toy shop, an immense museum of all that is most curious and costly, and at the same time most worthless, in the productions of art and nature. Mr. Beckford has undoubtedly shown himself an industrious bijoutier, a prodigious virtuoso, an accom- plished patron of unproductive labour, an en- thusiastic collector of expensive trifles — the only proof of taste he has shown in this col- lection is his getting rid of it.' But Beck- ford always maintained that the Chinese fur- niture was smuggled in by the auctioneers, and Hazlitt may not have known that the library and the choicest pictures had been saved from the wreck and removed to Lans- downe Terrace, Bath, where, with diminished fortune but free from embarrassment, Beck- ford applied himself to the creation of a minia- ture Fonthill. He continued to collect books, pictures, engravings, and beautiful objects in general, with as keen a zest as of yore — ' all agog, all ardour, all intrepidity,' as he wrote to an agent shortly before his death. He sometimes parted with a picture, but never with a book. In 1834 he republished, with considerable omissions, the suppressed letters of 1783, adding those from Spain and Portugal. On 2 May 1844 he died, scarcely manifesting a trace of age, and having been in vigorous health until within a few days of his decease. Eighty thousand pounds yet remained of the hundred thousand a year and a million in hand with which he had commenced life. He was interred by his own wish under the tower he had erected on Lans- downe Hill, and the grounds with which he had surrounded it were given by the Duchess of Hamilton to form a public cemetery for the city of Bath. His library was sold by auction in 1882. A large proportion of the volumes contained copious notes in his handwriting, more frequently evincing whimsical prejudice than discriminating criticism. He left several works in manuscript, including three sup- pressed episodes of * Vathek ; ' ' Liber Veri- tatis,' comments on the alleged genealogies of English noble families, probably very can- did and caustic ; and l Letters upon the Ac- tual State and Leading Characters of several of the Courts of Europe, particularly France, from the beginning of the Revolution to the death of the King.' None of these have been published. Beckford's was, on the whole, a wasted life, in so far as neither his genius nor his fortune yielded what they would have pro- duced to a wiser and a better man. At the same time his celebrity as a remarkable per- sonage would have endured had he never written anything ; and as an author he achieved a renown which he probably valued more than literary fame of the first order, the distinction of being the most brilliant ama- teur in English literature. Hardly any other man has produced such masterpieces with so little effort. ' Vathek ' was written at a sitting, and his letters betray no trace of unusual pains. These works are master- pieces nevertheless. European literature has no Oriental fiction which impresses the imagination so powerfully and permanently as f Vathek.' Portions of the story may be tedious or repulsive, but the whole combines two things most difficult of alliance — the fantastic and the sublime. Beckford's letters display a corresponding versatility and union of seemingly incongruous faculties. He is equally objective and subjective; his pictures, while brilliantly clear in outline, are yet steeped in the rich hues of his own peculiar feeling ; he approaches every object from its most picturesque side, and the measure of his eloquence is the interest with which it has actually inspired him. His colouring is magical ; he paints nature like Salvator, and courts like Watteau. His other works make us bitterly regret the curse of wealth and idle- ness which converted a true son of the muses into an eccentric dilettante. As a literary figure Beckford occupies a remarkable po- sition, an incarnation of the spirit of the eighteenth century writing in the yet un- recognised dawn of the nineteenth, flushed Beckingham Beckingham by emotions which he does not understand, and depicting the old courtly order of Europe on the eve of its dissolution. His character was patrician in everything but its want of repose and its insensibility to duty ; too charitable to be called selfish, attached from caprice to animals, from habit to dependents, he was yet an absolute egotist. It never seemed to occur to him that his magnificent possessions in the West Indies entailed upon him the least responsibility. His misan- thropy was mainly affectation, and he was less independent of the opinion of the world than he liked the world to think. Need of human sympathy made him exceedingly kind to very inferior writers who had praised his works ; and the few who gained admission to his presence found him a courteous and unassuming gentleman. [The principal authority for Beckford's life is the memoir by Cyrus Bedding, published anony- mously in 1859. It is an intolerable piece of book-making, being chiefly made up of extracts from Beckford's own letters, ard repetitions of what the author had previously written in maga- zines, but is indispensable in the absence of an authorised biography. See also the Gent. Mag., Annual Kegister, and Athenaeum for 1844. The most remarkable criticisms on Beckford are Lockhart's review of his letters in vol. li. of the Quarterly, and an article by 0. Tiffany in vol.xc. of the North American Review. M. Stephane Mallarme has reprinted the original French of Vathek (Paris, 1876), and thoroughly investi- gated the bibliography of the subject. The cata- logues of Beckford's Fonthill collections, and of his library, contribute much to the appreciation of his tastes and character. The chapter on his library in Clarke's Repertorium Bibliographicum (1819) is from his own pen. The fullest account of Fonthill is that by Britton (1823), which also contains genealogical and heraldic particulars of the Beckford family.] R. G. BECKINGHAM, CHARLES (1699- 1731), poet and dramatist, was born, accord- ing to the register of Merchant Taylors' School, on 25 July 1699 (ROBINSON'S Register, ii. 32). His father was a linendraper in Fleet Street. Beckingham was educated at Mer- chant Taylors' School under Dr. Smith, and is said to have displayed 'great proficiency in his studies,' and given 'the strongest testimonials of extraordinary abilities.' Nothing in his works justifies these eulogies. Onl8Feb.l718 ' Scipio Africanus,' an historical tragedy in the regulation five acts, was produced at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. This was followed at the same house on 7 Nov. of the next year by a second work of a similar description, entitled < Henry IV of France.' The youth of the author, and the presence of a large number of his fellow-students who had been permitted to visit the theatre, gave some i e"clat to the production of the earlier work. j This, however, is but an average specimen of academic labour. A chief subject of praise in contemporary writers is the manner in which the so-called unities are observed by its author. The plot is founded on a story told by Livy (xxvi. 49-50) and other clas- sical writers concerning the restoration of a beautiful captive by Scipio Africanus to Al- lucius, a Spaniard. A considerable portion of the play consists of tedious love scenes, which are necessarily fictitious. Quin played Scipio. ' Scipio Africanus ' was acted four times in all, two performances being, it is stated, for the author's benefit. It was printed in 12mo in 1718. < Henry IV of France' deals with the jealousy of the Prince of Conde of his wife, who is in love with the king, and ends with the murder of Henry by Ravaillac at the instigation of the papal nuncio and the priests. This play was also given four times, Quin appearing as Henry IV. It was printed in 8vo in 1820. In addition to these dramas Beckingham wrote a poem on the death of Rowe, the dramatist ; a second entitled ' Christ's Sufferings, translated from the Latin of Rapin,' and dedicated to the Archbishop of York ; and other minor poems. He died 19 Feb. 1730-31. [Jacob's Poetical Register; Baker, Reed, and Jones's Biographia Dramatica ; Genest's Account of the English Stage.] J. K. BECKINGHAM, ELIAS DB (d. 1305 ?), judge, was placed on the commission of justices for Middlesex in 1274, but imme- diately removed. At this time he seems to have held the rank of king's serjeant. He received the commission of justice of assize [for a brief account of the nature and origin of which see under BATESFORD, JOHN DE] in 1276. In 1282-3 he acted as keeper of the rolls of the common pleas, and in 1285 was appointed one of the justices of that bench. In 1289, grave complaints of the maladmini- stration of justice and the venality of the judges being rife, a searching inquiry was in- stituted, and Beckingham was the only one of the five justices of the common pleas who was not dismissed for corruption. He ap- pears to have continued in the discharge of his duties until 1305, for he was regularly summoned to parliament as a justice between 1288 and 1305. From the fact that he was no longer summoned to parliament after the latter date, it may be inferred that he died or retired before the date when parliament next met. He was interred in the church of Bottis- ham, in Cambridgeshire, where a monument was dedicated to his memory. Beckington 86 Beckington [Dugdale's Chron. Series, 25, 26, 28, 29; Madox's History of the Exch. ii. 7 ; Kot. Parl. i. 84; Wikes's Chronicon, ed. Gale, 118-121; Holinshed, ii. 491; Parl. Writs, h. (Index); Orig. Jurid. 44 ; Lysons's Britannia, ii. part i. 91.] J. M. R. BECKINGTON or BEKYNTON, THOMAS (1390 P-1465), bishop of Bath and Wells and lord privy seal, was a native of the Somersetshire village from which he derived his surname. His parentage is un- known, and there is no record of the date of his birth, but from the dates of his admission, first at Winchester (1404) and afterwards at New College, Oxford (1406), it is presumed to have been about 1390. He was admitted a fellow of New College in 1408, and retained his fellowship twelve years. He took the degree of LL.D. In 1420, when he resigned his fellowship, he entered the service of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester ; from which time, apparently, church preferments began to flow in upon him. The rectory of St. Leonard's, near Hastings, and the vicarage of Sutton Courtney, in Berks, were perhaps not among the first. Indeed, there are grounds for supposing the former to have been given him in 1439. He had become archdeacon of Buckinghamshire, it appears, before the death of Henry V in 1422, though a later date is given in Le Neve ; and in April next year we find him collated to the prebend of Bilton in York, which he exchanged for that of Warthill in the same cathedral four months later. He was appointed to a canonry in Wells in 1439, and was also master of St. Katherine's Hos- pital, near the Tower of London. But early in 1423 he was already dean of the Arches, in which capacity he assisted at the trial of the heretic William Tailor ; and in Nov. 1428 he was appointed, along with the celebrated canonist, William Lyndewood, receiver of the subsidy granted by the lower house of con- vocation for the expenses of the prosecution of William Russell, another suspected heretic. He was prolocutor of convocation at least as early as 1433, and so continued till May 1438. During the session of 1434 he was commis- sioned by Archbishop Chichele to draw up, along with others, certain comminatory ar- ticles to be proclaimed by the clergy in their parishes four times a year. Meanwhile he had been engaged in several public capacities. In February 1432 he had been nominated to go on embassy to France with Langdon, bishop of Rochester, and Sir Henry Brom- flete, to negotiate a peace ; but the envoys do not appear to have left till December follow- ing, when Sir John Fastolf was substituted for Sir Henry Bromflete. It has been erro- neously stated that he was also sent to the congress at Arras in 1435 ; but it is certain that he was a member of the great embassy sent to Calais in 1439 to treat with the French ambassadors. Of this embassy he has left a journal, in which he styles himself the king's secretary — an office probably con- ferred upon him just before, though he appears to have acted in that capacity, at least occa- sionally, for about two years previously. After his return from this embassy he was for three or four years in close attendance upon the king, and speaks of himself at one time as being his reader nearly every day. In the spring of 1442 an embassy was sent to England by John IV, count of Armagnac, who desired to offer one of his daughters in marriage to young King Henry VI. They were well received, and three officers of the royal household, of whom Beckington was one, were immediately despatched in return to the court of Armagnac fully empowered to contract the proposed alliance. Their commission bore date 28 May 1442, and on 5 June they set out from Windsor. An in- teresting diary, written by one of Becking- ton's suite, describes their progress to the west coast, where they took shipping at Plymouth, the letters and messages that overtook them on the road, the voyage and arrival at Bordeaux, where they received alarming news of the progress of the enemy and the capture of Sir Thomas Rempstone, seneschal of Bordeaux. They nevertheless continued for some time to prosecute the object of their mission ; but the state of the country and the severity of the season inter- posed such difficulties in the way that they thought it best to return in the beginning of the following year. Beckington landed again at Falmouth on 10 Feb., met the king ten days later at Maidenhead, and on the 21st arrived in London, where he supped with, the lord mayor. Next day he visited Green- wich with Humphrey, duke of Gloucester. On the 23rd he heard mass at his own hos- pital of St. Katherine's, dined with the lord | treasurer, and supped again with the lord mayor. On Sunday the 26th he rejoined the | king at Shene, and resumed his duties as j secretary ; soon after which he was appointed lord privy seal. The chief effect of this embassy and of its return was to impress upon the government at home the necessity of taking more active steps to avert — as they succeeded in doing for a few years — the threatened loss of Guienne. The marriage negotiation was a failure. Even the artist employed, according to their instructions, to take likenesses of the count of Armagnac's three daughters, that the king- might choose which of them he preferred, was Beckington Beckley unable to do his work : the frost had con- ! gealed his colours when he had barely com- pleted one portrait, and the envoys saw good I reason to return home without waiting for i the other two. But the result nowise tended to diminish the influence of Beckington, who not only, as we have seen, continued to re- ceive new marks of the king's favour, but had ere this made friends at the court of Rome as well ; by whose means, in that same year 1443, he was rather too precipitately nominated by the pope to the see of Salisbury, which it was supposed Bishop Ascough would vacate in order to be promoted to the see of Canterbury. But, as Ascough de- clined to leave Salisbury, John Stafford, bishop of Bath and Wells, was elevated to the primacy, and Beckington was made bishop •of Bath in Stafford's room. His agent at Home meanwhile had unluckily paid into the papal treasury a considerable sum for the firstfruits of Salisbury, and Beckington ob- tained a letter from the king himself, direct- ing him to get it, if possible, charged to the account of the see of Bath. How the matter was settled does not appear ; but on 13 Oct. Beckington was consecrated bishop •of Bath and Wells by William Alnwick, bishop of Lincoln. The rite was performed in the old collegiate church at Eton, and Beckington the same day celebrated mass in pontificalibus under a tent within the new church, then not half built, and held his inaugural banquet within the college build- ings. As might be expected in one who was so greatly in the confidence of the royal founder, he had taken a strong interest in the new college from the first, and one of his latest acts as archdeacon of Buckingham- shire was to exempt the provost from his own jurisdiction, placing him directly under the bishop of Lincoln as visitor and ordinary. As bishop of Bath he had in 1445 a con- troversy with Nicholas Frome, abbot of Glastonbury, an old man who, tenacious of the privileges of his monastery, resented epi- scopal visitation, and whom Beckington, with unseemly severity, taunted with the infir- mities of age. He had a much more pleas- ing correspondence with Thomas Chandler, who was first warden of Winchester College, then warden of New College, Oxford, and •afterwards chancellor of Wells, who looked up to him as a patron. But on the whole it may be said that his personal history, after he became bishop, is uninteresting. His name occurs as trier of petitions in parlia- ment from 1444 to 1453, but no particular act is recorded of him. On 18 June 1452 he obtained an exemption from further attend- ance in parliament on account of his age and infirmities — a privilege which Edward IV confirmed to him in 1461. He died at Wells on 14 Jan. 1465, and was buried in a fine tomb, built by himself in his lifetime, in the south aisle of the choir. In our own day, during some repairs of the cathedral in 1850, this tomb was opened, and the remains of his skeleton were inspected. It was that of a tall man with a well-formed skull. Active as his life was, and interesting also in a literary point of view, from his corre- spondence with learned men both in England and at Rome, Beckington's chief claim upon the regard of posterity is the munificence with which he adorned with fine buildings his cathedral city of Wells. Besides re- building the episcopal palace, he supplied the town with a public conduit and fountain, and erected the close of the vicars choral and fifteen tenements in the market place. His curious rebus, a flaming beacon (commonly spelt bekyn in those days) and a tun or barrel, is seen carved in various quarters, not only at Wells, but at Winchester and in Lincoln College, Oxford. His bequests in his will were princely, and show his strong attach- ment, not only to the colleges and places of education, but to all the different churches with which he had been connected. [Memoir by Nicolas, prefixed to Journal of an Embassy to the Count of Armagnac; Official Correspondence of Bekynton, edited by Gr. Williams, B.D., in Eolls Series, in the introduc- tion to which are some important corrections of Nicolas ; Chandler's Life of Waynflete.] J. G. BECKINSALL, JOHN. [See BEKIX- SAF.] BECKLEY, WILLIAM (d. 1438), Car- melite, was born in Kent, probably in the neighbourhood of Sandwich, where he appears to have entered the order of the Carmelites in early life. While still young he proceeded to Cambridge, where the Carmelites had had a house since the year 1291. Here he seems to have taken his doctor's degree in divinity, and to have established a considerable repu- tation as a theologian. Bale praises his mo- desty of speech, and his firm proceedings against evildoers in all the assemblies (' con- ventibus ') over \vhich he presided. This in- cidental remark would alone prove him to have been a man of mark among the English Carmelites, even without the next sentence, in which we are told that while Beckley was engaged in the king's business Thomas Wai- den used to protect his interests at Cambridge against the complaints of his fellow-doctors there. Tanner makes mention of a letter from the chancellor and university of Cambridge Beckwith 88 Beckwith to the provincial chapter of the Carmelites at Northampton, referring- to a charge that had been brought against Beckley for his absence from the university ' anno prime regentiae,' for which offence he had been suspended. He also notices Walden's reply to this letter. In his old age, after having spent many years at Cambridge, Beckley seems to have withdrawn to his native place, Sandwich, where, accord- ing to Bale, he became head of the Carme- lite friary, and devoted the remainder of his life to study. On his death, which occurred in 1438, he was buried in the last-mentioned town, and the Latin verses inscribed upon his tomb, and probably written by himself, are preserved in Weever's ' Funeral Monuments.' Dempster has claimed Beckley as a Scotch monk, and gives several details of his life, how he was exiled from Scotland and took up his abode in France, whence he was recalled by James III, but apparently preferred to re- main in England when once he set foot in that country on his return journey. But the authorities to whom Dempster appeals, * Gil- bert Brown ' (d. 1612), and P. M. Thomas Sarracenus, an ex-professor of Bologna, can hardly be accepted as sufficient testimony for these statements in the face of so much con- trary evidence. The tradition of a residence in France may, however, contain some degree of truth when we consider Bale's plain state- ment as to Beckley's being employed in royal business, and his subsequent statement that Beckley delivered declamations to the nobility and chief officers in many parts of England, and in Calais also. The chief works assigned to this author are similar in their titles to those of most medifeval theologians, and con- sist of ' Quodlibeta,' ' Quaestiones Ordinarise,' ' Conciones Varise,' and one which, had it been preserved, might perhaps have been of some slight interest, entitled l De Fraterculorum Decimis.' [Leland, 437; Bale, 579; Pits, 627; Tanner's Bibl. .Brit, 84; Bale's Heliades, Barley HSS. 3838, ii. 85 ; Lambard's Perambulation of Kent, 106; St. Etienne's Bibliotheca Carmelitnna, i. 690 ; Weever's Funeral Monuments, 264.] T. A. A. BECKWITH, SIK GEORGE (1753- 1823), lieutenant-general, was the son of Major-general John Beckwith, who com- manded the 20th regiment at the battle of j Minden and the brigade of grenadiers and j highlanders in the Seven Years' war. On 20 July 1771 he was appointed to an en- ! signcy in the 37th regiment, which embarked ' in that year for America, and, with the 10th, 38th, and 52nd regiments, formed the third brigade under Major-general Jones in the division commanded by Lieutenant-general Earl Percy (Records of the 37th Regiment}. He obtained his lieutenancy on 7 July 1775., his company on 2 July 1777, and the rank of major on 30 Nov. 1781. From 1776 to 1782 he bore a prominent part in the contest between England and her American colo- nies, during which he commanded in several surprises of the enemy and in storms and captures of important places, including those- of Elizabeth Town and Brunswick in New Jersey. From 1787 to the end of 1791, during which time no British minister was accre- dited to the United States, he was entrusted with an important and confidential mission. On 18 Nov. 1790 he obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel, that of colonel on 21 Aug.. 1795, major-general on 18 June 1798, and of lieutenant-general on 30 Oct. 1805. In April 1797 he was appointed governor of Bermuda, and in the following July commandant of the troops in that island. In October 1804 he became governor of St. Vincent, and on 8 Oct. 1808 governor of Barbadoes, with the command of the forces in the Windward and Leeward Caribee islands. England being then at war with France, he organised an expedi- tion for the conquest of the island of Marti- nique, and, having been reinforced by the 7th, 8th, and 23rd regiments under Lieu- tenant-general Sir George Prevost, he sailed from Carlisle Bay on 28 Jan. 1809, arrived- off Martinique on the 29th, landed on the- 30th, and completed the conquest of the- island on 24 July. The French eagles then talcen were sent home by him, and were the fipet ever seen in England. On 14 April 1809 the thanks of the House of Commons,, and on the 17th those of the House of Lords, were voted to Lieutenant-general Beckwith for l his able and gallant conduct in effecting with such signal rapidity the entire conquest of the island of Martinique.' On 1 May he was created a knight of the Bath. On 22 Jan. 1810, having organised a second, expedition, he sailed for Guadeloupe, the last possession of the French in that part of the- world, landed on the 28th, and on 5 Feb.. the conquest of the island was completed. Returning to Barbadoes on 29 July 1810, he remained there till June 1814, when, after nine years' service in the West Indies, he- obtained permission to return to England.. The last bill presented to him by the legis- lature of the island was a vote for a service of plate to him. ' This bill, gentlemen,' he- said, ' is the only one from which I must withhold my consent.' He sailed from Bar- badoes on 21 June. After his departure a vote of 2,500/. was passed for a service of Beckwith 89 Beckwith plate to him. It bore the following inscrip- tion : ' This service of plate was presented to General Sir George Beckwith, K.B., late Governor of Barbadoes, by the legislature of the island, as a sincere mark of the high regard and esteem in which he has been and will always continue to be held by every inhabitant of Barbadoes. A.D. 1814.' Sir George Beckwith's military services were further recognised by the king confer- ring on him armorial distinctions, ' Issuant from a mural crown, a dexter arm embowed, encircled with a wreath of laurel, the hand grasping an eagle, or French standard, the stall' broken.' In October 1816 he was ap- pointed to the command of the forces in Ire- land, which he retained till March 1820, and died in his house in Half Moon Street in London on 20 March 1823, in the seventieth year of his age. [Gent. Mag. xciii. part i. 372 ; Schombergh's History of Barbadoes, p. 373 ; Annual Register, 1809, li. 488; Records of the 37th Regiment; Army List.] A. S. B. BECKWITH, JOHN CHARLES (1789- 1862), a distinguished Peninsular officer and in later life the benevolent missionary to the Waldenses, was the grandson of Major- general John Beckwith, and nephew of the generals, Sir George [q. v.] and Sir Thomas Sydney Beckwith [q. v.]. His father, like his four brothers, had held a commission in the army, but had soon resigned it on his mar- riage with Miss Haliburton of Halifax in N ova Scotia (a sister of Judge Haliburton), and had settled in that colony. Charles Beckwith was born 2 Oct. 1789, and obtained an en- signcy through his uncle's influence in the 50th regiment in 1803. In 1804 he exchanged into the 95th or rifle regiment, of which his uncle, Sydney Beckwith, was lieutenant- colonel. He became lieutenant in 1805, and accompanied his regiment to Hanover, to Denmark, where he was present at Kioge, and to Portugal. He was with the 95th all through the retreat of Sir John Moore to Corunna, and became captain in 1808. He was engaged with the 2nd battalion of his regiment in the Walcheren expedition, and afterwards accompanied it to Portugal in the winter of 1810, when he found Lord Wel- lington's army in the lines of Torres Vedras, and his uncle, Sydney Beckwith, in com- mand of a brigade. He was present with the light division in all the engagements which took place with Massena's retiring army in the spring of 1811, at Pombal, Re- dinha, Condeixa, Foz d Aronce, and Sabugal. In 1812, after his uncle had gone to England for his health, he was appointed by Brigadier- I general Andrew Barnard, who had succeeded ! him, brigade-major to the 1st brigade of the | celebrated light division, and was present I in that capacity at the storming of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, and at the battles of Salamanca, Vittoria, the Pyrenees, the Ni- velle, the Nive, and Orthes. His eminent services drew upon him the repeated notice- both of Lord Wellington and of General Alten, who had succeeded Craufurd in the command of the light division, and he was appointed deputy assistant quartermaster- general to the division. In this higher capa- city he was present at the battle of Toulouse,, and in 1814, at the conclusion of the war, he was made major by brevet. In 1815 he was appointed in the same capacity to Picton's division in the Netherlands, and was present at the battle of Waterloo, where he lost his leg, and after which he was promoted lieu- tenant-colonel and made a C.B. The loss' of ! his leg made it impossible for him to expect active employment, and in 1820 he went on half-pay. He had been but twenty-six years old at the battle of Waterloo, and was still but a young man when he retired, and hardly knew to what occupation a one-legged man. could turn, when he happened one day in. 1827, while waiting in the library of Apsley House, to look into Dr. Gilly's book on the Waldenses. He was so much interested that in the same year he paid a visit to the valleys of Piedmont. The past history of the people and their then condition of squalor and ig- norance so worked upon his nature that he determined to settle among them, and, taking- a house called La Torre, lived among them during the last thirty-five years of his life. His two main aims were to educate the people and to arouse in them once more the old evan- gelical faith which had first attracted his fancy. To educate them he established no less than 120 schools in the district, all of which he himself perpetually inspected, and the one- legged English general was well known and much loved throughout the Italian valleys. The greatness of his services was recognised by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, who made him a knight of the order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus in 1848, and he further sealed his life to his work by marrying a i Waldensian girl, named Caroline Valle, in 1850. Nevertheless he kept up his commu- nications with England, and frequently cor- responded with Dr. Gilly and others inter- ested in the Waldenses. An especially interesting letter from him to Sir William Napier is published in Napier's 'Life,' in which he acknowledges the receipt of a copy of the l History of the Peninsular War,' and Beckwith Beckwith then dwells ou the necessity of evangelical Christianity to his old comrade of the light division. He had been promoted colonel in 1837, and major-general in 1846, but con- tinued to live at La Torre till his death, 19 July 1862, when his funeral was attended by thousands of the peasants, whose lives he had made happy and cheerful. Of all the officers of the light division none found such a strange mode of employing his unexhausted energies, and few did such a great and self- denying work. [For his life consult II Generale Beckwith, aua Vita e sue Opere, par J. P. Meille, 1872, translated with notes by the Rev. W. Arnot, 1873, and condensed by A. Meille, 1879 ; Times, 5 and 14 Aug. 1862; Gent. Mag. for 1862, pt. ii. p. 362.] H. M. S. BECKWITH, JOHN CHRISTMAS (1750-1809), organist, born at Norwich 25 Dec. 1750, was for many years pupil and assistant successively of Dr. Wm. Hayes and Dr. Philip Hayes at Magdalen College, Oxford. On 16 Jan. 1794 he was appointed organist of St. Peter Mancroft's, Norwich. He took both the Mus. Bac. and Mus. Doc. degrees at Oxford in 1803, and in 1808 succeeded Thomas Garland as organist of the Norwich Cathe- dral. Beckwith retained both his organist's appointments until his death, which occurred in consequence of a paralytic stroke on 3 June 1809. He was buried in St. Peter Mancroft/s. Beckwith's compositions are not numerous, consisting principally of anthems, organ vo- luntaries, a concerto, sonata, £c. His most important work was a collection of chants adapted to the Psalms, and published in 1808, which contains an excellent preface on the subject of chanting. As an organist he took very high rank in his day. Professor Taylor said of him : * I have never heard Dr. Beck- with's equal upon the organ either in this country or in Germany. . . . Neither is this my opinion only, but that of every competent judge who has heard him ;' and another critic described his playing as i brilliancy itself.' He had a remarkable power of extemporising, and would frequently play four extempore -organ fugues at one Sunday's services. There is some doubt as to whether Dr. Beckwith was christened John Christmas, or whether his second name was only a nickname. In the works published by him in his lifetime he is always described as John Beckwith, but in the register of his burial the name is stated as ' John Christmas Beckwith, married man, an organist of this parish ;' and it is by this name that he is generally known. [Appendix to Bemrose's Choir Chant Book ; Musical Criticism (J. D. Eaton, 1872) ; Registers of St. Peter Mancroft ; British Museum Cata- logue.] W. B. S. BECKWITH, JOSIAH (b. 1734), anti- quary, was born at Rothwell, near Leeds, on 24 Aug. 1734, where his father, Thomas Beck- with, practised as an attorney. He was him- self brought up to the same profession, and settled at Masbrough, near Rotherham. He married in August 1763 the eldest daughter and only surviving child of George D'Oxon, of Woodhead, in Cheshire, by whom he had two sons and four daughters, his wife's death taking place in 1788 at the early age of 49. He seems to have been possessed of considerable natural powers, which, together with a large share of acquired knowledge, rendered him eminently fitted for antiquarian pursuits, for which he had a great taste. His name is known to the world in connection with the enlarged and improved edition of Blount's 1 Fragmenta Antiquitatis, or Ancient Tenures of Land and Jocular Customs of some Manors,' which he published in the year 1784, the first edition of this work having appeared in 1679. Speaking of Beckwith's edition, the ' Monthly Review ' (Ixxiii. 459) remarks : ' Few persons were better qualified for this business, and Mr. Beckwith has enriched this edition with many valuable improvements. He has subjoined many notes and observa- tions, which have been communicated by some of the most respectable antiquaries of the present day.' He left materials for a still further enlarged edition, which was pub- lished after his death by his son, who had an appointment in the mint. [Gent. Mag. 1786, Ivi. 265; Lowndes's Biblio- grapher's Manual. 1857, i. 221 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, 1813, viii. 329- 330.] T. F. T. D. BECKWITH, SIR THOMAS SYDNEY (1772-1831), who with Craufurd shares the honour of being one of the finest leaders of light troops ever known, was the third son of Major-general John Beckwith, who com- manded the 20th regiment at Minden, and four of whose sons became distinguished gene- ral officers. He was appointed lieutenant in the 71st regiment in 1791, and at once pro- ceeded to join it in India. He found Lieu- tenant-colonel Baird in command of the regiment, and under him learned both how to lead and how to organise a regiment. With the 71st he was present at the siege of Se- ringapatam in 1792, at the capture of Pondi- cherry by Colonel Baird in 1793, and during the operations in Ceylon in 1795. He was pro- moted captain in 1794, and returned to Eng- land with the head-quarters of his regiment Beckwith Beckwith in 1798. He had established his reputation as a good officer in India, vnd when in 1800 lie volunteered for a company in Manning- ham's new rifle corps his services were ac- cepted. Colonel Manningham had proposed to the Horse Guards to be allowed to raise a regiment of light troops to be specially or- ganised for outpost duties, after the manner -of the French voltigeurs. His offer was ac- cepted, and volunteers were called for from •every regiment. Beckwith had in the 71st made the acquaintance of William Stewart, the lieutenant-colonel of the new rifle corps, .and obtained a captaincy under his friend. He soon got his company into such good order that it was told off to accompany the •expedition to Copenhagen in 1801, where its adj utant was killed. He was promoted maj or in Manningham's rifles, now called the 95th, in 1802, and formed one of the officers whom Sir John Moore trained at Shorncliffe. He became lieutenant-colonel in 1803, and under Moore's supervision got his regiment into model order. He was admired by his officers .and adored by his men, whose health and amusement were always his first considera- tion. In 1806 he served in Lord Cathcart's .abortive expedition to Hanover, and in 1807 his regiment formed part of the division ~which, under their future commander, then Sir Arthur Wellesley, won the battle of Kioge in Denmark, when it was thanked in the general's despatch. In July 1808 he ac- companied General Acland to Portugal, and was present at the battle of Vimeiro. After the arrival of Sir John Moore, and on his taking the command of the troops in Portu- gal, the 95th was brigaded with the 43rd and 52nd under the command of General Anstruther, and formed part of the reserve under General Edward Paget. The con- duct of this brigade, and more especially of the 95th regiment under Beckwith, has been described by Napier; it closed the retreat, and was daily engaged with the French, but though suffering the most terrible privations it never broke line, or in any way relaxed its discipline. The regiment particularly dis- tinguished itself at Cacabelos, where it faced round and with the help of the 10th hussars fought successfully the whole advanced .guard of the French army. The 95th and Beckwith crowned their services at Corunna, when they were the last troops to leave the city, and managed to take with them 7 French officers and 156 men, whom they had made prisoners on the previous day. In 1809 the "95th was again brigaded with the 43rd and •52nd, and sent to the Peninsula. Craufurd was leading them up to the main army, when he heard that a great battle had been fought, and that General Wellesley was killed. Nothing daunted he pressed forward, and after a forced march of twenty-five hours reached Talavera on the evening of the battle. When Lord Wellington retired from Spain, and cantoned his army on the Coa, the light brigade was stationed far in front to watch the French movements. In their advanced position there were frequent conflicts, all de- scribed by Napier, in which the 95th and Beckwith proved their efficiency. At the skirmish of Barba del Puerco and the battle of Busaco the light brigade won the especial praise of Lord Wellington, and when in 1811 it was increased by three Portuguese regiments to a division, Beckwith received the command of one of the brigades. The division led the pursuit of Ma^sena, was warmly engaged at Pombal, Redinha, and Foz d'Aronce, and defeated a whole corps d'armee, though with great loss, at Sabugal. In this engagement Beckwith particularly distinguished himself, was wounded in the forehead, and had his horse shot under him. The perfect discipline and valour of his men were again proved, and the disgraceful blunders of Sir W. Erskine, who had tempo- rarily succeeded Craufurd, were remedied by the men's gallantry. At Fuentes d'Onor the light division was not engaged, and shortly afterwards Beckwith was obliged to return to England from ill-health, and to hand over his perfect regiment and brigade to Colonel Barnard. He had inspired his men with such confidence ' that they would follow him through fire and water when the day of trial came ' (Cof^Htstory of the Rifle Brigade, p. 53). On his health being restored he was knighted, in 1812, as proxy for his brother George, made a knight of the Tower and Sword of Portugal in 1813, and in 1812 appointed assistant quartermaster-general in Canada. In that capacity he commanded an expedition to the coast of the United States, which took Littlehampton and Ocrakoke, and had Charles Napier under him as brigadier. In 1814 he was promoted major-general, and made one of the first K.C.B's. He saw no more active service, but in 1827 was made colonel com- mandant of his old corps, the rifle brigade, which he had done so much to organise. In 1829 he was appointed commander-in-chief at Bombay, in 1830 he became lieutenant- general, and in January 1831 he died at Mahableshwur of fever. The light division was the greatest creation of Sir John Moore ; its services appear in every page of the his- tory of the Peninsular war, and Sydney Beckwith was the practical creator of one of its most distinguished regiments. ' He was/ according to Kincaid, ' one of the ablest out- Becon Becon post generals, and few officers knew so well how to make the most of a small force/ [Cope's History of the Eifle Brigade, 1877 ; Surtees, Twenty-five Years in the Eifle Brigade, 1833 ; Leach's Sketch of the Field Services of the Kifle Brigade from its Formation to the Battle of Waterloo, 1838 ; Kincaid's Adventures in the Eifle Brigade in the Peninsula, France, and the Netherlands, 1830; Mrs. Fitzmaurice's Eecollections of a Eifleman's Wife at Home and Abroad, 1851 ; Costello's Adventures of a Soldier, 1852.] H. M. S. BECON, JOHN, LL.D. (d. 1587), divine, a native of Suffolk, received his education at St. John's College, Cambridge. He was admitted a scholar of that society on the Lady Margaret's foundation in 1559, proceeded j B.A. in 1560-1, was admitted a fellow ! 21 March 1561-2, and commenced M.A. | 1564. Subsequently he became principal | lecturer of the college. In July 1571 he was elected public orator of the university, and j he served the office of proctor for the year | 1571-2. During his tenure of the latter office he headed the opposition of the senate to the code of university statutes which had passed the great seal in 1570. Much disorder was the result, and the heads of colleges ex- hibited articles against him and his adherents. Ultimately the two archbishops and the bishops of London and Ely decided that the new statutes should stand, and censured the opponents for going from college to college to solicit subscriptions against the same. Becon resigned the oratorship in 1573. The follow- ing year he was installed a canon of Norwich, and in 1575 he became chancellor of that diocese. He took the degree of LL.D. in 1576. On 16 Feb. 1579-80 Becon was collated to the precentorship of the church of Chi- chester, and in 1581 was admitted to a pre- bend in the church of Lichfield. In 1582 a great contest took place between him and William Overton, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, about the chancellorship of that diocese. The bishop, who had in the first instance granted it to Becon only, subse- quently granted the office to him and one Babington, and to the longer liver of them. This occasioned a great disturbance and riot in the cathedral. The case came successively before the Star-chamber, the privy council, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, who re- mitted it to four visitors, and they finally induced the contending parties to compro- mise the matter. Becon was buried at St. Giles's, Cripplegate, on 4 Sept. 1587. Various documents written try Becon in reference to the disputes in which he was engaged have been printed, and are enume- rated in Cooper's ' Athene Cantabrigienses/ [Addit. MS. 5863 f. 47; Baker's Hist, of St. John's Coll. Camb., ed. Mayor; Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 16, 542; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglic., ed. Hardy, i. 266, 592, ii. 496, 498,. iii. 619 ; Strype's Works.] T. C. BECON or BEACON, RICHARD (Jl. 1594), Irish administrator and author, was. a native of Suffolk, and was educated at Cambridge. He entered St. John's College on 12 Nov. 1567, and proceeded B.A. in 1571 and M.A. in 1575. Admitted a student of Gray's Inn on 19 June 1577, he was called to the bar on 27 Jan. 1584-5. He was ap- pointed * her majesty's attorney for the pro- vince of Munster' on 17 Dec. 1586 at an annual salary of little more than 17 /. He- was chiefly employed in regulating crown grants of land, and two letters on the sub- ject, dated in the one case 17 Oct. 1587 from Clonmel, and in the other 2 Dec. 1587 from Limerick, addressed by him with other com- missioners to Walsingham, are at the Record Office. Beacon himself received grants of land — Clandonnell and Clan Derrnott — in Cork, and of Torcraigh in Waterford, all of which he appears to have sublet to other Englishmen. In 1591 the post of attorney in Munster was conferred on another, but Beacon, although no longer in Ireland, is described as the owner of land there in a visitation of 1611. Beacon was the author of an interesting political pamphlet on Ire- land. It is entitled : ' Solon his follie ; or a politique discourse touching the reformation of common weales conquered, declined, or cor- rupted,' Oxford, 1594. It is dedicated to* Queen Elizabeth, and is in the form of a conversation between Solon, Epimenides, and Pisistratus as to the policy that Athens- should pursue towards Salamina. Old manu- script notes in the copies in the Cambridge University and British Museum libraries state that 'for the better understanding of this I allegoricall discourse ... by Salamina must be understood Ireland, and by Athens Eng- ; land.' Beacon urges on the English govern- i ment the adoption of strong coercive measures. i in order to eradicate Irish national feeling. [Cooper's Athen. Cantab, ii. 174; Foster's i Eegister of Gray's Inn, p. 52 ; Calendar of ; Carew MSS. for 1588, 1591, and 1611; Irish series of State Papers for 1589 ; Beacon's Solon.}1 S. L. L. BECON, THOMAS, D.D. (1512-1567),, protestant divine, was of Norfolk, as he ex- pressly states in the general preface to the? folio (1564) of his works. Strype, in his Becon 93 Becon <* Life of Craniner,' calls him a Suffolk man, but in his later ' Life of Aylmer ' says he was of Norfolk. We gather from the age inscribed upon his successive portraits which accompanied his ' Governance of Virtue,' 1566, * y'Etatis suee 41, anno Domini 1553,' and in the folio and collected edition of his works, ' Anno setatis suae 49, 1560,' that he must have been born in 1511-12. His mother had married again, and a second time become a widow at the close of Henry VIII's reign, as he himself informs us. Of his school education nothing what- ever is known ; but before he was sixteen he proceeded B.A. (1530) at St. John's College, Cambridge. He ultimately gradu- ated D.D. During his residence at the uni- versity he was a ' diligent hearer ' of Hugh Latimer ; and he also names gratefully George Stafford, ' reader of divinity.' He quotes a saying that had passed into a proverb : ' When Master Stafford read and Master Latimer preached, then was Cambridge blessed.' Becon was not ordained until 1538 (on 17 Jan. 1564 he speaks of himself as having then been twenty-six years in the ministry). His first living was the vicarage of Brenzett, near Romney in Kent, which still remains a small village. He appears to have formed fast friendships in the neighbourhood, judg- ing by the epistles-dedicatory of his l Early Writings.' Probably he was over-studious, as his health was extremely infirm. One illness he designates ' mine so grievous and troublous sickness' (New Year's Gift, pre- face). He was also speedily ' troubled ' on account of his pronounced opinions and sentiments in favour of the Reformation. His pseudonym of Theodore Basil did not hinder his being ' presented ' in London in 1541, along with Robert Wisdom, and made at ' Paul's cross to recant and to revoke ' his •doctrine, and ' to burn his books ' (FoxE, Acts and Mon. 1684, ii. 450; and STEYPE'S Eccles. Mem. 1721, i. 367). Bale informs us that Becon's offence was writing against 'their images, their chastity, and their satisfactions.' He was again compelled to abjure his opinions at St. Paul's Cross in 1543. He retired to the Peak of Derbyshire, meaning to support him- self by pupils. He met with a gentleman named Alsop at Alsop-in-the-Dale, who gave him much assistance. Finding that his bosom friend Robert Wisdom was in Staffordshire, Becon joined him, and was entertained with him by one John Old, 'a faithful brother,' afterwards prebendary of Lichfield. Wisdom was called away, and Becon after about a year removed to Warwickshire, still with Old, who also had removed thither. But the most memorable of all events to him at this time was daily intercourse with the revered Hugh Latimer. Whilst in Leicestershire, whither he again removed, and where the Marquis of Dorset, and John Aylmer, bishop of London, received him hospitably, Becon received the unlooked-for tidings of the death of his stepfather, and he felt constrained to return to his mother now again widowed. Throughout he had earned ' daily bread ' in a lowly way by his teaching of youths. His pen had also been busy during this fugitive period. His l Governance of Virtue,' he tells us, was written < in the bloody, boisterous, burning time, when the reading of the holy Bible, the word of our soul's health, was for- bidden the poor lay people.' His books were all successively ; proclaimed ' as ' heretical ' (FoxE, ii. 496). With the accession of Edward V^I fortune returned. He was { instituted ' 24 March 1547-8 to the rectory of St. Stephen, Wai- brook. He was also made by Craniner — to whom he was chaplain — one of the ' six preachers ' in Canterbury cathedral. He was further chaplain to the protector, Somerset, at Sheen. During the duke's imprisonment in 1549, daily prayers were offered for him by his household; and when, on 6 Feb. 1549-50, he was liberated, there was a form of thanksgiving which was ' gathered and | set forth by Thomas Becon, minister there ' j (Bishop KENNETT, Collections, xlvi. No. 12). He is likewise stated to have * read ' at Ox- ford during this reign (Lupxox, History of I Modern Protestant Divines, 1637, p. 331). But on 6 July 1553 Edward died. Becon was committed to the Tower by an order of council, as a ' seditious preacher,' 16 Aug. 1553. He was in confinement till 22 March 1553-4. He was also 'ejected' from his 'living ' as being ' a married priest.' On his | release from the Tower he repaired to Stras- < burg, and thence addressed an ' Epistle to the afflicted people of God which suffer persecution for the testimony of Christ's gospel.' This epistle was read in the scat- tered little gatherings of those who still dared to meet together. There was appended to it a ' Humble Supplication unto God for the restoring of His holy Word unto the Church of England.' Spite of the present distress he was hopeful of ' deliverance.' Whilst abroad he also wrote his ' Display- ing of the Popish Mass ' (Basel 1559, Lon- don 1637). But as he was thus actively occupied his enemies at home were busy. A proclamation issued 13 June 1555 against heretical books denounced a severe punish- ment against any who should (among others) ' sell, read, or keep ' any of the books of ' Theodore Basil, otherwise called Thomas Becon 94 Beddoes Becon ' (FoxE, as before, iii. 225-6 ; STKYPE, Eccles. Mem. c. xxxii. iii. 250). On Elizabeth's accession, Becon returned to England. He Avas restored to his London benefice, and was also replaced at Canter- bury. A. little later he was presented to the rectory of Buckland, in Hertfordshire, where he was admitted 22 Oct. 1560. He was also appointed to Christ Church, New- gate Street, and on 10 Aug. 1563 to the rectory of St. Dionis Backchurch (KENNETT, as before, xlvi. 12). At the outset he had scruples as to certain ' regulations ' and { ritu- alisms,' but after a time acquiesced. He preached at Paul's Cross and elsewhere on great occasions, with wide popular accept- ance. In 1566 he published his latest work — his ' Postils/ or lectures on the gospel of the day. The preface to this, as well as to the folio edition of his works two years earlier, is dated from Canterbury. It would seem that the later years of his life were spent in his prebendal house, and there in 1567 he probably died (NEWCOUKT, Repert. i. 320, 330). Of his wife and children little has been transmitted. A Theodore and a Christophile both died before 1560 ; a second Theodore, Basil, and Rachel outlived him. His sur- viving son Theodore was of St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge, B.A., 1576 ; fellow, 1579 ; M.A., 1580 ; M.D. 1587. He was a corre- spondent of Burghley in 1578 (JBuryhley Papers, Lansdowne MSS. xxvii. No. 78). A collected edition of his works, including many unpublished, appeared in 3 vols. folio in 1563-4. In the ' Athense Cantabrigienses ' (i. 247-9) will be found a full catalogue of the many writings of Becon, to the number of forty-seven. The Rev. John Ayre, M.A., has edited the works of Becon for the Parker Society, and has brought together all that has been transmitted. His ' Biographical Notice ' before < The Early Works ' (1843), with its authorities and references, must be the main source of every succeeding bio- grapher and historian. The Religious Tract Society and others still circulate ' Selections ' from his works. Woodcuts of Becon are prefixed to his ' Reliques of Rome ' and to his own collected edition of his works. [Ayre's Biogr. Notice, as before, in Works, three volumes, 8vo, 1843-4 ; Cooper's Ath. Cantab, i. 246-50 ; Foxe, as before ; Strype's Cranmer, Aylmer, Parker, Grindal ; Churton's Life of Nowell, p. 21 ; MS. Chronology, i. 48, 221 ; Brook's Lives of the Puritans, i. 166-70 — Ayre does not name Brook, but he was largely indebted to him throughout, albeit Brook, like Dr. Bliss (in Athense Oxon.), confounds another I Becon with Thomas Becon ; Le Neve's Fasti, i.. I 50 ; Anderson's Annals of the Bible, ii. 154 ; j Haweis's Sketches of the Eeformation, 135 ; i Maitland's Essays on the Keformation, 107, 108r | 146, 190, 196; Baker's Hist, of St. John's, by- Mayor, 366 ; Warton's History of English Poetry ; Ellis's Shoreditch ; Machyn's Diary,. 216, 231, 288 ; an excellent paper on Thomas. Becon, by Dr. Alexander, will be found in th& (American) Princeton Review, v. 504.] A. B. G. BEDDOES, THOMAS (1760-1 808), phy- sician, was born at Shiffnal in Shropshire, 13 April 1760. Through the interposition of his grandfather, a self-made man of vigorous- intellect, he was educated at Bridgnorth Grammar School and at Pembroke College, Oxford. While at the university he taught himself French, Italian, and German, and shortly after quitting it translated or anno- tated several works of Bergman, Scheele, and Spallanzani. He received his medical edu- cation in London and Edinburgh, and, after taking his M.D. degree at Oxford, was ap- pointed in 1788 reader in chemistry, attract- ing, he says, the largest class that had been assembled in the university since the thir- teenth century. He resigned this post in. 1792, partly on account of his sympathy with the French revolution. He had previously, in 1790, pointed out the merits of the great and then forgotten chemist, May ow, the discoverer of the true theory of combustion, and had, in 1792, composed a poem on the conquests of Alexander,partly to denounce English aggran- disement in India, partly as what now seems a highly superfluous demonstration of the possi- bility of imitating Darwin's ' Botanic Garden/ The poem is in every way a curiosity, having been printed by a woman and illustrated with woodcuts by a parish clerk. In 1793 he produced his treatise on calculus, and his moral tale ' Isaac Jenkins,' describing the reclamation of a drunken labourer, which went through numerous editions. In the same year he removed to Clifton, with the view of establishing a ' Pneumatic Institute ' for the treatment of disease by inhalation. Watt constructed his apparatus, Wedgwood contributed a thousand pounds, and the insti- tute was ultimately established in 1798. It failed iii its professed object, but is memor- able for having fostered the genius of Davy, whom Beddoes had engaged as his assistant, and who discovered the properties of nitrous- oxide there in 1799. In the same year Davy's first work, an essay on heat and light, was- given to the world in ' Contributions to Physical and Medical Knowledge, princi- pally from the West of England,' a collec- tion edited by Beddoes, Before this he had Beddoes 95 Beddoes married Anna, sister of Maria Edgeworth, ' the best and most amiable woman in the world,' says Davy, and had produced several medical works and some political pamphlets, in the latter assailing Pitt with extreme virulence. He had also, in 1795, edited the ' Elements of Medicine ' of John Brown, the founder of the Brunonian system of medicine, ' with a memoir, certainly well intended, but j unduly depreciatory of Brown's character in j some respects. In 1801 he published his ' Hygeia, popular essays in medicine, rich in valuable sanitary precepts and eloquent pathological descriptions. In the same year Davy left Clifton for London, and the institute was virtually given up. Beddoes continued to enjoy a considerable practice, but from this time he added little to medical literature. In 1808 his health failed, and he died on 24 Dec., 'at the moment,' says Davy, 'when his mind was purified for noble affections and great works : ' ' literally worn out,' says Atkinson, ' by the action and reaction of an inquisitive nature, and of restlessness for fame.' ' From Beddoes,' wrote Southey on hearing of his death, ' I hoped for more good to the human race than any other individual.' 1 1 felt,' wrote Coleridge on the same occasion, ' that more had been taken out of my life by | this than by any former event.' Yet Beddoes ] had not succeeded in impressing himself powerfully upon the history of science, and he is now chiefly remembered as the father of the author of ' Death's Jest-Book,' and to some extent the discoverer of Davy. He was, nevertheless, a remarkable and highly interest- ing man; an enthusiast and a philanthropist ; vigorous, original, and independent. The distinguishing merit of his medical writings is their vivid presentation of the phenomena of disease. ' They embrace,' says Atkinson, ' a most extensive surface of queries and inquiry ; touching, like a vessel of discovery, upon every little topic or island; but yet with top-sails set, as if stinted to time.' ' He was,' says Davy, 'reserved in manner and almost dry. Nothing could be a stronger contrast to his apparent coldness in discus- sion than his wild and active imagination, which was as poetical as Darwin's. He had talents which would have raised him to the pinnacle of philosophical eminence, if they had been applied with discretion.' It is ex- tremely interesting to compare these traits with similar manifestations of character in his son. [Stock's Memoirs of the Life of Thomas Bed- does, 1811 ; John Davy's Memoirs of the Life of Sir Humphry Davy, 1839; Fragmentary Remains of Sir H. Davy, 1858; Atkinson's Medical Biblio- graphy, 1834.] K. G-. BEDDOES, THOMAS LOVELL (1803- 1849), poet and physiologist, was born at Hod- ney Place, Clifton, on 20 July 1803. He was the eldest son of Dr. Thomas Beddoes [q. v.], the celebrated physician, who died when his son was five years old. His mother, Anna, was the daughter of Richard Lovell Edge- worth, of Edgeworthtown, and the poet was therefore the nephew of Maria Edgeworth, the novelist. At the death of his father T. L. Beddoes was left in the guardianship of Davies Giddy, afterwards known as Sir Davies Gilbert, P.R.S., who died in 1839, He was sent first to Bath Grammar School, and on 5 June 1817 entered the Charterhouse. During his stay at this school he distinguished himself by his mischievous deeds of daring, by the originality of his behaviour, and by his love of the old Elizabethan dramatists, whom he early began to imitate. He wrote a novel called ' Cynthio and Bugboo,' and in 1819 a drama called the ' Bride's Tragedy.' The former was never printed ; the latter re- mained for some years in his desk. His ear- liest verses belong to 1817 ; in July 1819 his name first appears as the contributor of a sonnet to the ' Morning Post.' Beddoes, on leaving Charterhouse, went to Oxford, and was entered a commoner at Pembroke on 1 May 1820. At Oxford he was eccentric and rebellious, priding himself on his demo- cratic sentiments, which he preserved through life. In 1821, while yet a freshman, he pub- j lished his first volume, the ' Improvisatore,' i a pamphlet of 128 pages, printed in Oxford. j Of this jejune production he speedily became j so much ashamed that he endeavoured to suppress it, and with such a measure of suc- cess that very few copies of it are now known to exist. In 1822 he published in London his boyish play, the ' Bride's Tragedy,' a work of extraordinary promise, modelled very closely on such Jacobean \vriters as Webster, Marston, and Cyril Tourneur. In this drama the principal features of Beddoes' later style are all clearly to be discerned. The ' Bride's Tragedy' enjoyed a success such as rarely rewards the ambition of so young a writer ; it was favourably noticed by the principal reviews, and in particular by Barry Cornwall and George Darley, who welcomed the new poet with effusion. The former, then thirty- five years of age and at the height of his reputation, extended to the young Oxonian his valuable friendship, and in 1823 Beddoes became acquainted with Thomas Forbes Kel- sall, a young solicitor, afterwards his bio- grapher and posthumous editor. He now j planned, and partly wrote, several other j dramas ; of one, t Love's Arrow Poisoned,'" considerable portions still remain unpub- Beddoes 96 Beddoes lislied ; another, the ' Last Man/ which is frequently referred to in Beddoes' correspon- dence, has entirely disappeared. He became deeply interested in Shelley, and in 1824 be- came guarantee, in common with several other friends, for the first edition of that poet's ' Posthumous Poems.' In an unpub- lished letter in 1824 Procter describes Bed- does as ' innocently gay, with a gibe always on his tongue, a mischievous eye, and locks curling like the hyacinth;' and it appears that this was by far the brightest and hap- piest part of his career, though even at this time his excessive shyness made him averse to society. His mother's health was now breaking up, and in the summer of 1824 he was called to Florence, where she was re- siding; but she was dead before he could reach her. He spent some time in Italy, where he became acquainted with W. S. Landorand Mrs. §helley, and he then brought his sisters back to England. These inter- ruptions delayed the preparation for his bachelor's degree, which he eventually took on 25 May 1825. During this year he wrote the dramatic fragments, the ' Second Brother ' and * Torrismond,' which appear in the second volume of his works, and he began his great poem, ' Death's Jest-Book,' upon the polish- ing of which he was engaged for more than twenty vears. He planned to publish a volume of lyrics, entitled ' Outidana, or Effu- sions, Amorous, Pathetic, and Fantastical ; ' but he was dissuaded from doing so by his unpopularity with a certain clique at Oxford, Milman, in particular, denouncing him as belonging to ' a villainous school.' He now determined to abandon literature, which he had thought of taking up as a profession, and to give his whole attention to medicine, and particularly to anatomy. Accordingly, in July 1825, he went to the university of Got- tingen, where he remained in residence for four years, studying physiology under Blu- menbach, surgery under Langenbeck, and chemistry under Stromeyer. All this time he was slowly completing 'Death's Jest- Book,' which was finished, in its first form, in February 1829. During these four years Beddoes only left Gottingen once, to take his M.A. degree at Oxford on 16 April 1828. In the winter of 1829 he transferred his resi- dence to Wiirzburg, in Bavaria, where he continued his medical studies, and in 1832 obtained the degree of doctor of medicine at that university. He had, however, by the open expression of democratic opinions, made himself obnoxious to the government, and before the diploma was actually conferred upon him he was obliged to fly out of the Bavarian dominions, and to take refuge at Strassburg. In 1833 he visited Zurich, and was so much pleased with it that, when his political intrigues had again made it im- possible for him to remain in Germany, he settled down at Zurich in June 1835. He brought with him a considerable reputation as a physiologist, for Blumenbach, in a tes- timonial which exists; calls him the best pupil he ever had ; and he now assumed his degree of M.D. The surgeon Schoelien pro- posed him to the university as a professor, and he was elected, although the syndic, for a political reason, refused to ratify the elec- tion. Beddoes, however, continued to reside in Zurich for several years, and amassed there a scientific library of 600 volumes. He was at Zurich on 8 Sept. 1839, when the peasantry stormed the town, and deposed the liberal government. He observed the riot from a window, and witnessed the murder of the minister Hegetschweiber, who was one of his best friends. Beddoes had taken an acute interest in the cause of liberal politics, sup- porting it with his purse and his pen, for he now wrote German with complete fluency. After the defeat and dispersion of his friends, Zurich was no longer safe for him. In March 1840 his life was threatened by the insur- gents, and he was helped to fly from the town in secret by a former leader of the liberal party named Jasper. He proceeded to Ber- lin, where, in 1841, he made the acquaintance of one of his latest friends, Dr. Frey. From this time to the date of his death he was a wanderer, still carrying about with him everywhere, and altering, his f Death's Jest- Book.' In August 1842 he was in England ; in 1843 at Baden in Aargau, and again at Zurich; from 1844 to 1846 at Baden, Frank- fort, and Berlin. In the summer of 1846 he came once more to England for nearly a year ; his friends found him very much changed, and most eccentric in manner. He complained of neuralgia, and shut himself up for six months in his bedroom, reading and smoking. In June 1847 he finally quitted England, and settled for twelve months at Frankfort in the house of an actor named Degen, practising a little as a physician. Here in the early part of 1848 his blood be- came poisoned from the virus of a dead body entering a slight wound in his hand. This was overcome, but seriously affected his health and spirits. His republican friends had de- serted him, and he felt disgusted with life. The circumstances which attended his death were mysterious, and have not been made known to the public. The published account was founded on a letter from Beddoes to his sister, in which he says : ' In July I fell with a horse in a precipitous part of the neigh- Beddoes 97 Beddome touring hills, and broke my left leg all to pieces.' This is the version which he wished to circulate, and this may be accepted in si- lence. The incident, however, whatever it was, occurred not in July, but in May 1848, •and in the .town of Bale, where he had ar- rived the previous night. He was immedi- .ately taken to the hospital, where he was placed under the charge of his old friend, Dr. Frey, and of a Dr. Ecklin. The leg was ob- stinate in recovery, and eventually gangrene •of the foot set in. On 9 Sept. it became ne- cessary to amputate the limb below the knee- joint; this operation was very successfully performed by Dr. Ecklin. Beddoes had not, until this latter event, communicated with his friends in England, but during October and November he wrote to them very cheer- fully, declining all offers of help, and chatting freely about literature. In December he walked out of his room twice, and proposed to go to Italy. His recovery was considered certain when, on 26 Jan. 1849, Dr. Ecklin was called to his bedside, and found him insensible. He died at 10 p.m. that night. On his bed was found a paper of directions, written in pencil with a firm hand, leaving his manuscripts to Kelsall, and adding : ' I ought to have been among other things a good poet.' He was buried in the cemetery •of the hospital. His old friend, Thomas Forbes Kelsall, undertook the task committed to him with the greatest zeal and piety. His first act was to publish the poem of Beddoes' life, the fa- mous 'Death's Jest-Book, or the Fool's Tragedy,' in 1850. This play attracted in- stant attention. It is a story of the thir- teenth century, founded on the historical fact that a Duke of Munsterberg, in Silesia, was stabbed to death by his court fool ; the latter personage Beddoes has made the hero of his play under the name of Isbrand. This volume was so successful that Kelsall followed it in 1851 by the publication of ' Poems by the late Thomas Lovell Beddoes,' including seve- ral dramatic fragments mentioned above, and introduced by an anonymous memoir of Bed- does written by Kelsall. This memoir, which is a very accomplished and admirable piece of biography, contained a large number of interesting letters from Beddoes. In 1838 Beddoes had translated into German Grain- ger's work on the 'Structure of the Spinal Cord ; ' but it is supposed that he failed to find a publisher for it. He is known to have contributed largely to the political literature of the day in German prose and verse, but anonymously, and these fugitive pieces are entirely lost, with the exception of one un- important fragment. In person Beddoes was VOL. IV. like Keats, short and thick-set ; in the last ! year of his life he allowed his beard to grow, ; and 'looked like Shakespeare.' His friends j in the hospital spoke of his fortitude under ! suffering, and said that he always showed | ' the courage of a soldier.' He died in pos- : session of several farms at Shifnall and Hopesay, in Shropshire. [The above notice of T. L. Beddoes is much fuller in detail than any which has yet appeared, and corrects the existing memoirs on several points. After the publication of his memoir in : 1851 Mr. Kelsall continued to add to his notes of Beddoes' life, but found no fresh opportunity for making them public. He preserved all the 1 manuscripts referring to the poet, all his poems, letters, and details gleaned from other persons, in a box, which he bequeathed at his death to Mr. Eobert Browning, who has very kindly permitted me to be the first to examine it. This box con- tains a large number of poetical fragments, es- pecially discarded scenes and songs for ' Death's Jest-Book,' which have not yet seen the light.] E. a. BEDDOME, BENJAMIN (1717-1795), writer of hymns, was the son of the Rev. John Beddome, baptist minister. Benja- min was born at Henley-in-Arden, South Warwickshire, 23 Jan. 17 17, and received his education, first at an independent academy in Tenter Alley, Moorfields, London, and afterwards at the Baptist College, Bristol. He was intended for a surgeon, but felt it his duty to become a preacher of the gospel. In the year 1740 he entered upon his first and only ministerial charge at Bourton-on-the- Water, in East Gloucestershire, where he continued as pastor of the baptist church until his death. Beddome was distinguished by the fulness and accuracy of his biblical scholarship, but it is as a hymn-writer that he is best known. His hymns were com- posed to be sung after his sermons, being designed to illustrate the truths on which he had been preaching. A volume of his poetry, under the title ' Hymns adapted to Public Worship or Family" Devotion,' com- prising 830 pieces, was published in 1818. Selections from these are found in most of the hymnals now in use. Beddome wrote an ' Exposition on the Baptist Catechism,' which was published in 1752. Two posthu- mous volumes of discourses were also printed from his manuscripts, and appeared, the first in 1805, the second in 1835. This latter contained a memoir of the author. By his marriage with Miss Elizabeth Boswell, Bed- dome had two sons, Benjamin and Fos- kett, who, having prepared themselves for the medical profession, died prematurely at the ages respectively of 24 and 25 years. if Bede 98 Bede Beddome died at Bourton, the scene of his life- long labours, on 3 Sept. 1795, aged 78 years. His personal character was marked by great urbanity and courtesy. To the sick and the poor he was exceedingly generous and cha- ritable. [Miller's Singers and Songs of the Church, 2nd ed. 1869; and Memoir prefixed to Sermons, 1835.] W. B. L. BEDE, or more accurately B^EDA (673- 735), was born in the district which was the next year given for the foundation of the monastery of St. Peter's, at Wearmouth, in what is now the county of Durham. The exact date of his birth has been disputed. It depends on the short account which he gives of himself at the end of the ' Historia Ecclesiastical He brings that work down to 731— for the notice of the defeat of the Saracens in the following year is probably an insertion made later, either by himself or by some other hand — and he says that he had then reached his fifty-ninth year. Mabillon (Acta SS. O. B. iii. 505) is therefore pro- bably right in fixing his birth in 673. Some, however (PAGI, Critic, in Ann. Baron, p. 141, followed by Stevenson), place it in 674, and others (GEHLE, Disput. Hist. Theol. and Mon. Hist. Brit.} in 672. Besides the short account which Baedft gives of himself, and what we can glean from his writings and from incidental notices of him by others, we have no trustworthy materials for his life until we come to his last hours : for the two anonymous biographies of him (If. E. ed. Smith, App., and MABILLON, ssec. iii. 501) are one of the eleventh and the other of the twelfth century. Early deprived, as it seems, of his parents, Bseda, when seven years old, was placed by his relations under the charge of Benedict Biscop, the abbot of Wearmouth. Shortly before his birth a great ecclesiastical revival began in England. The marriage of Oswiu of Northumbria to Eanfled led to the triumph of the Roman over the Celtic church in the north, and Wilfrith, the champion of St. Peter, was made bishop. Archbishop Theo- dore began to reform the episcopate after the Roman model, and in a national synod held at Hertford in 673 put an end to the unsystematic practices of the Celtic church. English bishops were for the future to keep to their own dioceses, and not to wander about wherever they would, like the Celtic missionary bishops. The introduction of the Benedictine rule in place of the primi- tive monachism of the Celts was a move- ment of a like nature. In this work Benedict Biscop, the guardian of Bseda, took a leading part. When, in 674, he founded St. Peter's at W^earmouth, he sent for workmen from Gaul, who built his monastery after the Roman style. In 682 he founded the other home of Bseda, the monastery of St. Paul's at Jarrow. Foreign artificers filled the win- dows of his two great houses with glass. The pictured forms of saints and the scenes of sacred history adorned the walls of his churches. Above all, he provided his monks with a noble collection of books, which he j deemed necessary for their instruction ( Vit. Abb. 11). He fetched John, the archcantor ; of St. Peter's, from Rome, who taught them, and indeed all who came to learn, the ritual | of the Roman church. And by his constant I journeys abroad, Benedict brought his houses into the closest connection with the ecclesi- astical life of the continent. At the same ] time there is evidence that there was no narrow spirit in the brotherhood which he formed, and that its relations with the Celtic church were not unfriendly (If. E. v. c. 21). Such, then, were the influences which were brought to bear on the youth of Bseda. They had a marked effect on his character and work. When Ceolfrith was appointed to preside over the new foundation at Jarrow, Bseda seems to have gone with him. He can scarcely be said to have changed his home ; for the two monasteries were in truth one, so close was the connection between them, and after the death of Benedict, Ceolfrith ruled over both alike (Vit. Abb. 15). We may venture to appropriate to the boyhood of Beeda- a story told by one of his contempo- raries (Hist. Abb. Gyrv. auct. anon. 14). A pestilence so thinned the brotherhood at Jarrow, that there was not one monk left who could read or answer the responses save Ceolfrith and a little boy whom he had brought up. So the abbot was forced to order that the services should be sung with- out responses, save at matins and vespers. For one week this went on, until the abbot could ho longer bear the dreariness of it. After that he and the child laboured day by day through the whole services, singing each in his turn alone, until others learned to take their part. In his nineteenth year Bneda was ordained deacon. The early age at which he was allowed to receive ordination implies that he was distinguished by holiness and ability. He entered the priesthood at the canonical age of thirty. In both cases he was pre- sented by his abbot, Ceolfrith, and received his orders from the hands of Bishop John of Beverley (H. E. v. c. 24). A tradition that Breda visited Rome was current in the time Bede 99 Bede of William of Malmesbury, and is mentioned by him ( Gest. Reg. i. 57). Malmesbury gives aletter of Pope Sergius to Ceolfrith, telling him that he had need of a learned man to help him in certain matters of ecclesiastical law, and asking him to send Breda to him — * Dei famulum Bedam venerabilis tui monas- terii presbyterum.' Now, as Sergius died in 701, Breda could not have been a priest at ! the time of this invitation. The letter of Sergius, however, exists in a manuscript (Cotton, Tib. A. xv. 50-52) which is two cen- turies earlier than the time of Malmesbury. This manuscript, in place of ' Bedam,' has < X ' = nomen, signifying that a name was to be supplied, and the word ' presbyterum ' is also left out in it. Both are interlined by a later j hand. It is, however, possible that Breda may have been specially invited to Rome; for 'Malmesbury may have copied from a still earlier manuscript, and the omission of his name in the Cotton MS. may have been through carelessness. As this manuscript j stands (without ' presbyterum '), it seems as i if some word was left out, and ' presbyterum ' I may have been written in the original papal letter, through ignorance of the fact that Breda had not at that time entered priest's orders. Sergius, when in need of advice, may well have asked for Breda. He would scarcely have asked Ceolfrith for one of his monks without naming any one in particular. Nor would it be wonderful that the pope should have heard of the learning of the young Northumbrian monk ; for the visits of Benedict to Rome had drawn his monasteries into close connection with the papal see, and the letter, whichever way we read it, illus- trates the high position which the houses of Wearmouth and Jarrow already held in Christendom. Some of Breda's fellow-monks were sent by Ceolfrith to Rome in 701, and came back with a papal privilege for their house. Breda did not go with them ( Vit. Abb. 15 ; De Temporum rations, 47). The various legends which relate to his supposed visit to Rome may therefore be passed over. The story which takes him to Cambridge no longer demands refutation, though it once formed the subject of much bygone anti- quarianism (T. Caii Vindicice, p. 321, &c. ed. IL'sirne, 1719). With the exception of a few visits to friends, Breda spent all his life at Jarrow from the time when he moved thither as a child. He studied the Scriptures with all his might, and while he was diligent in observing the discipline of his order, and in taking part in the daily services of the church, he loved to be always learning, teaching, or writing (H. E. v. 24). His character and opinions are to be gathered chiefly from his books, He was a man of gentle and cultivated feel- ings, full of kindly sympathies, and with a singular freshness of mind, which gave life and beauty to his stories. The chapter on the conversion of Northumbria, the tale of how poetic inspiration came to Credmon, and of how he died, and the whole 'Life of Cuthberht ' are but instances of his exquisite power of story-telling. With this power was combined a love of truth and fairness. His condemnation of the cruel and foolish war made by Ecgfrith, the benefactor of his house, against the Irish Scots (H. E. iv. 26), and his ungrudging record of the good deeds of Wilfrith (H. E. iv. 13, v. 19), are strik- ing proofs of his freedom from prejudice. Brought, as he was from his earliest years, under the influences alike of lona and Rome and Gaul and Canterbury, he had broad ec- clesiastical sympathies. While he con- demned and wrote against the Celtic customs concerning the date of Easter and the form of the tonsure, he dwelt much on the holi- ness of Aidan (H. E. iii. 5, 15-17), and he wrote the ' Life of Cuthberht ' both in prose and verse. His love for the monastic pro- fession led him to regard with evident admi- ration the powerful position held by the abbot of lona (If. E. iii. 4), and the universal monachism of the church of Lindisfarne ( Vit. S. Cuth. 16), though, as a zealous fol- lower of the Benedictine order, which had found its way from the great houses of the continent to the new foundations of North- umbria, he disapproved the laxity of the Celtic rule. Filled with the desire of seeing an increase in the episcopate, he contem- plated the possibility of providing for new bishops out of the possessions of those reli- gious houses which were unfaithful to their profession, a plan which would have tended to purify the monasteries by reducing their means of luxury, and to exalt their power by closely connecting them with the episco- pate (Ep. ad Ecc/b. 10-12). With views so far-reaching and catholic, Breda could have had little sympathy with the eager and nar- row-minded Wilfrith. The circumstances of his life made Wilfrith look on Cuthberht and on John of Beverley as intruders (Hist, of York, RAINE, xxxiv). To Breda they were saints, and he records with evident disapproval how Eata and Cuthberht and their fellows were driven out of Ripon to make room for Wil- frith ( Vit. S. Cuth. 8). The names of several of the friends of Breda are well known. Most of his works are dedicated to them, and some were written at their request. Among them wereNothelm, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, and an H 2 Bede 100 Bede ecclesiastic named Albinus. Both these helped Baeda in his ' Historia Ecclesiastica,' and Albinus more than any one urged him to undertake the work. Ecgberht, archbishop of York, and Acca and Frithhere, bishops of Hexham and Sherborne, were also his friends. To Acca he dedicated most of his theological works. From this bishop, who was also one of the most faithful friends of Wilfrith (Ei>- DITTS, 56, 64), Baeda probably obtained the full information which he had about Wil- frith's good deeds. Even Baeda had some enemies who seem to have been jealous of his literary pre-eminence. At a feast held by Wilfrith, bishop of York (d. 732), he was accused by some of the guests of having ex- pressed heretical opinions in his ' De Tempo- ribus liber minor.' The scandalous accusation was heard unrebuked by the bishop, and was probably circulated by one of his household. Baeda replied to it by a letter to a friend (Ep. ad Pleffwinum), which was written with the expressed intention that it should be shown to Wilfrith. In it he speaks plainly of the unseemly revelry of the episcopal feast, and this reference (cf. Carmen de Pontif. Eccl. Ebor. 1. 1232) shows that the bishop in question was the second of that name and not the more famous Wilfrith. Baeda loved to meditate and make notes on the Scriptures. Simeon of Durham (d. 1130) records (Hist, de Dunelm. Eccl. c. 14) that there used to be shown a stone hut (mansiuncula), where, secure from all in- terruption, he was wont to meditate and work. In the time of Leland (Collect, iv. p. 42, ed. 1720), the three monks of Jarrow, all who were then left of that once famous congregation, showed what is described as his oratory. The little boy who worked so hard with his abbot to keep up the antiphonal chant when all the burden of the singing lay on them alone, rejoiced all his life to take part in the services of the monastery church. Alcuin, writing after Baeda's death to the monks of Wearmouth, tells them (Ale. Ep. 16, ed. Migne), that he loved to say, ' I know that angels visit the congregation of the brethren at the canonical hours, and what if they should not find me among the brethren ? Would they not say, " Where is Basda ? Why comes he not with his brethren to the prayers appointed ? " ' The attainments of Baeda prove that he must have been a dili- gent student. He has recorded the name of another of his teachers besides the abbot Ceolfrith. Trumberht, he tells us, used to instruct him in the Scriptures. He had been a pupil of Ceadda, and used to tell his scholar much about his old master (H. E. iv. 3). From him doubtless Baeda learned to reverence the holy men of the Celtic church. John of Beverley is also said by Folcard ( Vit. S. Johan. c. 2) to have been his teacher. It may have been so, but, as Folcard lived in the middle of the eleventh century, he must not be regarded as an authority on this matter. It is not unlikely that Baeda received help from some of the disciples of Theodore and Hadrian, of whom he speaks with admiration (H. E. iv. 2), and he must certainly have come under the in- struction of John the archcantor ( Vit. Abb. 6 ; see STEVENSON'S Introd. p. ix). Besides knowing Latin he understood Greek and had some acquaintance with Hebrew. He -/ quotes Homer, Lucretius, Virgil, Ovid, Ho- race, Terence, and many other writers of less classical fame (WEIGHT, Biog. Lit. i. 39-41). He was familiar with patristic literature, and was a diligent translator and compiler of extracts from that great storehouse. Like most of his countrymen at that age, he was ^ a singer. His mind was well stored with the songs of his native land, and he had what was then in England the not uncom- mon gift of improvisation. Besides his powers as an historian and a biographer, he knew all the learning of his time, its grammar, rhetoric, mathematics, and physical science. All his talents were employed in the cause of his church and in the instruction of others. He was a diligent teacher, and found many scholars among the six hundred monks who in his days thronged the sister houses of St. Peter and St. Paul ( Vit. Abb. 17). Some of these pupils, like Nothelm who has been al- ready mentioned, Husetberht and Outhberht, two successive abbots of Wearmouth, and Constantine, became the friends of after years, and were among those to whom Baeda dedi- cated his works. A sentence in the ' Ep. ad Wicredum de Paschae Celebratione,' which speaks of 776 as the current year, gave rise to the belief that Baeda lived at least to that date. Mabillon has however pointed out that the sentence is an interpolation by another hand (PAGi, Critic. Baron, xii. 401 ; MABILLON, Analect. i. 398). The day of his death is known to have been the Feast of the Ascension, 26 May 735, by a letter written by one of his pupils named Outhberht to Cuthwine, his fellow scholar (STEVENSON, Introd. xiv ; SIMEON of Durham, p. 8 ; S. BoNiFACii Op. ep. 113, ed. Giles). Baeda, Cuthberht says, suffered from a tightness of breath which grew rapidly worse during the month of April. Up to 26 May, however, he continued his lectures, and through the many sleepless hours of night was still cheerful, sometimes giving thanks to God, sometimes chanting words of Holy Bede IOI Bede Scripture, or lines of English verse, which bade men remember how — ' Before he need go forth, none can be too wise in thinking, Low before his soul shall go, what good or ill deeds he hath done, how after death his doom shall be ; ' or again he sang the antiphons, hoping to console the hearts of his scholars, but when he came to the words ' Leave us not orphans,' he wept much, and they wept with him. And so the days wore on, and in spite of his sickness he worked hard that he might finish his translation into English of the Gospel of St. John, for he knew that it would be of use to the church, and also of some extracts from Bishop Isidore, for 1 1 do not want my boys,' he said, * to read what is false, or to have to work at this without profit when I am dead.' On the day of his death, when the rest had gone to the procession held on the festival, his scribe was left alone with him. ' Dearest master,' he said, ' there is one chapter want- ing, and it is hard for thee to question thy- self.' * No, it is easy,' he said ; * take thy pen and write quickly.' He spent the day in giving his little treasures of spice and in- cense to the priests of the house, in asking their prayers, and in bidding them farewell. The evening came, and his young scribe said, * There is yet one more sentence, dear mas- ter, to write out.' He answered, l Write quickly.' After a while the boy said, ' Now it is finished.' 'Well,' he said, 'thou hast spoken truly "It is finished."' Then he bade his friends place him where he could look on the spot on which he was wont to kneel in prayer. And lying thus upon the pavement of his cell, he chanted the ' Gloria Patri,' and as he uttered the words ' the Holy Ghost ' he breathed his last, and ' so he passed to the kingdom in heaven.' Baeda was buried at Jarrow. Men recog- nised the greatness of the loss which had come upon them. Winfrith (St. Boniface) wrote to Cuthberht to beg him to send him one of the works of Baeda, 'that wise searcher of Scripture who of late shone in your house of God like a candle in the church ' (BoN. Epp. 37, 52, ed. Giles). Be- fore the end of the eighth century, Alcuin used his name to excite the Northumbrian monks to study diligently and betimes, and bade them remember 'what praise Baeda had of men, and how far more glorious a reward from God' (MABILLON, Analect. ii. 310). In his poem on the bishops and other ecclesiastics of the church of York, he reckons over the various powers of the departed master, and speaks of a miracle worked by his relics (Carmen de Pontif. fyc. Eccl. Ebor. 1. 1300- 1317). In the course of the next century the epithet ' Venerable ' began to be generally added to his name. Each year, on the day of his death, men used to come and watch and pray in the church at Jarrow. A certain priest of Durham named Alfred, who lived in the first half of the eleventh century, and who seems to have spent his life in stealing the bones and other relics of departed saints in order to attract the gifts of the faithful to his own church, violated the grave of Baeda. He carried off the bones to Durham, and placed them in the coffin in which St. Cuth- berht lay. There they were found at the translation of St. Cuthberht in 1104. Bishop Hugh de Puiset (1153-1195) laid them in a casket of gold and silver in the glorious galilee which he added to his church. In / 1541 the casket of Bishop Hugli fell a prey to sacrilegious greed, and the remains of the great English scholar were dispersed (SiM. DUNELM. iii. 7 ; GEHLE, Disput. 33 et seq. ; As late as the middle of the eighteenth century ' Bede's well ' at Monkton, near Jarrow, 'was in repute as a bath for the recovery of infirm or diseased children' (SuETEES, Hist, of Durham, ii. 80). Accord- ing to the list which Baeda appended to his ' Historia Ecclesiastica/ the books which he had written by the year 731, when that work was brought to an end, were : 1. On the first part of the Book of Genesis, four books. 2. On the Tabernacle, its Vessels, &c. three books. 3. On the first part of Samuel to the death of Saul, three books. 4. An Alle- gorical Exposition on the Building of the Temple, two books. 5. On Thirty Questions concerning the Book of the Kings. 6. On the Proverbs of Solomon, three books. 7. On the Song of Solomon, seven books. 8. Ex- tracts from St. Jerome on the divisions of chapters in Isaiah, Daniel, the twelve Pro- phets, and part of Jeremiah. 9. On Ezra and Nehemiah, three books. 10. On Habakkuk, one book. 11. An Allegorical Exposition of the Book of Tobit, one book. 12. Chapters for readings in the Pentateuch, Joshua, and Judges. 13. On the Books of Kings and Chronicles. 14. On the Book of Job. 15. On the Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon. 16. On Isaiah, Ezra, and Nehemiah. 17. On Mark, four books. 18. On Luke, six books. 19. Two books of ' Homilies on the Gospel.' 20. Extracts from St. Au- gustine on the Apostle (Paul). 21. On the Acts, two books. 22. A Book on each of the General Epistles. 23. On the Apocalypse, three books. 24. Chapters for readings in the New Testament except the Gospels. 25. A book of Letters, in which are : ' Of the Six Ages,' ' Of the Eesting Places of Israel,' ' Of the Words of Is. xxiv. 22,' ' Of Bissextile/ Bede 102 Bede 1 Of Anutolius on the Equinox.' 26. On the Histories of the Saints, on the Life and Passion of St. Felix. 27. A more correct translation from the Greek of the ' Life and Passion of St. Anastasius.' 28. The life of St. Outhberht in verse, the same in prose. 29. The History of the Abbots, Benedict, Ceolfrith, and Husetberht. 30. The ' Ec- clesiastical History of our island and people,' five books. 31. A Marcyrology. 32. A book of Hymns. 33. A book of Epigrams. 34. Two books on the ' Nature of Things ' and on ' Chronology.' 35. A larger book on Chronology. 36. On Orthography. 37. On the Art of Metre, and appended to it a little book on the Figures and modes of speech in Holy Scripture. To this list must be added as undoubtedly genuine the letters to Albinus and Ecgberht and the ' Retractationes ' which were written later than 731, the book on the Holy Places written before that year, but left out by Bseda probably through forgetful ness, and a 1 Pcenitentiale.' Of the works enumerated by Bseda no ge- nuine copies exist of 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 27, 33. The extracts from Isidore, and the translation of the Gospel of St. John which employed his dying hours, have also not been preserved. And it is exceedingly doubtful whether the Hymns (32) attributed to him should, for the most part at least, be held authentic. Some scientific and other trea- tises, such as the ' De Septem Miraculis Mundi' and the 'De Computo seu Indigita- tione,' have been wrongly considered to be his work, and a little poem entitled i Cucu- lus ' (GOLDAST, Ovidii Erotica, Frankf. 1610), is perhaps also spurious. It is probable that the educational works, e.g. 'De Sanctis Locis ' and 'De Natura Rerum,' were the earliest of Baeda's writings. The ' De Temporibus ' (liber minor) ends at 702. It was written five years before the ' Epistola ad Plegwinum sive de sex aetati- bus/ and if, as seems almost certain, the bishop mentioned in that letter was the second Wilfrith, the dates of both of these works must be considerably later than has been supposed. As the ' Commentary on Samuel ' (3) is dedicated to Ceolfrith, it must have been written before his death in 716, while the 'Historia Abbatum ' (29) was written after that event. The ' De Tempo- ribus ' (liber major) (35) ends with the ninth year of Leo the Isaurian, viz. 724, or, ac- cording to the author's chronology, 729, and may be considered to have been finished at that date. From a letter of Acca prefixed to the ' Commentary on Luke ' (18) it is evident that that work was written after the * Commentary on the Acts ' (21). The ' His- toria Ecclesiastica ' (30), as before mentioned, was finished in 731. In the same or in the next year was written the ' Epistola ad Al- binum.' The ' Liber Retractationum ' also came after the ' Historia,' As the * Epistola ad Ecgberhturn ' was written on his acces- sion to the see of York in 734, it may be con- sidered the latest extant work of Baeda. Collective editions of the writings of Bseda have been published at Paris in 6 vols. fol. 1544-5, reprinted in 1554; (these editions are extremely rare, and of the earlier one, only a portion is in the British Museum) ; at Basle in 8 vols. fol. by F. Hervagius, 1563 ; at Cologne in 1612, a reprint of the Basle edi- tion, but not so fine a work, reprinted at Cologne in 1688 ; at London in 12 vols. 8vo, by F. A. Giles, LL.D., 1843-4; and in the ' Patrologiae Cursus Completus ' (xc.-xcv.) of J. P. Migne, Paris, 1844. Of the various editions of the several works those only will be mentioned which appear noteworthy. A list, which is probably complete, up to 1842, will be found in Wright's l Biog. Brit. Lit.' i. 283-288. The commentaries on the Old Testament are for the most part in the folio editions, and in the more complete collection of Dr. Giles. They were also published in Paris by Gering and Rembolt, 1499 — ' a very rare book ' (WEIGHT). Many of them are dedi- cated to Acca, They are filled with alle- gorical interpretations. Even the book of Tobit is made to contain teachings about Christ and the sacraments. For the most part these works appear to be compiled from the Fathers. Bseda says in his book on Genesis (1) that, as the works of Basil, Am- brose, and Augustine are too expensive and too deep for most people, he ' has culled, as from the pleasant meadows of far flowering Para- dise, what may supply the need of the weak. This work was appended to Usher's ' Historia Dogmatum,' 1689, and was edited, with some other writings of Breda, by Wharton (4to, London), in 1693. The ' Thirty Questions 011 Kings ' (5) were propounded by Nothelm, and the treatise was written for him. Short com- ments of a more practical character than those in most of Bseda's works are appended to the ' Proverbs ' (6), though even here al- legorical interpretation is not deserted. It wholly prevails in the last part of the com- mentary. This part is printed separately in the folio editions, under the title of ' Mulier Fortis ; ' but is really the exposition of c. xxxi. 10-31. The first book of the ' Exposi- tion of the Canticles ' (7) was written against the errors of Julian, Bishop of Celano. The 'Commentary on Habakkuk' (10) is not in Bede 103 Bede the folio editions, and was first published by Martene in his * Thesaurus Novus,' Paris, 1717. It is dedicated to an abbess. The commentaries on the New Testa- ment were printed at Paris in 1521. They are also in the folios, and in Dr. Giles's edi- tions. In his dedicatory letter to Acca at- tached to his commentary on * Mark/ Baeda says that he has placed on the margin the names of the fathers from whose works his comments are extracted, and he begs that transcribers will not neglect to copy these entries. This request has not been obeyed. A book purporting to be his, ' In Apostolum qutBCimque in opusculis S. Augustini,' &c. (20), was published by G. Boussard, Paris, 1499, but has been shown by Baronius to be spurious. A preface to the ( Seven General Epistles ' (22) exists in one, and that the earliest, manuscript only. This manuscript was discovered by Wharton in the library of Caius College, Cambridge. The reason of its omission in later manuscripts cannot be mis- taken, for it argues that the first place in the apostolic company belongs to St. James and not to St. Peter. An illustration of the large-mindedness of Baeda is afforded by his book on the l Apocalypse ' (23), where, he says, he has followed Tychonius the Dona- tist, whose interpretations, where they are not affected by the errors of his sect, he praises highly. He adheres to his allegorical method of exposition in his New Testament commentaries, and even applies it to the Acts of the Apostles (21). The been edited by Ware, Dublin, 1664 ; Whar- ton, London, 1693 ; Smith and Stevenson. The treatise ' De Natura Rerum ' (34) con- tains such physical science as was then known. It collects the wisdom of the an- cient world on this subject, and has the special merit of referring phenomena to natu- ral causes. It was published together with the two works on chronology at Basle, 1529. 'Liber de Orthographia ' (36) was printed in the ' Gramm. Lat. Auct. Ant.,' Han. 1605. The 'De Arte Metrica'(37) contains a large1 number of quotations, not only from the better known, but from obscure Latin poets, and has many references to Greek examples. It was printed by Putsch in ' Vet. Gramm./ Paris, 1616, and is contained in ' Gramm. Lat.' of H. Keil, Leip. 1857. The short treatises 'De Schematibus et Tropis' (37) were published at Milan by Ant. Zarotus, 1473, with two other grammatical works. This book is without signatures, catch-words, or pagination, and is very scarce (EBEKT)* It has also been published at Venice, 1522 ; at Basle, 1527, &c. It is included in the 'Rhetores Lat. Min.' of C. Halm, Leip., 1863. Breda took his ' Libellus de situ Bedel Bedell Hierusalem sive de Locis Sanctis ' from the work of Adaninan. He has not included this epitome in his index, but refers to it (Hist. JEccL v. 17) at the close of his extract from the book of Adamnan. It was printed by Mabillon in l Acta SS.' iii. 1. Eleven hymns attributed to Beeda (32) were printed by Cas- sander, Paris, 1556; one of these, 'De Die Judicii/ is in Simeon of Durham's ' De Gestis Regum.' Four others have been added by Giles in his ' Opera omnia.' Of the Let- ters (25) besides the 'Ep. ad Ecgberhtum' are preserved — the l Ep. ad Albinuin'in Mabillon, Analect. i. in Smith and in Stevenson ; the ' Ep. ad Plegwinum de Sex JEtatibus/ on the occasion of the accusation made at the feast of Wilfrith, was edited by Ware, Dublin, 1664, and Wharton, London, 1693 ; the ' Ep. ad Wicredum ' is in the folio editions ; the ' Ep. ad Accam de Mansionibus/ &c., and ' Ad Accam de eo quod ait Esaias/ &c., were first printed by Dr. Giles in his * Opera omnia/ 1843, and the l Ep. de Bissexto ' in the l Anecdota/ edited by Giles for the Cax- ton Soc., 1844. The Anglo-Saxon version of the ' Historia Ecclesiastica ' attributed to Alfred has been noticed. An Anglo-Saxon version of the * De Die Judicii ' was published under the title « Be Domes Daega ' by the E. Eng. Text. Soc., 1876. Translations of the 'Historia Ecclesiastica ' into English have been made by T. Stapleton, Antwerp, 1565; by F. Ste- vens, London, 1723 ; by W. Hurst, London, 1814; by F. A. Giles, London, 1840; and by L. Gidley, Oxford, 1870. [Bsedae Hist. EccL et Opera Historica, Ste- venson ; other works in Opera Omnia, ed. Giles ; Gehle's Disputatio Hist.-Theol. de Bsedse vita, &c. ; Wright's Biog. Lit. ; Ebert's Bibliog. Diet. ; and authorities quoted in text.] W. H. BEDEL, HENRY (ft. 1571), divine, was a native of Oxfordshire. One Henry Bedel took the degree of B.A. at Corpus Christi CoUege, Oxford, on 13 Feb. 1555-6, and M.A 1506 (WooD, Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 146, 172). Wood is not certain, but it seems probable from the dates, that this graduate was identical with the preacher of the same name. Bedel was collated to the rectorship of St. Pancras, Soper Lane, on 4 Oct. 1561, and preferred to the vicar- of Christ Church he preached * a sermon ex- horting to pity of the poor, which treatise may well be called the mouth of the poor.' It was delivered on 15 Nov. 1571 and pub- lished in 1573. Waterland praises it as * learned and elaborate.' This is his only extant work, although Wood says that he was the author of other sermons. [Tanner's Bibliotheca; Oxford Univ. Eegister ; I Watt's Bibl. Brit.] A. G-N. BEDELL, WILLIAM (1571-1642), bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh, second son of John Bedell and Elizabeth Aliston or Elliston, his wife, was born at Black Notley, a village in the county of Essex, on or about Christmas day, 1571 (see Life, ed. T. W. JONES, p. 91). His paternal ancestors were yeomen of long standing in the county, and originally of the same stock, it has been alleged, as the Bedells of Writtle. His grandfather and father were both men of strong religious convictions, the former being also noted for his sternness as a disciplinarian. The story is told, that when his son John (the father of the bishop), on being first sent to school, ran away to his home, he placed him behind him on horseback, with his face to the horse's tail, and thus conveyed him back to his master. Mr. Denman of Braintree, under whom both William and his elder brother John were educated, was known as ' very able and excellent in his faculty/ but was also in the habit of treating his pupils with the harshness that disgraces the educa- tion of those days ; and a blow which he in- flicted on William was the occasion of a deaf- ness which became permanent. William's maternal relatives were puritans, or at least puritanically inclined ; and when little more than twelve years of age he was sent to the newly founded puritan college of Emmanuel at Cambridge, where his name appears as pen- sioner, admitted 1 Nov. 1584. On 12 March following he was elected a scholar, being the nineteenth on the list from the foundation. In 1588 he graduated B.A. and in 1592 M.A. His entry at an age three or four years below the average in those days probably rendered it difficult for him at first to keep pace with his fellow-students in a society noted for its studious habits, but in due course his natural ability began to manifest itself, and in 1593 he was elected a fellow of his college, being fourteenth on the list from the foundation, including the first three fellows nominated by the founder, Sir Walter Mildmay. On 10 Jan. 1597 he was ordained priest, and in 1599 proceeded B.D. The college had been expressly designed by Sir Walter as a place- of education for the ministry, and Bedell began to look forward to engaging in paro- chial work. His first college duties as a, fellow had been well calculated to qualify him for such a sphere of labour, he having been selected to be the catechist of the students in the fundamental doctrines of the Bedell 106 Bedell Christian faith. It was in the performance of this office that not a few eminent divines — such as Lancelot Andrewes at Pembroke, William Perkins at Christ's, and John Preston at Queens' — achieved their first reputation. Bedell was himself a pupil of Perkins, the eminent theologian and tutor of Christ's Col- lege, and on the latter's death in 1602 was the purchaser of his library. Besides his attain- ments in divinity, Bedell was already known as a good classical scholar, and also as ac- quainted with Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew. His aptitude as a linguist, and possibly his skill in discerning the structure of a language, led his Italian friends in Venice to request him to compile an English grammar for their use. In 1602 Bedell, having received his license to preach, was appointed to succeed Mr. George Estey at the church of St. Mary's, at Bury St. Edmund's in Suffolk. He at once attracted large audiences, and the neigh- bouring country families were often to be seen among his congregation. In 1607 he was invited to fill the place of chaplain to Sir Henry Wotton, the British ambassador to the Venetian republic. That famous state had recently been attracting to itself the notice of all Europe by its courageous oppo- sition to the encroachments of the papal see and by a generally liberal policy. In his re- sentment at its conduct, pope Paul V had placed the whole community under an inter- dict (April 1606). The signory, in retalia- tion, expelled the Jesuits and certain other religious bodies who had ventured to give effect to the papal decree. The cause of the republic was ably maintained by the eminent scholar and philosopher, Friar Sarpi, better known as Father Paul, who carried on a notable controversy with the defenders of the Ultramontane policy, Baronius and Bel- larmine. Bedell did not arrive in Venice until some time after the interdict had been revoked (21 April 1607), but he found the popular mind still deeply agitated by the whole question of papal allegiance, and in conjunction with Sir Henry Wotton he cherished the belief that circumstances augured hopefully for bringing about a Ke- formation in Italy. Their views were shared by some eminent protestants elsewhere, among whom were Du Plessis, Mornay, and Diodati, of Geneva, the author of the pro- testant translation of the Bible into Italian. Father Paul, although by no means generally accessible to visitors, took both Sir Henry Wotton and Bedell into his fullest confi- dence, and the intimacy thus formed exer- cised a marked influence on the latter, who always afterwards was wont to refer to his intercourse with the great scholar as an in- valuable mental experience, and as serving materially to enrich his knowledge both of controversial divinity and of polite learning. It was shortly after this acquaintance had i been formed that the attempt to assassinate | Father Paul was made. Bedell, writing a few days after the event to his friend, Dr. I Samuel Ward, subsequently master of Sidney I College, Cambridge, says : 'I hope this acci- I dent will awake him a little more and put ; some more spirit into him, which is his only want ' (Life, p. 104). After a stay in Italy extending over some three years and a half, during which time he had added consider- ably to his knowledge of Hebrew by his in- tercourse with some learned Jews, Bedell returned to England and to Bury. He was accompanied by Dr. Despotine, a Venetian convert to protestantism, who settled as a medical practitioner in Bury, and to the promotion of whose interests, as a stranger in a foreign land, Bedell devoted himself with characteristic generosity and unselfishness. At Bury he continued to reside for upwards of four years, and his ministrations were highly valued. But his voice was weak and the church large, and he consequently found a difficulty in making himself audible to the congregation. This circumstance determined him to accept (1616) the presentation to the rectory of Horningsheath (a neighbouring parish) offered him by the patron, Sir Thomas Jermyn, one of his congregation. On pro- ceeding to take possession he, however, found himself confronted by a difficulty which seemed likely at one time to prove insuperable. This arose out of the exorbi- tant, though customary, fees exacted by the officers of the bishop of the diocese, Dr. John Jegon, the payment of which Bedell regarded as involving a question of principle, as equivalent to an act of simony. Even- tually the bishop (who as a former master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, was probably well informed with respect to Bedell's merits) effectually removed the lat- ter's scruples by directing that the instru- ments of institution and induction should be sent to him, and that the amount of the fees to be paid should be left to his discre- tion. Of Bedell's mode of life at Hornings- heath and his exemplary conduct in his various relations to his family, his parish- ioners, and the neighbouring clergy, an in- teresting account will be found in the l Life ' by his son — a sketch which also gives an insight into the duties and habits of a country clergyman in those days. About a year after his return from Venice to Bury, Bedell had married (29 Jan. 1611) Mrs. LeahMawe, the widow of a former recorder of that town, by Bedell 107 Bedell whom, at the time of her second marriage, she had five children living. On the summoning of parliament in 1623 Bedell was selected, much against his will, as one of the two representatives of the clergy of the diocese of Norwich in convocation. In 1627 he was appointed, on the joint re- commendation of Abbot, archbishop of Can- terbury, and Ussher, archbishop of Armagh, to the provostship of Trinity College, Dublin. Their testimony in his favour was warmly seconded by Sir Henry Wotton, who, how- ever, in his letter to King Charles, declares that Bedell is best recommended ' by the general fame of his learning, his life, and Christian temper, and those religious labours himself hath dedicated to your majestie ' — this reference being to ' The Copies of Cer- taine Letters which have passed between Spaine and England in mattre of Religion/ which Bedell had dedicated to Charles, then prince of Wales, in 1624. He was admitted provost, with the general consent of the fel- lows, on 16 Aug. 1627. During his short tenure of his new office Bedell approved himself an able administrator. He revised the statutes of Trinity College, and, while introducing not a few alterations, scrupulously abstained from anything that tended to his own pecu- niary advantage or to that of the fellows. Like the founder of his own college at Cam- bridge, Sir Walter Mildmay, he opposed on principle the continued residence of fellows when the long curriculum of their theolo- gical studies had been completed ; and he accordingly put in force a like proviso to that contained in the statute ' De Mora Sociorum ' in the code of Emmanuel (see MTJLLINGER, Hist, of Univ. of Cambridge, ii. 315), requir- ing that ' every fellow should study divinity, and after seven years' stay should go out into some employ in the church ' (Life, ed. JONES, p. 27). He required also that those who were Irishmen by birth should cultivate their native language, in order that they might be- come better qualified to labour among the people. His interchange of opinions with Father Paul and other divines in Italy had rendered him inclined to insist as little as possible on the differences with respect to doctrine between catholic and protestant. These sentiments at one time seemed likely to involve him in some trouble with the ex- treme protestant party in the college, espe- cially with Dr. Joshua Hoyle, the divinity professor; but his tact and conciliatory temper disarmed their opposition. After about two years' tenure of his pro- vostship Bedell appears as entering upon the final stage of his career by his acceptance of the united bishoprics of Kilmore (co. Cavan) and Ardagh (co. Longford), to which he I was consecrated on 13 Sept. 1629. He found both his dioceses in a very unsatisfactory con- dition, the revenues plundered, the * planta- tions ' raw, and the churches in a ruinous state : whilst the catholic clergy held aloof , from his neighbourly advances and showed j no disposition to co-operate for the general good. On the other hand, as we find from a letter written by him to Laud (I April 1630), he viewed with grave disapprobation the extortion practised by the ecclesiastical courts on the poor catholics, 'which,' he says, ' in very truth, my lord, I cannot excuse and do seek to reform.' In February 1633 he re- signed the see of Ardagh, owing to his ex- pressed objection against pluralities and his opinion th|t it would be better administered by a separate bishop. Domestic bereave- ment at this time fell heavily upon him. In 1635 his second son, John, died ; and two years after, his step-daughter, Leah, in little more than a month after her marriage to the Rev. Alexander Clogie, and then his wife (26 March 1638), who was buried in the cathedral churchyard at Kilmore. A lawsuit in which he became involved, owing to his conscientious objections to the re-appointment of his chancellor, Dr. Alane | Cook, brought fresh trouble, and was re- | garded as of considerable importance from | the fact that it was likely to furnish a pre- ! cedent with respect to the rights of the civil lawyers generally in connection with the ec- clesiastical courts. Cook, whose appointment rested solely on the choice of Bedell's pre- decessor, had approved himself a mercenary and unscrupulous official, and the bishop resolved that, if possible, another should be ; appointed to the post. The case was pro- i tracted over several years, and though he lost ! his suit, with costs against him, he preserved | his conscience. No feature in the maladmi- nistration of the ecclesiastical courts appears to have arrested his attention more forcibly than the frequent employment of writs of i excommunication against the poor catholics, and the cruel oppression carried on under ! the pretexts thus afforded. i The corrup- tions of the jurisdiction ecclesiastical/ he | writes to Dr. Despotine, ' are such, as not only not law, but not so much as equity ! is kept.' Against pluralities and non-resi- dence he strove with unceasing effort ; while in appointing new incumbents he invariably preferred those who already possessed some j knowledge of the Irish language. On Went- worth's first arrival as lord deputy, he ordered 1 an increase of the army in Ireland. Against the heavy contributions levied for this, me- morials to the king were got up in various Bedell 108 Bedeman parts of the country, among others in Ulster. The bishop, having been prevailed on to sign one of these petitions, drew upon himself the displeasure of Wentworth. To-vards the end of Strafford's government, the bishop again incurred the disapproval of the authorities by a manifestation of sympathy with Adair, bishop of Killaloe, who was brought before the high commission court for expressions in favour of the covenanting party in Scot- land, and in consequence deprived of his see. Undaunted by these and other signs of unpopularity, Bedell continued to employ his best efforts for the good of the people. The churches were repaired and made available \ for public worship, and the translation of the j Scriptures into Irish completed by the addi- i tion of the Old Testament, whi became law, authorising British consuls to solemnise marriages in foreign countries. During the same year he set on foot an ex- ploring expedition for the discovery of the sources of the Nile, the expedition to pene- trate for the first time inland, from the coast of Ptolemy 'sBarbaricus Sinus, opposite Zanzi- bar, and to descend the river to Egypt. The Prince Consort and other distinguished per- sons gave their countenance to the expedi- tion, and Dr. Bialloblotzky was appointed to command it ; but unfortunately the leader was compelled to abandon the undertaking when it was only partially completed. It is stated that Captain Speke became aware of Beke's plan in 1848; and later explorers have proved the soundness of his theories by discovering that Lake Nyanza is within the basin of the Nile. In 1849 Beke was appointed secretary to the National Association for the Protec- tion of Industry and Capital throughout the British Empire, and on the dissolution of that society in 1853 he was formally thanked through the Duke of Richmond for his ser- vices to the cause of protection. M. Antoine d'Abbadie, a French traveller, having pub- lished an account of his alleged journey into Kaffa for the purpose of exploring the sources of the Nile, Beke issued a critical examination of his claims, severely criticising his 'pre- tended journey.' The Geographical Society of Paris having awarded to M. d'Abbadie its annual prize for the most important discovery in geography, on the ground of his travels, a warm controversy arose. The charges made by Beke, and M. d'Abbadie's defence, were brought before the society, and after con- siderable discussion the society decided that no action should be taken, and simply passed to the order of the day. This decision being unsatisfactory to Beke, he returned the gold medal which had been awarded him in 1846 for his travels in Abyssinia, and withdrew altogether from the society. In 1852 Beke edited for the Hakluyt Society Gerrit de Veer's ' True Description of Three Voyages by the North-east, towards Cathay and China.' Notes were added to the work, which had also an historical in- troduction relating chiefly to the earlier voy- ages to Novaya Zemlya. The ensuing year he addressed the Foreign Office and the Board of Trade upon the subject of politics and commerce in Abyssinia and other parts of Eastern Africa. Beke had married a grand- niece of Sir J. W. Herschel, but this lady dying in 1853, in 1856 he married secondly Miss Emily Alston, a Mauritius lady, the daughter of Mr. William Alston of Leicester, a claimant of the baronetcy of Alston. He had three years before become a partner in a Mauritius mercantile house, and in 1856 he despatched a sailing vessel to the port of Massowah for the purpose of endeavouring to open up commercial relations with Abyssinia. Beke 140 Beke The attempt proved a failure, however, and •entailed on Beke considerable pecuniary loss. But Beke was so convinced of the feasibility of establishing commercial relations with Abyssinia, that he applied, though unsuc- cessfully, to the Foreign Office for the ap- pointment of British consul at Massowah, with the object of developing his scheme. In 1860 Beke published < The Sources of the Nile ; being a General Survey of the Basin of that River and of its Head Streams. With the History of Nilotic Discovery.' The work was based upon the author's essay ' On the Nile and its Tribu- taries, and various subsequent papers. But much new information was added. The -author showed how the truth of his previous contentions respecting the interior of Africa had been established by Captain Burton and other travellers ; and that the ' dark conti- nent' possessed fertile and genial regions, large rivers and lakes, and an immense popu- lation, which, if not civilised, was yet to a large extent endowed with kindly manners, humane dispositions, and industrious habits. The writer therefore pressed upon the serious consideration of the British merchant, as well as the Christian missionary and philanthro- pist, the necessity for opening up the conti- nent of Africa and civilising its inhabitants. Dr. and Mrs. Beke travelled in Syria and Palestine in 1861-62, l for the purpose of exploring and identifying the Harran, or Charran of Scripture, and other localities mentioned in the book of Genesis, in accord- ance with the opinions expressed in Dr. Beke's " Origines Biblicte " in 1834. They also travelled in Egypt, in order to see and induce the merchants of Egypt to form a company for carrying out Dr. Beke's plans for opening up commercial relations with cen- tral Africa, and for promoting the growth of cotton in upper Egypt and the Soudan.' On their return, the travellers were publicly awarded the thanks of the Royal Geographi- cal Society, and several papers were the result of this visit to the East. Beke also entered into controversy with Bishop Colenso on the subject of the exodus of the Israelites and the position of Mount Sinai. In 1864 great indignation was caused in England by the news that Captain Cameron and a number of other British subjects and missionaries had been imprisoned by the King of Abyssinia for pretended insults. Beke at once undertook a journey to Abyssinia for the purpose of urging on King Theodore the necessity of releasing the British consul and his fellow-prisoners. Beke obtained the temporary liberation of the prisoners, but the subsequent conduct of the king, in again im- prisoning and ill-treating the captives, led to the Abyssinian war, which resulted in the complete defeat, and the death, of King Theodore. During the Abyssinian difficulty Beke furnished maps, materials, and other in- formation to the British government, and to the army, by which many of the dangers of the expedition were averted, and in all pro- bability many lives saved. Beke received a grant of 500/. from the secretary of state for India, but his family and friends re- garded this remuneration as very inadequate for public services extending over a period of thirty or forty years, and culminating in his aid and advice in connection with the Abyssinian campaign. In June 1868 Pro- fessor E. W. Brayley, F.R.S., drew up a memorandum of the public services of Beke in respect of the Abyssinian expedition. I Two years later the queen granted Beke a civil-list pension of 100/. per annum in con- sideration of his geographical researches, and especially of the value of his explorations in Abyssinia. Amongst other questions of oriental in- ' terest studied by Dr. Beke, that of the true location of Mount Sinai had always a special i fascination for him. In December 1873 he I left England for Egypt, accompanied by i several scientific friends, for the purpose of • investigating this question in person. The | Khedive of Egypt placed a steamer at his disposal, and the exploring party performed j a tour round the alleged Mount Sinai, and j made valuable discoveries along the coast of j the gulf of Akaba. They occupied them- j selves with the sites connected with the passage of the Red Sea by the Israelites, and afterwards proceeded into the interior, and discovered ' Mount Sinai in Arabia/ called by the natives Mount Barghir. In March 1874, Beke arrived in England, and though apparently in good health, considering his advanced age, died suddenly on 31 July ensuirig. He was buried at Bekesbourne on 5 Aug. After his death his widow issued his most important work, entitled l Discoveries of Sinai in Arabia, and of Midian,' which was accompanied by geological, botanical, and conchological reports, plans, maps, and en- gravings. It was claimed for him that by this work he had paved the way for others to arrive at a final settlement of the whole of the important questions connected with the exodus of the Israelites. But the questions raised in his latest volume led to much con- troversy, his opinions being by some vehe- mently opposed. In addition to the works mentioned in the course of this biography, Dr. Beke was the Bekinsau 141 Belasyse author of : 1. ' The British Captives in Abys- sinia/ published in 1865. 2. ' King Theodore and Mr. Rassam/ 1869. 3. 'The Idol in Horeb/ 1871. 4. 'Jesus the Messiah/ 1872. 5. 'Discovery of the true Mount Sinai.' 6. 'Mount Sinai a Volcano '(1873) ; and many other sketches, pamphlets, and papers. [Beke's various works ; Summary of Beke's published works, by his Widow, 1876 ; Annual Eegister for 1874; Transactions of the Royal Geographical Society ; An Enquiry into M. A. d'Abbadie's Journey to Kaffa, 1850 ; The Idol in Horeb, 1871 ; Letters on the Commerce of Abys- sinia, 1852; Reports of the British Association, 1847 ; The Sources of the Nile, 1860 ; Views in Ethnography (new ed.), 1863 ; Men of the Time, 8th ed.] G. B. S. BEKINSAU, JOHN (1496P-1559), scho- lar and divine, was born at Broadchalke, in Wiltshire, about 1496. His father, John Bekinsau, of Hartley Wespell, Hampshire, is supposed to have belonged to the Lanca- shire family of Becconsall (TANNER) ; but Hoare (Hist, of Wilts, iv. 153) argues that there was a family of the name native in Wiltshire. Bekinsau was educated at Winchester School, and proceeded to New College, Oxford; he was made fellow of that society in 1520, and took the degree of M.A. in 1526. At Oxford he was, according to Wood, esteemed ' an admirable Grecian ; ' and on proceeding to Paris he read the Greek lecture in the university, probably soon after 1530, the year in which Francis I founded the royal pro- fessorships and revived the study of Greek at Paris. Having returned to England, Be- kinsau married, and so vacated his fellow- ship, in 1538. His only extant work is a treatise 'De supremo et absolute Regis imperio ' (London, 1546), republished in Goldast's ' Monarchia ' in 1611; this work is dedicated to Henry VIII, ' the head of the church immediately after Christ/ and affirms the full supremacy of the king against that of the pope. The argu- ment proceeds mainly by quotations from the fathers, of whom Chrysostom seems the fa- vourite. He was a friend of John Leland, who addresses a poem to a forthcoming work of Bekinsau, and refers to the learning and Parisian studies of its author (LELAND, En- comia, p. 9). Bale gives a bad account of Bekinsau, alleging that his work on the su- premacy was only written for the sake of lucre. The same biographer adds that he returned to the Roman church in 1554, ' like a dog to his vomit.' On the accession of Elizabeth, Bekinsau retired to Sherburne, a village in Hampshire, where he died, and was buried on 20 Dec. 1559. [Wood's Athenae, i. 129 ; Tanner's Bibliotheca ; Bale ; Hoare's Wiltshire.] A. G-N. BEKYNTOIST, THOMAS, bishop of Bath and Wells. [See BECKINGTON.] BELASYSE, ANTHONY, LL.D. (d. , 1552), civilian, sometimes called BELLOWS and BELLOWSESSE, was a younger son of Thomas Belasyse, Esq., of Henknowle, co. Durham. He proceeded bachelor of the civil I law in the university of Cambridge in 1520, and was afterwards created LL.D., but it is supposed that he took that degree in a foreign | university. In 1528 he was admitted an ad- I vocate. On 4 May 1533 he obtained the rectory of Whickham, co. Durham, being col- lated to it by Bishop Tunstal, who on 7 June following ordained him priest. In the same year he was presented to the vicarage of St. Oswald in the city of Durham. In 1539 he became vicar of Brancepeth in the same county, and about this time he resigned Whickham. His name is subscribed to the decree of convocation, 9 July 1540, declaring the marriage of Henry VIII with Anne of Cleves to have been invalid. Later in the same year he obtained a prebend in the col- legiate church of Auckland and a canonry at Westminster. Bonner, bishop of London, collated him to the archdeaconry of Col- chester on 27 April 1543 (NEWCOIJET, Reper- torium, i. 91), and it is said that on the same day he obtained a prebend in the church of Ripon. He held also the mastership of the hospital of St. Edmund in Gateshead, and had a prebend in the collegiate church of Chester-le-Street. In January 1543-4 he was installed in the prebend of Heydour- cum- Walton in the church of Lincoln. In 1544 he was appointed a master in chancery, and on 17 Oct. in that year he was commis- sioned with the master of the rolls, John Tregonwell, and John Oliver, also masters in chancery, to hear causes in the absence of Lord Wriothesley, the lord chancellor. (RYMER, Fcedera, ed. 1713, xv. 58). Dr. Belasyse became master of Sherburne Hospital, co. Durham, in or about 1545, in which year Henry VIII granted to him, Wil- liam Belasyse, and Margaret Simpson, the site of the priory of Newburgh in the county of York, with the demesne, lands, and other hereditaments ; also certain manors in West- moreland which had pertained to the dis- solved monastery of Biland in Yorkshire. In 1546 he was holding the prebend of Tim- berscomb in the church of Wells, and three years later he was installed prebendary of Knaresborough-cum-Bickhill in the church of York. In January 1551-2 his name was inserted in a commission by which certain Belasyse 142 Belcher judges and civilians were authorised to assist Bishop Goodrich of Ely, the lord keeper, in hearing matters of chancery (STRYPE, Me- morials, ii. 296, 488, fol.). It is said that he was one of the council of thu north under Edward VI (Id. ii. 458, fol.), but the accu- racy of this statement has been questioned. On 7 June 1552 he had a grant from the crown of a canonry in the church of Carlisle ( Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1 547-80, LiO), though he does not appear to have n admitted to it, and his death occurred in the following month. Having largely profited by the spoliation of the monasteries, he bestowed the valuable estates thus ob- tained at Newburgh and elsewhere on his nephew, Sir William Belasyse, whose grand- son was ennobled with the title of Faucon- berg by Charles I. [Foss's Judges of England, v. 91, 279, 341 ; Surtees's Durham, i. 130, 131, 140, ii. 241, iii. 367, iv. (2) 82 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 181, ii. 156, 342, iii. 197, 352; Cal. of State Papers (Dom. 1547-80), 23 ; Strype's Memorials (fol.), ii. 531 ; Original Letters relative to the English Reformation, ed. Eobinson, 289 n ; Coote's Civi- lians, 25 ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, i. 543.] T. C. BELASYSE, JOHN, BARON BELASYSE (1614-1689), was the second son of Thomas, first Lord Fauconberg. The first Lord Fau- oiiberg (miscalled Henry by Fuller in his * Worthies of Yorkshire ') was the eldest son of Sir Henry Belasyse, first baronet, and was by Charles I created in 1627 Baron Faucon- berg of Yarm, and in 1642 Viscount Faucon- berg of Henknowle. He died in 1652. His eldest son, Henry, who died before him, took some part in the proceedings in the Long parliament at the time of the arrest of the five members (GLOVER, Visitation of Yorkshire; Notebook of Sir J. North- cote). His second son was born about 1614. On the breaking out of the civil war he joined the king at Oxford, and was by him at that place, on 22 Jan. 1644-5, created Baron Belasyse of Worlaby, Lincolnshire. At his own charge he raised six regiments of horse and foot, was placed in command of a ' tertia/ and was present at the battles of Edgehill, Brentford, and Newbury, at the sieges of Reading, Bristol, and Newark, and finally at the battle of Naseby. He was also appointed, at different times in the course of the war, lieutenant-general of the king's forces in the counties of York, Nottingham, Lincoln, Derby, and Rutland, and governor of York and Newark. After the restoration he was made lord-lieutenant of the East Riding and governor of Hull, and captain of the guard of gentlemen pensioners. This office he resigned in consequence of a private quarrel ; he was then made governor of Tangier. Being unable to take the oath of conformity, he subsequently resigned that post also. That his reputation stood high as a soldier is proved by the fact that in the false information of Titus Gates he, being a catholi c, was designated as the leader of the catholic army which Oates pretended was in course of formation. In consequence of this information he was in 1678, together with other catholic lords, viz. Arundell of Wardour [see ARUN- DELL, HENRY], Powis, Stafford, and Petre, committed to the Tower and impeached of high crimes and offences, but never brought to trial. The imprisonment of the catholic lords lasted till February 1683-4, when they were admitted to bail. Lord Belasyse stood high in the favour of James II, and was in 1687 made first lord commissioner of the treasury, an appointment which, on account of his religion, gave great offence. He died in 1689. His eldest son, Sir Henry Belasyse, K.B., the husband of Susan Armine [see under ARMINE, SIR WILLIAM], died before his father, and Lord Belasyse was succeeded in the title by his grandson Henry, son of Sir Henry. On the death of the second Lord Belasyse in 1692 the title became extinct. [Dugdale's Baronage ; Fuller's Worthies, York- shire, p. 220 (fol.) ; Foster's Visitations of York- shire, 1584-1612, and Pedigrees of the County Families of Yorkshire; Money's Battles of New- bury, where is given a copy of the monumental brass in St. Giles' in the Fields, the church where Lord Belasyse was buried; Klopp's Fall des Hauses Stuart.] ' C. F. K. BELASYSE, THOMAS, EARL BERG (1627-1700), son of Henry Belasyse, r£ ;*'£] and grandson of Thomas, first Viscount **fLel( J Fauconberg, succeeded his grandfather in * the viscounty of Fauconberg in 1652. Un- l/6i/' like his father and grandfather, he passed over to the side of the parliament, and sub- sequently became a strong adherent of Crom- well, whose third daughter, Mary, he married in 1667. He again became a royalist at the restoration, and was appointed a member of the privy council of Charles II, captain of the guard (in which office he succeeded his uncle), and ambassador in Italy. He was one of the noblemen who joined in inviting William to England, and was by that king raised in 1689 to the rank of earl. He died in 1700. [Forster's County Families of Yorkshire ; Col- lins's Peerage.] C. F. K. BELCHER, SiREDWARD (1799-1877), admiral, son of Andrew Belcher of Halifax, Belcher Belchiam Nova Scotia [see BERESFORD, SIR JOHN Poo], and grandson of William Belcher, governor of the same colony, entered the navy in 1812, and, after serving in several ships in the Channel and on the Newfoundland station, was in 1816 a midshipman of the Superb, with Captain Ekins, at the bombardment of Algiers. He was made lieutenant on 21 July 1818, and after continuous, though unimpor- tant service, was in 1825 appointed as assistant .surveyor to the Blossom, then about to sail for the Pacific Ocean and Behring Straits [see BEECHEY, FREDERICK WILLIAM] on a voy- age of discovery which lasted over more than three years. He was made commander 16 March 1829, and from May 1830 to Sep- tember 1833 commanded the JEtna, employed •on the survey of parts of the west and north coasts of Africa, and through the winter of 1832 in the Douro, for the protection of British interests during the struggle between the parties of Doms Pedro and Miguel. The results of the ^Etna's work were afterwards embodied in the admiralty charts and sailing directions for the rivers Douro and Gambia. On paying off the JEtna, Belcher was em- ployed for some time on the home survey, principally in the Irish Sea, and in November 1836 was appointed to the Sulphur, survey- ing ship, then on the west coast of South America, from which Captain Beechey had been obliged to invalid. During the next three years the Sulphur was busily employed on the west coast of both North and South America, and in the end of 1839 received orders to return to England by the western Toute. After visiting several of the island groups in the South Pacific, and making such observations as time permitted, Belcher ar- rived at Singapore in October 1840, where he was ordered back to China, on account of the war which had broken out, and during the following year he was actively engaged, more especially in operations in the Canton Eiver. The Sulphur finally arrived in Eng- land in July 1842, after a commission of nearly seven years. Belcher had already been advanced to post rank, 6 May 1841, and been decorated with a C.B. ; he now (January 1843) received the honour of knighthood, and in the course of the same year published his •l Narrative of a Voyage round the World per- formed in H.M.S. Sulphur during the years 1836-42 ' (2 vols. 8vo). In November 1842 he was appointed to the Samarang for the survey of the coast of China, which the re- cent war and treaty had opened to our com- merce. More pressing necessities, however, changed her field of work to Borneo, the Philippine Islands, and Formosa, and on these and neighbouring coasts Belcher was em- ployed for nearly five years, returning to Eng- land on the last day of 1847. In 1848 he published ' Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang ' (2 vols. 8vo), and in 1852 was appointed to the command of an expedition to the Arctic in search of Sir John Franklin. The appointment was an unfortunate one ; for Belcher, though an able and experienced sur- veyor, had neither the temper nor the tact necessary for a commanding officer under cir- cumstances of peculiar difficulty. Perhaps no officer of equal ability has ever succeeded in inspiring so much personal dislike, and the cus- tomary exercise of his authority did not make Arctic service less trying. Nor did any happy success make amends for much discomfort and annoyance ; and his expedition is distin- guished from all other Arctic expeditions as the one in which the commanding officer showed an undue haste to abandon his ships when in difficulties, and in which one of the ships so abandoned rescued herself from the ice, and was picked up floating freely in the open Atlantic. Belcher has himself told the story in a work published in 1855 with the some- what extravagant title of ' The Last of the Arctic Voyages ' (2 vols. 8vo), with which may be compared the description of the aban- donment of the Resolute given by the late Admiral Sherard Osborn in his ' Discovery of a North-west Passage ' (4th ed. 1865), pp. 262-6. Belcher was never employed again, although in due course of seniority he attained his flag 11 Feb. 1861, became vice-admiral 2 April 1866, and admiral 20 Oct. 1872. He was also honoured with a K.C.B. 13 March 1867. He passed the remaining years of his life in literary and scientific amusements, and died 18 March 1877. Besides the works already noted, he published in 1835 ' A Treatise on Nautical Surveying/ long a standard work on the subject, though now obsolete ; in 1856, ' Horatio Howard Brenton, a Naval Novel ' (3 vols. 8vo), and an exceedingly stupid one ; and in 1867 edited Sir W. H. Smyth's 1 Sailors' Word Book,' 8vo. [O'Byrne's Naval Biog. Diet. ; Journal of the Roy. Greog. Soc. (1877), xlvii. p. cxxxvi ; Add. MS. 28509, f. 126.] J. K. L. BELCHIAM, THOMAS (1508-1537), a Franciscan friar ofvthe convent at Greenwich, was imprisoned, with others of his brethren, for refusing to take the oath of the royal supre- macy, and declaring the king (Henry VIII) to be a heretic. He wrote a sermon on the text, ' Behold, they that wear soft clothing are in kings' houses' (Matt. xi. 8), in which he lashed the vices of the court and the avarice and inconstancy of the clergy. At the in- tercession of Thomas Wriothesley (after- Belchier 144 Beler wards lord chancellor and earl of South- ampton), some of the friars were released, but Belchiam was excepted. He died in New- gate of starvation on 3 Aug. 1537. A copy of his sermon, which was found in the prison after his death, was brought to Henry VIII, who was at first affected by it, but afterwards had it burnt. Another copy was preserved by the friars, and Thomas Bourchier, writing in 1583, expresses a hope that it may be pub- lished, which, as far as we know, was never done. [Bourchier's HistoriaEcclesiastica de Martyrio Fratrum Ordinis Minorum ; Sanders's Historia Schismatis Anglicani, p. 127; "Wadding's An- nales Minorum, xvi. 418 ; Scriptores Minorum ; Collectanea Anglo-Minoritica, pt. i. 240 ; An- gelus a S. Francisco (N. Mason), Certamen Sera- phicum Provincise Anglise.] C. T. M. BELCHIER, DAUBRIDGCOURT, or DAWBRIDGE-COURT (1580P-1621), dra- matist, the son of William Belchier, Esq., of Gillesborough, in Northamptonshire, was admitted, in company with his brother John, a fellow-commoner of Corpus Christi Col- lege, Oxford, on 2 March 1597. He after- wards removed to Christ Church, where, on 9 Feb. 1600, he took the degree of B.A. A few years later he settled in the Low Countries, and in 1617, when he was residing in Utrecht, he translated from the Dutch — but it cannot now be traced from what ori- ginal— a piece which he published in London in 1618, 'Hans Beer Pot, his Invisible Comedy of See me and See me not,' which was stated to have been ' acted in the Low Countries by an honest company of Health Drinkers/ This play was anonymous, and .was attributed to Thomas Nash by Phillips and Winstanley. The author admits that it is neither tragedy nor comedy, but a plain conference of three persons, divided into three acts. Belchier was the author of various other poems and translations, but none of them appear to have been printed. He presented to Corpus Christi College a silver cup with the family arms upon it, ' Paly of 6 or, and gul, a chief vaire.' He died at Utrecht in 1621. [Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 158; Masters's History of Corpus Christi College (1753), p. 230.] E. G. BELCHIER, JOHN (1706-1785), sur- geon, was born at Kingston, Surrey, and educated at Eton. On leaving school he was apprenticed to Cheselden, head surgeon at St. Thomas's Hospital. By perseverance Belchier became eminent in his profession, and in 1736 he was appointed surgeon to G-uy's Hospital. In 1732 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and his name appears on the list of the council from 1769 to 1772. He contributed some papers to the society's * Philosophical Transactions/ On Belchier's retirement from the office of surgeon of Guy's Hospital he was elected one of its governors, and also a governor of St. Thomas's Hospital. He had an exagge- rated reverence for the name of Guy, saying ' that no other man would have sacri- ficed 150,000/. for the benefit of his fellow- creatures.' In the ' Gentleman's Magazine * for 1743 is the following story : ' One Stephen Wright, who, as a patient, came to Mr. Bel- chier, a surgeon, in Sun Court, being alone with him in the room clapt a pistol to his breast, demanding his money. Mr. Belchier offered him two guineas, which he refused ; but, accepting of six guineas and a gold watch, as he was putting them in his pocket Mr. Belchier took the opportunity to seize upon him, and, after a struggle, secured him/ Belchier died suddenly in Sun Court, Thread- needle Street, and was buried in the founder's vault in the chapel attached to Guy's Hos- pital. [Philosophical Transactions of the London- Royal Society, abridged ; Gent. Mag. 1785.] P. B. A. BELER, ROGER DE (d. 1326), judge, was son of William Beler, and grandson of Roger Beler, sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1256. His mother's name was Amicia. That the family was settled in Leicestershire we know from a license obtained by the judge in 1316 to grant a lay fee in Kirkby-by-Melton, on the Wrethek in that county, to the warden and chaplains of St. Peter, on condition of their performing religious services for the benefit of the souls of himself and his wife Alicia, his father and mother, and ancestry generally. In the civil dissensions of the period, in which Piers Gaveston lost his life, Beler was of the Earl of Lancaster's party, and in October 1318 was included in the amnesty then granted to the earl and his adherents. Shortly afterwards he received a grant of land in Leicestershire as the reward of undefined ' laudable services ' rendered by him to the king. In the same year the offices of bailiff and steward of Stapleford, in Leices- tershire, of which apparently he was already tenant, were entailed upon him. In this year he was one of a commission for the trial of sheriffs and other officers accused of extortion in the counties of Buckingham, Bedford, and Northampton. In 1 322 he was created baron of the exchequer in the room of John de Foxle, and placed on a special commission to try Belesme 145 Belet -certain ' malefactors and disturbers of the , peace' who had forcibly broken into and j pillaged certain manors belonging to Hugh | le Despenser (amongst whom were Ralph j and Roger la Zousch), and upon another coin- mission for the same purpose in the following ' year. In 1324 he sat on a commission for | the trial of persons charged with complicity in j a riot at Rochester. On 29 Jan. 1325-6, while j on his way from Kirkby to Leicester, he was j murdered in a valley near Reresby by one ; Eustace de Folville and his brother. A com- mission for the trial of the murderers issued next month, Roger la Zousch of Lubesthorp and Robert Helewell being indicted as acces- sories. They fled from the kingdom, and their goods were confiscated. One Eudo or Ivo la Zousch was ' appealed of the murder by Alicia, and, being also threatened with death by Hugh le Despenser, made his escape to France, and died in Paris at Martinmas. Process of out- lawry issued against him unlawfully after his death, for the removal of which his son Wil- liam petitioned parliament next year (1327). Alicia survived her husband by nearly twenty years, dying in 1344. The judge left an heir named Roger, who, being an infant, became a ward of the crown. Alicia was placed in possession of the estates in Leicestershire during his minority. The judge was buried at Kirkby in the church of St. Peter, where a monument in alabaster, representing him as a knight in complete armour, was extant at the date of publication of Nichols's ' His- tory of Leicestershire ' (1795), though the lines of the drapery were with difficulty traceable. [Dugdale's Monast. vi. 511 ; Madox's Exch. ii. 140 ; Tanner's Not. Monast. 245 ; Abbrev. Kot. Grig. i. 230, ii. 6, 171 ; Parl. Writs, ii. 522, 1647; Kot. Parl. ii. 432 ; Nichols's Leicest. i. pt. ii. 225. ii. pt. i. 230; Foss's Judges of England.] J. M. E. BELESME, ROBERT DE. [See BEL- LEME.] BELET, MICHAEL (ft. 1182), judge, was sheriff of Worcestershire 1176-81 and again in 1184, of Wiltshire 1180-82, of Lei- cestershire and Warwickshire in conjunction with Ralph Glanvill 1185-87, and alone 1189-90. He appears as a justice itinerant for Warwickshire and Leicestershire in 1177, in the following year for Lincolnshire, and in 1179, on the redistribution of circuits which then took place, he was assigned for the eastern circuit. On several occasions between the latter years of Henry II's reign and the third of John, 1201-2, we find him acting as tallager in various counties. He is classed as a baron in the record of a fine levied before him in VOL. IV. the exchequer in 1183, and in 1189-90 we find him acting with the barons in assessing imposts in the midland counties. He was lord of the manor of Shene in Surrey, and of that of Wroxton in Oxfordshire. He married Emma, daughter and coheir of John de Keynes, by whom he had several sons, of whom the eldest was named Hervey after his grandfather, and the second Michael [q. v.]. The last fine recorded by Dugdale as having been levied before him is dated 1199. Pro- bably he died early in the thirteenth century. On his death his estates passed to his eldest son, Hervey, who, however, dying in 1207-8 without issue, was succeeded by his brother Michael, who paid a fine of 100/. upon the succession. [Hoveden, ed. Stubbs, ii. 191 ; Madox's Exch., i. 82, 113, 130, 556, 705,736; Fuller's Worthies, 137, 159, 178 ; Rot. Cancell., 3 John, 238 ; Fines (Hunter) Pref. xxi-xxiii ; Pipe Roll 1 Eic. I, 35, 69, 103, 116, 160, 236 ; Dugdale's Chron. Ser. 5 ; Manning and Bray's Surrey, i. 406.] J. M. E. BELET, MICHAEL (Jl. 1238), judge, second son of Michael Belet, the judge of Henry II's reign, is commonly styled Magister Michael Belet on account of his profession of civilian and canonist. He was presented in 1200-1 by the king to the living of Hincles- ham in the diocese of Norwich. In the roll De Oblatis for 1201 occurs the curious me- morandum, of which the following is a trans- lation : ' Master Michael Belet offers the lord the king, on behalf of his sister, 40 marks for the hand of Robert de Candos, which is in the gift of the lord the king. And Geoffrey Fitz Peter is authorised to accept the aforesaid fine of 40 marks, provided it be for the profit of the king so to do, because if that be so, it is granted to him because he is in the service of the king.' In 1203-4 he was presented by the king to the living of Setburgham (now Serbergham, near Hesket Newmarket) in the diocese of Carlisle. At a subsequent period, the precise date of which cannot be fixed, he incurred the ' ill will ' (malevolentia) of the king, who caused him to be ejected from his manor of Shene in Surrey, which he held upon the tenure of ( ser- geanty of butlery ' to the king, and only re- instated him (in 1213) upon payment of a fine of 500 marks. He was not at the same time restored to the office of royal butler, of which he had also been deprived. On the whole, however, Belet seems to have been a faithful servant of the king, and in 1216 he received the lands of one Wischard Ledet, who is described as being ( with the king's enemies.' In 1223 he was appointed receiver of the rents of the see of Coventry, and in Beleth 146 Belford 1225 auditor of the accounts of the justices to whom the collection of the quinzime was assigned, and himself assigned to collect it in Northamptonshire. This is probably the reason why Dugdale includes him among the barons. He is mentioned by Matthew Paris in 1236 as playing his part with due solem- nity as royal butler on the occasion of the | banquet in honour of the marriage of the king ' with Eleanor of Provence. Some few years previously, probably in 1230, he founded at "Wroxton a priory for canons regular of the order of St. Augustine, endowing it with the manors of Wroxton andBalescote. The grant was confirmed by a charter of Henry III. The priory or abbey, as it came to be called, continued in existence till the dissolution of ; religious houses in Henry VIII's reign. The property afterwards came into the family of the earls of Downe. The present tenant, the Baroness North, is a descendant of the lord keeper Guilford, who married a sister of the last earl of Downe. A few fragments of the original building are preserved in the exist- ing structure, which was erected between 1600 and 1618 by the earl of Downe of that day. [Rot. Chart. 75, 134; Kot. Glaus, i. 286; Testa de Nevill, 226a; Madox's Exch. i. 462, 474, ii. 291 ; Rot. de Obi. et Fin. (Hardy), 180 ; Matthew Paris, ed. Luard, iii. 338 ; Manning and Bray's Surrey, i. 406 ; Tanner's Not. Monast., Oxfordshire; Skel ton's En graved Illustrations of Oxfordshire, Bloxham Hundred; Burke's Visi- tation of Seats and Arms, ii. 189.] J. M. R. BELETH, JOHN (/. 1182 ?), the author of the often-printed ' Rationale divinorum offi- ciorum,' is somewhat hesitatingly claimed as an Englishman by Pits. According to Tan- ner, however, his cognomen was Anglicus. He is said by Henricus Gandavensis (d. 1293) to have been rector of a theological school at Paris. Albericus Trium Fontiuni (fl. 1241) describes him under the year 1182 as nourish- ing in the church of Amiens (Chron. Alberici apud LEIBNITZ, ii. 363). Posse vinus, appa- rently quoting from Essengrenius, has as- signed him a very different date — 1328 — which has been adopted by Pits, and, according to Oudin, by some later writers. The latest author quoted by Beleth seems to be Rupert Tuitiensis, who died in the year 1135 (see Rationale, c. 123). The chapter in the l Ra- tionale ' on the feast of the Invention of St. Stephen, instituted in the fifteenth century (MIGNE), is evidently a late insertion. Be- sides the ( Rationale/ two other works have been attributed to Beleth — a collection of sermons, and a treatise entitled 'Gemma Animse.' The ' Rationale ' seems to have been printed several times during the course of the sixteenth century, and at various places. In later years it has been issued in Migne's ' Patrologiae Cursus,' vol. ccii. Many manuscripts of this work used to exist in England. Pits mentions two in the private- libraries of Baron de Lumley and Walter Cope. Tanner adds two others, to be found respectively in the Royal Library at West- minster (now in the British Museum), and in the Bodleian at Oxford. [Pits, 869 ; Possevimis, Apparatus Sacer, i. 825; Fabricius, Biblioth. Lat. iv. 56; Oudin De Scriptor. Ecclesiast. ii. 1589; Du Boulay's Historia Univers. Parisiens. ii. 749 ; Tanner, and authorities cited above ; a list of the various edi- tions of the Rationale is given by Fabricius.] T. A. A. BELFAST, EAKL OF. [See CHICHESTEK,, FKEDEEICK WILLIAM.] BELFORD, WILLIAM (1709-1780), artillery officer, was born in 1709, and entered the royal regiment of artillery on its forma- tion as a cadet on 1 Feb. 1726. The regiment of artillery was not yet of much importance as a component part of the army, for Marl- borough had always employed Danish, Dutch,, and German adventurers as gunners, and had not laid much importance upon securing English artillerymen. King George I, Lord Stanhope, and Sir Robert Walpole all saw the importance of this branch of the service, and Albert Borgard [q.v.] was allowed to raise the royal regiment of artillery in 1726. Young Belford soon showed his aptitude for learning all that was then to be learned of the science of artillery, and was promoted fireworker in 1729, second lieutenant in 1737, first lieu- tenant in 1740, and captain-lieutenant or adjutant in 1741. In that year he served in the expedition to Carthagena, and gave such satisfaction that he was promoted captain in 1742. He then served in the campaigns in Flanders in 1742-45, and was present at the battle of Dettingen, and was promoted a major in the army by brevet in 1745. He next commanded the small force of artillery attached to the Duke of Cumberland's army at Culloden, and t by his spirit and boldness checked the vigour of the clans, and gave the victory/ for which signal service he was pro- moted lieutenant-colonel in the army by brevet. He then commanded the artillery in Flanders in 1747-8 and at the battle of Fontenoy, and was promoted lieutenant- colonel in his regiment in 1749, and succeeded Albert Borgard, the founder of the regiment, as colonel commandant at Woolwich in 1751. He held this important post till he was pro- moted major-general in January 1758. He had then to surrender the command -of the- Belfour 147 Bel f rage regiment, but received the command of the Woolwich district, with the important charge of the Warren, as the arsenal was then called. He was promoted, in due course, lieutenant- general in 1760, and general in 1777. On the outbreak of the Gordon riots, says the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' the rioters meant to burn the Warren. * But General Belford had made such dispositions that 40,000 men could not have forced the arsenal. This im- portant service, and the despatching trains of artillery to the different camps, kept him on horseback day and night. Such extraordinary fatigue, such unremitting application, burst a blood-vessel, and brought on a fever, which carried him off in a few days ' ( Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 1., 1780, p. 347). General Bel- ford died at the Warren, Woolwich, on 1 July 1780, and was succeeded in his command by his eldest son, who was also an officer in the artillery. Belford seems to have been a very competent officer, and to have greatly contri- buted to the high position since taken by the royal regiment; he contributed a curious little pamphlet, l Colonel Belford's March of the Artillery,' to Miiller's ' Treatise on the War in Flanders,' published in 1757, and he was the first officer to introduce the fife into the English army by bringing over a Hanoverian fifer, named Johann Ulrich, in 1748, who taught the fifers of the royal artillery. [Gent. Mag. 1780; Kane's List of Officers of the Royal Kegiment of Artillery, 2nd ed. 1869, p. 166 note.] H. M. S. BELFOUR, HUGO JOHN (1802-1827), author of poems signed ST. JOHN DORSET, was born in or near London in 1802. He was the eldest child of Edward Belfour, of the Navy Office, by his wife Catherine, daughter of John Greenwell, of the India House (Gent. Mag. May 1801). Before the completion of his nineteenth year, Belfour produced ' The Vampire, a Tragedy in five acts, by St. John Dorset,' 8vo, London, 1st and 2nd editions, 1821. The scene is laid in Egypt. The second edition was inscribed ' To W. C. Macready, Esq.,' to whom the work had been submitted in manuscript. Belfour also wrote l Montezuma, a Tragedy in five acts, and other Poems, by St. John Dorset/ 8vo, London, 1822. In May 1826 he was ordained, and ( appointed to a curacy in Jamaica, with the best prospects of prefer- ment ' (Gent. Mag?). He died in Jamaica in September 1827. [The Vampire, a tragedy, 1821 ; Gent. Mag. May 1801, January 1816, September 1818, and December 1827; Halkett and Laing's Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great Britain, Edinburgh, 1882.1 A. H. G. BELFOUR, JOHN (1768-1842), was an orientalist and miscellaneous writer, of whom little is recorded, except that he was a member of the Royal Society of Literature, and that he died in the City Road, London, in 1842, at the age of seventy-four. His works are : 1. ' Literary Fables imitated from the Spanish of Yriarte,' London, 1806, 8vo. 2. < Spanish Heroism, or the Battle of Roncesvalles ; a me- trical romance,' London, 1809, 8vo, 3. ' Music ; a didactic poem from the Spanish of Yriarte/ London, 1811, 8vo. 4. ' Odes in honour of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent; with other poems/ 1812 ; only twenty-five copies printed. 5. ' The Psalms of David, according to the Coptic version, accompanied by a literal translation into English, and by the version of the Latin Vulgate, with copious notes, in which the variations from the original text are noticed, the corruptions in the Egyptian text pointed out, and its numerous affinities with the Hebrew for the first time deter- mined/ 1831 : manuscript in British Museum, 1110 E. 31. 6. ; Remarks on certain Alpha- bets in use among the Jews of Morocco/ 1836. In the ' Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom/ iii. 136- 142, with plates. Belfour also revised, cor- rected, and augmented the fifth edition of Ray's < English Proverbs/ London, 1813, 8vo. [Biog. Diet, of Living Authors (1816), 19 ; Gent. Mag. N. S. xviii. 213 ; Watts's Bibl. Brit. ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C. BELFRAGE, HENRY, D.D. (1774- 1835), divine of the Secession church, was son of the Rev. John Belfrage, minister of the first Associate congregation in Falkirk, Stirlingshire, who was of a Kinross-shire family. The father was born at Colliston on 2 Feb. 1736, soon after the Secession. He had been called to Falkirk in 1758 ; married Jean Whyte, daughter of John Whyte, a corn merchant, who belonged to the congregation, and had by her five sons and seven daughters. Henry was the fourth son, and was born at the manse in Falkirk on 24 March 1774. From the first he was destined by his parents to be a minister of the Gospel. He ' ran away ' to school, while between four and five, along with his elder brother Andrew. At six he read Latin grammatically. He had the ad- vantage of a good teacher at the grammar school in James Meek. At ten he used to preach, and was commonly spoken of as ' the young or wee minister.' In his thir- teenth year he proceeded to the university of Edinburgh, in 1786 (November), with his elder brother Andrew. He at once took a high place in his Latin and Greek classes, and read Latin, Greek, and Hebrew as readily as L2 Belfrage 148 Bell English. He entered the Theological Hall of his church at Selkirk (under George Law- son) in the autumn of 1789, i.e. in his fifteenth year. His attendance was only required there for about eight weeks in the summer, and Belfrage managed, therefore, to carry on his studies in the winter at the university till his nineteenth year. On 16 May 1793 he appeared for examination before his presby- tery, and received license on 1 July. His father's congregation at once invited him to be colleague with his father on 31 Aug. 1793. He was also invited to congregations in Saltcoats and Lochwinnoch. The synod, or supreme ecclesiastical court, assigned him to Falkirk, in accordance with his own wish. He was ordained on 18 June 1794. The congregation was a large and influential one, its first minister having been Henry, son of Ralph Erskine, one of the fathers of the Se- cession. He devoted himself energetically to his pulpit and pastoral work ; he was the main founder in 1812 of a charity school or ragged school which still exists, and of a Sunday school. Belfrage began in 1814 a series of religious publications. A first series of ' Sacramental Addresses' appeared in 1812, and a second in 1821 ; and ' Practical Discourses intended to promote the Happiness and Improvement of the Young' in 1817 (2nd ed. 1827). Other of Belfrage's works were : * Sketches of Life and Character from Scripture and from Ob- servation ' (1822) ; ' Monitor to Families, or Discourses on some of the Duties and Scenes of Domestic Life ' (1823) ; < A Guide to the Lord's Table' (1823); 'Discourses to the Aged' (1826) ; < "Counsels for the Sanctuary and for Civil Life ' (1829) ; < Memoirs of Dr. Waugh,' with Dr. Hay (1830) ; < A Por- trait of John the Baptist ' (1830) ; ' Practi- cal Exposition of the Assembly's Shorter Catechism ' (1822, and 2 vols. 1834) ; ' Select Essays ' (1833) . He left behind him various manuscripts ready for the press. His ' Ex- position of the Assembly's Shorter Catechism' is still in use in Scotland and our colonies and in the United States. Belfrage married, in September 1828, Mar- garet Gardiner, youngest daughter of Richard Gardiner, comptroller of the Customs, Edin- burgh. In 1824 the university of St. An- drews conferred upon him the honorary de- gree of D.D., the more exceptional at that time, as it was obtained through a clergyman of the Established Church (Sir Henry Mon- crieff-Wellwood, Bart.). He died 16 Sept. 1835. In 1837 was published 'Life and Correspondence of the Rev. Henry Belfrage, D.D., by the Rev. John McKerrow and Rev. John Macfarlane, with an Appendix on his Works ' (8vo) — an authority on Scottish ecclesiastical history and our main source for this notice. [McKerrow and Macfarlane's Life of Belfrage ; McKerrow's History of Secession Church ; Lives of the Erskines, George Lawson, and other Se- cession divines ; local inquiries.] A. B. G. BELHAVEN, LORDS. [See HAMILTON.] BELKNAP. [See BEALKNAP.] BELL, ALEXANDER MONTGOME- RIE (1808-1866), writer on law, was the son of John Bell, a manufacturer of Paisley, and was born there 4 Dec. 1809. He studied at Paisley grammar school and at the uni- versity of Glasgow. In 1835 he was ad- mitted a member of the Society of Writers to the Signet, and in 1856 was appointed professor of conveyancing in the university of Edinburgh. In this chair he distinguished himself by the thoroughness and clearness of his expositions of the law of conveyancing, and by the mastery which he showed over some of the more difficult departments, ignorance of which had been a fruitful source of litigation. Bell died 19 Jan. 1866, and at his own suggestion his lectures were after- wards published. They still form the standard treatise on the subject, a third edition having been issued. According to the ' Journal of Jurisprudence ' (August 1867), the book ' is by far the most trustworthy and useful guide in the ordinary business of the lawyer's office which has yet been produced.' 'In these volumes,' said the ' Glasgow Herald ' (4 May 1867), ' the student will find Scottish con- veyancing treated with singular clearness and fulness, or rather exhaustive ness, and those in practice will find information suf- ficient to guide them, and to guide them in safety, along the thorniest and most perplex- ing paths of every department of the art.' During the greater part of his professional life Bell was a partner in the firm of Dun- das & Wilson, C.S., and was engaged mostly in dealing with matters of conveyancing, for which the large business of that firm fur- nished unequalled opportunities. Combining much research and thoughtful study with the practical administration of conveyancing, he came to be regarded as facile princeps in the department. Personally, he was of quiet retiring habits and sincerely religious tem- perament. In a minute entered on his death in the records of the Society of Writers to the Signet, he was spoken of as one * who by his talents, assiduity, and great practical knowledge was well qualified to discharge the important duties devolved upon him [as Bell 149 Bell a professor], and \vlio was deservedly esteemed by all to whom he was personally known.' [Journal of Jurisprudence ; Glasgow Herald ; Records of Society of Writers to the Signet; Edinburgh newspapers, 20 Jan. 1866 ; notes furnished to the writer by Professor Bell's son, John M. Bell, Esq., W.S., Edinburgh.] W. G. B. BELL, ANDREW (1726-1809), engraver, was born in 1726, and began his professional career in the humble employment of en- graving letters, names, and crests on plates and dog-collars. Though a very indifferent engraver, he rose to be the first in his line in Edinburgh. He engraved all the plates to illustrate his friend Smellie's translation of Buffon, which appeared in 1782. His success in life, however, is to be attributed rather to the result of a fortunate speculation than to his powers as an engraver. This was the publication of the f Encyclopaedia Britannica/ of which he was originally the half-proprietor, and to which he furnished the plates. The first edition of this book (the ninth edition of which is now in course of publication) was completed in 1771, and consisted only of 3 vols. quarto. The plan was Smellie's, and all the principal articles were written or compiled by him. On the death of Colin McFarquhar, an Edinburgh printer, in 1793, Bell became sole proprietor of the ' Ency- clopaedia.' By the sale of the third edition, which was completed in 1797 in 18 vols., and consisted of 10,000 copies, the sum of 42,000/. was realised. Though Bell did not enjoy a liberal education in his youth, yet by means of extensive reading and constant intercourse with men of letters he became remarkable for the extent of his informa- tion. In his personal appearance he was noticeable for his smallness of stature, the immense size of his nose, and the deformities of his legs. He bore these personal peculiari- ties, however, with philosophic equanimity, and they constantly formed the subject of his own jokes. He died at his house in Lauriston Lane, at the age of eighty-three, on 10 May 1809, leaving two daughters and a handsome fortune, which was mostly derived from the profits of the ' Encyclopaedia.' A sketch of him, with his friend Smellie, by John Kay, the miniature painter of Edin- burgh, will be found in vol. i. of ' The Ori- ginal Portraits/ No. 86. [Kay's Original Portraits and Caricature Etch- ings (1877), i. 13, 210 ; Kerr's Memoirs of the Life of William Smellie (1811); Encyclopaedia Britannica (8th edit. 1860), pp. v-xxix.l G. F. K. B. BELL, ANDREW (1753-1832), founder of the Madras system of education, was the second son of a barber in St. Andrews, and I was born there on 27 March 1753. His father was a man of some education and of great mechanical ingenuity, and a good chess player. From his mother, the descendant of a Dutchman who came over with William III, Bell inherited a hasty temper and a good deal of eccentricity. She died by her own hand. His school-life began when he was not more than four years old ; and no doubt a great part of the energy with which he afterwards took up the subject of educa- tion was due to a recollection of the cruel discipline to which he had himself been sub- jected. In 1769 he entered St. Andrews University, holding a family bursary, and partly supporting himself by private teach- ing. He distinguished himself chiefly in mathematics and natural philosophy, subjects to which he was attracted by the influence of one of the professors, Dr. Wilkie, the author of ' The Epigoniad.' Little is known of his college days. In 1774 he went to Virginia, where he seems to have lived as tutor in a planter's family, besides doing a little busi- ness in tobacco on his own account. Return- ing home in 1781, and bringing his two pupils with him, he continued for several years to direct their education at St. Andrews. He then took orders in the church of England, and for a short time officiated in the Episcopal Chapel of Leith. In 1787 he sailed for India, after receiving from his university the complimentary degree of D.D. Within less than two years he succeeded, by dint of per- sistent asking, in getting appointed to no less than eight army chaplainships, all of which he held simultaneously. The salaries were considerable ; but the duties were so light as to leave him practically free for other work. His intention was to settle in Calcutta, and as a first step he delivered some scientific lectures, which attracted a good deal of attention ; but he was soon diverted from everything else to the subject which filled his mind for the rest of his life. In 1789 he accepted the post of superintendent of the Madras Male Orphan Asylum, an in- stitution founded in that year by the East India Company for the education of the sons of military men. Perhaps the most marked feature in Bell's character was his love of money ; but for once he declined to take any salary out of the limited funds of the charity. The work presented peculiar difficulties ; for the teachers were ill-paid and inefficient, and the half-caste children little amenable to moral influences ; so that for some time the school made slow progress. It occurred to him that the work of teaching the alphabet might be done by the pupils themselves, and. Bell 150 Bell choosing a clever boy of eight placed him in charge of the lowest class to teach by writing on sand. The experiment succeeded, and its success opened out to Dr. Bell the value of the system of mutual instruction. From the alphabet he extended it to other sub- jects. Soon almost every boy was alter- nately a master and a scholar ; and so far as possible even the arrangements of the school were carried out by the boys. Increased rapidity of acquisition and a healthier moral tone convinced him that he had discovered a new method of education. ' I think,' he said, * I have made a great progress in a very diffi- cult attempt, and almost wrought a complete change in the morals and character of a generation of boys/ (For details of his labours in the Madras school see, besides his .own account, vol. i. of his Life by Southey ; see also Miss Edgeworth's Lame Jervas.") His health breaking down, Bell determined to give up his work for a time, and sailed for England in 1796. Though he had gone out nine years before with only 128/. 10s., he had prospered so greatly and invested so judiciously that on his return he was pos- sessed of more than 25,000/. Soon after arriving in England he abandoned his inten- tion of returning to India, and received from the East India Company a pension of 200/. a year. Before leaving India he had drawn up a final report for the directors of the school, in which he summed up its his- tory and gave an account of his method of education. In order, as he said, to fix the au- thenticity of his system and to establish its originality, he published this report in 1797, together with some other documents relating to the school, under the title, ' An Experi- ment in Education made at the Male Asylum of Madras ; suggesting a system by which a school or family may teach itself under the superintendence of the master or parent.' Of this pamphlet his other works, which appeared at intervals during the rest of his life, are but wearisome expansions. In 1798 the new system was introduced into the protestant charity school of St. Bo- tolph's, Aldgate, and next year into tie industrial schools at Kendal. Bell himself pushed it in several places ; but it had made comparatively little way before a young quaker, Joseph Lancaster, published in 1803 a pamphlet describing a plan of education which he had followed in his own school in the Borough Road, London, in which the employment of monitors formed a principal part. He had read Bell's report, and in his pamphlet acknowledges that he had derived many useful hints from it, though he had already thought out, independently, a scheme of mutual instruction. And Bell, in 1804, admitted that his rival had displayed much originality in applying and amending the system. The tone of both soon changed. Influenced by Mrs. Trimmer, who pointed out that the church of England would suffer by the success of Lancaster, who, she said, had been building on Bell's foundation, he began to speak ungenerously of Lancaster's work. Lancaster retaliated by proclaiming himself the inventor of the system. Their friends took up this quarrel of ' Bel and the Dragon,' as it was called in a caricature of the time, the church party taking Bell's side, and Lan- caster receiving the support of those who wished to make education religious but not sectarian. In form the question at issue was which of the two had been the originator of the common system, but in substance it was whether the church should thenceforth con- trol the education of the people ; and con- sequently no settlement was possible. To show the manner in which the controversy was carried on, it will suffice to quote what Southey thought of Lancaster : l The good which he has done,' he says, ' is very great, but it is pretty much in the way that the devil has been the cause of Redemption* (Letters, ii. 255. See article in favour of Lancaster, JEdin. Rev. November 1810 ; and article by Southey in favour of Bell, Quar. Rev. October 1811, afterwards published under the title, ' Origin, Nature, and Object of the New System of Education '). At the first cry of the church in danger, Bell had taken up in earnest the work of education. He was rector of Swanage, in Dorset, a living which he had obtained in 1801 ; but he left his parish pretty much to itself, while he gave his assistance in organising schools on the new system. His work lay chiefly among the elementary schools ; but in some cases, as in Christ's Hospital, the mutual method was adopted with apparently satis- factory results in teaching the rudiments of the classical languages — a new field which henceforth engrossed much of his attention (see his Ludus Liter arius}. The establish- ment of technical schools was also within his plan, and he was not deterred by the favourite objection that the training of tailors and shoemakers would injure trade (Life by SOUTHEY, ii. 202). Not satisfied with mere isolated efforts, he advocated a scheme of national education (Sketch of a National Institution, 1808), which, as he conceived it, could be carried out most speedily and eco- nomically by means of the existing organisa- tion of the church, the schools to be under the direction of the parochial clergy. But people were not ready for such a step. la Bell Bell 1807, indeed, Mr. Whitbread's Education Bill had passed the House of Commons, but evidently on tlie faith that the lords would throw it out (Life, of Romilly, ii. 67). On the one hand the dissenters were too powerful to suffer education to pass into the hands of the church, and on the other the opinion was still widespread — was held even by Bell him- self — that the poor should not be educated overmuch (see the passage, together with his later explanation of it, in Elements of Tui- tion, pt. ii. 416). Despairing of state help, the church party in 1811 formed the 'National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church throughout England and Wales/ which in 1817 was incorporated by royal charter, and which is still a flourishing insti- tution. Bell was appointed superintendent, with the fullest powers to carry out the Madras system, and having already in 1809 exchanged his living at Swanage for the mastership of Sherburn Hospital, in Durham, which did not require residence, he was able to devote his whole time to the work. Hence- forth his life was identified with the history of the society. Its progress was rapid, and within Bell's lifetime the number of its schools exceeded 12,000. The bulk of the work of organisation fell on Bell's shoulders, and he laboured indefatigably, finding teachers, training them at the central school in London, constantly moving about through England and Wales, visiting Ireland, and trying, though with little success, to plant the sys- tem in Scotland. In 1816 he made a journey abroad to spread his ideas, and met Pestalozzi, whom he describes as 'a man of genius, benevolence, and enthusiasm ; ' but the British and Foreign School Society (which had de- veloped out of the Royal Lancasterian In- stitution) had been beforehand, and though his methods were adopted in several places, he never exercised much direct influence on the continent. When Horace Mann made his educational tour in 1843, he found a few monitorial schools in France, and some mere vestiges of the plan in the ' poor schools ' of Prussia. 'But nothing of it remains,' he Bays, ' in Holland, or in many of the Ger- man states. It has been abolished in these countries by a universal public opinion' (H. MANN'S Tour, ed. Hodgson, p. 44). Though he never made any serious change in the Madras system, Bell was ever on the outlook for ways of improving it in detail, laying special stress on the necessity of doing away with corporal punishment, and on the importance of teaching reading and writing simultaneously, on a plan which was known as ILTO. The name, made up of the simplest letters of the alphabet, was intended to con- vey the further idea that all instruction should proceed from the easy to the difficult. (For a summary of the general plan adopted in the National Society's schools see BARTLEY'S Schools for the People, p. 50.) Towards the schoolmasters under him he played the part of a despot, sternly repressing every attempt to deviate from his own methods, and en- forcing obedience by threats of diminishing their salaries ; and his perpetual interference, together with his harsh and overbearing manner, made him, says his secretary, ' almost universally dreaded and disliked.' His ideal, in short, was to turn elementary schools into instructing machines, whose automatic action the teacher should not disturb. He inspired others with his enthusiasm. Wordsworth and Coleridge encouraged him ; Southey had the most extravagant belief in him; and every year saw the number of his schools in- creasing. His services in the cause of educa- tion were certainly great; but the actual results achieved were less valuable than he or his friends supposed. After Bell's death the schools of the society were examined by government inspectors. ' The teachers, it was found, were inefficient and ignorant ; the use of monitors required that the instruction should be almost entirely by rote, and on its moral side the system led to evil, encouraging favouritism and petty forms of corruption ; and l the schools were generally in a deplor- able state in every part of England.' (See Report of the Education Commission, 1861, p. 98, and Essays by the Central Society of Education, vol. i.) Bell exaggerated both the novelty and the value of his system. (For cases in which it had been applied before his time, and particularly for the work of the Chevalier Paulet, see American Journal of Education, June 1861, and LA BORDE'S Plan d 'Education, chap. i.). It greatly diminished the cost of teaching, and led up to the later pupil-teacher system, which dates from 1846 ; it was capable of being usefully applied to certain parts of school-work ; and it fostered the habit of self-help and the feeling of re- sponsibility. But as a complete system of education it failed. Bell ignored the power- ful influence which the full-grown mind can exert upon children ; and, following out a good idea in a pedantic manner, he may be said to have as much retarded education in one way as he forwarded it in others. (The monitorial system is discussed in most books on teaching : e.g. in CURRIE'S Common School Education, p. 157 ; see also DONALDSON'S Lectures, p. 60, STOW'S Training System of Education, p. 313, Essays on Education by the Central Society, i. 339, Dr. POTTER'S The Bell Bell School and the Schoolmaster, p. 222, HORACE MANN'S Tour, Hodgson's ed. p. 44. Dr. Hodgson mentions, as containing a fair com- parative estimate of the system, Beneke's Erziehungs- und Unterrichtslehre!) In 1800 Bell married a Miss Agnes Barclay, daughter of a Scotch doctor ; but the mar- riage proved unhappy, and ended in a separa- tion. De Quincey, in his ( Essay on Coleridge,' gives an account of the persecution to which Bell was subjected by his wife ; but one can well believe that the husband, a vain, im- perious man, with a tendency to miserliness, was more than half to blame. In recognition of his public services he was elected a member of several learned societies, including the Asiatic Society and the Koyal Society of Edinburgh ; he received the degree of LL.D. from his own university ; in 1818 he was rewarded with a stall in Hereford Cathedral ; and in the following year he was made a prebendary of Westminster. During his last years he was much troubled about the dis- posal of his money. He resolved to devote it to the support of institutions which should carry out his educational theories ; but he seemed to have great difficulty in fixing upon the objects of his bounty. In 1831, deciding finally in favour of his own country, he transferred 120,000/. to trustees, half of it to go to St. Andrews, the other half to be divided equally between Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leith, Aberdeen, Inverness, and the Koyal Naval School in London. In 1831 was established under his direction, in Edinburgh, the 'Bell Lecture on Education,' out of which have since grown the chairs of education, founded by the Bell trustees and aided by a govern- ment grant, in Edinburgh and St. Andrews universities. His writings were to him an object of as much care as was his money. His desire was that they should be collected and edited by Southey and Wordsworth; but this was never done. An abridged edi- tion was published by Bishop Russell of Glasgow. Bell died at Cheltenham, where he had resided for some years, on 27 Jan. 1832, and was buried with great ceremony in West- minster Abbey. His writings include : 1. ' An Experiment in Education/ &c. 1797 ; 2nd ed., with an exposition of his system, 1805 ; 3rd ed., 'An Analysis of the Experiment in Education,' &c. 1807 ; 4th ed., with an account of the application of the system to English schools, 1808. 2. A sermon on the Education of the Poor, 1807. 3. < A Sketch of a National Institution for Training up the Children of the Poor in the Principles of our Holy Reli- gion and in Habits of Useful Industry,' 1808. 4. « National Education,' 1812. 5. ' Ele- ments of Tuition,' in three parts. Part I. a reprint of the ' Experiment,' 1813 ; part II., The English School ; or the History, Analysis, and Application of the Madras System of Education to English Schools,* from the fourth edition of the ' Experiment/ 1814 ; part in., ' Ludus Literarius : the Classical and Grammar School ; or an Expo- sition of an Experiment in Education made at Madras in the years 1789-96, with a view to its Introduction into Schools for the Higher Orders of Children, and with par- ticular suggestions for its application to a Grammar School/ 1815. 6. ' Instructions- for Conducting Schools through the Agency of the Scholars themselves, . . . com- piled chiefly from " Elements of Tuition ; " ' described as ' sixth edition, enlarged ' (i.e. of the ' Experiment '), 1817. 7. ' The Vindica- tion of Children/ 1819. 8. ' Letters to the Right Hon. Sir John Sinclair, Bart., on the Infant School Society at Edinburgh, the Scholastic Institutions of Scotland, &c.,r 1829. In the advertisement of this pam- phlet are mentioned also a 'Manual of Public- and Private Education/ 1823, abbreviated 1827, and an account of his continental tour. [Southey's Life of Bell, 3 vols. Only the- first volume was written by Southey ; the work was finished by his son, Cuthbert Southey. About a third of each volume is made up of cor- respondence. It is the most tedious of biogra- phies, filled with utterly valueless details. A short life, containing everything of importance, has been written by Prof. Meiklejohn under the title ' An Old Educational Eeformer.' Southey's- Life and Corresp. ; Leitch's Practical Educa- tionists ; Ann. Biog. and Obit. vol. xvii. ; Biog.. Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen ; Anderson's Scottish Nation, i. 271; Dunn's Sketches; American Journal of Education, June 1861 ; Bartley's- Schools for the People ; Colquhoun's New and Appropriate System of Education for the Labour- ing People, 1806; New Stat. Ace. of Scotland, Fifeshire ; Bell's own writings, which are devoted to his life and work.] Gr. P. M. BELL, ARCHIBALD (1755-1854), mis- cellaneous writer, was born in 1755. Ad- mitted a member of the faculty of advocates, Edinburgh, in 1795, he became sheriff-depute of Ayrshire. He died at Edinburgh 6 Oct. 1854. He was the author of : 1. ' An Inquiry into the Policy and Practice of the Prohi- bition of the Use of Grain in the Distilleries,f 1808, second edition, 1810. 2. < The Cabinet, a series of Essays, Moral and Literary r (anon.), 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1 835. 3. < Count Clermont, a Tragedy ; Cains Toranius, a Tra- gedy, with other Poems/ 1841. 4. ( Melo- Bell 153 Bell dies of Scotland/ 1849 ; the last being an at- tempt to supply words for the old nationa airs of such a correct and conventional type as not to offend the susceptibilities of th most fastidious. The verses are generally tasteful and spirited, but in no case have they been successful in supplanting those associ- ated with the old melodies. [Library Catalogue of the Faculty of Advo- cates, Edinburgh.] T. F. H. BELL, BEAUPRE (1704-1745), anti- quary, was descended from the ancient family of Beaupre", long resident in Upwell and Outwell, Norfolk, a co-heiress of whom married Robert Bell [see BELL, ROBERT, d. 1577], an ancestor. His father, Beaupre Bell, who married Margaret, daughter of Sir John Oldfield, of Spalding, wasted the patri- mony through improvident habits and violent passions. The vicissitudes of his career may be realised from an advertisement in the ' London Gazette/ No. 7613, May 1737, from Lord Harrington, the secretary of state, set- ting out that the life of Beaupre Bell had been threatened, his servant shot, and his house beset several times, and promising free pardon for any one who revealed his accomplices; as a further inducement Mr. Bell added a reward of fifty pounds. The son was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, taking the degree of B.A. in 1725, M.A. in 1729. He devoted himself to the study of antiqui- ties, taking especial pleasure in ancient coins, and, by the possession of property worth, even in its reduced state, as much as 1,500£. a year, was enabled to gratify his tastes to the utmost. He issued proposals for a work on the coins of the Roman em- perors ; but though the book was in a forward state long before his death, it was never pub- lished. Beaupre" Bell was an active member of the Spalding Society, and several papers which he communicated to it are mentioned in the 'Reliquiae Galeanse' (Sibl. Topog.Britt. lii.), pp. 57-66. The same volume also con- tains several letters to and from him (pp. 147- 490). Four of his letters on the ' Horologia of the Antient s ' are printed in the ' Archseologia/ vi. 133-43 ; two are in Nichols's ' Lit. Illus- trations/ iii. 572, 582 ; and several others may be found in the 'Stukeley Memoirs' (Surtees Soc.) He assisted Blomefield in his history of Norfolk, and Thomas Hearne in many of his antiquarian works, and C. N. Cole's edi- tion of Dugdale's 'Imbanking' (1772) was corrected from a copy formerly in his pos- session. Bell died of consumption on his road to Bath in August 1745, when the estate passed to his youngest sister, but he left his personal property of books, medals, and manuscripts to his college at Cambridge. His remains are said to have been laid in the family burying-place in St. Mary's chapel, Outwell church, but there is no entry of the burial in the parish register, nor is there any mention of his name among the members of his family commemorated in the inscriptions on the family tomb in the chapel. [Blomefield's Norfolk, vii. 459-60 (1807); Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, v. 278-82 ; Bibl. Topog. Britt. iii. p. xii ; Carthew's Launditch, iii. 431- 2 ; Stukeley Memoirs (Surtees Soc.). i. 88, 97, 275-94, 372, 427, 46 1-5, ii. 22-4, 280-2, 321-2.] W. P. C. BELL, BENJAMIN (1749-1806), sur- geon, son of George Bell, descended from landed proprietors of long standing in Dum- friesshire, was born at Dumfries April 1749. After education at Dumfries grammar school he was early apprenticed to Mr. James Hill, surgeon, of Dumfries ; but at seventeen he was sent to the Edinburgh medical school, where the Monros, Black, and John Gregory were among his teachers. After being house- surgeon to the Royal Infirmary for about two years, he travelled on the continent, and especially studied at Paris. In August 1772 he was appointed surgeon to the Royal In- firmary, Edinburgh, which office he held for twenty-nine years. He married Grizel, daughter of Robert Hamilton, D.D., about 1775, and soon afterwards, owing to a severe accident, settled on a farm three miles south of Edinburgh, retiring from practice for a couple of years. In 1778 he became surgeon to Watson's Hospital. His first professional work, on the ' Theory and Management of Ulcers ' (1779), attracted considerable atten- tion, was translated into French and Ger- man, and reached a seventh edition in 1801. His most important work, 'A System of Surgery/ appeared in six volumes, 1782-7 ; it likewise reached a seventh edition in 1801, and was translated into French and German. It was a valuable work in its day, though now out of date. Bell is much to be com- mended for his advocacy of saving skin in every operation, a practice till then much neglected. Another of his works, ' On Hy- drocele/ was published at Edinburgh in 1794. He gained a large practice, being a skilful and dexterous operator, and accu- mulated money, being distinguished for his calculating business habits. He also engaged considerably in agriculture, and wrote a num- ber of essays on agriculture between 1783 and 1802, which were collected in a volume n 1802. They opposed corn laws and pro- gnosticated great improvements in modes of Bell 154 Bell communication. Adam Smith commended them. Bell died at Newington House, Edin- burgh, 5 April 1806. His son, George Bell (1777-1832), suc- ceeded to his father's appointments, and was known as a first-rate operator. His grand- son, Benjamin Bell (d. 1883), son of Joseph Bell, surgeon, followed the same profession, and published a memoir of his grandfather in 1868. He also edited memoirs of Robert Paul, banker (Edinburgh, 1872), and Lieu- tenant John Irving, of H.M.S. Terror (Edin- burgh, 1881). [Life, Character, and Writings of Benjamin Bell, by his grandson, Benjamin Bell, Edin. 1868.] Gr. T. B. BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774-1842), dis- coverer of the distinct functions of the nerves, was the youngest of six children of William Bell, a clergyman of the episcopal church of Scotland. His mother was daughter of another episcopal clergyman. The family had produced many useful and prominent men for three centuries, and had been seated during that time in and near Glasgow. Charles was born at Edinburgh in November 1774, and received his chief literary education from his mother. Two others of her children became known in the world — John as an anatomist and surgeon, George Joseph as professor of Scots law in Edinburgh Univer- sity. Charles had a passion for drawing; and when he went to the university of Edin- burgh as a student, he soon became known for his artistic power. He had inherited it from his mother, and she from her grand- father, White, primus of Scotland. While still a student, in 1798, Bell published < A System of Dissections,' illustrated by his own drawings. In 1799 he was elected a fel- low of the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, and as a fellow became one of the surgical attendants of the Edinburgh Infirmary. In 1802 he published a series of engravings of the brain and nervous system, in connection with John Bell's course of lectures. In 1804 he wrote the account of the nervous system and special senses in the ; Anatomy of the Human Body ' by John and Charles Bell. Edinburgh did not then offer to him sufficient prospect of professional advancement, and after con- sultation with his brother George he left Scotland for London, where he arrived 28 Nov. 1804. He was already known by his published works, and he had written, but not published, his ' Anatomy of Expression.' He called upon Dr. Matthew Baillie, the morbid anatomist, on Wilson the anatomist, on Abernethy and Astley Cooper, the prin- cipal surgeons of the time, and on other prominent members of his profession. Sir Joseph Banks received him kindly, and the chief physicians and surgeons asked him to dinner ; but for a time he was uncertain whether he could find a place in the world of London, and longed to return to Edinburgh, and to the society of his beloved brother George, to whom at this time and throughout his life he wrote often and at length. West, then president of the Royal Academy, ad- vised the publishers to accept Bell's ' Anatomy of Expression,' and it appeared in 1806. It was widely read, and has since passed through several editions. The book is interesting, because it explains the mechanism of familiar movements of expression, and criticises well- known works of art, and it is written in a pleasant intelligible style, and illustrated by striking drawings, but the scientific treatment of the subject is not very deep. It received all the attention which the first book on a subject deserves : Flaxman and Fuseli both enjoyed it ; the queen read it for two hours ; and the Nabob of Arcot had a copy in red morocco and satin. Bell now lectured to artists, and took medical pupils into his house, and, amid hard professional work and great anxiety about money, found time to make full use of all the intellectual advan- tages of London : heard Fox speak, saw Mrs. Siddons act, witnessed Melville's impeach- ment, went to Vauxhall with Mr. and Mrs. Abernethy, enjoyed operas, and read much good literature — Dryden, Spenser, Virgil, Madame de Sevigne". The first step in Bell's discoveries in the nervous system was made in 1807, and is recorded in a letter to his brother George, dated 26 Nov. 1807. He says : ' I have done a more interesting nova anatomia cerebri humani than it is possible to conceive. I lectured it yesterday. I pro- secuted it last night till one o'clock, and I am sure it will be well received.' In 1811 he published ' A New Idea of the Anatomy of the Brain, submitted for the observations of his Friends, by Charles Bell, F.R.S.E.' This essay is not dated, but if the letters of Bell did not establish its exact date, this could be fixed by a copy in the British Museum, bearing Bell's known address in 1811, and presented by him, with a written inscription, to Sir Joseph Banks. The work contains an exact statement of the prevailing doctrine as to nerves, of Bell's discovery, and of the ex- periment which established that discovery. Bell says (p. 4) : ' The prevailing doctrine of the anatomical schools is that the whole brain is a common sensorium : that the ex- tremities of the nerves are organised, so that each is fitted to receive a peculiar impression, or that they are distinguished from each. Bell 155 Bell other only by delicacy of structure and by a corresponding delicacy of sensation. It is imagined that impressions thus diifering in kind are carried along the nerves to the sensorium and presented to the mind, and that the mind, by the same nerves which re- ceive sensation, sends out the mandate of the will to the moving parts of the body/ His own conclusions were, ' that the nerves are not single nerves possessing various powers, but bundles of different nerves, distinct in office ; ' and * that the nerves of sense, the nerves of motion, and the vital nerves, are distinct throughout their whole course.' These conclusions were established by the fact that, i on laying bare the roots ot the spinal nerves, I found that I could cut across the posterior fasciculus of nerves which took its origin from the posterior portion of the spinal marrow without con- vulsing the muscles of the back, but that, on touching the anterior fasciculus with the point of the knife, the muscles of the back were immediately convulsed.' ' I now saw, he adds, * the meaning of the double con- nection of the nerves with the spinal mar- row.' His apprehension of the meaning of this observation was at first obscured by a recollection of the old doctrine that all nerves were sensitive, and for a time he spoke of two great classes of nerves distinguishable in function, the one sensible, the other insen- sible (letter dated 6 Dec. 1814). But he had established beyond doubt the existence of sensory and of motor nerves. Majendie (Journal de Physioloyie, Paris, 1822, ii. 371) claims to have first shown this experimentally in 1821, but he is refuted by the printed record of Bell's experiment in 1811, as is ad- mitted by Beclard in his most recent account of the controversy (ib., Paris, 1884, p. 405), where, speaking of Bell's discovery, Beclard says : ' II n'est pas douteux qu'il a resolu, le premier, cette question par la voie exp6ri- mentale.' It was not till 1826 that Bell's discovery was complete in its modern form. He thus explains it (letter, 9 Jan. 1826) : ' It shows that two nerves are necessary to a muscle, one to excite action, the other to convey the sense of that action, and that the impression runs only in one direction, e.g. the nerve that carries the will outward can receive no impression from without ; the nerve that conveys inward a sense of the condition of the muscle cannot convey out- ward ; that there must be a circle established betwixt the brain and a muscle.' His in- vestigations were completed from 1821 to 1829, in a series of papers read before the Royal Society, and were published, with some slight alterations, in a separate volume j j in 1830, entitled < The Nervous System of I the Human Body.' Before his time nothing i was known of the functions of the nerves, | and the reason of the relation between hemiplegia or paralysis of one vertical half of the body and injury of the brain was ex- plained through groundless hypotheses. A ' few vague expressions in earlier writers have been quoted as showing that something was known ; but whatever the words, the inter- I pretation of them was never given till after Bell's discovery had made the whole subject | clear. Bell himself states, with perfect fairness, in his republication, all the details known before the time of his discoveries (Nervous System, pp. vii, viii). ' Dr. Alex- ander Monro discovered that the ganglions of the spinal nerves were formed on the posterior roots, and that the anterior roots passed the ganglion. Santorini and Wrisberg observed the two roots of the fifth pair of nerves. Prochaska and Soemmering noticed the resemblance between the spinal nerves and the fifth pair, and they said, "Why should the fifth nerve of the brain, after the manner of the nerves of the spine, have an anterior root passing by the ganglion and entering the third division of the nerve ? " ' Bell's great discovery, thus gradually com- pleted, was that there are two kinds of nerves, sensory and motor; that the spinal nerves have filaments of both kinds, but that their anterior roots or origins from the spinal cord are always motor, their posterior roots sen- sory. He further (Phil. Trans. 28 May 1829) demonstrated that the fifth cranial nerve is a motor as well as a sensory nerve, and that while the fifth supplies the face with sensory branches, the motor nerve of the facial muscles is the portio dura of the seventh nerve. From this discovery of its true func- tion, the portio dura is often spoken of by anatomists as Bell's nerve. His discoveries as to the fifth and seventh nerves were sug- gested by their anatomical relations, con- firmed by observation of the results follow- ing accidental injuries in man, and completely established by experiments on animals. These experiments were a cause of delay ; for in a letter dated 1 July 1822 (Letters of Sir C. Sell, p. 275) he says : ' I should be writing a third paper on the nerves, but I cannot proceed without making some experi- ments, which are so unpleasant to make that I defer them. You may think me silly, but I cannot perfectly convince myself that I am authorised in nature or religion to do these cruelties.' Bell's discoveries were the greatest which had been made in physiology since Harvey had demonstrated the circula- tion of the blood, and Bell was only express- Bell 156 Bell ing a just idea of their importance when he wrote of them in a letter to his brother (No- vember 1821 ) that they ' will hereafter put j me beside Harvey.' Their importance was not perceived by all who heard of them, but j they were not controverted as fiercely as Harvey's had been, and scientific men at : once gave their author all the honour he had justly won. Brougham was at that time j dashing like a comet among the constella- ' tions of science and literature, as well as ! through those of politics, and he was a warm : friend of Bell. It was by his advice that ' the compliment of knighthood was paid to i the discoverer of the functions of the nerves, to his great contemporary Herschel, and to | some lesser men of science. Bell had already j (1829) received the medal of the Koyal So- ; ciety for discoveries in science. The London j University had been founded under the i auspices of Brougham ; and Bell, with i Brougham's friend Horner, was persuaded to take office in the new institution. The dif- fering views of its originators prevented the new university from flourishing. In the midst of trivial controversies learning was stifled, aa -great, dwindled into an examining board. Bell | and Horner resigned in disgust. In 1832 i Bell wrote a paper in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' on the organs of voice, and in 1833 a Bridgewater treatise on the mechanism of the hand, illustrated by drawings of his own. In 1836, with Lord Brougham, he wrote annotations of Paley's ' Natural Theo- logy.' He had besides written several books on surgery : in 1807 a ' System of Compara- tive Surgery;' in 1816, 1817, 1818, quarterly reports of cases in surgery ; in 1820, ' Letters on Diseases of the Urethra ; ' in 1821, ' Illus- trations of Great Operations ; ' in 1824, ' Ob- servations on Injuries of the Spine and of the Thigh Bone,' and somewhat later a small popular work, * a familiar treatise on the five senses.' Besides all this labour he lectured at his house, at the Middlesex Hos- pital (1812-36), in the school of Great Windmill Street (Prospectus, Lancet, ix. 27), at the College of Surgeons, and on several occasions elsewhere. He went in 1809 to Haslar Hospital to help to treat the wounded of Corunna, and in 1815 to Brussels to treat the wounded of Waterloo. When he went round his wards in the Middlesex Hospital, his method was to examine a patient with mi- nute care and in silence before the students. Then he would retire a little way from the bed, and would give his opinion of the nature of the case, and of what the treatment ought to be, adding with particular emphasis his expectation as to the final result (communi- cation from Kev. WHITWELL ELWIN.) Like many great medical teachers of his day, he was abused in the numbers of the ' Lancet ' (vol. v.) for reasons now difficult to dis- cover, and not worth tracing out in detail. Bell was never completely at home in the medical world of London. In spite of his unceasing labours, perhaps partly in conse- quence of them, his practice did not increase in proportion to his merits, and when in 1836 he was offered the chair of surgery in the university of Edinburgh, he was glad to re- turn to his early home. He there published in 1838 ' Institutes of Surgery,' and in 1841 some ' Practical Essays.' These, like all his surgical works, are worth reading as the pro- ductions of close observation and consider- able experience ; but they are not of the same consequence as his physiological writ- ings. The time he spent in the wards and at the bedside of patients was not lost to science, for the observations there made helped him to his great discoveries ; but as an operating and consulting surgeon he does not stand higher than many of his contemporaries. A sensation of failing health was probably the chief reason for his retirement to Edinburgh. He still worked, but less strenuously, and in 1840 enjoyed a tour in Italy. A little more than a year later he was, as he said (letter, 24 April 1842), 'chained in activity 'by terrible attacks of angina pectoris, and in one of these he died on the morning of 28 April 1842. He was staying at Hallow Park, near Worcester, and was buried in the churchyard of the parish. In Hallow church there is a tablet to hi» memory, with an English inscription by Lord Jeffrey. The anxieties of life and the necessary abstraction of scientific musing made Bell at times seem grave : but his friends all agree in Lord Cockburn's statement about him : 1 If ever I knew a generally and practically happy man, it was Sir Charles Bell.' l He had,' says one of his friends, ' too profound a faith in the Providence who governed the world to be otherwise than deeply thankful for his lot.' The style of his scien- tific papers is sometimes involved, nor are happy turns of expression frequent in his popular works. His letters are his best com- positions. He had a thorough enjoyment of literature and of music, and the intervals of his scientific work were always employed. Fishing was one of his favourite recreations. He kept White's 'Natural History of Selborne ' on his table, and loved the sights and sounds of the country. He had married (3 June 1811) Marion, second daughter of Charles Shaw, Esq., of Ayr, and their marriage was one o£ Bell '57 Bell perfect happiness. His wife's health was at first precarious, but she became strong, and lived to be more than eighty. In 1870 she published 'Letters of Sir Charles Bell/ a book which gives from his own letters an in- teresting picture of the character and daily life of her husband, of his unremitting la- bours, of his frequent disappointments, many difficulties and glorious triumphs. The ad- mirable preface was written off at the pub- lisher's desk by a friend of Sir Charles Bell, the Kev. Whitwell Elwin, who happened to come in at the moment when Lady Bell was expressing to Mr. Murray her inability to compose the introduction which he thought necessary for the completeness of the book. The frontispiece is a portrait of Bell from a I painting by Anthony Stewart. [Letters of Sir Charles Bell, London, 1870; Bell's Works.] N. M. BELL, FRANCIS (1590-1643), Francis- can friar, was the son of William Bell of Temple Broughton, in the parish of Hanbury near Worcester, by his marriage with Doro- thy Daniel of Acton Place, near Long Melford in Suffolk. He was born at Temple Brough- ton on 13 Aug. 1590, and in baptism received the Christian name of Arthur, though on en- tering the religious life he assumed the name of Francis. At the age of twenty-four he en- tered the college of the English Jesuits at St. Omer, and after remaining there a year he was sent to the English college of St. Alban the Martyr in Valladolid, where he was ordained priest. Not long afterwards, on 9 Aug. 1618, lie took the habit of St. Francis in the con- vent of Segovia, and on 8 Sept. 1619 he was admitted to his solemn vows and profession. Father John Gennings, who was engaged in the restoration of the English Franciscan province, sent to Spain for Bell, and placed him in the English convent newly erected at Douay. Subsequently he was appointed con- ; fessor, first to the Poor Clares at Gravelines, and afterwards to the nuns of the third order of St. Francis, then residing at Brussels. At j the first general chapter of the restored Fran- ciscan province of England, which was held (December 1630) in their convent of St. Elizabeth at Brussels, Father Bell was offi- cially declared guardian or superior of St. Bonaventure's convent at Douay, with the charge of teaching Hebrew. Before, how- ever, he had gone through the usual term of his guardianship, he was summoned to Brus- sels by Father Joseph Bergaigne, the com- missary-general of the order, and for the re- storing of the province of Scotland was appointed its first provincial, and sent in that capacity to the general chapter then held in Spain. On his return he was sent on the mission to England, where he arrived on 8 Sept. 1634. Here he laboured with great zeal for nine years, but at last, on 6 Nov. 1643, he was apprehended at Stevenage in Hertfordshire by a party of soldiers belonging to the parliament army, on suspicion of being a spy. The documents found in his posses- sion revealed his true character, and he was sent under a strong guard to London, where he was examined by three commissioners de- puted by the parliament for that purpose, who committed him to Newgate. Just before this his brethren had chosen him, for the second time, guardian of their convent at Douay. He was brought to trial on 7 Dec., found fuilty, and executed at Tvburn on 11 Dec. 643. As a linguist he was distinguished among his brethren, for he was skilled in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, and Flemish. There is a fine portrait of him in Mason's 'Certamen Seraphicum Provinciae Angliee pro Sancta Dei Ecclesia,' printed at Douay in 1649. He was the author of : 1. 'A brief Instruc- tion how we ought to hear Mass/ Brussels, 1624 ; a translation from the Spanish of An- dres de Soto, and dedicated to Anne, countess of Argyle. 2. < The Rule of the Third Order of St. Francis.' 3. < The Historie, Life, and Miracles, Extasies and Revelations of the blessed virgin, sister loane, of the Crosse, of the third Order of our holy Father, S. Francis. Composed by the Reuerend Father, brother Anthonie of Aca, Diffinitor of the Prouince of the Conception, and Chroinckler of the Order aforsaid. And translated out of Spanish into English by a Father of the same Order. At S. Omers, for lohn Heigham, with Ap- probation, Anno 1625.' 8vo. This extremely rare translation of Father Antonio Da£a's, ' Historia de la Virgen Santa Juana [ Vasquez] de la Cruz ' has an epistle dedicatory, signed 1 Brother Francis Bell/ and addressed to Sis- ters Margaret Radcliffe and Elizabeth Rad- cliffe, of the second order of St. Francis, com- monly called Poor Clares. [Mason's Certamen Seraphicum, 127-57; Chal- loner's Missionary Priests (1741), ii. 256-98; Dodd's Church Hist, iii. 102; J. Stevens s Hist, of Antient Abbeys, i. 107; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, 2nd ed. ii. 206; Oliver's Hist, of the Catholic Religion in Cornwall, 543 ; Cat, of Printed Books in Brit, Mus.] T. C. BELL, SIB GEORGE (1794-1877), ge- neral, son of George Bell, of Belle Vue, on Lough Erin, . Fermanagh, by Catherine, daughter of Bominick Nugent, M.P., was born at Belle Vue, 17 March 1794, and whilst yet at school in Dublin was gazetted an ensign Bell 158 Bell in the 34th foot, 11 March 1811. Sent to Portugal, he carried the colours of his regi- ment for the first time in the action of Ar- royo-de-Molinos ; was present at the second and final siege of Badajoz, and in the majority of the celebrated actions which intervened between that time and the battle of Toulouse. On being gazetted to the 45th regiment in 1825 he proceeded to India, and was present in Ava during the first Burmese war. Bell became a captain in 1828, and in 1836 was in Canada, where he was actively employed during the rebellion of 1837-8. He commanded the fort and garrison of Couteau-du-Lac, an important position on the river St. Lawrence, and re- ceived the thanks of the commander of the forces and his brevet-majority, 29 March 1839, for his exertions in recovering the guns of the fort, which had been sunk in the river, unspiking and mounting them in position, when it had been reported to be impossible to do so. The guns were 24-pounders, six- teen of which, with 4,000 round shot, he recovered from the deep in the middle of a Canadian winter. On becoming lieutenant- colonel of the 1st foot, known as the Royal ! regiment, 5 Dec. 1843, he next served in Gibraltar, Nova Scotia, the West Indies, the Mediterranean, and Turkey, after which he landed with the allied armies in the Crimea, and was present at the battles of the Alma and Inkerman, and in the siege of Sebastopol, where he was wounded and honourably men- tioned in a despatch from Lord Raglan, who appointed him to the command of a brigade. On his return to England he was made a C.B., 5 July 1855, and took up his residence at Liverpool as inspecting field officer until | 1859, when he became a major-general in the army. He was in the Royal regiment for the long period of thirty years. From this time onwards he never obtained any further employment, the reason being, as he fully believed, a letter which he wrote to the 'Times,' 12 Dec. 1854, complaining of the de- ficiencies of the commissariat in the siege of Sebastopol, and soliciting help from the people of England. On 23 Oct. 1863 he was ap- pointed colonel of the 104th foot ; he became colonel of the 32nd foot 2 Feb. 1867, and colonel of the 1st foot 3 Aug. 1868. His work, in two volumes, entitled 'Rough Notes by an Old Soldier during fifty years' service,' a gossiping and amusing account of his life and services, was published early in 1867. He was created a K.C.B. 13 March 1867 ; a lieutenant-general 28 Jan. 1868 ; and a general 8 March 1873. His death took place at 156 Westbourne Terrace, London, 10 July 1877. He had been twice married, the first time to Alicia, daughter and heiress of James Scott, of Ecclesjohn and Commiston, N.B.,, and secondly, in 1820, to Margaret Addison,. a daughter of Thomas Dougal, of Scotland, banker. [Dod's Peerage and Baronetage : Army Lists, &c.] GK C. B. BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843), advocate, brother of Sir Charles Bell [q. v.], the celebrated anatomist,born at Fountain Bridge, near Edinburgh, 26 March 1770, was educated chiefly at home, and very largely by himself, his mother being left by her husband's death (1779) in very straitened circumstances. He does not appear to have had any regular academical training at the university of Edin- burgh, though he attended some courses of lectures there. He was admitted advocate in 1791. In 1805 he married Barbara, eldest daughter of Charles Shaw, Esq., of Ayr, by whom he had several children. Having for some years previously devoted himself to the systematic study of the Scottish mercantile law, then in a very imperfect condition, he published in 1804 a work in two volumes, 4to, entitled ' A Treatise on the Laws of Bankruptcy in Scotland,' and in 1810 a second enlarged and improved edition of the same work, under the title ' Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland and on the Prin- ciples of Mercantile Jurisprudence considered in relation to Bankruptcy, Compositions of Creditors, and Imprisonment for Debt.' A third edition followed in 1816, and a fourth in 1821. This work, which dealt with the whole extent of the mercantile law of Scot- land, and was the only scientific treatise which did, early obtained a deservedly high reputation, and brought its author a con- siderable accession of practice. It took rank with the classic ' Institutes ' of Lord Stair, and was treated by the judges with a respect which in this country is never paid to any living jurist, and to but very few amongst the dead. In 1822 he was elected professor of Scots law in the university of Edinburgh, the motion, seconded by Sir Walter Scott, being carried unanimously. Bell was not altogether new to professorial duties, having held for two years (1816-18) the post of professor of conveyancing to the Society of Writers to the Signet, devoting the income to the support of the widow and children of the late professor, his brother Robert (the eldest of the family), who were left but ill pro- vided for. In 1823 he was placed on a com- mission appointed, pursuant to an act of the same year, to ' inquire into the forms of pro- cess in the courts of law and the course of appeals from the Court of Session to the House of Lords,' in which capacity he very Bell 159 Bell ably discharged the important duty of draw- i ing up the report upon which was founded | the bill which passed into law in 1825 as the Scottish Judicature Act, a measure largely superseded by later reforms, and was con- sulted by the committee of the House of Lords, which had charge of the framing of the measure, upon many points of detail. In 1826 he published a fifth edition of his 1 Commentaries.' In 1832 he succeeded David Hume, nephew of the philosopher, as one of the four principal clerks of session. In 1833 he was nominated chairman of the royal commission then appointed to inquire into and draft proposals for the amendment of the Scotch law, from which resulted the Scotch Bankruptcy Act of 1839 (2 & 3 Viet. c. 41) which continued to regulate bank- ruptcy proceedings in Scotland until 1856, when it was superseded by the act now in force. In 1841 he was attacked by a severe inflammation of the eye. Though the son of an episcopalian clergyman, he belonged to the whig party. He was of a genial disposi- tion and courteous manners, and appears to have had a larger culture than is common amongst lawyers. Throughout life he was on terms of close intimacy with Jeffrey. A fine portrait of him by Raeburn hangs in the Parliament House, Edinburgh. His great work, the ' Commentaries/ has fully sus- tained the reputation which it acquired during j its author's life. A sixth edition with notes j was published in 1858 by his brother-in-law, j Patrick Shaw, Esq., advocate, and a seventh, also with notes, in 1870, by John M'Laren, Esq., advocate. In a very recent case re- ! ported in the law reports (appeal cases) for ! 1882 (The Eoyal Bank of Scotland v. The | Commercial Bank of Scotland), the judges I of the Court of Session having to choose '• between the authority of Lord Eldon and that of Bell upon a difficult question of bank- ruptcy administration, and having preferred to follow the latter, the House of Lords de- clined to overrule them. Bell also published : 1. 'An Examination of the Objections stated against the Bill for better regulating the Forms of Process in the Courts of Scotland,' 1825. 2. 'Prin- ciples of the Law of Scotland, for the use of Students in the University of Edinburgh/ 1829, a professorial manual originating in outlines of his lectures issued to his stu- dents, of which a second edition appeared in the following year, a third in 1833, and j a fourth in 1836. 3. ' Illustrations from adjudged Cases of the Principles of the Law of Scotland/ 1836 (second edition, 1838), | in three volumes, 8vo, being a commentary upon the preceding work. 4. In 1840, ' Com- mentaries on the recent Statutes relative to Diligence or Execution against moveable Estate, Imprisonment, Cessio Bonorum, and Sequestration in Mercantile Bankruptcy.' This book, a thin quarto, was not so much an independent work as a supplement to th^. ' Commentaries on the Laws of Scotland.' A short treatise, ' Inquiries into the Contract of Sale of Goods and Merchandise/ revised and partly printed before his death, was pub- lished the following year. [Letters of Sir C. "Bell ; Edinburgh Review, April 1872 ; Anderson's Scottish Nation ; Grant's Story of the Univ. of Edinburgh, ii. 374.1 J. M. B. BELL, HENRY (1767-1830), the builder of the Comet steamship, and therefore the introducer of practical steam navigation in England, was born at Torphichen Mill, near Linlithgow. His father, Patrick Bell, was a millwright, and, according to an account given by himself, his relations both on the father's and mother's side were engaged in mechanical businesses. He was first intended to be a mason, but, at the age of sixteen, he was apprenticed to the millwright's trade. After serving under several engineers he went to London, and spent some time under Rennie. It appears to have been while he was with Shaw and Hart, shipbuilders of Borrowstounness, in 1786, that he conceived the idea of applying steam to navigation, an idea that was at that time filling the minds of many inventors and engineers. In 1790 he settled in Glasgow, and in the following year he entered into partnership with a Mr. Paterson, forming the firm of Bell & Pater- son, builders. In 1798 he is said to have turned his attention specially to the steam- boat, and in 1800 he began experimenting with an engine placed in a small vessel. An application the same year to the admiralty was unsuccessful, as was a second appeal in 1803, though on the latter occasion Lord Nelson is stated to have spoken strongly in favour of the scheme. There is evidence to show that Fulton, who started a steamer on the Hudson in 1807, had obtained his ideas from Bell in the previous year, and that therefore Bell has a fair claim to be considered, not the inventor of the steam- boat—Papin (1707), Jouffroy (1776), Miller of Dalswinton (1787), and many others (some, indeed, only on paper) anticipated him — but the first to realise practically the proposals then in the minds of many for applying the steam-engine to the propulsion of vessels. He certainly was the originator of steam navigation in Europe, and in Ame- rica he was only preceded by Fulton, who, Bell l6o Bell if the above statement is correct, was his pupil. In January 1812 the Comet, a thirty-ton boat, built by Wood & Co., of Glasgow, and driven by an engine of three-horse power made by Bell, commenced to ply from Glas- gow to Greenock; she continued running till 1820, when she was wrecked. Many erroneous statements have been made about this vessel. She was by far from being the first vessel moved by steam, but she was the first practical steamship which regularly worked on any European river. Though Bell's claims were generally ac- knowledged, he reaped but little reward. The river Clyde trustees gave him a pension of 50/., afterwards increased to 100/. ; Mr. Can- ning gave him 200/. : and a subscription was got up for him at Glasgow and elsewhere near the close of his life. Besides his efforts in the cause of steam navigation he was interested in several other engineering enterprises, and is credited with the invention of an important improvement in the process of calico printing, the 'dis- charging machine.' He died at Helensburgh in 1830, and was buried in the churchyard of Row parish, two miles from Helensburgh. [There is a life of Bell by Edward Morris (Glasgow, 1844), but the information it gives is meagre. An account of him also appears in Chambers's Biog. Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen.] H. T. W. •ti BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803- 1874), sheriff, was the eldest son of James | Bell, advocate. He was born in Glasgow ' 8 Nov. 1803, and received the rudiments of his education in the High School of that city. On the family removing to Edinburgh, he passed through the regular university course there, and, while beginning to study law, ex- hibited his love of letters in a series of pre- cocious criticisms in the columns of the ' Ob- i server.' Those on the actors and acting of I the day, under the signature 'Acer,' at- tracted the attention of some of the leaders in the then brilliant literary society of the place, and are said to have had some influ- ence in raising the tone of the stage — an in- stitution in which he continued to the last to take a keen interest. A privately printed volume of poems (1824) testifies to his scholar- ship, early command of verse, and his share in the Byronic enthusiasm for the Greeks. In 1827 Bell was present and spoke at the famous dinner of the Edinburgh Theatri- cal Fund, at which Sir Walter Scott pub- licly acknowledged the authorship of the ' Waverley Novels.' In 1828 he started and •conducted the ' Edinburgh Literary Journal,' which numbered among its contributors Thomas Aird, L. E. L., Mrs. Hemans, Thomas Campbell, Christopher North, the Ettrick Shepherd, Delta (Moir), Allan Cunningham, G. P. R. James, Sheridan Knowles, and others of scarce inferior note. The youthful editor maintained for the publication a position of steadily increasing influence ; but at the ex- piration of three years it passed into other hands, and was ultimately merged in the ' Edinburgh Weekly Chronicle.' Some of the most salient of his own contributions were afterwards collected by Bell, and republished in two volumes : ' Summer and Winter Hours' (1831), containing the most widely known of his poems, the panoramic scenes from the life of Mary Stuart, so familiar to elocution; and < My Old Portfolio' (1832). Three of the prose pieces in the latter collec- tion deserve special mention : ' The Marvel- lous History of Mynheer von Wodenblock/ which, as afterwards popularised in the dog- gerel song, ' The Cork Leg,' has travelled over England and through Germany ; ' The Dead Daughter ' and i The Living Mummy,' from which Edgar Poe seems to have taken the hint of two of his most famous fantasies. Meanwhile, at the request of the publisher Constable, he had (1830), in compiling his elaborate defence of the Queen of Scots, en- tered the lists as champion of the cause which he espoused through life with an almost re- ligious zeal. The book was at the time a swift success. The first edition being exhausted, a second was called for within the year ; it was translated into French and pirated in Ame- rica. In 1831 Bell married Miss Stewart, only daughter of Captain Stewart of Sheerglass, Glengarry, by whom he had six children. In the following year he passed as advocate, and henceforth devoted himself mainly to his legal pursuits ; but advancement in the ranks of a profession then adorned by the competing talents of Jeffrey, Clark, Cockburn, Hope, Macneil, Rutherfurd, Maitland, Ivory, Ro- bertson, Inglis, and Moncreiff, was, even if sure, necessarily slow, and the cares of an in- creasing family induced him to accept an ap- pointment as one of the substitutes of the sheriff of Lanarkshire, whose attention had been attracted to the young counsel by his appearance (1838) at the cotton spinner's trial. Bell entered upon this office in 1839, and for twenty-eight years discharged his duties, yearly increasing in extent and re- sponsibility, with a conscientiousness, judg- ment, and tact, which exceeded expectation and arrested cavil. When, in 1852, it was believed that Sheriff Alison was to become a lord of session, the Glasgow faculty of law memorialised the lord advocate to pro- Bell 161 Bell mote Mr. Bell to the expected vacancy, and on Sir Archibald's death in 1867 he was made sheriff principal, with the unanimous approval of the profession. During thirty-four years' tenure of the two posts he found an arena well •calculated to call forth his varied powers; his mental energy and physical strength en- abled him to overtake the increasing work of j the great commercial city, his discrimination and accuracy made his judgments generally final, and he came to be regarded as the best mercantile lawyer of his day in Scotland. A distinguished contemporary has said of him that ' he realised the ideal of what a judge ought to be.' Another writes as follows : , '-' The older members of the legal profession | hold the opinion that Sheriff Glassford Bell was the best judge that ever sat in the sheriff court of Glasgow Approaching every case without a shade of bias, he listened so quietly to the arguments on either side that it was only when his decisions, always remarkable for their clearness, were made that it was seen liow carefully he had weighed the matters at issue ; it was a common custom of procura- tors to agree beforehand to accept his ruling and carry the case no further. Early in his j •career he had to grapple with new and dim- cult questions under the Poor Law and Bank- ruptcy Acts, in relation to which many of his judgments have become leading cases. His popularity was increased by the absence of self-assertion, somewhat rare on the bench, the reticence on all irrelevant matters, and the invariable courtesy to witnesses, which were leading features of all his procedure. He always kept abreast of his work, and may be said to have died in harness.' Outside his court, from which, till his last illness, he was never absent for a day, Mr. Bell took a lively interest in every matter affecting the welfare of Glasgow, advocating the interests of the city and promoting its in- stitutions with an oratory at once genial and forcible, to the uniform success of which his -commanding presence and impressive voice •doubtless contributed ; but the matter of his speeches was always valuable, and several of his addresses, as that to the Juridical Society 1850, and as president of the Athenaeum 1851, have stood the test of publication. He was a constant patron of the fine arts, and while in Edinburgh, where he was one of the origi- nators of the Royal Scotch Academy, had given a course of lectures on their history ; those on Michael Angelo and Raphael, sub- sequently delivered before the Philosophical Institution and the Glasgow Architectural Society, attracted considerable attention. The only other prose work of those years of a thou- sand interlocutors was the long and able in- YOL. iv. troduction to Bell and Bains's edition of 1 Shakespeare,' published in 1865. During this period his few relaxations were angling, chess — in which game he was the champion of the west of Scotland — and occasional trips to the continent, memories of which he has preserved in his volume, 1866, entitled ' Romances and Minor Poems,' which showed that all that weight of law had not stifled the author's imagination. The best verses in this volume are, if somewhat less elastic than those of his youth, more mature and searching. They are the reflex of a mind that has seen more of life and become perplexed by mysteries, for which its former easy solutions have proved inade- quate. Mr. Bell's first wife died in 1847 ; in 1872 he married Miss Sandeman, who sur- vives him. Towards the close ol 1873 a disease in the hand, which had for some time caused only trifling inconvenience, assumed so grave an aspect that an operation became impera- tive. This for a time appeared to have been successful, but early in the next year unfavour- able- symptoms set in, and he died on 7 Jan. 1874. The respect of his fellow-citizens was attested by the fact of his being — the first ex- ample of the century— interred in the nave of St. Mungo's Cathedral. Through life a staunch tory, Glassford Bell had better claim to the title of liberal than many of those who assume it, for he was generous almost to a fault, and took account of men by what they were rather than by what they professed to believe. He will be remembered in Scotland as the genial friend of Wilson, Hogg, and Lockhart, the worthy associate of the great legal race of which Jeffrey, Cockburn, Aytoun, and Burton were but slightly more distin- guished representatives. He has been called 1 the last of the literary sheriffs.' [Journal of Jurisprudence, February 1874 ; Glasgow Herald, 8 Jan. 1874; personal know- ledge and information from Mr. Bell's family.] J. N. BELL, HENRY NUGENT (1792-1822), genealogist, was the eldest son of George ell, Esq., of Belleview, county Fermanagh (Inner Temple Admission Register}. He fol- lowed the profession of a legal antiquary, and, in order to obtain a recognised status, en- tered himself at the Inner Temple, 17 Nov. 1818. In the same year he acquired con- siderable distinction by his successful advo- cacy of the claim of Mr. Hans Francis Hastings to the long-dormant earldom of Huntingdon ; the estates, however, with the exception, it is said, of a mill in Yorkshire, had passed away from the title, and were legally invested in the Earl of Moira's family. Bell published a detailed account of the pro- Bell 162 Bell ceedings in ' The Huntingdon Peerage,' 4to, London, 1820, pp. 413, and the narrative of his various adventures, which are given at length, displays a suspicious luxuriance of imagination not altogether in keeping with what professed to be a grave genealogical treatise. To the unsold copies a new title- page was affixed in 1821, with a genealogi- cal table and additional portraits (Low^DES, Bibliographer 's Manual, ed. Bohn, i. 149). Bell was also employed by Mr. J. L. Craw- furd to further his claim to the titles and estates of Crawfurd and Lindsay, and, if we may credit the common report, received no less a sum than 5,036/. for prosecuting the suit. He was cut off before he could bring the matter to a decisive issue, and dying in- solvent, the unfortunate claimant's money was in a great measure lost (The Crawfurd Peerage, by an Antiquary, chap. iv. ; DOBIE, Examination of the Claim of J. L. Crawfurd, p. 15). According to Lady Anne Hamilton (Secret History of the Court of England, i. 324, ii. 108), Bell, with other minions, was delegated by Lord Sidmouth in 1819 to in- cite the starving people of Manchester against the ministry — if that were needed — and by their means the meeting of 16 Aug. was con- voked which led to the massacre of Peterloo. The circumstances attending his death as narrated in the journals of the day were somewhat tragic. An action to recover a sum of money advanced to him by an en- graver named Cooke was tried on 18 Oct. 1822, and a verdict passed against him ; on the same evening he died. His younger brother was Sir George Bell, K.C.B. [q. v.] [Gent. Mag. vol. xc. pt. ii. p. 521, vol. xci. pt. i. p. 44, vol. xcii. pt. ii. p. 474 ; Notes and Queries. 5th ser. xii. 69, 234, 278, 475, 6th ser. i. 66 ; Annual Reg. (1877), p. 153.] G. G. BELL, JACOB (1810-1859), founder of the Pharmaceutical Society, and patron of art, was born in London on 5 March 1810. His father, a prominent member of the Society of Friends, first established the pharmaceutical business which, in the hands of the son, ac- quired a world-wide fame. At the age of twelve Bell was sent to a Friends' school at Darlington to be educated. He exhibited a decided faculty for composition both in prose and verse, and at the age of sixteen gained the prize in a competition for the best original essay on war. In conjunction with a schoolfellow, he also founded a manuscript journal devoted to literature and the events of his school life. His education completed, he entered his father's business in Oxford Street, Lon- don, but at the same time diligently attended the lectures on chemistry at the Royal Insti- tution, and those on the practice of physic at King's College. He also devoted his lei- sure to the study of practical chemistry, and converted his bedroom into a laboratory, fitting it with a furnace and other apparatus. His tastes appear to have been of a varied character, for at one time he gave much at- tention to comparative anatomy, at another to outdoor sports, while, in a third instance, he studied art under H. P. Briggs, R.A. His; faculty for art was considerable, especially upon the grotesque and humorous side. His taste for the works of eminent painters was very early developed, and before he was five-and-twenty he had formed the nucleus of a collection which afterwards became famous. He also strongly interested himself in the question of copyright as affecting artists, and gave valuable advice and assist- ance in this direction. In 1840 Bell visited the continent, having | as his travelling companion Sir Edwin Land- seer, whose health was then in an unsatis- I factory condition. The friends travelled 1 through Belgium and up the Rhine to Switzer- | land, but at Geneva Bell himself was taken { ill with a very severe attack of quinsy. The ! seizure caused him to be detained at Geneva for six weeks, and it laid the foundation of j an affection of the larynx, from which he suffered much in after years. Returning to* London by way of Paris, he witnessed in the latter city the solemnities which cele- brated the arrival of the remains of the first Napoleon. Bell was a vigilant guardian of the rights of his fellow-traders, and it was chiefly owing" to his efforts that in the year 1841 Mr. Hawes was compelled to withdraw a mea- sure which he had submitted to Parliament for the purpose of ' amending the laws rela- ting to the medical profession in Great Britain and Ireland.' This measure, if car- ried, would have pressed heavily upon the chemists and druggists throughout the king- dom. At this time Bell conceived a scheme for a society which should act as an effec- tual safeguard for the protection of the in- terests of the trade, and at the same time assist in raising it to the status which it already occupied in other countries. Accord- ingly, at a public meeting held 15 April 1841, the formation of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain was resolved upon. Bell subsequently issued a pamphlet showing the necessity for such a society. Great diffi- culties were encountered in the formation of the society, but they were all surmounted by Bell's tact and ability. In the forma- tion of provincial branches of the society he also took a deep interest ; and for the Bell 163 Bell advancement of the cause of true pharmacy he established the well-known periodical, the 'Pharmaceutical Journal.' The pub- lication of this work he superintended for eighteen years. The conduct of the journal was with him a labour of love, for it resulted in no pecuniary advantage during its first fifteen years of existence, notwithstanding its acknowledged usefulness. To thenewjournal Bell was also a constant contributor him- self until his death. His efforts in connection with an improved pharmacy led to his being elected an honorary member of various foreign scientific societies, and a Fellow of the Chemical, Linnean, and Zoological So- cieties of London, and of the Society of Arts. In 1843 the Pharmaceutical Society was incorporated by royal charter, and the same year Bell published his 'Historical Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy in Great Bri- tain.' The author dealt with the practice of pharmacy from the time of its partial sepa- ration from the practice of medicine until the establishment of the Pharmaceutical Society. It was found that an act of parlia- ment was required for restricting the prac- tice of pharmacy to persons duly qualified, and in 1845 Bell drew up an account of desirable provisions, including the registra- tion of all persons carrying on business as chemists and druggists ; the introduction of a system of education and examination ; the protection of the public against the pro- ceedings of ignorant persons ; the separa- tion of the trade in medicines from the practice of physic and surgery as far as prac- ticable ; the recognition of the Pharmaceu- tical Society as the governing body in all questions relating to pharmacy. For several years the question of pharmaceutical legisla- tion was much discussed, and numerous petitions on the subject were presented to parliament ; but as no practical issue was arrived at, Bell decided to seek a seat in parliament for the purpose of advocating the necessary measures. In 1850, accord- ingly, he contested the borough of St. Albans in the liberal interest, and was returned, although the unscrupulous means used by his agents led to the ultimate disfranchise- ment of the borough. Bell, however, was absolved from blame, except in regard to the laxity he displayed in placing himself unreservedly in the hands of his parliamen- tary agents. In June 1851 Bell brought forward in parliament a bill to regulate the qualifications of pharmaceutical chemists, and for other purposes in connection with the practice of pharmacy. The measure passed its second reading, but could not be further proceeded with. In the following session the bill was reintroduced, and after con- siderable discussion it was referred to a se- lect committee. The act, as it eventually became law, only very partially fulfilled the intentions of its framer. At the general election of 1852 Bell offered himself for the representation of Great Mario w, but was unsuccessful. Two years later, on the death of Lord Dudley Stuart, he contested the borough of Maryle- bone with Lord Ebrington, but was again unsuccessful. He was subsequently solicited to offer himself again for Marylebone, but ill-health compelled him to decline the invi- tation. During the last winter of his life, while suffering from a painful affection of the larynx, as well as from great debility and emaciation, he still took an active part in pro- fessional matters, and also devoted himself to philanthropic causes. He died from exhaus- tion 12 June 1859. It is stated that Bell spent a fortune in founding and advancing the Pharmaceutical Society, but he felt him- self repaid by the knowledge that his efforts had raised enormously the educational stan- dard of his order. On the day of his funeral nearly the whole body of chemists through- out the country closed their places of busi- ness. Bell's chief works were : 1. ' Observations addressed to the Chemists and Druggists of Great Britain,' 1841. 2. 'Historical Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy in Great Britain,' 1843. 3. ' Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processes and Products,' 1852. With regard to his patronage of art, the gallery of pictures at his house in Langham Place testified to its extent and catholicity. The finest part of his collection he bequeathed to the nation, including six of the best works of Sir Edwin Landseer, and well-known examples of O'Neil, Sidney Cooper, Charles Landseer, E. M. Ward, W. P. Frith, Rosa Bonheur, &c. [Annual Kegister, 1859 ; Pharmacexitical Jour- nal and Transactions, 1842, &c. ; Bell's works."} G. B. S. BELL, JAMES (1524-1584), catholic priest, born at Warrington in Lancashire, in 1524, was educated at Oxford, where he was ordained priest in Queen Mary's reign. For some time he refused to conform to the alte- rations in religion made by Queen Elizabeth ; but afterwards, adopting the tenets of the Reformation, he exercised the functions of a minister of the church of England for twenty years, and was beneficed in several parts of the kingdom. In 1581 he applied to a lady to solicit her good offices to procure for him M 2 Bell 164 Bell a small readership, of which her husband was the patron. This lady, being a catholic, up- braided him with his cowardice, and exhorted him to lead a life in accordance with his sa- cred profession. Moved by her words he sought reconciliation with the catholic church, and laboured zealously as a priest for two years among the poorer class of catholics. In January 1583-4 he was apprehended by a pur- suivant, and was brought to trial at the Lent assizes at Lancaster. He behaved with great courage, and on being convicted said to the judge : ' I beg your lordship would add to the sentence that my lips and the tops of my fin- gers may be cut off for having sworn and sub- scribed to the articles of heretics, contrary both to my conscience and to God's truth.' He was executed at Lancaster on 20 April 1584. John Finch, a layman, suffered at the same time and place for being reconciled to the catholic church, and denying the queen's spiritual supremacy. [Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 132 ; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 102 ; Concertatio Eccl. Catho- licse in Anglia, ed. Bridgewater (1594), ii. 160- 164; Challoner's Missionary Priests (1741), i. 160; Gibson's Lydiate Hall, Introd. xxxiv.] T. C. BELL, JAMES (/. 1551-1596), reformer, was a native of the diocese of Bath, Somerset- shire, and was admitted a fellow of Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, probably in 1547. He graduated B.A. in 1551, and on 30 May 1556 was nominated a fellow of Trinity Col- lege, when he was appointed rhetoric lecturer. The doubts expressed by Wood as to whether these details do not apply to James Bell, a Roman catholic priest executed in 1584 [q.v.], are set at rest by Bliss in a life of Bell added to the ' Athenae.' Bell in the Michaelmas term of 1556 gave up his fellowship, and be- came a zealous partisan of the Reformation. In 1564 he wrote and dedicated to Queen Eliza- beth 'An Account of Csecilia, Princess of Sweden, travelling into England,' which exists only in a manuscript preserved in the British Museum (MS. Royal, 17j£ From the character of his description it is probable that he accompanied the princess to England. The other works of Bell are translations from the Latin as follows : 1. ( Sermon preached at the christening of a certain Jew at Lon- don,' by John Foxe, 1573. 2. 'Sermon of the Evangelical Olive,' by John Foxe, 1578. 3. ' Treatise touching the Libertie of a Chris- tian Man,' by Luther, 1579. 4. l The Pope Confuted — the Holy and Apostolical Church Confuting the Pope — the First Action,' by John Foxe, 1580. 5. ' Answer Apologetical to Hierome Osorius, his Slanderous Invec- tives,' byHaddon and Foxe, 1581. On 13Feb. 1595 Bell was presented to the prebend of Holcombe in the church of Wells, and on 11 Oct. 1596 to that of Combe in the same church. The date and place of his death are unknown. [Wood's Athense (Bliss), i. 651-2; Fasti, i. 132, 137 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 94.] T. F. H. BELL, JAMES (1769-1833), geographi- cal author, was born in Jedburgh in 1769. At the age of eight he went to Glasgow, where his father, the Rev. Thomas Bell [see BELL, THOMAS, 1733-1802], was appointed, in 1777, minister of Dovehill Chapel. During childhood and youth James suffered much from feeble health and sickness, and gave but little promise of either much bodily or mental vigour ; but he managed to acquire a liberal education. As he grew up his constitution be- came stronger, and he evinced a remarkable propensity for desultory reading. His first em- ployment was that of a weaver, to which busi- ness he served an apprenticeship. In 1790 he commenced trade on his own account, as a manufacturer of cotton goods, with a fair prospect of success, but, finding himself hin- dered by the mercantile depression of 1793, he gave up his business, and for some years worked as a warper in the warehouses of manufacturers. As his tastes and the un- common simplicity of his character rendered him unfit to win his way in business pursuits, his father at length settled upon him a small annuity which enabled him to revert to those studies and researches to which his natural inclination led him in early life. About 1806 he quitted warping to earn a livelihood as tutor in Greek and Latin to advanced students attending the university. At the same time he, with untiring zeal, studied history, theo- logy, and especially geography. To this science, around which the whole of his sympa- thies were gathered, he devoted the labour of his life. His first literary effort was made about 1815, when he contributed some chapters to the ' Glasgow Geography,' a popular work of the period, published by Khull, Blackie, & Co., now scarce. In 1824 he wrote 'An Examination of the various Opinions that have been held respecting the Sources of the Ganges and the Correctness of the Lama's Map of Thibet.' It was published as Article 2 in 1 Critical Researches in Philology and Geo- graphy,' an anonymous volume in 8vo, now known to be the joint work of James Bell and a gifted young student in philology, one John Bell, a namesake but not a relative. The high encomiums that this article eli- cited from some of the leading periodicals of the day served at once to establish the repu- tation of James Bell as a writer upon geo- Bell '65 Bell graphy. He was forthwith entrusted with the serious task of preparing and editing an unabridged edition of Rollin's 'Ancient History/ Glasgow, 1828, 3 vols. 8vo. The original notes, geographical, topographical, historical, and critical, with the life of the author by Bell, serve to this day to place this edition at the head of all that have yet appeared in English. Bell's fame as a geographical author reached its climax in his 'System of Geography, Popular and Scientific,' Glasgow, 1830, 6 vols. 8vo. It may be fairly urged that it opened a new era in the study of geography in our lan- guage ; but it is doubtful if it has commanded the attention of the geographical student south of the Tweed as much as it even now deserves. By his contemporaries Bell was i held to be * certainly one of the first critical geographers of this country.' In its method it never yet has been, and probably never will be, entirely superseded. The chapters on the history of geography contained in the ' third volume of Rollin and in the sixth j volume of his ( System of Geography ' have apparently served for models for all subse- quent attempts of the kind during the last half-century. His latest, but posthumous, work/ A Com- prehensive Gazetteer of England and Wales,' Glasgow 1836, 4 vols. 8vo, although now almost obsolete, was, in its day, an exceed- ingly useful book of reference, a model of conciseness, and still valuable for its intro- duction drawn up under twelve sections ; one of these, on the cartography of England and Wales,compiled mainly from Gough's * British I Topography/ is a feature peculiar to the ga- I zetteer which has never been imitated by any j subsequent one. In forming a correct estimate of Bell and his literary work it is necessary to note that although he was an accomplished classical scholar, as his notes to Rollin show, he was not always an exact one, being more intent upon elucidating the ideas of his author than upon niceties of language. Finally, the greater portion of his work was done under the disadvantages of ill-health, the want of powerful friends, and an exceedingly limited apparatus of books ; the last disadvantage his extraordinary memory enabled him to par- tially overcome. His religious sentiments were thoroughly Calvinistic, tempered with a feeling of wide tolerance for the religious convictions of others, while few could wield the weapons of theological controversy with greater vigour and effect. Owing to in- creasing attacks of asthma to which he had always been subject, he was obliged to leave Glasgow about ten or twelve years before his death and retire into the country. The place selected for the scene of his labours was a humble cottage at Campsie, twelve miles north of Glasgow. He died in this secluded but beautiful spot 3 May 1833, and was there buried, at the age of sixty-four. [Anderson's Scottish Nation, i. 282 ; Chambers's Biogr. Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen, ed. Thomson, 1868, i. 119; Dublin University Mag. i. 687; Edin. Journal of Natural and Geographical Science, ii. 103, 193; Eoy. Geog. Soc. Journal, ix. Ivii.] C. H. C. BELL, JOHN, LL.D. (d. 1556), bishop of Worcester, was a native of Worcester- shire, and was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and at Cambridge, where he took the degree of LL.B. in 1504. He probably at- tended Sylvester Gygles, bishop of Wor- cester, to Rome, when sent by Henry VIII to the Lateran Council, for Sylvester in his letters thence mentions him as in communi- cation with the pope, and as the best man to fill the vacancy of master of the English Hospital. He speaks of him as 'Master Bell, now dean of the arches ' (State Papers Henry VIII, ii. 849, 928). In 1518 he was made by Sylvester vicar-general and chan- cellor of the diocese of Worcester, offices which he continued to hold under two of his successors (THOMAS, Survey of Worcester Cathedral, p. 205). Bell was rector of Sub- Edge, Gloucestershire, warden of the colle- giate church of Stratford-upon-Avon, master of the hospital of St. Walstan's, archdeacon of Gloucester, and prebendary of Lichfield, St. Paul's, Lincoln, and Southwell cathedrals. ' At length his abilities being made known to Henry VIII, he was made one of his chaplains, sent by him to foreign princes on state affairs, and at his return was one of his counsellors ' (z'6.) While abroad he was made LL.D. of some foreign university, in which degree he was incorporated at Oxford in 1531 (WooD, Fasti, pt. i. col. 88). In 1526 Bell as ' official of Worcester' appears frequently as a member of the court ap- pointed by Wolsey for the trial of heretics (State Papers Henry VIII, iv. 885-6). During the next three years he seems to have been in almost constant attendance upon the king, employed by him in divers ways in furthering his divorce from Katha- rine. He appeared as the king's proxy in 1527. In 1528 he was consulted by the king and by Wolsey on the pope's dispensation, and on the commission to Wolsey and Cam- peggio to decide the validity of his union with Katharine. In 1529, when the cause came before the legates in Blackfriars Hall, Bell appeared on several occasions as one of Bell 166 Bell the king's counsel, and also in the same capacity at Dunstable before Archbishop Cranmer and the Bishop of Lincoln ( on the morrow after Ascension day, 1032, when Cranmer gave final sentence that the pope could not license such marriages ' as that of Henry and Katharine. During this period Bell showed great courage in preventing the appointment of Elinor Carey, sister of Mary Boleyn's husband, as abbess of Wilton, by reporting her (as Wolsey's commissary for the diocese of Salisbury) to have been guilty of ' gross incontinency,' at a time, too, when the king was contemplating his ap- pointment to the archdeaconry of Oxford. Two years before the sentence of divorce was pronounced by Cranmer, Henry sent Bell, together with the Bishop of Lincoln and Foxe, to Oxford, to obtain an opinion con- demning marriage with a deceased brother's wife. Oxford hung back in spite of threats and promises. Eventually the commissioners only succeeded by the exclusion of the junior members of convocation from any voice in the matter. The excitement was so great that it was thought necessary to hold a secret conclave by night to affix the university seal. Bell was in 1529 one of a commission, in- cluding Sir John More, to assist the arch- bishop in preparing a royal proclamation against Tyndal's translation of the Scrip- tures and a number of heretical books, and to present it in St. Edward's chapel to be signed there by Henry in person (COLLIER, Eccl. Hist iv. 145). In 1532 he took part in the proceedings of the 'convocation which de- cided that the king's marriage was contrary to divine law, and consequently that the pope's dispensation was ultra vires, and which drew up 'the articles about religion,' of which the original may be seen, with John Bell's name attached, in the Cotton Library. In 1537 he was one of ' the composers ' of the ' Bishop's Book,' and one of the learned divines who, in the course of its preparation, were called upon to define the true meaning of various church ordinances. In this year, too, he was present at the baptism of Ed- ward VI at Hampton Court. On 11 Aug. Bell was promoted to the see of Worcester. As bishop he was a member of the committee of the convocation of 1540 who pronounced the marriage of Henry and Anne of Cleves illegal, and was also one of six bishops ap- pointed by the king ' to examine what cere- monies should be retained in the church, and what was the true use of them.' In the fol- lowing year he promised his support to Cran- mer, when he brought forward in the House of Lords * an act for the advancement of true religion and the abolishment of the contrary,' but when he saw the angry excite- ment of the popish opposition ' he fell away from him7 (STKYPE, Cranmer, p. 141). In the convocation of 1542, when the bishops undertook the work of a revised translation of the New Testament, the first and second epistles to the Thessalonians were assigned to Bell. On 17 Nov. 1543 Bell resigned his bishopric. Burnet, after speculating as to his motive, decides to ' leave it in the dark.' Nichols (Lit. Anecdotes, iii. 109) says he was ' deprived,' but the form of his resigna- tion may be seen in Rymer's 'Fcedera' (xv. 10), by which it would appear to have been quite voluntary. Bell retired to Clerk- enwell, then a fashionable suburb. Of his life there we only learn from his will that he was 'priest of Clerkenwell parish.' He died on 2 Aug. 1556, and was buried with episcopal honours on the south side of the east end of the chancel of St. James's Church, where Bishop Burnet was also after- wards buried. The monumental brass from his tomb, engraved by Malcolm in his ' Lon- dinium Redivivum,' was in 1866 in the pos- session of Mr. J. G. Nichols (NICHOLS, Herald and Genealogist, iii. 444). He gave by his will 21. to the poor of Clerkenwell, 51. to Stratford-upon-Avon, and some legacies to Jesus chantry in St. Paul's Cathedral, desiring that ' his soul might be prayed for.' He was also a benefactor to Balliol College, Oxford, and to Cambridge, but especially to the former, where he provided for the main- tenance of two scholars born in the diocese of Worcester. Coote says of Bishop Bell {English Civilians) : i He died with the cha- racter of an eloquent preacher and advocate, a learned divine, and a man of integrity and beneficence.' [Godwin, De Prsesulibus Anglise, Camb. 1743 ; Cavendish's Life of Wolsey, Singer's ed. ; Chambers's Biog. Illustrations of Worcester- shire; Thomas's Henry VIII, 1774; Burnet's Hist, of the Reformation ; Strype's Eccl. Memorials and Life of Cranmer ; Thomas's Survey of Wor- cester Cathedral ; Calendar of State Papers, Henry VIII, vols. ii., iii., iv., v., vi., and vii.] P. B. A. BELL, JOHN (1691-1780), traveller, son of Patrick Bell of Antermony, was born on the paternal estate in 1691. No details of his education are extant, but it is stated that, after obtaining the degree of doctor of medicine, he determined to visit foreign countries. He obtained recommendatory letters to Dr. Areskine, chief physician and privy counsellor to the Czar Peter I, and embarked at London in the month of July 1714. An embassy was then preparing from the czar to the sophy of Persia. On Dr. Bell 167 Bell Areskine's recommendation Bell was engaged j in the service of the Russian emperor. He I left St. Petersburg on 15 July 1715, and pro- ceeded to Moscow, from thence to Cazan, and i down the Wolga to Ostracan. The embassy j then sailed down the Caspian Sea to Derbent, j .and journeyed by Mongan, Tauris, and Saba j to Ispahan, where they arrived on 14 March j 1717. They left that city on 1 Sept., and re- turned to St. Petersburg on 30 Dec. 1718, .after having travelled across the country from iSaratoff. On his arrival in the capital Bell found that Dr. Areskine had died about six weeks before ; but he had now secured the friendship of the ambassador, and upon hear- | ing that an embassy to China was preparing i he easily obtained an appointment in it j through his influence. The account of his ' journey to Cazan, and through Siberia to China, is by far the most complete and inte- ' resting part of his travels. His description of the manners, customs, and superstitions of the inhabitants, and of the Delay-lama and the Chinese wall, deserve particularly to be noticed. They arrived at Pekin, ' after a te- dious journey of exactly sixteen months.' .Bell has left a very full account of occur- rences during his residence in the capital of China. .The embassy left that city on '2 March 1721, and arrived at Moscow on 5 Jan. 1722. Bell next accompa.iied an expedition into Persia as far as Derbent, returning thence in December 1722. Soon afterwards he revisited his native country, and returned to St. Pe- tersburg in 1734. In 1737 he was sent to 'Constantinople by th( Russian chancellor, -and Mr. Rondean, the British minister at the Russian court. It was his last effort in Rus- sian diplomacy. He alterwards abandoned the public service, and seems to have settled •at Constantinople as a merchant. About 1746 he married Mary Peters, a Russian lady, and returned to Scotland, where he spent the latter part of his life on his estate, enjoying the society of his friends. After a long life .spent in active beneficence and philanthropic •exertions he died at Antermony on 1 July 1780, at the advanced age of eighty-nine. His only work is ' Travels from St. Peters- burg in Russia to various parts, of Asia,' 1763, in two vols. quarto, printed by Robert and Andrew Foulis of Glasgow, whose beautiful fount of type enhances the value of the book. The 'Quarterly Review' (1817, pp. 464-5) •says that Bell wished to obtain literary help in writing his book, and applied to Robertson, who could not help him, but advised him to take ' Gulliver's Travels ' for his model. The .advice was accepted with the best results. Besides the Glasgow edition of 1763 the * Travels ' were published in Dublin 1764, in Edinburgh 1788 and 1806, and they are re- printed in the seventh volume of Pinkerton's 'Collection of Voyages and Travels.' The 'Gentleman's Magazine' of 1763 (p. 392) contains a long extract from the ' Travels/ describing in a graphic manner the recep- tion of the Russian embassy by the Shah of Persia. A French translation of the whole work appeared in Paris, 1766, 3 vols. 12mo. [Bell's Travels; Quarterly Review; Cham- bers's Diet, of Eminent Scotsmen.] E. H. BELL, JOHN (1747-1798), artillerist, was the eldest son of a hatter at Carlisle, where he was born on 1 March 1747. His father ruined himself in attempts to discover the longitude. In 1765 Bell joined the ar- tillery. He served at Gibraltar and after- wards in England. He was at Southsea in 1782, and was an eye-witness of the founder- ing of the Royal George. He invented a plan for destroying the wreck, which was the same as one carried out by Colonel Pasley in 1839. He also invented the ' sunproof' for testing the soundness of guns, long in use in the royal arsenal ; a ' gyn,' called by his name, and a petard, of which there is a model in the Woolwich laboratory ; a crane for descending mines ; and a harpoon for taking whales (for the last two of which he received premiums from, the Society of Arts) ; and an apparatus for rescuing shipwrecked mariners, said to be identical with that after- wards devised by Captain Manby. For this he received a premium from the Society of Arts of fifty guineas, and in 1815 the House of Commons voted 500/. to his daughter (Mrs. Whitfield) in recognition of the same inven- tion. In 1793 the Duke of Richmond gave him a commission as second-lieutenant in the artil- lery, and in 1794 he was promoted to a first- lieutenancy. He was employed in a secret expedition for the destruction of the Dutch fleet in the Texel, which was abandoned. He died of apoplexy at Queenborough on 1 June 1798, whilst engaged in fitting out fire-ships. [United Service Journal, April 1840 ; Society of Arts' Transactions (1807), vol. xxv., where there is an engraving of his apparatus for wrecks.] BELL, JOHN (1763-1820), surgeon, was born in Edinburgh 12 May 1763, being the second son of the Rev. William Bell, and elder brother of Sir Charles Bell. He was educated at the High School of Edinburgh, and early showed a liking for medical studies. He became a pupil of Mr. Alexander Wood, an eminent surgeon in Edinburgh, and, after attending the lectures and practice of Black, Cullen, and the second Monro, became a fellow Bell 1 68 Bell of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, in 1786. In 1790 he established himself as a lecturer on anatomy and surgery in Edin- burgh in a lecture-theatre built for him in Surgeon's Square, where he carried on dis- sections, and formed a museum. He vigo- rously attacked the stereotyped methods of | Monro and Benjamin Bell, and naturally met with strong opposition in this extra-university enterprise ; but his ability and zeal as a : teacher brought him popularity and success. | Among his pupils was his brother Charles, who j for some years assisted him. His extended ! work on the ' Anatomy of the Human Body,' j to which Charles largely contributed, went through numerous editions, and was trans- lated into German. A rapid improvement in the surgery of the arteries followed the publi- cation of the volume of the 'Anatomy' in which they were described. His ' Engravings j of the Bones, Muscles, and Joints ' appeared | in 1794. His ' Discourses on the Nature and | Cure of Wounds ' (1793-5) were remarkable for their clear expositions of the then re- cently introduced practice of aiming at the I early union of wounds after operations, of the 'importance of the free anastomosis of arteries in dealing with injuries to the main trunks of the arteries, and other novel modes i of treatment founded on rational views of j anatomy and physiology. For twenty years | he was the leading operating surgeon in Edin- burgh. Unfortunately for his health and re- j putation, Bell entered into the lengthy and | bitter controversy set on foot by Dr. James | Gregory, professor of medicine in the uni- } versity of Edinburgh, about the arrangements for the attendance of surgeons at the Royal Infirmary, writing an ' Answer for the Junior Members of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh to the Memorial of Dr. J. Gre- ' gory,' 1800. One result was the limitation ! of the number of surgeons to six, and the ! exclusion of Bell and many others, in 1800 ; and although Dr. Gregory was subsequently severely censured by the College of Phy- sicians for violations of truth, Bell unwisely spent much time and feeling in the com- position of his ' Letters on Professional Cha- racter and Manners,' addressed to Dr. Gregory, extending to 636 pages (1810). After his exclusion from the infirmary Bell published (1801-8) the ' Principles of Surgery,' in three I quarto volumes, in the second edition of j which (1826) Sir Charles Bell speaks of the | admirable capacity he had for teaching, as j well as the correctness and importance of the j principles which he taught. In 1805 Bell married Rosina, daughter of a retired physi- cian, Dr. Congleton; but he never seems fully to have recovered from his exclusion from the infirmary, and although his private practice was extensive, this did not make up to him for the lack of a public position.. Early in 1816 he was thrown from his horse, and in 1817 his health was still so impaired that he went on a foreign tour, and spent the last three years of his life in Italy, where he found means of gratifying those artistic tastes which he ha- 1836> leaving his wife Jane, K. H. ! daughter of Henry Grove, and an only son, I Matthew Bell, now of Bourne Park, Kent, BELL, JOHN (1764-1836), barrister-at- surviving him. Lord Langdale, who had law, only son of Matthew Bell, was born at j been his pupil, was one of his executors. of Stodhardt, Mortimer, and other artists of the day. Martin and Bell were debarred by an exclusive copyright from inserting in their collection Young, Mallet, Akenside, and Gray, which appeared in the London trade edition, together with Dorset, Stepney, Walsh, Duke, and Sprat, rhymesters whom Bell had cast aside. The attractiveness of this pocket edition nevertheless was indubitable, and Mr. Bell's enterprise and good taste were generally acknowledged. He published a similar edition of ' Shakespeare ' and ' The British Theatre.' He is distinguished among printers as being the first to discard the long f (s) from his fount of type. - He was one of the original proprietors of the < Fashionable World,' of the ' Oracle/ and of the ' Morning Post ' (1772). He established a Sunday newspaper, ' Bell's Weekly Messenger,' much esteemed for its country politics and accounts of coun- try markets. ' La Belle Assemblee,' an il- lustrated monthly publication, was another )tion of He had no acquirements, perhaps not even gTammar ; but his taste in putting- forth a publication, and getting the best artists to adorn it, was new in those times, and may be admired in any. T>«11 — . _ • _£•_ . jl • • ,1 , 1 • - of his successful projects. In Leigh I ' Autobiography (i. 276) is a descript Bell's appearance, ending thus : ' TT Bell was, in fact, the pioneer in that kind of publication so much in vogue in later days, j Bell 170 Bell He was buried at Milton, near Canterbury, where he had an estate. His fortune was considerable. He married late in life, his son being under age at his decease. His widow died in 1866. [Foster's Coll. Gen. Eeg. Gray's Inn ; Gent. Mag. (1836), 670; Meri vale's Eeports; Swans- ton's Eeports ; Wilson's Chancery Eeports ; Jacob and Walker's Eeports, ii. 9 ; Jacob's Eeports, 633 ; Oh. Cora. Eeport, App. A. 1 ; Times, 7 Oct. 1826; Hardy's Memoir of Lord Langdale, i. 238-43.] J. M. E. BELL, SIB JOHN (1782-1876), general, was born at Bonytoun, Fifeshire, 1 Jan. 1782, being the son of David Bell of that place. It was not until 1805 that he abandoned the more lucrative prospects of mercantile life open to him by family con- nections, and followed the bent of his own inclination by accepting a commission as an ensign in the 52nd foot on 15 Aug. in that year. He was ordered to join his regiment in Sicily in 1806. Throughout the Peninsular war he was actively engaged in the majority of the more celebrated actions, and was wounded at the battle of Vimeiro by a shot through the shoulder. He was appointed permanent assistant quartermaster-general during the later years of the war. He re- ceived the gold cross for the battles of the Pyrenees, Nivelle, Orthes, and Toulouse, and the silver war medal with six clasps for some other battles and sieges. He was employed for the last time in active service abroad against Louisiana, December 1814 to January 1815. From 1828 to 1841 he was chief secretary to the government at the Cape of Good Hope, and from 1848 to 1854 lieute- nant-governor of Guernsey. The colonelcy of the 95th foot was awarded to him in 1850, which he exchanged for that of the 4th foot three years afterwards. He was nominated a C.B. as far back as 4 June 1815, and for his many services he was made a K.C.B. 6 April 1852, and 'a G.C.B. 18 May 1860. Immediately afterwards he became a general, and before his death he was the senior gene- ral in the army. He died at 55 Cadogan Place, London, 20 Nov. 1876, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. He married, 14 June 1821, Catharine, the elder daughter of James Harris, the first earl of Malmes- bury. She was born at St. Petersburg, 29 "May 1780, and was named after her godmother, the Empress Catharine. She died in Upper Hyde Park Street, London, 21 Dec. 1855. [Illustrated London News, Ixix. 541 (1876), with portrait; Men of the Time, 1875; Army Lists, &c.] G. C. B. BELL, JOHN GRAY (1823-1866), book- seller, was the son of Thomas Bell, d. 1860 [q. v.], house agent and surveyor of Newcastle- upon-Tyne. He was born at Newcastle 21 Sept, 1823, and married, in 1847, Dorothy Taylor of North Shields. In 1848 he went to London, and began business as a bookseller. He removed to Manchester in 1854, where he successfully followed his trade during the re- mainder of his life. He died there 21 Feb. 1866, aged 43. Bell was an earnest student of antiquarian literature, collected topogra- phical books and prints, and issued many interesting trade catalogues. In 1850 he commenced the publication of a valuable series of < Tracts on the Topography, His- tory, Dialects, &c., of the Counties of Great Britain,' of which about sixteen came out, in- cluding original glossaries of Essex, Glouces- tershire, Dorset, Cumberland, Berkshire. In 1851 he published ' A Descriptive and Criti- cal Catalogue of Works, illustrated by Thomas and John Bell.' This was compiled by him- self. Another of his works was a genealogy of the Bell and other families, printed for private circulation in 1855, and entitled ' A Genealogical Account of the Descendants of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster,' &c. [Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vi. 511, vii. 78; Bell's Descendants of John of Gaunt, 1855.] C. W. S. BELL, JOHN MONTGOMERIE (1804- 1862), an advocate of the Scottish bar, and sheriff of Kincardine, was born at Paisley in 1804. He was educated at the grammar school of that town and at the university of Glasgow. He was called to the Edinburgh bar in 1825, and from 1830 to 1846 assisted, with conspicuous ability, in conducting the court of session reports. In 1847 he was ap- pointed an advocate-depute, and in 1851 sheriff of Kincardine. In 1861 he published a ' Treatise on the Law of Arbitration in Scot- land,' a comprehensive and perspicuous expo- sition of this branch of Scotch law, and the standard work on the subject. He died from the effects of an accident 16 Oct. 1862. In 1863 a poem, ' The Martyr of Liberty,' which he had written shortly after his call to the bar, was published in accordance with direc- tions left by himself. [Catalogue of the Library of the Faculty of Advocates, Edinburgh ; Scotsman, 23 Oct. 1862.] T. F. H. BELL, JONATHAN ANDERSON (d. 1865), architect, second son of James Bell, advocate, was born in Glasgow and educated at Edinburgh University. The best account of him is preserved in a volume of poems Bell 171 Bell printed privately and posthumously in 1865. He showed, we there learn, an early fond- ness for art, and in the study of it spent the greater part of 1829 and 1830 in Rome. Re- turning, he decided to become an architect. He served his articles and remained for some j'ears afterwards in the office of Messrs. Rickman & Hutchison of Birmingham. Mr. Rickman is well known as a prime mover in the English Gothic revival ; Bell was his fa- vourite pupil, and became his intimate friend. «•• As a result of this education and com- panionship, Bell acquired a remarkable know- ledge of Gothic architecture. He was a correct and elegant draughtsman. Thirty of the en- gravings in Le Keux's ' Memorials of Cam- bridge ' are from his drawings. His ' Dryburgh Abbey,' engraved by William Miller, is no less remarkable. For about twenty-seven years he practised as an architect in Edin- burgh. l His larger works were not nume- rous, but they are of great merit and evince refined taste. The country houses he erected were always justly admired. The extensive range of premises in Glasgow, known by the name of Victoria Buildings, which he de- -signed for Mr. Archibald Orr Ewing .... •exhibit a very pure specimen of Scotch Gothic, finely adapted to commercial pur- poses, and form one of the most imposing elevations in the city.' Bell was a member of the Institute of Scottish Architects. In 1839 he was appointed secretary to the Royal Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scotland. He was nominated for the office by the late Professor Wilson, and retained it until his death. In the printed reports of that society will be found graceful and sufficient tributes to the abilities and the jzeal of its secretary. He was one of the leading witnesses examined by the select committee appointed to inquire into the sub- ject of art unions. He was secretary also to the committee concerned with the direction of the Edinburgh Wellington Testimonial. Bell had not only ' a learned knowledge of art in all its departments, but was himself -a cultivated artist. . . . His water-colour I drawings are of a high order of excellence ! and are finished with the greatest delicacy.' I His poems were printed only for private cir- j •culation, ' in the belief that they possessed much originality and beauty.' He died, in his fifty-sixth year, on 28 Feb. 1865. [Bell's Poems, printed 'in memoriam ' and not for publication, 1865 ; Proceedings of the Royal Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scotland; Scotsman, 2 March 1865.] E. R. BELL, LADY MARIA (d. 1825), amateur painter, the daughter of an architect named Hamilton, was the pupil of her brother, Wil- liam Hamilton, R.A., and received some in- struction from Sir Joshua Reynolds, whose pictures she copied with much skill. She copied likewise the works of Rubens at Carl- ton House, among which was a ' Holy Family,' which was highly comm