{ate
ae vee i ae REPORT
OF THE
CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18
VOLUME VIII: MOLLUSKS, ECHINODERMS, COELENTERATES, ETC.
PART G: ALCYONARIA AND ACTINARIA
By A. E. VERRILL PROFESSOR EMERITUS, YALE UNIVERSITY
OTTAWA F. A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1922
" Issued April 28, 1922
Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18.
Part H:
VOLUME I: NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION. : : NORTHERN PARTY, 1913-18. By Vilhjalmur Stefansson...............+6 (In preparation).
HeOU PEERY, PARTY, ‘1913-16. By Rudolph Martin Anderson.........,.... (In preparation). VOLUME Ii: MAMMALS AND BIRDS \ , : MAMMALS OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA. By Rudolph mast on ae Petts CI ee ol ee iplie Revo anahe ate, SUA Iae uted Ntacetaicle te Bede pie eaters Miata, ArBIU one lant then In preparation - BIRDS OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA. By R. M. Anderson and g A. Davorner! whee eee nese nese te ee eb eee een e neces Ns leielbi fie a yislgiess. ele #iejs io Peiatete ete ofeltcs.atciete ates Mh preparation), VOLUME MI: INSECTS INTRODUCTION, ByC. Gordon Hewitt........ (Issued December 10, 1920 : COLLEMBOLA.. By Justus W. Folsom.............: ... (Issued. July 10, 1919). : NEUROPTEROID INSECTS. By Nathan Banks..............-... (Issued July 11, 1919). : DIPTERA. 3 Crane-flies. |By Charles P. qerandaei Mosquitoes. By Harrison G. D vat ; Diptera (excluding Tipulide and Noman By J. R. Malloch...... (Issued July 14, 1919). : MALLOPHAGA AND ANOPLUR ;
Mallophaga. By A. W. Baker.
Anoplura. By G. F. Ferrisand G.H. F. Nuttall................ (Issued September 12, 1919). : COLEOPTERA. , Forest Insects, including Ipid2, Cerambycids, and Buprestide. By J. M. Swaine. Carabidz and Silphidw. By H.C. Fall. oe Coccinellidew, Elaterids, Chrysomelids and Rhynchophora. (excluding ipide). NOW. Le ne. Dytiscide. By J. D. Sherman, Jr............. cece eect cece eeees (Issued Dbkahes 12, 1919). : HEMIPTERA. By Edward P. Van Duzeds ese oun yb eee ees (Issued July 11, 1919).
: HYMENOPTERA AND PLANT GALLS.
Sawflies. (Tenthredinoidea). By Alex. D, MacGillivray.
Parasitic Hymenoptera. By Charles T. Brues.
Wasps and Bees. By F. W. L. Sladen.
Plant Galls. By E. Porter Felt. 2.0.0.0... 020.0 cece eee eeneneees (Issued November 8, 1919). SPIDERS, MITES AND MYRIAPODS.
Spiders. By J. H. Emerton.
area By Nathan Banks.
yriapods. . By Ralph V. Chamberlin................ Wily setmarcremiiengss (Issued July 14,1919). Part I: LEPIDGRT ERA. By Arthur Gibson...........cccececeseeeceeees . (Issued January 10, 1920). Part J: ORTHOPTERA. > By E. M. Walker... 2.0... e cece eee reese epee ae ssued September 4, 1920). Part K: INSECT LIFE ON THE WESTERN ARCTIC COAST OF AMERICA. By Frits JOHANSON G Sy eavg pawn eae eweee cae h aps vere 8 Warsblteae wide sie uueels (Issued November 7, 1921). | VOLUME IV: BOTANY Part A: FRESHWATER ALGAE AND FRES HWATER DIATOMS. ‘By Charles Ae etiha In press Part B: MARINE ALGAE. By F.S8. Collins............. BU ite Be Tie Needle she dew ee sake (In preparation). Part C: FUNGI. By John Dearness.................6 Boers Pa ely ines Thee Lie aati piesonae (In preparation). Part D: LICHENS.: By G.AKe Merrill... 5.0060. ao Vowel et cleee eee es temlewe cies ebieieie (In preparation). Part E: MOSSES. By R.S. Williams...................0.-- eee htatde's-r ela'y (Issued February 8, 1921). VOLUME V: BOTANY fits. Part A: VASCULAR PLANTS. By James M. Macoun and Theo. Holm...., (Issued October 14, 1921)°
: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MORPHOLOGY, SYNONYMY, AND GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION OF ARCTIC PLANTS. By Theo. Holm...(Issued February 10, 1922).
Part C: GENERAL NOTES ON ARCTIC VEGETATION. By Frits Johansen. (In preparation). VOLUME VI: FISHES, ONC EER: ETC.
Part A: FISHES. By F. Johansenw... 22.2... ca tale Seb b che ce denesew teed sets tees eclee (In preparation). Part B: ASCIDIANS, ETC, By A. G. Huntsman........ 0.0... cece eee eee tee Lipa (In preparation). VOLUME VII: CRUSTACEA Part A: DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS... By Mary J. Rathbun.............. (Issued August 18, 1919). Part B: SCHIZOPOD CRUSTACEANS. By Waldo L. Schmitt......... (Issued September £2, ania Part C: CUMACEA. By W. T. Calman........... ccc cece esse escent eee (Issued October 15, 1920). Part D: ISOPODA. By P. L. Boone... . 00h ice eee ec eee eee eet eee (Issued November 10, 1920). Part E: AMPHIPODA., By Clarence R. Shoemaker...:..........0..eveees (Issued September 7, 1920).
Part F: PYCNOGONIDA. Leon J. Cole........ cece cece eee ee eee Wiig tte a pow (Issued January 8, 1921).
Part G: EUPHYLLOPODA. By F. Johansen............ ccc cece ce eee cence nets eneeeceee (In press). Part H: CLADOCERA. By Chancey Juday...........ccceeccecceeeeeee eee eeee (Issued June 28, 1920). Part I: OSTRACODA. By R. W. Sharpe.......... cece cece cece cece een ceeeeeseecenees (In preparation). Part J: FRESHWATER COPEPODA. By C. Dwight Marsh.................8 (Issued April 21, 1920 Part K: MARINE COPEPODA. By A. Willey. ....... ccc ccee et edereeete ces (Issued June 25,1920). Part L: PARASITIC COPEPODA. By Charies B. Wilson......: Ach . (Issued August 6, 1920). Part M: CIRRIPEDIA. By Hi A. Pilsbry....... ccc cee twee cece etleneenee «seen preparation).
“UC
924 074 095 229
REPORT
OF THE
CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18
VOLUME VIII: MOLLUSKS, ECHINODERMS, COELENTERATES, ETC.
PART G: ALCYONARIA AND ACTINARIA
By A. E. VERRILL PROFESSOR EMERITUS, YALE UNIVERSITY
OTTAWA F, A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1922
Issued April 28, 1922
I.
The Alcyonaria of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918, with a Revision of some other Canadian genera and species.
By A. E. VeRRILL, Professor Emeritus of Yale University. (With nineteen plates and thirteen text figures).
I.
Suborder Atcronacra Verrill, 1865. Family NEPTHYIDZ.
Gersemia Marenzeller (emended).
Alcyonium(pars) of early authors.
Gersemia MARENZELLER, op. cit., p. 375, 1878. Type G. fruticosa (as G. florida, non Rathke).
Veringia (pars) DaNIELLSsSEN, N. Nordhavs—Exped., Alcyonida, p. 1, 1887, + Krystallofanes + Fulla + Sarakka, Dan., op. cit., 1887.
Eunephthya (pars) Ktxentuar, Deutsch. Tiefsee—Exped. (Valdivia Exped.), Aleyonaria, Vol. XIII, pp. 73-74, 1906 (non VERRILL, 1869). JUNGERSEN (pars), op. cit , p. 9, 1916.
Paraspongodes (pars) KUkKENTHAL, 1896. May, Alc. Ost-Spitz., Zool. Jahrb. Syst., Abt. Vol. xi, pp. 388-97, 1898. Srupsr, Camp. Hirondelle, p. 31, 1901
Gersen.it. Mouanper, Northern Arctic Invert. Aleyonacea, p. 48, 1915.
Polypidom, when well grown, more or less branched from a flexible main stalk, which may be naked or bear some scattered polyps: cortex or wall of the stalk and of stems of branches are muscular and capable of considerable contraction. It contains numerous minute rough, spinulose, lobed, or warted spicules, mostly short spindles and double spindles, ellipsoids, dumb-bell forms, etc., but usuaily not enough to form a firm crust: often hardly enough to give a fine granulose appearance under a lens: so that the surface often appears nearly smooth, except for the wrinkles caused by contraction.
Interiors of stalks of branches and main stem contain a number of large longitudinal tubes, separated by rather thin muscular walls, usually containing a few spicules. The branches may be absent when young, but numerous and subdivided when full grown.
The polyps, in expansion, are elongated, arising from low, or often obscure, calicles, mostly clustered on the sides and tips of the branches. The calicles may be separated by an evident amount of ccenenchyma, often very littic or none.
The polyp-bodies, outside of the calicles, are distinctly divided into two regions by differences in spiculation, and often by a constriction or change in size. The distal or stomodeal region, called the anthocodia, is often larger and always firmer than the mesenterial or proximal region, because it is filled with more abundant and larger spicules.
9343—13
4G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
The anthocodia! has eight double rows of elongated spicules arranged in chevrons, followed proximally by a wreath or zone of similar spicules arranged more obliquely or transversely, thus forming a boundary more or less obvious between the two regions of the polyp body.
The mesenterial or proximal part of the body usually has eight double rows of similar but generally smaller, shorter, and rougher, spicules, often arranged almost transversely in contraction, but typically chevronwise. These may be nearly or quite lacking in some species. :
Owing to the abundant and closely arranged spicules in the anthocodia this part often cannot be withdrawn into the calicle, but remains seated over it, in preserved specimens, while the mesenterial region is withdrawn. In some species both regions can be retracted, especially when young.
The tentacles also contain, on the aboral side, a double row of small, usually warted, fusiform or oblong spicules, fewer at the bases and tips, none in the pinnules, hence the tentacles are rather stiff and usually only partly concealed in contraction, their spiculose bases forming a sort of 8-lobed operculum for the polyps, above the anthocodia.
The spicules of the polyps and ealicles, etc., do not project in the form of spinules, as in typical species of Hunephthya. Molander, op. cit., 1915, has I believe, determined more accurately the relations of this and some related northern genera than have some other writers, but like others he has erred in the application of the name Hunephthya, as shown below.
He has reexamined the types of many species and has described the internal structure of the stalk_and branches, etc,
Gersemia rubiformis (Pallas.) Molander. Sea Strawberry.
Lobularia rubiformis EHRENBERG, Corall. Roth. Meeres, p. 58, 1834.
Alcyonium rubiforme Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped. Zoophytes, p. 625, 1846. VERRILL, Review Polyps E. Coast U.S. in Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 4, 1864: Proc. Boston Soc., Vol. X, p. 355, 1865; Trans. Conn, Acad. Sci. Vol. 1, part 2, p. 459, 1868. Marenzevuer. Intern. Polarforsch. Jan. Mayen, Vol. XIII, Zool., p. 15, 1886. JunGrrsen, Kara-Havets Ale- yonider, Dijmphna-Togtets Zoologisk-Bot. Udbytte, p. 379, pl. xxxii, figs. 14-22, 1887.
Paraspongodes rubra May, Ostspitz., Zool. Jb. Syst., Vol. XI, p. 393, figs. 3a, b, 1898 (t. Jungersen).
Eunephthya rubiformis KtKentuar, Alcyonaria “Olga’’ Exped., H. 1, p. 21, 1906: Tiefsee Exped. (Valdivia), XIII, p. 72, 1906; Revis. Aleyon. Fam., Nephthyide, No. 3, Zool. Jb. Abt. Syst. Vol. XXIV, pp. 331, 335, 1907; Aleyon. Siber. Eismeeres, Mem. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, Ser. 8, Vol. XVIII, No. 15, p. 2, text cut, 1909. JuNaERsEN, Bergens Mus., Aarbok, for 1915-16, h-2, p. 10, 1916.
Gersemia rubiformis Mouanper, A. R. Northern and Arctic Invertebrates in Coll. Swedish State Mus., Aleyonacea, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsaka-. demiens Handlingar, Bd. 51, No. 11, vii, p. 51, pl. 1, fig. 7, 1915.
Plate I; Figs. 1-1f. Plate IT; Figs. 1-4a, 6. Plate XVIIa; Fig. 1. This species, as it usually appears in dried or strongly contracted specimens,
consists of rounded, ovate, or pyriform clusters of rather hard, short, thickish branches or lobes, convex externally, and attached to the main stalk by short
1 The term anthocodia should properly be confined to the distal or stomodeal part of the polyp-body, which is very commonly protected by eight double rows of elongated spicules arranged ‘‘in chevron” followed by a wreath or zone of similar spicules, arranged obliquely and transversely, differentiating it from the mesenterial or proximal region of the polyp.
Molander (op. cit. 1915), applied the term to the entire polyp-body, beyond the calicle. This is an error and liable to cause confusion.
Alcyonaria G5
stems, smaller than the enlarged ends. The main stem may be very short or somewhat elongated and free from branches or calicles near the base, which usually spreads out in a thin expansion for attachment to pebbles, shells, etc. The lower part of the stem and basal expansion may often be nearly destitute of the close covering of red spicules that occurs elsewhere, and then, when dried it has a cartilaginous appearance, and is rather tough—not friable. Its surface is strongly wrinkled. The surface of the branches carrying polyps is covered with a thin but firm layer, consisting largely of a compact aggregation of minute rough spicules, bright red or pale red in colour, which give the surface a finely granular appearance under a pocket lens, and impart a red colour to the entire corallum. These spicules are of several forms, but mostly to be classed as irregular, short, lobed, or warty spindles, double spindles, and ellipsoids, mixed with fewer elongated rough spindles. (See Pl. II, figs. 1-4).
The polyps, in preserved specimens, are usually completely contracted, and their calicles mostly appear as small, convex, slightly elevated mammilla, with a small roundish central cavity, sometimes with its border slightly eight- lobed, or little stellate, but often entirely closed in extreme contraction. (Pl. I, fig. le). Sometimes the calicles are close together or separated only by their walls, with scarcely any ccenenchyma properly called; in other cases they have a notable amount between them.!
Occasionally the polyps do not contract entirely, and then they show a conical anthocodia, containing eight feeble double rows of minute elongated, rough, fusiform spicules, arranged in chevrons. (See Pl. I, figs. 1a, s-s’’).
In transverse sections the stem contains a considerable number of large longitudinal tubes separated by thin walls, which contain a relatively very small number of minute spicules, similar to those of the surface.
The proximal or mesenterial part of the polyp-wall is thin and nearly or quite destitute of spicules; when any are present they are mostly small spindles.
Sections of the branches show a number of similar tubes of smaller size, increasing in size downward. These tubes are often so crowded that they appear polygonal in contracted specimens, but are roundish when less con- tracted. When dried their walls are very thin, but in well-preserved specimens or fresh specimens, they are thicker and muscular. (See Pl. I, fig. 1d). In the smaller branches a central larger tube can often be distinguished, surrounded by a number of smaller tubes, as in fig. 1d. These tubes usually contain two or more longitudinal mesenterial infoldings, which are continuations of some of the mesenteries of the polyps. They also frequently contain the eggs. (See Pl. I, fig. 1f). Fresh or well-preserved specimens, when not much contracted, have a very different appearance. (Pl. XVIIa, fig. 1). In these the naked stem is more or less elongated, and the branches are also elongated, and have the proximal part naked, while the tips are enlarged, rounded, or thick club-shaped and bear a cluster of more or less numerous elongated polyps, translucent in expansion, giving a very elegant appearance to the whole corallum, in life. The polyps, in expansion, are two or three times longer than broad. They are often nearly destitute of spicules, except on the distal anthocodial portion, just below the bases of the tentacles, where there are eight usually inconspicuous double rows of slender spicules, arranged in chevrons. (See Pl. I, figs. 1a). These spicules are about 0-13 to 0-15 mm. long, and 0-02 to 0-022 mm. thick. Sometimes a few smaller spicules occur in the proximal part of the tentacles.
The expanded polyps, when mature, are about 2 to 2-5 mm. long and 0-7 mm. thick. Their tentacles are usually nearly destitute of spicules, translucent, and have plump, roundish stalks and elongated pinne. Each fully-developed polyp is usually surrounded by a number of smaller, young ones, of various sizes, produced as buds, as in-fig. lal.
1 Several bright red specimens from Alaska (Station 20D) have unusually small polyps; in contraction the calicles are like small pinholes. These I have named as a new variety, parvistella.
6G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918—1918
The eggs are relatively large, being about 0-25 to 0-32 mm. in diameter. They are mostly in the central canals. The abundant red spicules, covering the surface of the calicles and intercalicinal spaces with a continuous, thin, firm layer, are well-illustrated on Pl. II, figs. 1-3, which show the principal forms of the larger and fully developed ones, but there are also large numbers of smaller and less matured spicules similar in form and ornamentation. The most numerous forms are very rough, short, thick, warty spindles, double- spindles, and ellipsoids, with prominent subdivided lobules, and ornamented ends, as shown on PI. II, figs. la-h: 2a-d: 3a-e.° Some of these are stellate when seen endwise, as shown in fig. 1, and fig. 2, e, f. Some of the smaller forms are shown in fig. 1 k-p. With these more abundant forms are some odd irregular forms, like fig. li and fig. 3f; some might be called popped-corn-shaped, and there are also elongated simple warty spindles, like fig. 1, q, r, s. These last are very similar to those of the distal part of the polyps, forming the chevrons, but are not quite so slender.
The walls of the stems of the branches and of the main stalk contain a very much smaller number of similar spicules, averaging perhaps rather smaller, but the larger ones are about as large as those of the calicles. Some of these from the main stalk are shown in fig. 2 h-j. These are mostly white.
The larger spicules of the surface of the calicles measure 0-140-05: 0-140-045: 0-09*0-045: 0-09X0-04: 0-07K0-045 mm. The elongated spindles measure ‘about 0-15 X0-025: 0-13 0-02 mm.
The species has a wide circumpolar distribution in Arctic and Sub-Arctic waters. It was recorded by me in 1865, from the North Pacific. It is known from the northern coasts of Europe, and from eastern America, from the Bay of Fundy and from the fishing ‘‘Banks” off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and from the gulf of St. Lawrence (Orphan bank) to Hudson bay and Green- land. It is the only common shallow water Aleyonarian of the coasts of Alaska and Arctic America generally.
It occurs in shallow water and down to 140 fathoms or more, mostly on hard bottoms with pebbles and shells.
The following specimens were obtained by the Canadian Arctic Expedi- tion :—
, Station 20p, Beach at Grantley harbour, Port Clarence, Alaska, July 31, 1913. In alcohol. Var. parvistella. Polyps unusually small. Bright red spicules.
, large. Station 20e. Same locality, in 2 to 3 fathoms, mud bottom, with alge. Aug. 4, 1913. Fine specimen in alcohol. See Pl. XVIIa, fig 1.
Station 23, Lat. 70° 24’ N. Long. 161° 25’ W, in 9 to 10 fathoms, mud and pebbly bottom. Aug. 19, 1913. In alcohol.
9, dry. Station 24, on beach, sandspit at Point Barrow, Alaska, Aug. 23,
1913.
1, dry. Station 28m. Beach at Collinson point, Camden bay, Alaska,
June 1914.
21, dry. Station 48a. On beach at Locker poiat, Coronation gulf, North-
west Territories, June 1916.
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Mr. F. Johansen and Dr. R. M. Anderson collected the above, and some specimens have been sent from the Geological Survey of Canada, collected by Rey. W. G. Walton on the east shores of Hudson bay, while Dr. A. G, Huntsman, Atlantic Biological Station of Canada, has sent some specimens, The Hudson bay examples were from a locality ten miles north of Great Whale river, July, 1919.
The North Pacific Exploring Expedition collected it in Bering straits, west coast in shallow water, and in the Arctic ocean in 35 fathoms. (Verrill, 1865.)
Alcyonaria G7
Mr. John Murdoch, in the Reports of the International Polar Expedition, Point Barrow, p. 162 (1885) records it as found on the beach, and dredged abundantly west of Point Franklin, in 134 fathoms, and also off Port Clarence, in 73 fathoms, and with one ‘‘pale specimen” in Norton sound, 5 fathoms, on cod lines, and in Plover bay, 25 fathoms, “bright strawberry red.” Brandt recorded it from Seniavin strait, Siberia. Molander, 1915, recorded it from Port Clarence, Bering sea, and the Siberian sea, in 7 to 57 meters, in several localities, and in many other places. It is known from Greenland, Spitzbergen, Kara sea, northern Norway, and numerous other localities. On the east American coast it extends southward to the bay of Fundy.
VARIATIONS.
This species is very variable in form and general appearance, largely because of its great powers of contraction, when preserved. In life, when well-grown, it is tall and much branched, with conspicuous bare portions of the stalk and stems of the branches, which carry clusters of the delicate translucent polyps at the tips, very much as in G. carnea (see PI. IV, fig. 1). But as preserved in alcohol, or when dried, the stalk, branches and branchlets are much contracted, and the polyps are retracted, so that it looks like a cluster of crowded roundish knobs or lobes. In this state it often resembles in form and colour a large coarse strawberry. Hence the fishermen call it the ‘‘sea strawberry.”
Although its colour, even after long preservation in alcohol, up to sixty years at least, is usually bright red, due to the red colour of the spicules, pale red or even white varieties occasionally occur, sometimes in the same localities as the red ones. In certain cases all the specimens taken in a certain locality may be of the pale kind. Some red specimens, when dried and long exposed to strong light, fade to pale red or yellowish white.
Generally speaking, the bright red colour of the spicules is diagnostic of this species, as contrasted with the allied northern species. Several of those are bright red, or light red, when living, but quickly lose their colour in alcohol, because the colour is confined to the soft parts, the spicules being white.
Some varieties of G. carnea are light red or pink in colour, when living, and their spicules may be pale red, but so far as I have observed, perhaps a thousand examples or more, it never has the bright red spicules seen in this species. The spicules of the cortex, also, are smaller and not nearly so numerous, as well as different in form.
All the species of this group are liable to vary considerably in the abundance of spicules, and to the same extent, in their sizes and forms, even when adult examples are studied. Young specimens often appear very different in form, have larger calicles, and often larger spicules. All are very contractile when killed or much disturbed, thus entirely changing their forms. They are also variable in colour, when living. Some vary from dark red to light red, pink, or orange; some are brownish or yellow; some rarely violaceous. Most of them, when living and expanded, are very beautiful objects.
This species, when very young, forms small, slightly convex, roundish, encrusting groups, with a central polyp surrounded by one or two circles of smaller polyps. In that stage it resembles a Sympodium.
DISTINCTION OF CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES.
With preserved specimens this is often by no means easy, and thus experts differ. This particular species, usually one of the easiest to identify, is lable to be confused with three or four other similar Canadian species, which grow in the same way, and have similar and variable modes of branching. In general] the mode of branching is not to be relied upon as diagnostic, as it is variable. A careful microscopic study of the forms of the spicules, and their arrangement in the polyp bodies and tentacles affords the most reliable characters.
8a Canadian Arctic Expedition, 19138-1918
The nearest related form is, perhaps, G. canadensis, a new species described below, (see Pl. I, figs. 2-2 d, Pl. II, fig. 5) This has more numerous spicules in the distal part of the polyp-body, which form, with the very spiculose bases of the tentacles, a larger and stronger anthocodia, which is seldom retracted into the calicles in the case of full grown polyps. The proximal and usually narrower part of the polyp-body also has eight double rows of smaller spicules in open chevrons, but this part can be much contracted and withdrawn into the calicles, which are larger and more stellate than in G. rubiformis.
G. studeri, new name for G, danielsseni Studer, not of Marenzeller, op. cit. 1901, p. 31, pl. iii, figs. 7, 9; pl. x, figs. 1-3, 7, from off Newfoundland, in 155 meters, is closely related to this species. It is pale yellowish in colour. It has the same forms of branching and abundant ccenenchyma, with retractile polyps and distinct calciles. Its spicules appear to be more sharply spinose and occur transversely placed in the proximal part of the polyps.
G. carnea (Ag. sp.) is a more southern species but is sometimes found in the same localities. It is a much softer and smoother species with fewer and smaller spicules in the stalk and branches, and when full grown is more branched and taller, and in expansion it is more translucent (see Pl. IV, fig. 1). But it often contracts into a mere mass of roundish or clavate branches, closely crowded together, when preserved in alcohol. Its colour, in life, is usually pale salmon or flesh-colour, but it may be pink or light red. Its spicules are white or nearly so, and differ from those of G. rubiformis in size and form, nor do those of the stalk and branches form a firm crust (see Pl. IV, figs. 2-3). These spicules in G. rubiformis are so numerous that it keeps its form very well when dried.
Some varieties of G. fruticosa (Sars), and especially the form clavata (Dan. sp.), considered a distinct species by Molander, 1915, have a close resemblance to this species in modes of branching and general appearance, but they have less coenenchyma between the calicles and more spicules in the anthocodial region and proximal part of the polyps.
Gersemia uveformis (May, sp.) was united to G. rubiformis by Jungersen and by Broch, but kept as a separate species by Molander (1915). It is a nearly allied form, if not the young stage of the latter. Its polyps, judging by the figures, are considerably larger and the spicules more numerous and somewhat different in forms. I have not seen any American specimens that seem to agree with it. Molander recorded it from off Newfoundland, in 66 meters. Another species which might be confounded with this was recorded by me in 1865, from the Okhotsk Sea; but was not then named nor described owing to the immaturity of the single specimen. Nevertheless Dr. J. E. Gray, in Ann. and Mag. N. Hist., Feb., 1869, gave it a name, Lobularia verrill. That name has no more status than a manuscript name.
The specimen, long in alcohol, was still bright red, and the calicles were glomerate and verruciform, and much larger than in G. rubiformis, and more spiculose. The original specimen was probably burned in the great Chicago fire, which destroyed all the Chicago Museum specimens.
It may very likely belong to Gersemia, and in that case it most resembled G. uveformis. Its spicules were red, but were not carefully studied. Its stalk was very short and not branched, and it was doubtless the young stage of a larger species. The polyps were more or less retractile, usually leaving the anthocodia exposed.
It is remarkable that Danielssen did not recognize this species among the numerous related forms described by him. Some of his figures, however, closely resemble varieties of this species, particularly Gersemia clavata and capitata, and should be compared with this.
Ehrenberg quoted Pallas as the author for this species. I do not know in what work Pallas described it.
Alcyonaria a9
Il.
Revision of additional Canadian Alcyonaria, with descriptions of two new genera and some new species.
By A. E. Verri.u.
The late Dr. J. F. Whiteaves, in his Catalogue of the Marine Invertebrata of Eastern Canada! gave a pretty complete list of the Alcyonaria recorded up to that date by me and others.
Most of those species were known only from the Grand Banks, and the deep-water fishing grounds off Nova Scotia, many having been brought up on the long trawl-lines used by the cod and halibut fishermen or dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “Albatross” in the deep waters on or near the Banks. Some of them were of great size and many were species and genera then new to science.
A few additions to the list have been made since that time. Several, however, need revision as to their generic affinities and nomenclature. A few species have been discovered on the North Pacific coast that have not hitherto been recorded as belonging to the Canadian Fauna.
In the following report I have endeavoured to supply some of this additional information, together with some illustrations of species that have not yet been figured at all, or only imperfectly illustrated.
In the Alcyonaria group the forms, sizes, and arrangement of the micro- scopic spicules are matters of much importance for the determination of the genera and species, or even, in many cases, to determine the families to which they belong. In other words, the ‘‘architecture” of the polyp bodies and calicles is of great importance in the study of the group. The modes of branching and forms of the colonies are generally variable, and therefore of much less import- ance, though frequently characteristic.
Danielssen? has given excellent and elaborate illustrations of the forms of the colonies, polyps, and spicules of various species and varieties of Aleyonacea that are found also off the coasts of the American continent in deep water.
Suborder PennaTULACEA Verrill, 1865.
Family PENNATULID& Verrill , 1865. Ptilella borealis (M. Sars) Gray. Great Sea-Pen.
Pennatula grandis EHRENBERG, Corall. Roth. Meeres, p. 66, 1834 (not of Pallas, 1766, p. 366).
Pennatula grandis K6uuiKer, Voy. Challenger, I, part 2, p. 4, 1881 (non Pallas).
Ptilella borealis GRay, Cat. Sea-Pens, p. 21, 1870: Verritt, Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. XVII, p. 241, 1879.
Pennatula borealis Sars, Fauna Lit. Norveg., Vol. I, p. 17, pl. 2, figs. 1-4, 1856. K6nurKer, Pennatuliden, I, p. 136. Richiardi, Monog. Pennat. p. 31, pl. 2, figs. 15-17. Verrix, Amer. Jour. Sci. Vol. XVI, p. 375, 1878: op. cit. Vol. XXIV, p. 364, 1882. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XI, No. 1, p. 3, 1883; Ann. Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm., 1883, pp. 509, 532, pl. IV, figs. 8, 8a, 1885 (sub-genus Ptilelia).
1 Geological Survey of Canada, 1901, No. 722. 2 N. Nordhavs-Exped. Alcyonida. 1887.
10a Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Pennatula (Ptilella) borealis Verriuu, Amer. Jour., Sci. Vol. XXIII, p. 310, 1882; J. F. Wuiteaves, Catal. Inverteb. East. Canada, p. 35, 1901.
Ptilella grandis Koren and Dan., Fauna Litt, Norveg., pp. 82-86, pl. XI, figs. 1-7, 1877.
This species is very common in deep-water on and between the fishing banks off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. It ranges between 120 and 1,255 fathoms. It grows to a large size. Kéren and. Danielssen recorded one 780 mm. high. Some of our specimens are over 25 inches high and 5 inches broad. From the fishing banks 33 lots were received up to 1881, including 120 specimens. Its range extends to the region south of Nantucket. — ;
Some recent writers have endeavoured to apply the name grandis to this species, apparently overlooking the fact that Pallas had long before used that name for a very different Polynesian species, figured by Rumphius (Mus. Belg. p. 438) as Sagitta marina nigra. ;
Pallas gave a good description for that early date. He described the stalk as smooth and terete and the colour as grayish green, etc.
It is evident therefore that the very appropriate name grandis cannot be used for this species. :
Kolliker ascertained that the grandis of Ehrenberg is the same as borealis, but that fact does not warrant the use of grandis for this species.
This species differs so much from all other species of the genus that it has been made a distinct genus by J. E. Gray, Kéren and Danielssen, and some others under the name Ptilella. The most obvious if not the most important character by which the genus Ptilella may be distinguished is the existence of a strong bulbous muscular enlargement near the top of the stalk. The arrange- ment of the siphonozooids is also characteristic. Kéren and Danielssen (op. cit.) have given a pretty full account of its internal structure; but some of the peculiarities mentioned in respect to the curvature of the axis, etc., are due to the strong contraction of the specimens preserved in alcohol.
It varies considerably in colour but is usually some shade of orange-red or purplish red on the edges of the pinne and bulbous part of the stalk, while the lower part of the stalk and proximal part of the pinne or wings may be yellowish or orange. The spicules of the wings are red. The tentacles are without spicules. The siphonozooids are usually red, very numerous, and some of those at and between the bases of the pinne are usually large—generally there are two larger ones.
Ptilosarcus gurneyi Gray. Stout Sea-Pen.
Sarcoptilus (Ptilosarcus) gurneyi Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, p. 23, pl. iii, fig. 2, 1860.
Ptilosarcus gurneyt VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, Mass., Vol. IV, p. 183, 1865;°Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. I, part 2, p. 382, 1868. K6iirKer, Anat., syst. d. Aleyon. Pennat., p. 146, Pl. IX, fig. 79, 1869.
Plate XII; Figs. 1, 2.
This is a large stout and conspicuous ‘‘Sea-Pen,”’ often a foot or more long in life, living in shallow water, as far north as Prince William sound, Alaska. The naked stall in life is large swollen and bulbous; when much contracted in alcoholic specimens it is nearly half the whole length. The pinne or “wings” are nearly semi-circular, broadly rounded, with a broad base, the posterior edge extending as a rounded lobe beyond the basal attachment; their sides are smooth; the edge is thickened and bears four rows of polyps; each calicle is armed with two spiniform spicules. ,
Alcyonaria G ll
The siphonozooids are small, papilliform, and form two broad rows along the back of the rachis. Kélliker gives the length of one specimen as 283 mm. and the breadth 45 to 50 mm.
One example studied by me had 52 pinne on each side; total length 250 mm., breadth 50 mm., height of pinne 20 mm., breadth 38 mm., length of stalk 118 mm., diameter 106 mm.
The type was from Monterey, Cal. (Gray). Most specimens that I have seen came from Puget Sound and adjacent waters. It has been taken off Cape Flattery on fishing tackle. A single specimen, lacking the stalk, was sent to me with the other Canadian specimens. This was from off Ucluelet, west coast of Vancouver island, in 9 fathoms, collected by W. Spreadborough in 1909.
Professor W. R. Coe, on the Harriman Expedition, took a large and fine specimen, a little below a very low tide at Orca, Prince William sound, Alaska. It was standing upright in soft black mud. He stated that it was “gorgeously coloured,” the stalk being bright orange, and the polypiferous portion was bright red. The colour soon fades in alcohol.
This specimen has 44 wings on each side, counting the very small ones at the proximal portion, where the first is only about 5 mm. broad, and the second about 10 mm. about a dozen being small and gradually increasing. (See Pl. XII).
Professor Coe states that it was very much longer and wider in life than when preserved, especially the bulbous stalk. At present the stalk has a thick bulbous part distally, but tapers to the lower end.
In alcohol its length is 210 mm., breadth 60 mm., length of stalk 98 mm. diameter at distal bulb 48 mm., of middle of stalk 35 mm., breadth of larger wings 40 mm. and height of the same 22 mm.
In this specimen some of the larger wings have a small secondary wing growing out of the upper side and rising to the same height as the parent wing.
When living the stalk was perhaps twice as long and much thicker, and Professor Coe states that in life the wings are notably separated, but in alcohol they lie in close contact. This specimen greatly extends its geographical range. No doubt it occurs all along the coast of British Columbia.
Family VIRGULARID& Verrill, 1869. Stylatula columbiana Verrill. New Species. Plate III; Figs. 1-4a.
This species belongs to that section of the genus having short supporting spicules, shorter than the polyp bodies. The only specimen is incomplete, the naked basal part of the stem being absent. The portion remaining is 116 mm. long, and 5 to 6 mm. thick in the middle. :
’ The wings are relatively large and crowded, about four occur in the distance of 10 mm., where best developed, or nine to the inch. They are about 5 to 6 mm. wide and 2-5 mm. high, and nearly surround the stalk, broadly over- lapping from opposide sides. Each of the larger ones has about 20 to 24 polyps, arranged in a crowded row. At the beginning of the polypiferous portion the wings are small and crowded, about 10 to 10 mm. :
The polyps are relatively large, swollen distally, free for more than half their length when fully developed, and grouped in clusters of two to six. __
The supporting spicules are short, forming a fan-shaped group, not reaching a third of the width of the wings; none are truly spiniform, the larger ones are scarcely more than 1 mm. long, and 0-06 to 0-065 mm. thick, while many are not more than half as long, and they are linear, somewhat irregular in outline
124 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
with the ends more or less acute (see Pl. III, figs. 1a, 1b, 1c), and one tip sometimes ends in two or three points as if split. In transverse section they are more or less triquetral. They are usually so arranged as to form about eight to ten longer pointed groups, with one or two of the longer ones in the middle, giving a semi-stellate effect.
Another group of spicules, about eight to ten in number, runs down from the fan-shaped group along the stalk between the pinne. These are about as large as the larger of the supporting spicules. The spicules appear white by reflected light, but by transmitted light they seem to contain an internal dark pigment. The axis is slender and rather rigid.
The pinne of the tentacles are seldom well-preserved, and the tentacles themselves are mostly incurved and partly contracted. When best preserved the tentacular pinne are short and closely crowded.
Many of the polyps contain a small number of small eggs, both mature and partly grown. No embryos were seen (see fig. 1c). The distal end of this specimen is not quite perfect. The pinne, best-preserved near the end have about ten polyps, rather smaller than those of the middle (fig. 1b), but are otherwise similar. ;
The type was collected at Ucluelet, west coast of Vancouver island, June, 1909, in 13 fathoms (C. H. Young). ;
The only additional species of shallow water Pennatulacea, from the Pacific coast of Canada, known to me, is the following species, remarkable for its great size—certainly the longest yet discovered—and for the number and variety of names it has received.
Family PAVONARIDZ Dana (Emended) Verrillia blakei Stearns.
Pavonaria blakei Svrarns, Ropert C., San Francisco Mining and Scientific Press, Aug. 9, 1873, (first description of soft parts).
Verrillia (subgenus) blakei StEaRNS, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Aug. 18, 1873, pl. IX, figs. 1-6; op. cit. Mar. 16, 1874; Amer. Jour. Sci. vol. VII, p. 68, 1874 (reprint).
Osteocella septentrionalis Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. IX, p. 406, 1872; Nature, Nov. 6, 1873, axis only.
Halipteris blaket STHARNS, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. VI, p. 99, 1883.
Verrillia blakei or Halipteris blakei StEARNS, Amer. Nat., Jan., 1882.
Verrillia blakei WHITEAVES, Canadian Nat. vol. VIII, p. 465, 1878; Stearns, Contrib. to Nat. Hist. of Coelenterata, Washington, 1883, Historical Sketch and Reprint of articles (privately printed).
?Balticina blakei Nuvtine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. XXXV, p. 706, 1909.
?Pavonaria dofleint Mororr, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. Geog. and Biol. Thiere, Vol. XVII, p. 398, 1902.
?Pavonaria willemoest (KOLL.) KGKENTHAL Zool. Jahrb., p. 226, 1913.
This species grows to a great size, sometimes becoming eight feet in length, with over 7,000 polyps. When living with polyps expanded, it is over an inch in diameter. Ordinary specimens are three to five feet long.
Dr. J. F. Whiteaves (op. cit.) recorded a specimen in alcohol that was seven feet eight inches long, with the barren stalk two feet long. This had by actual count, in one series of rows, 3,802 polyps, in 369 oblique rows, or about 7,600 polyps in the two series.
Mr. Stearns recorded one that was five feet six inches long, with the polypi- ferous part four feet long; this had 245 oblique rows on each side; the number of polyps in each full row was from 8 to 11; some have fourteen. The sterile
Alcyonaria G13
stalk was 17} inches. He gave the average length of 36 specimens as 5 feet 64 inches.
Usually in well preserved specimens, the oblique rows are closely crowded together or in contact, but this is due to strong contraction. In life they are more or less separate and more erect.. They are arranged chevronwise, and the rows nearly meet in front. The siphonozooids are in two, long narrow streaks on the opposite side of the rachis, grouped into open clusters, opposite the base of each row of polyps. Others occur more or less in lateral lines on the front side.
The polyps appear to arise directly from the rachis, without being united even into rudimentary ‘“‘wings,’”’ and their summits, in the specimens I have seen, seem to be simple, or but faintly bilobed, not acutely bilobed nor armed with projecting spicules, as in true Balticina. Spicules appear to be lacking or very few. Nutting states that the calicles have two feeble teeth in those he examined, and that the calicles are united at their bases by “rudimentary band-like pinne”’. This was not apparent in the examples that I have seen. He found no spicules in the calicles, or tentacles. This, if correct, would make this a genus distinct from Balticina and Pavonaria.
The rachis on the back or siphonozoidal side is swollen and strongly convex, when well preserved.
This notable species was pretty fully described and figured by Mr. Stearns in August, 1873, (op. cit.) when the soft parts first became known. The bare axis had been noticed, both in America and England, before that time, and various opinions had been expressed as to its nature.
Dr. Phillip Slater had exhibited specimens at the meeting of the British Association, in 1872, and he supposed that they were the axial supports of some unknown fish. Dr. J. E. Gray, of the British Museum, in 1872 referred it to his previously proposed genus Osteocella, based on an Australian naked axis, (perhaps of a Pennatula or Pteroides), but he was in doubt whether it belonged to a fish or to a Pennatulid. It was also discussed by Dr. James Blake (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., July 17, 1871); by Moseley (Nature, vi, Sept., 1872); by White- aves (Nat. Hist. Soc., Montreal, 1872); W. H. Dall (Amer. Nat. vol. VII, p. 488, 1873); Verrill (Amer. Jour. Sci. vol. VII, p. 70, note, 1873); Mr. Stearns in February, 1873 (Proc. Cal. Acad.) referred the bare axis provisionally to the Umbellularide. Dr. Blake thought it more likely belonged to the sponges. Prof. Kélliker referred the axis to the Pennatulacea, as did Verrill, in 1874.
The name Osteocella septentrionalis, given by Gray in 1872, to the bare axis, with only a few words of description, should be regarded as having no standing, for the remarks made about it would not distinguish it from the axis of various other genera and species of Pennatulacea. Clearly it could not be congeneric with his type of Osteocella, whatever that may be. Even up to this time, its exact generic position is more or less doubtful. Personally I have never had an opportunity to microscopically study a well-preserved specimen, and cannot say with certainty whether Verrillia is or is not a valid genus. Mr. Stearns did not give the microscopic structure, nor state whether it had spicules or not. Professor Nutting thinks it is identical with Balticina finmar- chica of the North Atlantic.! This I do not believe for the numerous specimens of the latter that I have studied all had two prominent calicinal teeth filled with spicules and also spicules in the tentacles. The calicles were united into obvious wings not present in this species.
: All the earlier specimens came from Burrard inlet, on which the city of Vancouver is situated, and Dr. W. H. Dall has recorded specimens from the Shumagin islands, where, he says, it is troublesome to the cod fishermen by entangling their lines. No doubt it occurs all along the coast of British Columbia 1 Nutting has described a form from off Japan, in 66 to 428 fathoms, that he thinks is identical with
this and with Balticina finmarchica. It appears to have no spicules in the polyps or stalk. (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 43, p. 38, 1912). It certainly is not B. finmarchia and probably not V. blakei.
14a Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
in suitable places. Some of Nutting’s specimens which he identified with others from British Columbia, came from off Pacific Grove, Cal. Pavonaria willemoest Kolliker was from Japan.
The earlier specimens were accompanied by statements that it was in the habit of “swimming” or “darting” actively about with ‘other fishes.” It may be believed that it ordinarily stands erect in the mud like all the related species. In that position it may have been easily caught up on fish lines.
Suborder GorGonacea Verrill, 1865. Family PRIMNOID M. Edw., 1857; Gray, 1859. Primnoa reseda (Pallas) Verrill.
Gorgonia resede forma GUNNERUS, Trondhjemske Selsk. Skriv., 2, p. 321, pl. IX, 1763. Gorgonia reseda Pauuas, Elenchus Zooph., p. 204, 1766.
Gorgonia lepadifera LINNE, Syst. Nat. Ed. XU, part 2, p. 1289, 1767; Exits and SOLANDER, 1786, p. 84, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2.
Primnoa lepadifera LAMOUROUX, Hist. Polyp .flex., 1816, p. 442, and of many later writers.
Primnoa reseda VERRILL, Bullet. Mus. Comp. Zool. vol. I, p. 37, 1864; Revision Polyps U.S. Coast, p. 9, 1864; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. X, p. 355, 1866; Ann. Rep. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries, p. 533, 1885. J. ARTHUR THomson, Proc. Royal Phys. Soc., Edinburgh, vol. 17, pp. 65-72, pls. 1, 2, 1907.
Primnoa resedeformis Brocu, WKongl. Ved. Selsk. Skr., 1912, No. 2, p. 32. ISUKENTHAL, Zool. Anz. vol. 46, No. 5, p. 146, 1915. JunaERsEN, Bergens Mus. Aarbok, 1915-16 (2), p. 26 (distribution).
Plate IV; Figs. 4-6. Plate IX; Fig. I.
A well-grown much branched specimen of this species was taken many years ago off the northern coast of British Columbia (Pl. IV). I have seen a good photograph of the entire specimen, and have examined some of the well- preserved branches. I have been unable to find any characters distinguishing it from the well-known North Atlantie form. The latter is found on the Ameri-
can coast of large size, often two or three feet high, with a stout trunk, hard and calcified at the base. It is common on the fishing banks off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and rare on the fishing banks off the coast of Maine. It oceurs in 50 to 150 fathoms, usually on rough rocky bottoms, nearly always attached to rocks of considerable size, SO that it is often difficult to bring it up entire, or to detach it from the rocks when well grown, for its axis is very hard and strong, and its base is broadly attached. For these reasons it is seldom taken by dredging, though sometimes it has been taken by using the “tangles”
on the “Albatross” expeditions. All the larger entire specimens have been brought up entangled on the deep-water trawl-lines of the fishermen on the “Banks.”
It was taken by the “Albatross” in 1883, on Brown’s bank, south of Nova’
Scotia, in 100 to 131 fathoms. It is not known to occur south of the mouth of the bay of Fundy and gulf of Maine.
It is rather widely distributed on the northern coasts of Europe, from Scotland to Norway, to Iceland and to West Greenland, ete., and is thercfore probably circumpolar.
;
Alcyonaria G15
aH A similar form occurs in the Sagami sea, described as P. japonica by Kinos- ita.
When seen living, or fresh from the sea, it is light red or delicate salmon- pink in colour, but the colour soon fades when exposed to the light, and in drying or in alcohol, so that museum specimens are always white or nearly so. The spicules are white. Thomson gives (op. cit. 1907, pl. 2) a good coloured figure of a branch drawn soon after its capture from the Faroe channel. He ae ascertained that it is viviparous, the planule developing within the polyp-
odies.
The name P. resede forma (Gunnerus) as quoted by Pallas, in his “Errata” (op. cit.) has priority over the name reseda, given by Pallas. In case the work of Gunnerus is to be considered strictly binomial, his name should be adopted, as has been done by some recent writers, who however spell it resedeformis. According to Pallas it was printed by Gunnerus as two words “resed@ forma,” indicating that it was only a descriptive polynomial name, similar to those given to it by still earlier polynomial writers. I have not had the work of Gunnerus, and therefore use the name now in general use.
Calligorgia compressa Verrill.
Primnoa compressa VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., vol. IV, p. 189, 1865; Trans. Conn., Acad. Sci., vol. I, part 2, p. 454, 1869.
This species was originally described from a large specimen denuded of calicles. It forms a large, much-branched, flattened corallum. The branching is alternate at acute angles. The axis of the branches and branchlets are com- pressed, and taper to slender tips. The coral is hard and calcareous.
The type described was taken off Alaska, on fishermen’s lines.
Family MURICEID Gray, 1859.
The following large species, which has hitherto been referred to Paramuricea, differs so much from the typical species of that genus that it should be made the type of a distinct genus.
Lepidomuricea Verrill. New genus.
Coral large, much branched, the branches extending more or less in one lane.
‘ The calicles are somewhat prominent, cylindric or truncate-conical, the margin armed by one or more rows of sharp pointed spines arising from bases that are flat, lobed, or irregularly branched or foliated; these are imbricated with submarginals that have similar bases and less acute tips. The ccenen- chyma is hard, rather thick, very spiculose but not spinose, and covered exter- nally, in life or in alcohol, with a soft skin that conceals the spicules more or less completely. The polyps, in the type, can retract into the calices, exposing the anthocodia, which is of moderate size. The opercular spines of the tentacles are arranged in chevrons, and the wreath of curved spicules is well developed.
The spicules of the ccenenchyma are various in size and form. The most characteristic are rather large, flat, often scale-like, irregularly oblong, sub- circular, or angular, and often, some are lobed or branched (PI. VIII, figs. 1 a-f). Some of these are 0-63 by 0:33 mm., 0-56 by 0-24 mm., 0-67 by 0:33 mm. in dimensions. With these are some narrower, irregular forms (figs. g-k) of various shapes. Some of the spine-tipped spicules of the calicles are 1-03 by 0-55 mm., 0-86 by 0-25 mm. and 0-77 by 0-33 mm. (figs. 2.f-i). There are also, imbricated towards the base, many thin flat spicules, mostly oblong, with the edges foliated or deeply lobed (figs. 2 a-e). The spicules of the anthocodia are slender spindles; those of the collar are curved (figs. 2, j, l-p).
16G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Lepidomuricea grandis Verrill.
Paramuricea grandis VERRILL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. XI, p. 37, pl. II, figs. 3-3b, 1883.
Plate VIII, Figs. 1-2 (spicules). Plate X, Fig. 1 (general).
The structural characters of this species are sufficiently indicated in the generic description. It grows to a large size, with stout trunk and branches, black or dark sepia brown, as preserved, but is reported by the fishermen to be light orange or salmon colour when living. It often reaches a height of two feet, and one and a half broad, with the larger branches half an inch thick. Most of the largec specimens examined have been taken on the deeper fishing grounds around the Grand Banks, and off Nova Scotia by the Gloucester fishermen and presented to the U.S. Fish Commission. It was taken by the “Albatross” at Station 317, Lat. 31° 57’ N. in 333 fathoms, and at Station 253, Lat. 40° 53’ N. and Long. 66° 24’ W. in 956 fathoms. It was also taken by the ‘Blake’, off Georges Bank, in 524 fathoms.
Jungersen (op. cit., 1916, pp. 28, 31) has doubtfully referred this species to Paramuricea placomus. It is very different from that species in its spicules as well as in some other characters, and apparently grows to a much larger size. The larger spicules of P. placomus are very irregular and roughly branched and lobed, and those of the ccenenchyma are not scale-like. (See Pl. VI, figs. 8, 8a, representing spicules from a large Norwegian specimen).
Family BRIAREID/ Gray, 1859. Paragorgia pacifica Verrill. New species.
Paragorgia; species, WHITEAVES, Canadian Naturalist, vol. VIII, p. 466, 1878. Plate VIII; Figs. 3-4 b (details).
This species was described by me for one of Dr. Whiteaves’ reports, about 1877, but the description seems not to have been published. I have seen only the original specimen mentioned by Dr. Whiteaves in 1878.
It isa more delicate and smoother species than P. arborea of the North Atlantic, and the spicules differ considerably (see Pl. VIII, figs. 4-4b). The type was a profusely branched specimen. The internal structure as seen in a cross section (fig. 3) is finer and more compact, and the longitudinal canals (a, a, d, d) are relatively smaller. The central axial portion (e) is quite distinct, being harder, more compact, and lighter in colour than the surrounding middle layer (d), its larger spicules are longer and larger, and mostly with fewer warts (fig. 4b); some are forked. The outer layer or ccenenchyma proper (c) con- tains an abundance of smaller spicules, mostly very irregular warted spindles of various sizes (see Pl. VIII, fig. 4). The type was from Jervis inlet, British Columbia, taken on fishermen’s lines in about 10 fathoms. (Mr. Richardson’s Collection, 1875). Another was collected by Mr. Wm. Spreadborough, at Ucluelet, Vancouver island, B.C., in 9 fathoms, June, 1909. (Col. No. 51, Ceelenterates, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa).
Alcyonaria Gil? Paragorgia arborea (L.) E.dw. and H. Text Figure 1. Plate XIII. Plate XIV; Fig. 1.
This has been recorded by Professor Hickson.! from the Kadiac islands, and by others from the North Pacific, together with the form or variety P. nodosa Ké6ren and Dan. Nutting? recorded the latter with doubt, from Lat. 54° 30’ N. and Long. 179° 14’ E. in 344 to 372 fathoms, and also from off the Hawaiian islands, in 423 to 485 fathoms, in 1908. Kinoshita recorded both P. arborea and P. nodosa from Sagami bay.
Whether any of the above records refer to the P. pacifica I am unable to say. There may be doubt whether P. pacifica is not a variety of P. arborea. This can hardly be determined until more specimens come to hand. Careful study of the spicules in this group is necessary for the determination of species.
Fig. 1. Paragorgia arborea (Linn.). Swollen end of a branch, with ployps and numerous siphonozooids, partly expanded. From Atlantic Fishing Banks. x2.
Paragorgia arborea (Text fig. 1) is very common on the deeper fishing banks off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, where it grows to a great size. Some of the specimens from there have been 4 to 5 feet high, with the main trunk 4 inches in diameter at the base. Specimens two or three feet high are not un- common. It branches irregularly, often in truly arborescent forms, but in other cases the branches are irregular and sometimes reunite in various ways. They often have nodes or bunches, and very often the tips of the branches are swollen or bilobed (see fig. 1). It has numerous siphonozooids.
1Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 548, 1915.
2Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. 24, p. 99.
3Nutting. op. cit. vol. 24, p. 568, 1908. . 4Jour. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, vol. 32, p. 32, 1913.
9343—2
186 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
It is often infested with a small actinian (Synanthus mirabilis V.) which has a base that entirely surrounds a branch, like a ligature, and girdles it, some- times causing it to break off readily, if not spontaneously.! (See text Fig. 18).
Nearly all the numerous specimens that I have studied were caught entangled on the long trawl-lines set for halibut and cod, by the Gloucester fishermen on the “Banks,” and presented to the U.S. Fish Commission. They are now mostly in the U.S. National Museum, and Yale University Museum. Such donations were received from about thirty schooners. Large specimens were often saved with great trouble and at great risk by the boat crews.
Anthothela Verrill.
Anthothela VERRILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1879, p. 199. Briareum (pars) M. Sars, Fauna Litt. Norvegiz, p. 63, pl. X, figs. 10-12.
Polyps elongated in expansion, arising from elevated calicles, into which they are partially retractile, leaving the large anthocodia exposed. Seldom entirely retractile. The calicles arise either from an extended rather thin spiculose basal membrane or from slender irregular stems. In the stems there is a spiculose axis, well differentiated, but not very firm. Spicules are mostly . elongated, strongly warted, often irregular spindles; those of the axis are more irregular, and with fewer and larger warts and knobs or lobes.
Anthothela grandiflora (M. Sars) Verrill.
Briareum grandiflora M. Sars, op. cit., p. 63, pl. X, figs. 10-12.
Anthothela grandiflora VERRILL, op. cit., p. 199, 1879: Bullet. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. XI, No. 1, p. 40, pl. IV, figs. 6, 6a, 1885: Ann. Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm. for 1883, p. 535, 1885. J. F. Wuirbaves, Catal. Mar. Invert. E. Canada, p. 32, 1901.
Plate VI; Figs. 1-4. Text Fig. 2.
This species when young consists of a rather thin, spiculose, crust-like basal membrane, upon which the prominent erect calicles are irregularly scattered. When more developed it rises up into thin, irregular, and often interlaced or adherent branches, which bear the rather prominent calicles irregularly scat- tered. In the branched form it has a distinct spiculose axis. In this form it may be 50 mm. to 60 mm. or more in height. The polyps seem capable of nearly complete retraction within the calicles; the anthocodia are left exposed. They are covered with eight large groups of many convergent spicules contained in the stalks of the tentacles and arranged chevronwise; below these there is a collar or wreath containing numerous slender spicules placed obliquely and transversely in many rows. Those of the basal part of the anthocodia are shorter and arranged transversely in about six rows; proximally they are smaller. Most of the calicles are distinctly 8-ribbed, especially distally, and 8-lobed at
1See Amer. Jour. Seience, vol. 7, pp. 211, 217, fig. 23, 1899.
*Lists of the numerous valuable donations made by captains and crews of each schooner were pub- lished in the Cape Ann Advertiser, weekly in 1878 and 1879, and were subsequently reprinted in the Annual Report of the Fish Comm. for 1879, p. 783. Most of the Invertebrates were identified by me, except Crustacea, identified by Prof. S. I. Smith. They included over 700 lots, and contained many fae genera and species in nearly all classes of Invertebrates as well as various strange fishes. That list should be consulted for the fauna of the Fishing Banks : e
Alcyonaria G19
the summit. The cortex of the calicles and ccenenchyma is finely granulous under a lens, when dried, and the surface is filled with an abundance of very small irregular and pop-corn shaped spicules, with roughly warted and mostly spindle-shaped spicules beneath, mixed with some irregular clubs, rods, and many small irregular forms of various shapes (PI. VI, fig. 3). The longer spicules of the tentacle-bases and anthocodia (Pl. VI, fig. 2) are slender, acute, warted spindles, often curved or irregular; those more distal in the tentacles are partly smaller warted spindles, but many are oblong warted rods and irregular forms. The larger ones in the anthocodia are from 0-5 to 0-65 mm. long.
The spicules of the axis (Pl. VI, fig. 4) are irregular rods, long narrow clubs, and spindles, with few lobes and tubercles, mixed with many irregular kinds, all closely packed together longitudinally. The larger ones are from 0-40 to 0-65 mm. long; some are regular spindles, longer than any figured.
The ccenenchyma spicules are from 0-40 to 0-45 mm. long. Many are acute spindles, longer and more regular than any figured
The calicles when dried keep their shapes pretty well. They are then up to 3-6 mm. high and about 3 mm. in diameter in the middle; height of anthocodia 2-5 to 3 mm.; diameter 2 to 2-7 mm. The basal part of the calicles is usually somewhat swollen and there is often a constriction below the margin. Colour in life buff or light yellow, fading in alcohol.
It adheres to stones, shells, barnacles, etc., but most frequently to the axis of dead Gorgonians, especially of Keratoisis ornata V.. When seated near the end of a branch it often grows out from the end of the broken branch, con- tinuing it by a spiculose axis of its own forming.
Fig. 2. Anthothela grandiflora Ver. a, b, Parts ofabranching specimen enlarged; c, part of an encrusting specimen.
It was first discovered in American waters off Sable island, Nova Scotia, in deep water by Captain N. McPhee and crew of the schooner Carl Schurz, of Gloucester, Mass. Other specimens were subsequently brought in by several fishing schooners, from the Banks, off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. It was also taken by the Albatross in 1881, at Station 1031, in 255 fathoms.
9343—23
206 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 19138-1918 Suborder ALCYONACEA Verrill, 1865; emended.
Family ALCYONID Verrill, 1865.
Alcyonium siderium. New species.
Alcyonium digttatum (?) VERRILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 2, p. 199, 1879 (description). Text Fig. 3.
This species has never been taken in our waters but once, so far as I know. The two original specimens were much alike. It has not yet been figured, and therefore I have illustrated it here (fig. 3). It seemed to be distinct from the common European species, A. digitatum, to which it is nearly allied. It grows in’the form of flattened lobes or fronds, covered to the base with spaced slightly raised calicles, and with a finely granulose coenenchyma between the calicles, which is filled with small white simple warted spicules, mostly acute spindles.
Off Cape Cod, on the Fishing Bank, in 80 fathoms. It was found where the the bottom is rocky, and probably it occurs on all the more northern fishing banks off Nova Scotia on rough rocky bottoms, where it is hard to use suitable apparatus for collecting adherent species.
The type is in the U.S. National Museum.
Fig. 3. Alcyonium sidereum Ver. sp.nov. Type. Drawn while living. x 1}.
Family NEPHTHYIDZ Verrill, 1865. Nephthyrde VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., Vol. VI, p. 46, 1869, Gersemia canadensis Verrill. New species. Plate I; Figs. 2-2d. Plate II; Fig. 5 a-t. Plate III; Fig. 8. This species, contracted in alcohol, has various forms, much like those of
G. rubiformis. The specimens are attached to dead shells and stones by a thin expanded base, which appears finely granulose under a lens, especially when
Alcyonaria G 21
dried. This is due to the abundance of minute rough white spicules (see PI. II, figs.5 a-g). The main stalk is naked near the base, or it may have a few isolated calicles, but it soon gives off numerous short branches, which in con- traction are mostly clavate or enlarged at the tip, and bear clusters of polyps which are somewhat longer than those of G. rubiformis, and more rigid and spiculose, especially distally, so that they seem nearly incapable of complete retraction. These colonies are yellowish brown in alcohol and the spicules are white.
The calicles are somewhat larger and more stellate than in G. rubiformis, and are slightly raised above the general surface (Pl. I, figs. 2b, 2c). The margin has eight blunt or rounded lobes; slightly raised riblets often radiate from the lobes. The larger polyps are usually surrounded by some immature ones, with very little coenenchyma between them. The surface of the calicles and interspaces is so filled with minute, rough, white spicules that it is rather firm or stiff in contraction.
The polyps, in alcohol, are mostly more or less exsert, though very often the narrower proximal part is retracted wholly or partly into the calicles, leaving the thicker distal part exposed, serving as a more or less swollen or conical spiculose anthocodia. This distal part of the polyp body is covered with an abundance of slender spindle-shaped, mostly acute spicules, arranged in chevrons in eight double rows; but proximally the spicules become obliquely transverse in about ten to twelve rows, where the anthocodia narrows down to the smaller proximal region. The latter is much wrinkled, due to contraction, and bears eight double rows of much smaller spicules, arranged chevronwise.
The tentacles are long, swollen near the base, and have rather long and slender pinne. Small spicules extend some distance along the aboral side, at first arranged in chevrons, but becoming irregular in contracted specimens. The tentacles seem not to be able to contract very much, but are often incurved over the oral area.
The surface spicules average about the same in size as those of G@. rubtformis. The most numerous of the larger kinds are shown on PI. II, figs. 5 h-l; but there are many smaller and irregular forms, and a few compound crossed ones, like fig. 5 p, also a considerable number of elongated simple warty spindles like q, r, r, and s, which are magnified 165 diameters. The slender warty spindles from the distal part of the polyps and anthocodia are shown in fig. 5 t, t, t, which are magnified 165 times.
The main stalk and naked part of the branches also have a layer of minute spicules, some of the larger ones from the base being illustrated in fig. 5 a-g magnified 165 times.
The larger specimens strongly contracted in alcohol are 40 mm. high, and 35 mm. broad with 25 to 30 branches, divided into about 60 to 70 branchlets, which are sometimes again divided. Some of the largest have as many as 35 branches. A young ovate specimen is 24 mm. high, and 11 mm. broad; naked stalk is 5 mm. long, branches simple, about twenty. Many specimens were taken in the gulf of St. Lawrence at Station 31, in about 30 fathoms, off Cheticamp, N.S., Sept. 4, 1917, and at several other stations, by the Biological Board vessel Prince. Cat. No. 53, Ccelenterates, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa (cotypes).
This species closely resembles G. carnea in its form and mode of branching. Perhaps it may eventually prove to be a variety of that species. The principal distinctive feature is the larger size and the more elongated forms of the cortex spiclues, which are also more abundant, and the more numerous and larger spicules of the anthocodia and tentacles.
22 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-1918 Gersemia carnea (Ag.) Verrill.
Halcyonium carneum L. Acassiz, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1850, p. 209.
Alceyonium carneum VERRILL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 1, page 39, Jan. 1864; Revision Polyps E. Coast U.S. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 4, 1864; Invert. Vineyard Sound, pp. 203 (497), 443 (737), pl. 38, fig. 283, 1873 (Polyps): Ann. Rep. U.S. Fish Comm., 1883, p. 533: Expl. Casco Bay, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. for 1873, p. 364, pl. VI, fig. 4 (Polyps) ; Webster’s International Dictionary, p. 37 (figure from life).
Plate IV; Fig. 1 (general), Figs. 2, 3 (spicules). Plate XI; Fig. I.
This elegant species is common from the gulf of St. Lawrence to southern New England, both in shallow water and down to 40 to 50 fathoms
Although very distinct from G. rubiformis it has often been confused with that species, especially when its colour is pink or pale red. Usually while living its colour is pale flesh colour or salmon colour, but it is often light orange or pale red. It grows to considerable size, up to 120 mm. high, or more, and is then much branched (see Pl. XI). When fully expanded it is translucent and very elegant in appearance (PI. IV, fig. 1). The tips of its slender branches are covered with the delicate and almost transparent polyps, in small clusters, and the yellow or orange eggs can be seen in the tubes of the branches and trunk through the integument. In contraction, the branches become short with round or clavate tips, but it does not have a dense coating of spicules, like the other two species already described. Consequently it is much softer, smoother and more translucent. It is often much more branched than the specimen figured on Pl. IV, which was less than half grown. It was photo- graphed while living and fully expanded in a small plate glass aquarium. An example of unusually large size is figured on Pl. XI, from an alcoholic specimen.
The spicules of this species are smaller than in the preceding species, and though somewhat similar in general appearance, their forms are characteristic (Pl. IV, fig. 2). The larger ones of the stalks and branches are partly small short double-heads, “‘dumb-bells” or double clubs (fig. 2, i-k) with very prom- inent ornamented processes or warts, as in i, j, which are unusually large forms, or in the form of acute spindles, as in g, h; most however are more irregular and smaller, with relatively large projections (I-p), in popped-corn shapes, as seen enlarged 140 diameters. Under lower powers of the microscope many of the smaller of the spicules appear like small stellate forms, especially when viewed endwise, like q, r, s.
The polyps are long and prominent in expansion, but they are very contrac- tile. They are able to retract entirely, but usually leave the anthocodia exposed when preserved in alcohol. The anthocodia is covered with abundant elongated slender warted spindles, some of which are bent, but usually there are some sub-clavate forms, or even branched forms; the base of the anthocodia contains a wreath of similar spicules placed nearly transversely; the proximal part of the polyp in preserved specimens is smaller, wrinkled and usually has few small transverse spicules or none. The tentacles contain slender, irregular spindles, with rod-like and clavate shapes and other small forms; pinne usually have no spicules. :
In the anthocodia the slender spicules are rather uniform in size and they are arranged in chevrons,pretty regularly,in eight double rows becoming obliquely transverse and forming a wreath where the mesenterial body-column begins. The walls of the proximal part of the polyp or mesenterial region is nearly destitute of spicules; when any occur they are small slender rods and spindles, decidedly smaller than those of the anthocodia. In preserved specimens it often happens that this more flexible part is withdrawn and the anthocodia
Alcyonarta : G 23
remains exsert. This may happen to the entire colony, or part of the polyps may be in this state and part may be entirely retracted, depending upon the intensity of the contraction. Thus the general appearance varies considerably. The mode of branching in the larger specimens is arborescent but quite variable and irregular.
The walls of the main stalk and larger branches, when not greatly con- tracted show, under the microscope, the small, short, often somewhat stellate spicules scattered and well separated. On the stems of the smaller branches the spicules are usually more numerous, and some are larger, often interlocking, but in some places well separated. The calicles are not at all prominent, usually immersed, and surrounded or separated by a small amount of ccenenchyma. The spicules of the branches vary much in size in different specimens, according to the locality of origin.
In general, the spicules are mostly about three-fourths the size of the corresponding forms in G. rubiformis, but sometimes are nearly as large. The figures of the spicules on Pl. IV, are much more enlarged than those of the latter, or those of G. canadensis.
This species is common on stony or shelly bottoms from the southern part of the gulf of St. Lawrence to the moderately deep waters near Block island and Watch hill, R.I., and off Stonington, Conn. It is most common in 10 to 30 fathoms but occurs down to 55 fathoms. I have taken it at low water of extremely low tides at Eastport, Maine. It was found by us particularly large and abundant south of Cape Breton, N.S., and off Cape Cod in 15 to 20 fathoms. At the latter place it was associated with great numbers of Gorgonocephalus (or Astrophyton) agassizii, which were clinging tenaciously to the Alcyonarians by their tendril-like arm-branches. It does not appear to extend to the sub- arctic coasts nor to any great depths.
VARIETY OR SUB-SPECIES, @. carnea microstella V., Plate IV; fig. 3.
The specimens coming from south of Cape Cod to the eastern part of Long Island sound differ from the more northern ones in having the spicules of the cortex of the stalk and branches much smaller and farther apart. They are also more stellate in form. The modes of branching, form, and colours, are the same as in the trypical form (see Pl. IV, fig. 3, a-m).
Gersemia fruticosa (M. Sars) Molander.
Alcyonium fruticosum M. Sars, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiana, 1860, p. 140. Koren and DANIELSSEN, Fauna Litt. Norvegie, Vol. iii, p. 81, pl. IT, fig. 8-II, 1877.
Gersemia florida MARENZELLER, Akad. Wiss. Wien, Vol. 35, p. 375, pl. III, figs. 2-8, 1878, (non Rathke, t. Jungersen.)
Gersemia danielsseni MARENZELLER, Die Inter. Polarf., 1882-1883 (t. Jungersen).
Veringia fruticosa + V. arborea JuNcERSEN, Kara Havets Alcyonider, Dijmphna Togtets, Zool. Bot. Udbytte, pp. 375-378, pl. 32, figs. 1-13: pl. 33, figs. 1-12, 1887.
V. mirabilis +fruticosa+abyssicola +polaris+pygmea+dryopsis + Jan Mayent+ clavata+capitata+ Barathrobius digitatus+ B. palmatus + Krystalophanes pol- aris+Fulla schierztii + Nannodendron elegans+Nidalia arctica+Organidus nordenskioldii + Sarakka crassa, ete. (t. Jungersen), DANIELSSEN, N. Nordhavs Exped., Alcyonida, 1887, pl. 1, 2, 7, 8-10, 15, 16-21, 22, 23, in
part.
2464 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Eunephthya clavata+E. fruticosa+Nidalia arctica+ Krystallofanes+Sarakka;, KUKENTHAL, Tiefsee Exped., 1898-99, Valdivia, Vol. 13, pp. 73, 74, 77, 1906 (¢. Jungersen).
Eunephthya fruticosa JUNGERSEN, Danmarks Eksped. til Grgnlands Nord- ostkyst, 1906-1908, B. iii, No. 18, Alcyonaria of East Greenland, p. 489, 1916 (gives full synonmy and distribution).
Gersemia fruticosa MOLANDER, op. cit. pp. 48, 60, pl. I, figs. 2-5, 9, 11, 12, 18, 1915. Includes as varieties:—arctica; loricata+-abyssorum; membranea-+- hyalina and frigida; pallida, nov.; and rigida, nov. He regards mirabilis; clavata+crassa as distinct species, though united with it by Jungersen.
Plate III; Figs. 5-7.
This species, when well-grown, consists of a short naked stalk, dividing from near the base into more or less numerous branches, which again may divide and subdivide in large examples. The terminal branchlets may be blunt, clavate or capitate, mostly clavate when contracted. Each branchlet may be terminated by few or many slender, elongated polyps, arising from slightly raised 8-lobed calicles, and varying in age and size. The polyps are so stiffened with small spicules that they are nearly or quite incapable of complete contraction within the calicles, but in alcoholic specimens the proximal part, about a third or half of the length, is often contracted to a smaller diameter and less length than the more or less swollen distal part, or anthocodia, owing to its smaller and less abundant spicules, and it is then usually wrinked both transversely and longitudinally, and in this state it may be partly with- drawn into the calicles. But the enlarged distal part remains above the calicle as a prominent anthodia, covered with an abundance of small, slender, often bent, fusiform warted spicules, which are arranged in chevrons, in double rows on the distal part, but become obliquely transverse, and about twelve in a group, on the proximal part of the swollen region, thus forming a ‘‘wreath,”’ as it decreases in size to join the smaller basal part. The latter is much smaller, in alcoholic specimens, cylindric, slightly 8-ribbed, and is strengthened by eight double rows of small fusiform, warted, spicules, arranged in chevrons. These spicules are much smaller than those in the anthocodia (see Pl. III, figs. 5, 6). The tentacles also contain small spicules along the aboral side to near the end of the stalk. The larger of these are small spindles which in: a contracted tentacle appear to lie nearly transversely to the stalk, but in the normal extended condition, they appear to have been arranged in open chevrons; none are seen in the pinnules. The tentacles are long, somewhat swollen proximally, but tapered to slender tips; their larger pinne are long and slender. The tentacles seem incapable of contraction within the oral depression, but can be ineurved rather closely, though in alcoholic specimens they are mostly not more than half contracted, and some are nearly fully distended. The anthocodia terminates in eight small obtuse lobes or scallops, corresponding to the tentacle bases. These lobes are stiffened by small spicules and in alcohol contain a dark pigment. All the spicules are white in alcohol.
The various forms of spicules from the anthocodia and tentacles, are mostly illustrated in Pl. III, fig. 7, but the smaller forms are omitted. The larger spicules on the distal part of the polyps (fig. 7, b-g) are slender spindles, more or less warty, often with one end more attenuated and smoother than the other: both ends may be acute or one may be blunt or bi-lobed while the smaller end may be acute. With these there are a few larger and stouter warted spindles (fig. a), and very many smaller warted forms that come from the proximal part of the polyp-body, from the tentacles and from other parts (fig. 7, h-n) but only a few are figured: l-o were probably also from the tentacles. The slender spindles from the anthocodia are mostly ten to twelve times longer
Alcyonaria G 25
than thick; some are about 0-28 mm. long and 0-03 mm. in diameter; others 0-25 by 0-38, 0-25 by 0-08; the larger spindles are about 0:31 mm. long and 0-05 thick. The superficial layer of the stalk contains very small rough warty spicules, but not enough to make it rigid or firm.
The American specimen, described above, is from Richmond gulf, east side of Hudson bay, in 15 to 30 fathoms, collected by A. P. Low, June, 1899, accompanied by G. rubiformis. This specimen, which is a main branch of a large one, is only partially contracted in alcohol. It is 26 mm. long and 30 mm. broad. It divides near the base into three main branchlets, each of which has numerous smaller branchlets, most of which are clavate, with small clusters of exsert polyps; besides these are some single polyps arising both from the stem and from the stalks of the branchlets. The integument of the stalks is everywhere much wrinkled, showing considerable contraction, perhaps 50 per cent or more. The exsert polyps (PI. III,. fig. 5), when full grown, not including the tentacles, are from 1-8 to 2-5 mm. long, and the thicker distal part is from 0-8 to 1-00 mm. in diameter, in alcoholic specimens. Three specimens were collected in Richmond gulf, in 15 to 20 fathoms, 1920, by F. Johansen. Young of Gorgonocephalus lamarcki adhered to these.
The numerous generic and specific names that this species has received, are most of them due to too much importance being given to different states of contraction and variations in the forms of the colonies, also due partly to different stages of growth.
According to Jungersen this species has already been referred to thirteen genera, and has had twenty-five specific names. Yet none of the combinations of names given by him seem to be tenable.
This species must be considered the type of Gersemia (Marenzeller, 1883), and should receive the earliest specific name, fruttcosa (M. Sars), as Molander has used it.
It should not be referred to the earlier genus Eunephthya, for its calicles contain only minute spicules, not in the least thorny nor with rough spinose projecting lobes, as explained above.
Kikenthal and Jungersen also referred to this species with doubt the Gersemia longiflora, described and figured by me in 1883 and 1885, from deep- water off Delaware bay. The latter, however, seems to be quite distinct from all the Arctic forms. It has larger and very much longer polyp-bodies, and its spicules are much smaller and more slender; mostly delicate rods and slender spindles (see Pl. IV, fig. 8, Pl. XIV, figs. 3, 3a).
As shown above in the synonymy, both Kiikenthal and Jungersen united under this species a large number of genera and species well described and figured by Danielssen (op. cit. 1887). They were without full agreement in several cases. Molander accepted most of this consolidation, but kept G. mirabilis, G. clavata, and G. uveformis as distinct species. At the same time he recognized several marked varieties of G. clavata, viz.: arctica, loricata, frigida, pallida, and rigida.!
1 By including in the synonymy given above, so many of the nominal genera and species described and figured by Danielssen, I do not assume to express any personal opinion as to so much consolidation, for I have not seen, many of the forms described, nor have I given any adequate study to the larger num- bers of forms received from our northern fishing banks, and now in the U.S. National Museum. In general they received only superficial examination when brought in and listed for the weekly records, for other duties required more attention. Danielssen saw all or most of those he described while in the living or at least fresh condition, and gives life-like colours, for he was one of the naturalists of the Expedition. Moreover he evidently made careful studies of the spicules, and other microscopic details. In this group appearance in life should, no doubt, count for considerable value. Therefore those numerous names are included entirely on the authority of Jungersen and Kikenthal. Very likely several should be omitted from this synonymy. : ; ; :
Danielssen described and figured Nannodendron elegans as having numerous siphonozooids, which contained ova. I have never seen such structures in any Gersemia. In general appearance it is otherwise much like G. rubiformis. having the same lobulate form of branches with small retractile polyps, but it has no anthocodial wreath of spicules. It is probably a valid genus.
26 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
The specimen described above and figured by me, from Hudson bay, seems to agree best with the typical form from off Newfoundland in 290 meters. I have not seen many specimens from the Fishing Banks. It is known from Baffin bay, 358 meters; Davis sound, 61 meters ; Greenland, 70 to 738 meters. It has a wide distribution in the Arctic ocean, and is probably circumpolar. It is common in the Kara sea. In depth it ranges from 10 to 1,300 fathoms.
Gersemia mirabilis (Dan.) Molander.
Veringia mirabilis DANIELSSEN, op. cit., pp. 1-8, pl. I, figs. 1-40; pl. II, figs. 1-2, 1887.
Veringia arborea JUNGERSEN, op. cit., p. 375, pl. XX-XIII, figs. 1-12, 1887.
Eunephthya mirabilis KGKUNTHAL, op. cit., p. 345, 1907; Aleyon. Sibir. Eism., p. 5, 1909.
Eunephthya fruticosa JUNGERSEN (pars), op. cit., p. 11, 1916.
Gersemia mirabilis MOLANDER, op. cit., p. 48, text cut 12, p. 69, pl. I, fig. 10, 1915.
Plate V; Fig. 5 (spicules). Text Fig. 4.
This is a large luxuriant species (or variety) closely related to G. fruticosa, to which Jungersen, in his later works, has united it. But Kukenthal and Molander, who have apparently had abundant materials, have kept it separate. It is a common form near or on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, where it sometimes becomes 150 to 200 mm. high.
Its spiculation is distinctly unlike that of varieties of G. fruticosa that I have seen. Therefore I am led to keep it distinct, for our numerous specimens are not now available for reexamination. It has a large stout trunk, when well grown, which branches arborescently from near the base, giving off large branches with naked stalks; these in turn give off secondary and often tertiary branchlets, which bear clusters of few or numerous elongated polyps, both laterally and terminally. These seem incapable of complete retraction. The anthocodia and the more or less curled up tentacles remaining exposed in alcoholic specimens. Perhaps the immature polyps may retract.
Fig. 4. Gersemia mirabilis (Dan). Type. A terminal cluster of polyps, enlarged. After Danielssen.
The anthocodia is commonly smaller than the proximal part of the polyp- body, in aleoholic specimens, but the reverse is often seen. The proximal part is often swollen or inflated. The division between the two regions is not notable.
Alcyonaria G 27
The anthocodia is filled with numerous spicules arranged chevron-wise in eight double rows. These spicules are slender, elongated, finely warted spindles, and rod-shaped forms, some of them bent in bow shape. These spicules, as warted spindles, extend into the aboral side of the tentacles, often to near the tips, becoming gradually smaller, in contraction appearing nearly transverse, but really in two rows, somewhat in chevrons. They do not enter the pinnules, and are small at the bases of the tentacles. They are mostly stumpy, irregular, warted spindles, and blunt double spindles, with a few clubs and crosses.
The middle portion of the polyp-body also has short, blunt, roughly warted spindles and double spindles, much shorter and rougher than those of the anthocodia.
The proximal part of the polyp-body has somewhat larger and more strongly warted blunt spindles, with some 4-parted spicules or crosses. The spicules of the exterior of the branches and stalk, are short thick strongly warted or lobed ellipsoids, double-spindles, and double-heads, often nearly as broad as long; many are popped-corn shaped. (PI. V, fig. 5, h-l). The stomodseum has eight rows of small fusiform spicules, according to Danielssen.'!
The type of this species was from off Spitzbergen, in 267 metres. It is also known from the Siberian sea and Kara sea. Molander recorded it from off Newfoundland in 290 metres. Many specimens of large size were formerly taken in deep water, on and between the fishing banks off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, and presented to the U.S. Fish Commission. They are mostly in the U.S. National Museum.
The description of the spiculation of this species given by Molander (op. cit. 1915) does not agree well with the original description and elaborate figures given by Danielssen. By the latter the anthocodial spicules are represented as abundant, and so are those of the cortex of the stem and branches, but Molander describes these parts as feebly spiculose. Moreover he gives the forms of spicules unlike those figured by Danielssen in many cases. I have followed Danielssen in this case.
It may prove to be merely the full-grown state of G. fruticosa, as Jungersen considered it.
Gersemia clavata (Dan.) Molander.
Veringia clavata DANIEBLSSEN, op. cit., pp. 29-32, pl. XX, figs. 45-83, 1887.
Paraspongodes clavata StupER, Res. Camp. Prince de Monaco in ‘“‘Hirondelle,”’ Vol. XX, p. 31, 1901.
Eunephthya crassa KwKENTHAL, Revis. Alcyon., Nephthyide, Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst., Vol. XXIV, 1907: Voy. Olga, 1898; Alcyon. Sib. Eismeeres, 1909, Brock, Duc d’Orléans, Camp. Arct., p. 19, 1912.
Gersemia clavata MOLANDER, op. cit., pp. 48, 56, pl. 1, figs. 2-8, 8, 1915.
Eunephthya clavata var. pellucida Kixentuar, Olga Exped., p. 28, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1906; Aleyon. Siberischen Eismeeres, p. 5, 1909.
Plate V; Figs. 3, 3a, 4 (spicules).
This form has the branches short and thick, often clavate, and covered over most of their length with the polyps, which are usually much crowded in contracted specimens. The smaller specimens are apt to be thyrsiform or ovate in shape. One example before me, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is of
1Danielssen (op. cit., 1887) gave very excellent illustrations (pl. 1, 2) of the anatomy and histology of this species, including the nerve-cells and ganglion cells, etc., as well as details of the spiculation. The colour in life, according to him, is yellow.
28 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
this form. Its height is 35 mm., breadth 15 mm., length of naked stem 10 mm. It is attached to an annelid tube which is entirely enclosed by the base. The polyps are all in partial expansion. They entirely cover the short clavate branches except for a very short naked basal area. Although crowded they show in some places naked ecenenchyma between them. :
The anthocoidal area of the polyps is relatively large, strongly eight-ribbed, often half the length of the exposed polyp-body, and is filled with eight double rows of slender warted spicules in chevrons. It is usually separated from the proximal part by a constriction, and by a wreath of spicules, placed obliquely and transversely.
The proximal part of the polyp-body is usually equal in diameter to the anthocodia, and often larger. It is usually eight-ribbed and has eight rows of small spicules. In strongly contracted specimens the anthocodial area 1s the larger one.
The tentacles have swollen prominent bases, with the tips curled in over the oral area in most cases. They are stiffened by numerous small spindles. Those of the proximal part of the body are similar but shorter, thicker and more strongly warted. The spicules of the cortex of the stem are short and wide, ellipsoidal, ovoid, or short fusiform, partly of those kinds that I have called popped-corn shaped (figs. 4, h-l). Some of these have a narrow naked median zone; others none at all; their lobes are prominent, often divided or lacerate at the tips. Some compound crosses also occur with irregular unequal branches and prominent lobes. For comparison I have reproduced in outline several of the figures given by Danielssen, from his type (see Pl. V, fig. 4). This form was united to G. fruticosa by Jungersen (1916), but was kept as a distinct species by Kikenthal (1906, 1909), and by Molander (1915). In general form it seems quite distinct, but there are no marked differences in the spicules. Kiken- thal recognized a variety, pellucida, from off Spitzbergen and the Siberian coast in 40 and 21 meters.
Molander recognized several varieties:—crassa, pellucida, and truncata.
It is very nearly allied to G. carnea, and is widely distributed in the Arctic ocean. Molander records it from off Newfoundland in 164 meters. The specimen described above was from Station 35 or 36, 1873, in the gulf of St. Lawrence, and was sent by the late Dr. J. F. Whiteaves. Studer recorded it from off the Azores in 927 meters.
Eunephthya Verrill (typical).
Eunephthya Verritt, Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. 47, p. 284, March, 1869, Remarks on Halcyonid Polyps, No.3. Type designated was Nephthya thyrsoidea Ver. from Cape of Good Hope (not Hunephthya of Kikenthal, Jungersen and others, nor of Thomson, 1910, South African).
Capnella KGKENTHAL (non Gray), Valdivia Exped., Bd. XILI, 1906; THomson, J.S., Aleyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope and Natal, Aleyonacea, Trans. Royal Soc. of Edinburgh, Vol. XLVII, part 8, No. 19, p. 375, 1910.
When this genus was originally established by me, E. thyrsotdea V. (there misspelled thyrsoides) was definitely designated as the type. Several more recent writers have misinterpreted the genus, so as to include several arctic and boreal species that are quite unlike the type in the character of the calicles, spicules, ete.
When it was established, however, I mentioned an undescribed species from Greenland as one to be included in the genus, under the name of &. glomerata (Liitken’s MS. name on labels). The latter was then briefly described (1869) and was more fully described by me in 1883, as ltitkent (on account of erroneously supposed previous use of glomerata). It has since had various names both generic and specifie (see below).
Alcyonaria G 29
As originally established, with its designated type, it is identical with Capnella Kiikenthal,! who described my species as C. rugosa.
Capnella has been made to include several other Indo-Pacific species, which should be referred to Hunephthya. Among these are E. spicata (May) from Zanzibar; EF. gilchristi (Thomson) South Africa, 40 fathoms; LH. fungiformis. E. thyrsoidea Verrill, was from 20 fathoms, off False bay,Cape of Good Hope.
Unfortunately Kiikenthal applied: the name Eunephthya to the second species mentioned by me, and then extended it to include numerous other Arctic species belonging to the genera Gersemia Mar., Duva and Drifa Danielssen, etc.
My £E. glomerata, before Kikenthal’s ‘‘ emendation,’ had already been placed in two new genera by Danielssen, viz., Drifa and Gersemiopsis. Thus even if HE. thyrsotdea had not been named by me as the type, it would have become so automatically by reason of the placing of H. glomerata in a new genus by Danielssen, in 1887, long before Capnella was expanded.
Paraspongodes* has been used for these various northern forms by May (1898), and by others. It is a heterogenous group, practically a synonym of Eunethphya Kiikenthal, in its extended use, and preceded by eight generic names given by Danielssen and others, and therefore it should be dropped for all of our northern genera. Kiikenthal described and figured a new species, (P. crassa, p. 132, pl. viii, fis. 26, 27) which is apparently generically distinct from any of our forms, and might be considered the type of his restricted genus.
Molander (op. cit. 1915) judiciously adopted Gersemia (it being prior to Veringia Dan.) for the group typified by G.. fruticosa, but he still retained Eunephthya to include the glomerata group (Drifa), together with the florida- group, named Duva by Danielssen. I believe that these two groups should be separated as genera, but Hunephthya should not be used for either of them.
Eunephthya thyrsoidea Verrill. Plate V; Figs. 1, la. Type.
This was briefly described by me in 1865, in Proc. Essex. Inst., Salem, Mass., Vol. IV, p. 151, and more fully, with some figures, in the same volume (p. 192, figs. 8-8b); and later, in 1869, the characteristic spicules were described with their measurements. The larger original specimens seem to have been destroyed in the great Chicago fire.*
However I still have microscopical preparations from the type-specimen, including the spicules now figured. I also have in my collection, a small co- type, in good preservation. This, so far as I know, is the only one remaining. This specimen is 25 mm. high and 10 mm. broad. The naked stalk occupies about half the height. The whole forms a thyrsoid or club-shaped polypidom. The polypiferous part is thyrsiform, with about a dozen crowded, short, clavate larger branches, entirely covered by the polyps, which are closely crowded, thirty to forty standing on each branch; below these there are several small or incipient branches with three to ten polyps, and some polyps stand singly or in pairs on the upper part of the stem, and, also, sometimes on the branches.
1T¢ does not agree with typical Capnella Gray (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. III, p. 129, 1869), type Ammothea imbricata Edw. Gray says the outer surface is studded with small flat, smooth, irregular- shaped spicules and that the cells are ‘‘campanulate slightly eight-lobed”’ also that the polyps are retrac- tile, all of which are very different in Hunephthya (typical).
°Kukenthal, Alcyonaceen von Ternate, p. 171, 1896. ae :
3Most of the collections of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition of which I wrote had been returned to Dr. Wm. Stimpson, naturalist of the Expedition, and then Director of the Chicago Museum, before that Museum was burned with all its valuable collections. A few duplicates were previously deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where they are still preserved. Among them are co-types of the large Spongodes gigantea and S. capitata, and a few other Alcyonaria, but not £. thyrsoidea.
30 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
The exsert and strongly incurved polyps are echinate, with about four principal rows of lacerate and spinulose or thorny processes, arising from the larger ends and sides of rudely club-shaped spicules, and projecting through the cortex (see Pl. V, figs. 1, 1a); more proximally the spicules are less clavate and less foliate, with smaller spinule-like projections especially from the outer side; laterally the spicules are mostly coarsely warted spindles and narrow clubs. Spicules are lacking on the incurved inner side. The tentacles are spiculose. In sections the stalk has numerous canals, separated by thick walls. This species has more recently been very fully described and illustrated by Kiikenthal, and also by Thomson (op. cit., pp. 575-577, pl. ii, fig. 10, general; pl. IV, fig. 42, spicules) under the name Capnella rugosa. Thomson, in the same work (pp. 580, 581, pl. iii, fig. 20, pl. IV, fig. 41, spicules), has described a very different species under the name E. thyrsoidea V. It belongs, perhaps, to a different genus, and does not have the clavate and foliated spicules in the polyp-walls, so’ conspicuous in the former. It resembles rather some northern species of Gersemia.
From the above discussion it will be evident that the name Lunephthya cannot be used legitimately for any of our northern genera or species. There- fore I propose to restore Drifa Dan. with D. hyalina D.=E. glomerata as the type.
The D. glomerata (Pl. V, figs. 2, 2a), originally referred to EHunephthya by me, does, however, resemble the type to a considerable extent, for it has the distal polyp-spicules of the anthocodia mostly club-shaped with rough somewhat foliated processes on the larger end, and in alcoholic specimens these processes often project slightly from the surface, but these spicules are much smaller and much less foliated than in the type. The polyps are also often unequal-sided and turned inward, and spicules may, sometimes, be lacking on the inner side, as in the type. The longitudinal canals in the stems are much larger and separated by thinner walls.
Drifa Denielssen (Type D. hyalina Dan. =D. glomerata V.). Drifa + Nephthya + Gersemiopsis DANIELSSEN, op. cit., pp. 59, 64, 81, 99 1887; Drifa type=E. glomerata.
Eunephthya (pars) VERRILL, op. cit., 1869, p. 284 (not of Kiikenthal, Jungersen, Thompson and others.)
$
Paraspongodes (pars) IKtKENTHAL. May, op. cit., 1898. Plate V; Figs. 2, 2a. Type:
Polypidom, when full grown, variously branched or lobed, branches may be much subdivided. Polyps small, prominent, not retractile, usually incurved, often with few spicules on the inner or shorter side. Outer convex side forms an anthocodia strengthened with numerous small rough spicules, largely clubs, with the larger end more or less lobed and spinose, the smaller end acute and warted; with these are warted spindles and other slender forms. They are arranged in chevrons; spicules also occur in the aboral side of the tentacles and a wreath of more or less transverse spicules at the base of the anthocodia. Ccenenchyma nearly or quite lacking between the calicles. Cortex of stalk and branches filled with small short roughly warted spindles, ellipsoids, with some clubs and various other forms.
Daniclssen gives the meaning of Drifa as a snow-nymph or snowstorm,
Alcyonaria @ 31 Drifa glomerata Verrill.
Eunephthya glomerala Verritt, Amer. Jour. Sci. Vol. 47, p. 284, 1869: Proce. Essex Inst. Vol. 6, p. 97, 1869.
Ammothea arctica Norman, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Vol. 25, p. 208, 1876. Lurxen, Medd. om Grénland, Vol. 6, p. 29, 1883.
Ammothea liitkeni MARENZELLER, Akad. Wiss. Wien. Vol. 35, p. 372, pl. II, fig. 1, 1898.
Alcyonium litkent VERRILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 2, p. 200, 1879.
Ammothea glomerata CartER, Zoology Barents Sea, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5, Vol. 6, p. 253, 1883.
Eunephthya litkent VERRILL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XI, p. 43, pl. IV, figs. 7, 7a, 1883.
Nephthya polaris+N. flavescens+N. rosea+Drifa islandica+D. hyalina+ Gersemropsis arctica (teste JuNGmRSEN) Danietssen, N. Nordhavs Exped. Vol. 5, Aleyonaria, pp. 59, 65, 83, 87,92, 99, plates VI, VII, X-XV, 1887. Excellent figures.
Eunephthya glomerata+ E. hyalina KUKENTHAL, Alcyonacea, Wiss. Erg. deutsch. Tiefsee—Exped. Vol. 13, pp. 78, 79, 1906. (¢. Jungersen).
Eunephthya glomerata JUNGERSEN, F. E. Aleyonaria of E. Greenland, p. 493, 1916; Alcyonarian and Madr. Corals, Bergens Mus. Aarbok, for 1915, 1916, p. 14, 1916.
Paraspongodes liitkent+P. polaris May, Jen. Zeitschr. Nat. Vol. 33, pp. 148, 154, 1899 (¢. Jungersen).
Eunephthya flavescens MouanpbeER, op. cit., pp. 72-78, pl. i, figs. 15, 17, 19 (good figures), 1915.
Plate V; Figs. 2, 2a (from type). Plate XVIJa; Figs. 2,3. Plate XIV; Figs. 2-2b. Plate XV; Figs. 1-5. Text Figure 5, Type.
The type of this species was from Greenland, and was sent to me by Pro- fessor Chr. Liitken under the MS. name glomerata, which he never published. The original description by me in 1869, under the name Eunephthya glomerata, was as follows:—It “forms an upright corallum, with a stout trunk, from all sides and to near the base of which arise short subconical branches, naked at their bases, like the trunk, but mostly covered with close clusters of 3 to 12, roundish, verruciform polyp-cells, which are rough exteriorly, and covered with numerous very rough thorny club-shaped spicula, 0-20 to 0-35 mm. long, by -075 to 0-125 mm. thick.”’
Fig. 5. Drifa glomerata Verrill. Type. One of the branches. From Greenland. x about 3
32 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 19138-1918
In my report on the “Blake” Anthozoa, 1883, p. 43, the name was changed to E. liitkeni, following Marenzeller, because of the prior use of the name Alcyon- ium glomeratum by Johnson; but that change was not valid, for the present species was not originally described as an Alcyonium. :
In the latter work it was more fully described and figured, together with a few of the spicules. In that place the spicules were described as follows:— “The larger spicula are rather large, long, stout, mostly club-shaped, with the smaller end thickly covered with small warts, and the large end covered with large, roughly lacerate warts, sometimes taking the form of ragged spinules; in other cases having the form of lacerate flattened lobes; with these are some roughly warted fusiform spicula, of similar size, and numerous smaller rough spicula, some of which are fusiform, others club-shaped, and some of them slender while others are stout.
Height, in alcohol, 60 to 80 mm., or about three inches; breadth 35 to 50 mm.; diameter of contracted calicles (polyps) 1 to 1-25 mm. It sometimes becomes larger, up to 5 inches high.”
Several examples were dredged off Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 52 fathoms (U.S.F. Comm. steamer Speedwell) in 1877. One small one was dredged by the Blake off Delaware bay, in 1,186 fathoms, and several good specimens, obtained on the Fishing Banks, off Nova Scotia, by cod and halibut fishermen have been presented to the U.S. Fish Commission.
In life the colour is usually pink or pale red, brownish on the stalk, and when fully expanded it is translucent, sometimes yellow or orange. The mode of branching and form of the polypidom are quite variable, and the states of contraction cause notable changes in the appearance. This species, as shown above, has been referred to as least nine genera and has received at least eleven specific names, according to Jungersen. If it be considered generically distinct from the type of Eunephthya the next available generic name will be either Drifa or Gersemiopsis of Danielssen, 1887, and I would suggest the former. It is nearly allied to Duva and Gersemia, but differs from both in having rough, clavate spicules, with the acute processes projecting slightly from the polyp walls, giving them a rough appearance. The polyps are not capable of entire retraction, and are often incurved, with few or no spicules on the inner side. The anthocodial spicules do not form a wreath proximally.
In the type (PI. V, figs. 2, 2a) most of the larger spicules of the anthocodia have numerous rough, flattish, lacerated or foliated processes, varying much in form and size, on the larger end of the spicule, decreasing in size towards the small end, where they are reduced to small spinules or warts. These spicules stand in chevron with the larger end outward, and the tips of the lacerate pro- minences often project more or less from the surface, especially in dried or much contracted specimens, making them rough.
According to Molander his E£. grenlandica differs in having the rough processes of the clubs much more slender and more numerous. Some of our specimens agree fairly with Drifa islandica Dan., others with his flavescens and rosea. These last two are united under the former name as a distinct species by Molander, but its distinctness seems very doubtful, at least to Jun- gersen, who also unites into our species all the nominal species well illustrated by Danielssen. All are ovoviviparous.
Several of Danielssen’s forms seem to me to be either distinct, or at least notable varieties, for they differ very much from the typical glomerata in the forms and ornamentation of the spicules as well as in other characters, as figured by Danielssen, but his D. hyalina and N. flavescens agree best with my types.
The various specimens from the Fishing Banks, in the Yale Museum, are not now available for study, for they were boxed up and put in storage before the demolition of the museum building, several years ago. Those examples undoubtedly include several of the forms named as distinet by Danielssen,
Alcyonaria G 33
The type of HE. glomerata is in my private collection, and is now before me. It agrees closely with the form named Nephthya flavescens by Danielssen (op. cit., Pl. XI, figs. 1-58) where it is very fully illustrated, with many of its spicules, which are practically identical with corresponding spicules of the type. The tentacles are figured as heavily loaded with small warted spindles, etc. A much enlarged contracted polyp is represented as incurved, with the inner side smaller and without spicules. It is viviparous, and the figured planule are already filled with small spicules. (See Pl. XIV, figs. 4, 5, and text-cut).
My type specimen also contains eggs and planule, as do all other specimens that I have examined.
The Nephthya rosea Dan. (op. cit., Pl. XI, figs. 1-72), is united to flavescens by Molander, and both are placed under glomerata by Jungersen. As figured the branches are longer, less crowded, and the polyps are more slender and longer, which might be due to less contraction. But the larger club-shaped spicules figured have the lacerate processes of the larger end elongated and slender, without foliations, and most of the larger warted spicules are stouter and thicker than in the type of glomerata. Its planule are also spiculose. N. polaris Dan. (op. cit., Pl. XIII, figs. 2-45) seems to be a younger and more strongly contracted form of Molander’s glomerata, with the same kinds of short thick clubs. It may be a distinct species.
Gersemtopsis arctica Dan. (op. cit., Pl. XIV, figs. 1-49: and Pl. XV) seems to differ some from our type as to its spicules, but the general figures show specimens less contracted than usual, and consequently with more elongated polyps, some of them expanded. Clubs have short slender branched foliations.
Drifa hyalina Dan. (op. cit., Pl. VII, figs. 1-44). The general figure shows a large example more openly branched than usual, and with elongated polyps, some incurved. Its club-shaped spicules are, in general, smaller and more slender, with the lacerate processes somewhat smaller than in the type of glomerata but otherwise similar. Spindles are more slender.
D. islandica Dan. (PI. VI, figs. 30-71) is openly branched, with polyps elongated as in the last, but the larger club-shaped spicules figured are larger and coarser, stout, and often more rudely foliated, than in typical glomerata.
Of all these forms FH. rosea and EL. islandica seem to me to differ the most from the type. Kikenthal has already recognized the latter as a distinct form. Molander separated flavescens Dan. as a species, but that is apparently identical with the type. He united hyalina and flavescens, but rosea is most distinct in spiculation, and might be considered a variety worth recognizing at least. Molander proposed (1915) a new species EH. grenlandica, distinguished mainly on account of the presence in the polyps of elongated, slender, warted spindles, longer than the clubs, and the latter having narrow elevated processes at the enlarged end, without foliations. It seems to be a fairly distinct form, but might be considered a variety.
The form called E. glomerata by Molander does not agree with the type. He says of the larger polyp-spicules that they are “short clumsy clubs and spindles, 0-2-0-38 mm. long, generally clubs, their thorns broad and low.” A glance at the figures that I have given (Pl. V, figs. 2, 2a) will show that this is not true of the type, for the major clubs are elongated with the smaller end much tapered. In fact they are more like his figures of E. flavescens (p. 71) than like those that he gives as of EZ. glomerata. His species agrees better as to spicules with Drifa islandica, as figured by Danielssen (Pl. VI, op. cit.) but the latter also has more tapered clubs. JN. polaris is similar.
My impression is that Jungersen has gone too far in uniting all the known northern forms of this group (Drifa) under one species. Probably two or three species should be recognized, each with subordinate varieties, all based mainly on the spiculation. Many of these forms occur on the Banks, off Newfoundland; but I am not in a position to express very decided opinions on any of them, except my own types, because others are not now accessible, without too much
trouble and delav. 9343—3
34G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 Drifa racemosa Studer
Eunephthya racemosa StupEr, Note prelim., 2nd part, 1891; op. cit., 1901, Camp. Hirondelle, p. 33, Pl. IV, figs. 1, la, 2.
Plate XIV; Fig. 3.
This appears to be a species distinct from D. glomerata. It is openly branched, with larger and more elongated polyps. The clubs of the anthocodia are much more slender. They have a more abruptly enlarged distal end, while the proximal part is slender. The enlarged part is covered with smaller spinules and more slender and shorter thorns; the slender part is closely covered with small acute warts and spinules. The spindles are more slender and have smaller more regular, and much more numerous spinules. Polyps are 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide. It seems to be much like D. gronlandica Molander,—perhaps the same. It was from off Newfoundland, in 1,267 meters. Molander considers it a form of D. flavescens.
nd ’ Duva Koren and Danielssen. Type D. rosea KKor. and Dan.
Dua Koren and DanrigussEen, Bergens Mus., pp. 1-7, pl. i-in, 1883. Daniexs- SEN, op. cit., 1887, pp. 36-57, pl. ii—vi.
Paraspongodes (pars) May, op. cit., 1900, pp. 391-394.
Eunephthya (pars) KGKENTHAL, op. cit., 1906, pp. 79-81 (nen VERRILL). JUNG- ERSEN, op. cit., 1915, p. 1969; op. cit., 1916, p. 495; Bergens Mus. Aarbok, 2, 1916, p. 16; MoLaNDER (pars), op. cit., 1915, p. 79.
As stated above Bunephthya cannot be used legitimately for this group. Therefore Duva, the earliest available name, must be used. The genus and the several species referred to it by Danielssen were very fully described and finely
a A
Vie. 6. Duca multiflora Verrill. Type. Terminal branches about nat. size. From the Fishing Banks
Alcyonaria G 35
illustrated by him with abundant anatomical and _ histological observations, though he doubtless erred in making too many species, and Ly giving too much importance to variations in the forms of branching.
When well-grown the polypidom has a stout stalk and numerous branches and branchlets, which bear a multitude of small crowded polyps at their tips, usually three to five in a cluster, with a little or no intervening ccoenenchyma.
The branching is usually arborescent and often symmetrical, but variable. The stalk is usually snrooth and naked for some distance, and the proximal part of the branches is usually naked. The terminal branches are often clustered into umbel-like groups, and in other cases into cyme-like or thyrsoid groups, usually of three to seven branchlets.
The polyps are not wholly retractile, and are often partly expanded in alcoholic specimens. The anthocodia is usually pretty well-developed and contains eight double rows of slender spindles and subclavates in chevrons, but the basal wreath of transverse spicules is nearly or quite lacking, so that its limits proximally are not well-defined. The polyps are often unequally developed in the inner and outer sides, and spicules may be few or none on the smaller inner side; in such cases the polyps curve inward in contraction.
The spicules of the anthocodia and the tentacles are mostly slender warted spindles and imperfect clubs. Those of the cortex of the branches and stalk are mostly small warted spindles, sub-clavate forms, double-heads, with more or less compound crosses, double stars, and various small irregular forms. Some- times the lower part of the stalk is nearly destitute of spicules;-the upper part and branches are often without spicules or with few. One of the most salient characteristics is the absence of any well developed wreath of transverse spicules defining the proximal zone of the anthocodia. The rows of spicules run con- tinuously, or nearly so, from the anthocodia to the base of the polyp-body with little change, though sometimes the spicules are small, few, or lacking proximally. The tentacles are spiculose usually nearly to the tips, and sometimes in the pinnules also. This genus is in many respects intermediate between Gersemia and Drifa. From the former it differs in having less ccenenchyma, or none at all, between the polyps, and especially in not having a well-developed wreath of spicules defining the anthocodia. The spicules are mostly smaller and simpler, and those of the cortex are fewer and more generally small spindles and clubs. Also the polyps are not retractile. From Drifa it differs especially in not having the anthocodial area covered with lacerately lobed or spinose clubs. The latter also has larger and more clavate spicules in the cortex of the branches. It agrees in lacking an anthocodial wreath of transverse spicules. The cymiform or subumbellate mode of branching is also generally distinctive for well-grown specimens of this genus.
Duva multiflora Verrill. Sea-Cauliflower.
Aleyonium multiflorum VeRRILL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 11, p. 200, 1879; Ann. Rep. U.S. Fish Comm. for 1883, p. 533, 1885.
Duva arborescens DANIELSSEN, op. cit., pp. 37-41, pl. ui, figs. 42-54: pl. in, figs. 1-17, 1887; probably also including D. spitsbergensis DAN., op. cit., pl. in, figs. 18-29, and D. rosea Koren and Dan., op. cit., 1883, pl. 1.
Eunephthya rosea MOLANDER, op. cit., 1915, p. 74, pl. i, figs. 10, 20, 21.
Plate IV; Fig. 7. Plate XIV; Fig. 6. Text Figs. 6, 7.
This, when well-grown, is a large arborescent species often 100 to 150 mi. high, and 75 mm. broad. The stalk is large and smooth; basal part of branches naked; branches very numerous, subumbellate, bearing clusters of small crowded polyps at their tips, and thus in contraction resembling a cauliflower, giving reason for the name “sea-cauliflower” used by fishermen.
9343—34
36 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Colour in life is often light red or pink, fading in alcohol. ;
This species has been brought in from the fishing banks, off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, by various vessels, and presented to the U.S. Fish Com- mission. It occurs in 130 to 300 fathoms, and is evidently common at those depths. It is also widely distributed in the Arctic regions, and off the northern coasts of Europe.
Pig. 7. Duva arborescens Dan. ‘l'ype. One of the polyps, and part of another with eggs. After Danielssen, enlarged. :
Jungersen united all the twelve nominal species of Duva, described and figured by Danielssen, under the common name Hunephthya florida (Rathke). Molander retained three as distinct. Our species seems to agree best with D. rosea, and to differ distinctly from D. florida, judging by the figures of the latter. Some of the other species described by Danielssen seem to me worthy of recog- nition, judging from his numerous figures of the spicules, ete., especially those that have in the polyps much larger and more numerous spicules, like D. glactalis, to which D. cinerea might be united; and D. flava, Pl. V, figs. 1-33, which has unusually large and stout spicules in the anthocodia.
Tamily CLAVULARID. New family.
Stoloniferous Actinaria having calicles more or less prominent and filled with spicules, mostly rough warted spindles. Polyps also spiculose with a spiculose anthocodia.
Trachythela Verrill. New genus. Plate VII; Figs. 1-7.
Polypidom consists of rather large, low, verruciform or short truncate- conic calicles united by narrow creeping stolons, or by a thin continuous basal expansion, usually attached to the dead axis of a Gorgonian coral, and stiffened by closely packed fusiform spicules of unusually large size.
Alcyonaria G 37
The walls of the calicles and the ccenenchyma are filled with large elongated acute spicules, mostly in the form of warted spindles (Pl. VII, figs. 4 and 5), _ which project from the surface, especially in the summits of the calicles, as
sharp spinules (figs. 1 and 2). Those of the outer ccenenchyma (fig. 5) are mostly very roughly warted spindles, often bent or irregular; those of the inner layer are smaller, more regularly spinulose or warted.
The polyps are large, capable of partial retraction, but usually leave a large anthocodia exposed (fig. 2). This has an opercular armature, consisting of eight convergent groups of large acute warted spindles, arranged in chevrons, in quadruple series, on the basal part of the tentacles; and of a wide collar, made up of about four to six or more transverse rows of long, stout, acute spindles, mostly more or less curved (fig. 4). The inner layer of the ceenenchyma contains smaller spindles, often unequally ended, and many small thorny clubs and double clubs with prominent warts and other small forms (fig. 7).
The polyp-cavity connects directly with the large canals in the basal structure. The calicles may stand singly or they may be united in pairs, or in small groups of abour three, with small buds around them.
Trachythela rudis Verrill. New species Plate VII; Figs. 1-7.
Most of the characters of this, the only known species, are included in the generic description above. The larger calicles are large, swollen or mammiform at the base, with stiff spinulose cortex. The polyps are most frequently united by a membranous but spiculose basal crust, but not uncommonly by narrow creeping stolons; both methods may occur in one colony. The calicles may stand singly but are often grouped in twos or threes, or may form close nodose clusters, 8 to 10 mm. high, composed of two or three larger and several young ones. They are usually, when contracted in alcohol, about 3-5 mm. to 4 mm. in diameter, the anthocodia about 3-5 mm. broad by about 2 to 2-3 mm. high; stolons may be 3 to 4 mm. wide. Most of the calicles are surmounted by a stout strongly spiculose anthocodia (fig. 2). The calicles are echinate or rough at the margin with the sharp projecting points of numerous spicules. Some of these large warted spindles are forked or branched. The larger spicules of the anthocodia are 1-25 mm. long by 0-11 thick; 1-15 mm. long by 0-10 thick; 1-00 mm. long by 0-10 thick. Some of the larger spicules of the ccenen- chyma are 1-00 mm. long and 0-16 mm. thick; 0-70 long by 0-13 thick. Some from the inner layer of the calicles are irregular and some are branched or forked at one end; length of large ones (fig. 6), may be 1-00 mm. long by 0-16 thick; 0-80 long by 0-17 mm. thick.
Numerous smaller spicules, are present in the tentacles, to near the tips, and in the pinne.
The type specimens were from the deep water fishing banks attached to dead stalks of Keratotsts ornata V. Types are in my collection. One large group was on Paragorgia arborea.
This peculiar new species does not appear to be very nearly allied to any species previously known. It is remarkable for its strong armature of large acute projecting spicules, on and around the margins of the calicles, and for the abundant large spicules of the anthocodia and the tentacular operculum. The polyps are often entirely retracted.
The rather large spindles of the base and calicles are so thickly packed, side by side, that these parts change their sizes and forms but little in drying.
oo (06) Q
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 Cornulariella modesta Verrill.
Cornulariella modesta VERRILL, Aner. Journ. Sci., Ser. 3, Vol. VII, p. 40, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2, 1874; Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. for 1873, p. 390, pl. 6, © figs. 1, 2, 1875. J. F. Wuirraves, Amer. Journ. Sci. Vol. VII, p. 2; Catal. Mar. Invert. E. Canada, p. 30, 1901. Verrinu, Ann. Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1883, p. 533, 1885.
Plate VI; Figs. 5,6. Text Figs. 8, 9.
This is a small inconspicuous species, usually found growing on stones and dead shells; height 6 to 18 mim.; diameter of calicles, 38 min.
Fig. 8. Cornulariclla modesta Verrill. Type. Enlarged about four times
Fig. 9. Cornulariclla modesta Verrill. Type. Some of the spicules of the basal stolon and calicles. X 116
The cylindric calicles arise either from narrow creeping stolons or from thin membranous expansions, which are filled with slender fusiform spicules. The polyps are elongated, in contraction the soft upper portion ean be entirely retracted
Alcyonaria G 39
into the firmer lower part or calicle, which then has a rounded top, with eight convergent grooves. The full-grown calicles are usually at least twice higher than broad, often more. The basal stolons and calicle walls are stiffened by an abundance of rather large and long, acute, strongly spinulose spindles, closely packed together in two or more layers; in the stolons they lie parallel, but near the bases of the calicles they lie crossing each other in various directions. In addition to these there are relatively few very small roundish or granule-like, rough spicules scattered over and among the large spindles, and occasionally small compound crosses also occur sparingly. The retractile region and tentacles have eight double rows of small spicules.
The soft part of the polyps when expanded is elongated, whitish, and, translucent, with spicules placed in chevrons. It is often constricted in the middle. The tentacles are white, long and graceful, swollen at base.
The type specimens were taken by us in Casco bay, 35 fathoms, and bay of Fundy in 80 to 100 fathoms, 1870-1873. Dr. Whiteaves, dredged it south of Anticosti island in 220 fathoms. It has subsequently been taken in a number of places, at similar depths, off Maine and New Brunswick, and off Cape Sable, Nova Scotia, in 80 fathoms, 1883 (‘‘Albatross’’).
Several additions have been made to the Canadian Alcyonaria by T. Studer in Resultats des Campagnes Sci., Albert 1, (Camp. Hirondelle, 1886-1887) Fase. XX, Aleyonaria, published in 1901. These were as follows:—
From off Newfoundland, in 1,267 meters. Clavularia concreta Studer, p. 15, Pl. Lohes: 12) Anthomastus agaricus Studer, p. 27, Pl. 1, figs. 6-9. Eunephthya racemosa Studer, p. 33, Pl. IV, figs. 1, 2. See above, p. 34a. Acanthogorgia verrilli Studer, p. 44, Pl. IV, figs. 4-6.
From 155 meters depth:—
Paraspongodes danielsseni Studer, p. 31, Pl. III, figs. 8, 9; pl. X, figs. 1, 3, 7. See below, p. 48a.
The Anthomastus agaricus seems to me to be only the young stages of A. grandiflorus Ver. Eunephthya racemosa was placed under E. flavescens (Dan.) by Molander; Paraspongodes danielssent was united to Gersemia clavata (Dan.) by Molander.
Some additions have also been made to the fauna of the Newfoundland Banks by A. R. Molander in ‘Northern and Arctic Invertebrates in the Collection of the Swedish State Museum.” He records Gersemia wveformis (May) from 66 meters, 1871, p. 54, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. ITI, fig. 28; G. mirabilis (Dan.), p. 69, pl. 1, fig. 10, from 290 meters; G. clavata Danielssen, from 164 meters, 1871, with which he united G. danielssent (Studer), pp. 56-60, pl. 1, figs. 2, 5, 8, pl. 111, fig. 29; G. fruticosa, pp. 60-69, pl. 1, figs. 6, 9, 11, 13, pl. 111, figs. 30, 32; Eunephthya flavescens (Dan. 1887), pp. 74-78, pl. 11, figs. 15, 17; 290 meters, 1871, and in this last species he includes #. racemosa Studer, and EF. hyalina (Dan.), E. sarsii May, and E. candida (K. and D.).
Professor C. C. Nutting, has recorded Stachyptilum quadridentatum Nutting, from Juneau, Alaska, in the collection of the University of California. Proc. U.S., Nat. Museum, Vol. XXXV, p. 709, 1909.
1 Kungl. Svenska, Vetens.-Akad. Han lingar, Bd. 51, No. 11, VU, Aleyonacea. Stockholm, 1915.
°
40 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 Family ANTHOMASTIDA. New family.
I now propose to establish a new family of Aleyonacea to include Anthomas- tus Ver., and Sarcophytum Less., hitherto included in the family Alcyonide. Its principal diagnostic characters are the presence of an expanded polypiferous upper body supported on a barren stalk, with the two regions well differentiated, and the presence of numerous fertile siphonozooids between the polyps, on the upper surface. The form may be Agaricus-like (mushroom-shaped), or the upper portion may be lobed or divided into frondose forms.
The genus Sarcophytum Less. is abundant in most tropical seas, except in the West Indies and on West American coasts. It is characteristic of shallow water on coral reefs.. Its polyps are small, but it often grows in large frondose masses, as well as in mushroom-shapes. It is abundant in the Red Sea, East Indies, Australian reefs, etc.
Anthomastus (Verrill, 1878,) is a deep water genus, confined to cold waters. It was first found on the Newfoundland Banks in 1878, but several species are now known coming from nearly all parts of the world where deep sea dredging has been done, both in the colder seas and in the tropics.
The polyps are always relatively large and retractile, while the fertile siphonozooids are small and destitute of tentacles. All the species appear to be of some shade of red or purple, and when mature are usually mushroom-shaped or biscuit-shaped. Some species become large. They are often found on muddy bottoms where they anchor themselves by lobulated root-like processes. But our species, and probably also all the others, can also attach itself to stones, etc., and it then has a broad encrusting base, either simple or lobed. These notable differences are not to be regarded as specific, for all intermediate states are found in the same species. So, likewise, the forms of the individuals of a species vary greatly, according to their ages and environment. They may be tall with a long stem, or low and broad with a short stalk, ete.
Anthomastus grandiflorus Verrill.
Anthomastus grandiflorus VERRILL, American Journal Science, ser. 3, vol. XVI, p. 376; Brief Cont. to Zoology, No. 39, 1878; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. XI, p. 41, pl. I, figs. 7-10b; Annual Report, U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1883, pp. 513, 533, pl. ii, fig 12, 1885. Also a figure in Web- ster’s International: Dictionary, pp. 68, 1975, ed. of 1890 and in ed. of 1904. WuirEaves, List. Invert., op cit., p. 31, 1901.
Anthomastus purpureus (as Sarcophyton) Koren and DaNiIELsseN, Fauna Litt. Norv., 1883. Mo.anpmr, op cit., p. 48, 1901 (details).
Anthomastus agaricus STUDER, op. cit., p. 27, pl. i, figs. 1-9, 1901 (Young). Plate XIV; Figs. 5-7. Plate XVII; Figs. 1-1d.
When well grown this is a large species, with numerous very large polyps, perhaps the largest known in any Alcyonarian genus, except that those of some species of Umbellula may be as large or larger.
The form is usually somewhat mushroom-like (Agaricus-shape). The upper part is thick and often considerably larger than the stalk, and may become 3 to 5 inches or more in diameter (75 to 120 mm.). The summit is more or less convex and when large bears a large number of large exsert polyps, becoming in partial expansion 20 to 25 mm. high and sometimes over an inch (25 to 30 mm.) across, the tentacles, even in alcohol. They are entirely retractile into calicles that are only slightly elevated and eight-lobed. | Young specimens often occur with only two or three large polyps and with a thick convex top.
Alcyonaria G 41
Large numbers of slightly raised fertile siphonozooids are scattered over all the top, between the polyps. The stalk bears neither polyps nor siphonozooids. The base may be either expanded and simple, or else lobed, when adherent to stones; but on muddy bottoms it usually has more or less numerous thick root- like or bulbous nodules and lobes extending downward into the mud for anchorage (figs. 6, 7). The ccenenchyma is abundant and contains numerous channels connecting the polyps and siphonozooids. The ccelenterons of the large polyps extend to the base. The siphonozooids contain ova, but have no tentacles.
_ The tentacles and their pinne contain numerous slender fusiform and rod- like spicules. The cortex of the top contains abundant rod-like, fusiform, and some club-shaped and double stellate spicules with a few crosses, etc. (see pl. XVII, fig. 1). The spicules of the interior are mostly slender spindles and rods.
Colour is usually deep red, varying to purple and light red. It does not fade much in alcohol.
The Anthomastus purpureus (K. and D.) as Sarcophyton, of the Norwegian coast, is much like our species, but the described specimens are much smaller and probably young. Its polyps, as described, are only about half as large as those of our full grown examples.
Studer described A. agaricus from 1267 meters, off Newfoundland, (op. cit., p. 27, pl. i, figs. 6-9, 1901). His largest examples were badly contracted, small, and probably very young, having only about 10 polyps. One had but three polyps. It is probably the young state of A. grandiflorus. Colour was red. Spicules are much like those of our species. I have seen similar young ones of our form, associated with large ones. See pl. XIV, figs. 6, 7.
A. grandiflorus was taken in large numbers on or between the deeper banks off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, in 150 to 300 fathoms, They were pre- sented to the U.S. Fish Commission by the Gloucester, Mass., fishermen, from 1878 to 1881. It was also taken by the “Albatross” and ‘Fish Hawk” in 410 to 1395 fathoms off our northern coasts. A similar species (A. agassizii Ver.) occurs in the West Indies in deep water. It is light red and has somewhat smaller polyps and different spicules. The rod-like spicules of the ceenenchyma and calicles are longer, larger, and more spinulose and the short ellipsoidal and double stellate forms from the exterior of the coenenchyma are more strongly warted or spiunlose. (See Plate XVII, figs. 2—2c.)
Suborder GoRGONACEA.
Family CHRYSOGORGIDZ Ver. or DASYGORGID. Some authors. Radicipes Stearns.
Radicipes Stearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. VI, p. 97, pl. vii, figs. 1, 2, July, 1883. Type R. pleurocristatus, Japan. KINOSHITA, Journ. College Sci. Tokio Imp. Univ., vol. XXXII, art. 2, pp. 1, 5, 1913.
Lepidogorgia Verritt, Amer. Journ. Science, vol. XXVIII, p. 220, 1884, Brief Cont. to Zoology, No. 55; Annual Report U.S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries for 1883, p. 512, 1885.
Strophogorgia Wricut and Stupsr, Voy. Challenger, vol. VI, Alcyonaria, p. 2, 1889. In part.
Chrysogorgide usually growing in the form of long, simple rods, with the pase divided into calcareous, branched, root-like processes. | Coenenchyma thin; its spicules in the form of thin oblong scales. Polyp-calicles elongated, well separated, oblique, usually arranged in a secund manner, their spicules are spindles.
424 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 Radicipes gracilis Verrill.
Lepidogorgia gracilis VERRILL, op. cit., 1884, p. 220; op. cit., 1885, pp. 512, 533, pl. I, figs. 10, 10a.
Figs. 10 and 10a. Radicipes gracilis Verrill. Fig. 10. Portion from the middle of the stalk bearing two polyps; 10a. base of stalk and basal root-like processes, x 2
The axis is simple, tall, slender, tapered to the tip, terete, iridescent. Polyp calicles are large, elongated, often wider than the axis, seated obliquely, well apart, and secund. Colour when living is orange or salmon-color. Calicles are filled with elongated spindles. Canenchyma is very thin; its spicules are thin, seale-like, oblong, with rounded ends and often constricted in the middle. Root processes are much branched, round, hard, calcareous, and taper to small slender tips. Height up to 3 feet or more (900 mm.). It was taken by the ‘“Albatross”’ in 1883, off Georges Bank, in 858 fathoms, and farther south in 1731 and 1735 fathoms in large numbers. A comparison with the types of Stearns shows the generic identity of Lepidogorgia.
Family KERATOISID Gray, 1870 (emended).
Keratoiside + Acanellade + Mopseade (pars) Gray, Cat. Lithophytes Brit. Mus., pp. 13, 16, 18, 1870. Ceratoiside Verity, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XI, p. 11, 1883.
Axis simple or variously branched, with long calcareous joints, which are often hollow, alternating with shorter horny joints. Branches, when present, sometimes arise from the calcareous joints, but more frequently from the horny ones. Base calcareous, usually divided into long, flat, irregular lobes, serving as anchors in the mud of the sea bottom. Coenenchyma thin, commonly with long fusiform conspicuous spicules, sometimes with other small scale-like ones at the surface. Calicles large and prominent, filled with large fusiform spicules, of which eight or more are larger than the rest and commonly project as sharp marginal spines hetween the bases of the tentacles, forming an armature for the protection of the incurved and imperfectly retracted tentacles.
Alcyonaria’ Ga 43 Keratoisis Wright.
Keratoisis Wricut, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1869, p. 427; III, p. 24. Gray, Cat. Lith. Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 18. Ceratoisis VERRILL, op. cit., 1883, p. 11.
In this genus the branches are usually few and distant and arise from the calcareous joints. Otherwise it agrees very closely with some of the sparingly branched species of Acanella. The calcareous joints are tubular. The calicles are strongly armed with large spiniform spicules, and the coenenchyma also con- tains large fusiform spicules. ;
In this genus are included the largest known species of the family. Some specimens of K. ornata are about four feet high. These are found at considerable depths, in cold water, on the Banks off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.
Keratoisis ornata Verrill. Gold-banded Coral.
Keratoisis ornata VERRILL, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XVI, 1878, pp. 212, 376; op. cit., 1883, p. 11, pl. I, figs. 4-4b (as Ceratotsis); op. cit., 1885, p. 533.
Plate XVI; Figs. l-lb. Plate XVII; Figs. 4-4b.
Coral tall; sometimes over four feet high; distantly and irregularly branched, the branches spreading, often nearly at right angles, elongated, rather slender, eradually tapering, giving off, in the same manner, elongated branchlets. The branches and branchlets mostly arise from near the proximal end of the cal- careous joints, but sometimes from the middle. The calcareous joints are ivory-white, elongated, round, slightly enlarged at the ends, usually faintly and often indistinctly striated longitudinally, appearing smooth to the naked eye, but finely granulous under a lens; they are tubular, having a central tube equal to about a third or a fourth of their total diameter. The chitinous joints are usually lustrous golden yellow or bronze-color, sometimes plain brown, short, scarcely longer than thick in the larger branches, about twice as long as thick in the smaller ones, where they become translucent and brownish or amber- color, without the metallic lustre seen in those of the larger branches. The basal part is deeply divided into irregular, palmate, flattened lobes, or root-like expansions, by means of which it anchors itself in the mud.
One specimen, preserved in alcohol, shows remarkable variations in the length and form of the calicles. Over most of the branches they’are very long and prominent, constricted in the middle, with an expanded base and enlarged summit, crowned by eight prominent spines, surrounding the incurved and nearly retracted tentacles (Pl. XVII, fig. 4a). In this form of calicle the length is two to three times the average diameter. But on other branches the calicles are only prominent, sub-conical verruce, broadest at base, with the summit narrow, and the spines but little prominent (Fig. 4a); these are often about as broad as high. Intermediate forms also occur on this specimen. The calicles are irregularly but rather uniformly scattered over the whole surface, and are mostly separated by spaces two or three times as great as their breadth, though some are in contact at their bases. The surface of the coenenchyma and calicles is covered with a soft integument, which nearly conceals the spicules, except at the border of the calicles; but they become conspicuous when dried. _
The calicles in dried specimens are usually prominent, elongated, somewhat expanding toward the end, and are crowded nearly equally over the whole surface; they are covered with large, conspicuous, acute spicules which form, at the summit, eight sharp spinous points. (See Pl, XVI, fig. Ta), The coenen- chyma is thin, translucent, yellowish, filled with long and large fusiform, spicules.
446 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918—1918
The large projecting spicules of the calicles are fusiform, usually more or less bent, and either acute at both ends or acute at the distal end and obtuse at the other. The larger of these measure 4-40 by 0-35, 4-10 by 0-30, 3-80 by 0-30, 3-70 by 0-22 mm. With these, below the margin and in the polyps, there are many smaller and more slender, partly fusiform, partly oblong or rod-like spicules, with both ends similar, and either acute or obtuse. ;
The spicules of the ccenenchyma are large, fusiform, and striated, mostly acute at both ends, and bear small conical spinules in rows. The larger ones measure about 4-2 mm. long by -025 thick, but most are smaller, about 2-5 to 3-5 mm. long by -015 to -020 mm. thick.
One specimen, lacking the base, was about 40 inches high (1020 mm.) and one of its branches was 27 inches, or 675 mm., long before dividing. One of the type specimens was 660 mm. high. (See Pl. XVI, figs. 1-1b.)
Most of the known specimens came up entangled by the lines used in deep water fishing, in about 200 to 300 fathoms, around the Banks off Nova Scotia, and were presented to the U.S. Fish Commission, 1878 to 1881, by the Gloucester, Mass., halibut fishermen.
Acanella Gray. Acanella normani Verrill. Bush Coral.
Acanella arbuscula NorMAN, Proc. Royal Soc. London, 1876, p. 210, (non John- son, 1862).
Acanella normani VerritL, Amer. Jour. Sci., XVI, 1878, p. 212 (descr.); XXIII, 1882, p. 315; Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. XI, p. 14, pl. IV, figs. 2-2b, 1883; Ann. Report U.S. Fish Comin. for 1883, pp. 512, 533, pl. XLIV, fig. 198, a-f, 1885.
Plate XVI; Figs. 2, 3,4. Plate XVII; Figs. 3, 3a. Text Fig. 11.
This abundant species grows in much branched bush-like forms about eight inches to a foot high and often nearly as broad. The colour, when living, is usually light chestnut-brown, varying to orange-brown and dark brown; polyps when expanded are paler and transluscent.
Axis white with orange-brown nodes. Base much branched with flat divisions. Stems rather stout; branches arise at nearly right angles to the stalk, eed in whorls of four, from the horn-like nodes; distal ones slender, more upright.
Fig. 11. Acanclla normani Verrill. Naked axis of a branch and branchlets to show mode of branching; natural size. ‘
Alcyonaria G 45
Internodes of the stem are short, mostly 6 to 12 mm. long; in the branches often 18 to 20 mm. Calicles large, elongated, swollen near the base, or at both ends, with eight conspicuous, distal, marginal spines.
It was obtained in considerable numbers by the fishermen, in deep water, about 150 to 250 fathoms, on or near the Banks off Nova Scotia and Newfound- land. It was also dredged in many places by the “Albatross” off the New England coast in large numbers. Sometimes a hundred or more came up in a single haul of the trawl. Its range in depth here was mostly from 219 to 1735 fathoms. It was most abundant in 300 to 400 fathoms.
Suborder Pennatunacea Verrill, 1865. Family PENNATULID Dana. Pennatula aculeata (Sars) Danielssen, 1858, Red Sea-pen.
Pennatula phosphorea, var. aculeata Sars, 1870. K6.irKER, op. cit., 1869, p. 154, pl. IX, fig. 73.
Pennatula aculeata VerriuL, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. V, pp. 5, 100, 1875; vol. XXXII, pp. 310, 315, 1882; Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. XI, p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 2, 2a, 1883; VERRILL, op cit. 1885, p. 532, pl. III, figs. 7, a,b. Wuur- EAVES, List Invert., p. 55, 1901.
Plate XVIII; Figures 1, 2.
This elegant ‘‘sea-pen’” occurs very commonly in moderately deep water off the coasts of Nova Scotia and the eastern United States, in 60 to 300 fathoms, and also abundantly in deep water, down to 1255 fathoms. Mr. Whiteaves dredged it in 160 to 200 fathoms, between Anticosti island and Gaspé in 1871-73. The Gloucester, Mass., fishermen also brought in numerous specimens from the various fishing banks off Nova Scotia, taken entangled on their lines in 60 to 300 fathoms. Large numbers were dredged by the steamers “Fishhawk,”’ “Albatross” and “Blake,’’ south of Martha’s Vineyard, etc., in 200 to 1,000 fathoms, 1880 to 1887. In one instance 494 specimens were taken hy the “ Albatross’ in one haul, in other cases over 200.
It is very phosphorescent and is usually bright red or purplish red with a yellow or pale orange stalk. Occasionally a white or albino specimen was taken, more frequently a pink or rose-coloured variety (var. rosea Kor. and Dan.). This was taken by the ‘‘Albatross” in 157 to 410 fathoms.
In the deeper waters we took many specimens with the pinne longer, more slender and more loosely arranged than usual (var. laxa, new name). Two of these are figured on Plate XVIII, Figures 1, 2. In other respects they agree nearly with the ordinary kind.
Supplement to the Report on the Alcyonaria of the Canadian Arctte Expedition. By A. E. VERRILL.
After the preceding report was written another small collection of Aleyon- aria and Actinaria was received. These were collected by Mr. F. Johansen on an
expedition to Hudson bay in 1920. ; . Some of the specimens are of special zoological interest. Others belong to
species not hitherto recorded from that region.
46 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 Family NEPHTHYID Verrill, 1869. Drifa glomerata Verrill. (See above, Page 31 G). ‘Sea Cauliflower.’
Plate V; Figs. 2-2a. Plate XIV; Figs. 2-2b. Plate XV; Figs. 1-5. Plate X VIIa; Figs. 2, 3. Text Figures 5, 12.
Three good specimens of this species were obtained. These confirm the identification of Veringia flavesens Daniclssen with this species and show that Eunephthya glomerata Molander is not the truce glomerata Vervill.
These later and larger specimens agrec we with the original general figures of Danielssen and the spicules (Pl. XV, figs. 1, 2) correspond well with his figures, (same Plate, Figs. 3, 4) ca also with those of my type specimen (PI. V, fig. 2a).
The largest specimen, well preserved in alcohol, but strongly contracted, is 85mm. high and 75 mm. broad; diameter of stem, 14mm. Pl. NX VIIa, figs. 2. 3.
Mr. Johansen states that its colour has kept fairly well in alcohol. It is now rather dark yellowish brown, the color being in the soft tissues. The spicules are white. The trunk-stem is relatively small and is strongly grooved, due to vigorous contraction. It is but slghtly translucent, rather firm, but flexible, and its somewhat thick cortex contains numerous small thorny spicules of various forms, beneath the surface
The main trunk and the stems of the branches and branchlets are con- cealed almost completely by the abundance of the crowded polyps, but can be seen in places by pushing the groups apart. The trunk gives rise to numerous short branches from the base to the summit. The branches, as now contracted, have short stalks, or may be nearly sessile. Most arise from one side of the trunk. The branches, as covered by the crowded branchlets and polyps, are mostly ovate-conical or pine-cone shaped. The branches are covered with num- erous small, short branchlets, shaped like the branches and bearing numerous crowded and unequal polyps, often up to twelve or fourteen on each. Some occur, however, with few polyps and small branchlets are also found arising directly from the main stalk.
The polyps are so closely crowded by contraction that they overlap or appear imbricated and many of the mature ones are incurved more or less. The larger ones are from 1 to 2mm. long and 0-75 to 1-00 mm. broad. Between these are many young ones not more than half as large, but of the same form. All have the tentacles closely incurved, so that they show only the convex outer basal portions, which form eight acute convergent lobes, containing an abund- ance of small, white, rough, irregular spicules ae chevronwise with their spinules directly outwardly. (See Pl. XIV, fig. 2
The polyp bedies are more or less clavate or “dlove-shape |. The anthocodial part is the larger and has eight narrow raised ribs, cach containing two crowded rows of white clavate spicules arranged aecee ise; the proximal or mesen- terial portion is usually Smee iat narrower, and contains similar spicules, but smaller and not so many. The two regions are not separated by a constriction nor by a transverse wreath of spicules such as occurs in species of the genus Gersemia.
In transverse sections of the branch stems there are relatively few longi- tudinal ducts, usually 8 to 12, some much oe than the others. They often contain yellow ova and planule (Text Fig. 12), as do the polyp bodies. The membrane between them is rather thick and pee Direct connections occur between them and also indirect connections by fine channels, as in most species of this family.
The spicules of the anthocodiz are mainly very thorny clubs of various forms, essentially like t hu from the type (see Plate XV, figures 2a-2g), but there are also various other forms; vstally the cluls ave three or four times as long as broad, with the wide outer erd covercd with nany lenger ard shorter, mostly blunt lobes and thorns, which are more or less flattened; scme are wide at the
Alcyonaria G 47 base; others are slender. Thick “clumsy” clubs and spindles, such as Molander figured and described as characteristic of his glomerata, do not occur. The clubs usually taper gradually to the narrow acute tip and are covered proximally with shorter thorns and small lobes or spinules. With the clubs are much fewer spindles of about the same length, acute at one or both ends, and covered with more or less acute thorny processes (2h). Some have larger lobes or thorns on one side, which is then convex. Some are intermediate between clubs and spindles.
Fig. 12. Drifa glomerate Verrill. Ovum and two planule taken from one of the polyp bodies: one is only in outline. Much enlarged. a
The spicules of the cortex of the branches are of various forms and s1zes, and are mostly covered with very prominent, mostly obtuse lobes and regular prominences (Pl. XV, figs. 1, a-t), so that they are apt to interlock and cling together in clusters when cleaned. Some of the larger forms are stout, regular spindles, but the more abundant ones, of the larger sizes, are short, regular, blunt forms (a, b, d, g), many of them being subclavate, like (c, f, h, 1); others have a median smooth zone, (j, k); but much greater numbers are much smaller, irregular spindles (m, 0), double heads and double stellate forms and other forms with a median narrow naked zone and few relatively high prominences, appearing stellate when seen endwise (q, r, t); many forms occur that are not figured.
The largest specimen and a small one were taken in Richmond gulf, about three miles from the entrance, east side of Hudson bay, on a bottom of stones and sand, in 25 fathoms, Aug. 27, 1920. The other specimen was taken near the same place, four miles from the entrance, in 10 to 20 fathoms, stones and alge, Aug. 24, 1920, by F. Johansen.
These specimens agree in form and mode of branching with the Hunephthya flavescens of Molander (his Pl. 2, figs. 15, 17). The spicules of the latter, as shown by my figures of those from the type of £. flavescens, agree much better with my type specimens than do those that he refers to in his FB. glomerata. Those that he figured and described from the latter (his text-fig. 13, op. cit.) are much stouter and thicker, both the clubs and spindles, and the clubs are less evidently club-shaped. His figures of the anthocodial spicules (figures 13, a, b) agree much better with those from the cortex of the branches of my type, not tapering rapidly to an acute end, as they do in his flavescens and in my type. He states that he had examined also the type of Danielssens’ flavescens. Danielssens’ figures of the entire organism and of numerous forms of spicules are excellent and agree with those of my type. (See my Pl. XV, figs. 3a-f, after Danielssen. )
These specimens, like the type, contained eggs und planule in various stages of development. (See figure 12.)
Therefore I am convinced that D. flavescens is a synonym of the true glom- erata. The glomerata of Molander is .cither a strongly marked variety or a distinct species, if the spicules are correctly figured and described. The mode of branching and arrangement of the polyps is essentially alike in both forms, allowing for the unequal effects of strong contraction seen in alcoholic specimens of this and all other species of this family.
48 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
‘The character of the spicules of Molander’s species is much like those of D. islandica Danielssen in most respects, and it may be referable to that species or variety.
Gersemia studeri, Verrill New name.
Paraspongodes danielsseni StupER, op. cit., 1901, p. 31, pl. III, figs. 8, 9; pl. X, figs. 1, 3, 7 (non Marenzeller, species, 1877).
Since this species also belongs to Gersemia, it should have a new name. In mode of branching and form of the colony it is like G. rubiformis, and like that species it has an abundance of ccenenchyma between the entirely retractile polyps, but the polyps are more crowded with spicules in the anthocodia and tentacles, while in the proximal part there are transverse rows of stouter and rougher spicules. The thick spindles of the stalk are covered with sharp spinules; those of the anthocodia and its wreath are slender spindles. Color in alcohol was grayish brown. Off Newfoundland, in 1267 m.
Gersemia rubiformis Pallas. (Ehr.)
See above, page 4c, and Plate I; Figs. 1-lf. Plate II; Figs. 1-4a. Plate X VIIa; Fig. 1.
Additional specimens of this species were collected by Mr. Johansen in 1920. One is from near the entrance of Richmond gulf, in 25 fathoms, sand and stones, Aug. 23. Two other specimens are from near the same place in 15 to 20 fathoms, stones and alge, Aug. 24, 1920.
With this was a very interesting young specimen in hemispherical shape, about 2mm. broad. It has a central polyp, surrounded by seven slightly smaller unequal ones, and there are about eight to ten still smaller younger outer ones irregularly alternating. The base has a thin transparent outer edge. All the polyps are entirely contracted. The tissues are translucent and show the usual bright red spicules. The outer polyps are quite young and imperfectly developed.
Another specimen was taken between Great Whale river and Richmond gulf, L. 56° N., August, 1920 (Johansen coll.).
Gersemia longiflora Verrill.
Gersenua longiflora VERRILL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology, vol. XI, p. 44, pl. III, figs. 6-6b, 1883; Annual Report U.S. Comm. of Fish and Fisheries for 1883, pp. 513, 533, pl. II, fig. 13, 1885.
Plate IV; Fig. 8. Plate XIV; Figs. 3, 3a, variety. Text Fig. 13. Type.
This species has a naked stalk, sometimes bulbous at the base and enclosing mud, though it evidently starts adhering to some solid object; most frequently a dead gorgonian axis. It branches openly and the polyps lie along the elongated branches, rather loosely. They are longer than in most species and nearly cylindric, with little or no ccenenchyma between them. The spicules of the type are notably slender (Pl. IV, fig. 8). Most of them are slender warted spindles and slender oblong forms; some are almost rod like. They are more slender than in any other described species of this genus, and quite unlike those of @. fruticosa, which has a similar mode of branching. Jungersen’s supposition that it was the
Alcyonaria G 49
same as (r. fruticosa is incorrect. The type was taken by the “Blake” in 1186 fathoms, off Deleware, only one specimen was then found. It was taken by the “Albatross” and the “Blake” off New Jersey and Delaware, in 1186 to 1917 geo) and off Georges Bank in 858 fathoms, in 1883. Common in the deeper stations.
SOR ree c S a) ANG oP Sp IS
Fig. 13. Gersemia longiflora Verrill. Type, a, one of the branches, enlarged about twice; b, one of the polyps, more enlarged; c, some of the spicules.
It is possible that the later specimens, such as the one figured on my PI, XIV, fig. 3, are not identical with the type. The latter, as originally figured. has elongated cylindrical calicles, resembling those of a Telesto, with no ccenen- chyma between them and the spicules are more slender than usual in Gersemia, while the later specimens are more like Gersemia fruticosa in form. Unfortun- ately these types are not at present available for reexamination. It is possible that the type does not belong to the genus Gersemia.
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50 @ Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Prats I.
Fig. 1. Gersemia rubiformis (Pallas.) One of the polyps nearly expanded, somewhat flattened py Sioa x about 20. From Station 20g, Port Clarence bay. Fig. la. The same. Another polyp, less compressed, showing the small spicules of the anthocodial por- tion. x about 20. la!. One of the smaller immature polyps. Fig. 1b. The same: two of the tentacles. x about 45. s, s!, s!, spicules from the anthocodia. x 45. Fig. 1c. The same: tip of a branchlet with retracted polyps showing the character of the calicles. Figs. 1d, 1d!. The same: sections of branches showing the arrangement of the longitudinal tubes: 1d is
from a large branch. x about 10. Fig. le. The same: disk of a polyp with the tentacles removed. x 20. Fig. 1{. The same: group of the eggs from the tubes, some are immature. x 20.
Figs. 2, 2a. Gersemiacanadensis, new sp. Type. Twoofthe exsert polyps, somewhat contracted. x 20.
Figs. 2b, 2c. The same: two nearly retracted polyps, exposing the anthocodia above the calicle; 2¢ has some young polyp calicles around the mature one. x 20.
Fig. 2d. The same: end of a branch showing a group of stellate calicles and one anthocodia. x 20.
Fig. 3. Gersemia rubiformis: a pale variety from Orphan Bank. A large calicle and anthocodia from the tip of a branchlet, surrounded by immature calicles. x 20.
Alcyonaria Gg 51
PCOS
wae yo
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52 « Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-1918
Prats II.
Fig. 1. Gersemia rubiformis (Ehren.) Red spicules from a Port Clarence bay specimen. oe 20c. x abou Fig. 2. The same: group of red spicules from a specimen from Station 24; a—g are from the superficial layer of the calicles: e, f are endwise views; h—k are from the stalk. x about 165.
Fig. 3. The same. Red spicules of specimen from point Barrow—mostly from the superficial layer of a branch. x 165.
Figs. 4,4a1. The same. A pale variety with nearly white spicules, from Orphan Bank; Figs. 4 a—c are from the stalk; 4a, a—m are mostly from the external layer of the calicle, and surrounding surface layer; jisa compound cross; i,j, k, are end views.
Fig. 5. Gersemia canadensis, new species, type. Group of spicules from an entire branchlet and THe basal expansion; a—g are the larger spicules from the thin attached base; a, b, ¢, are classed as warted double-spindles; e, f, are irregular double spindles; h,-o, are mostly white double- spindles from the surface layer of the « calicles; n, n, are end views of the same kind; p is an irregular compound cross; q, Tr, T, 8, are simple warted spindles; t!, t, are slender spindles from the anthocodial portion of the ‘calicles. x 165.
Fig. 6. G. rubiformis (Ehrenberg). Red spicules of the larger kinds from a specimen from Point Locker, c is seen endwise, e is a compound cross-shaped form frequent in this species. x 165.
Alcyonaria
54 4G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Prats III.
ig. 1. Stylatula columbiana Verrill. New species. Type. One of the wings or pinne from near the
distal end, with a reduced number of polyps, some of which are nearly expanded. x about 10
ig. 2. The same. Basal part of wing, more enlarged to show arrangement of the spicules on stalk and 20.
base of wing. x
ig. 3. The same. One of the larger wings from the central part with the polyps partly eecaace ee
of the crowded polyps are omitted.
.4. The same. Four of the mature polyps from one of the larger wings, nearly expanded. x aot, ig. 4a. Some of the supporting spicules of the same. ee, Transverse sections of some of ee
spicules.
ig.5. Gersemia fruticosa (Sars.) Tip of a small branchlet, with a cluster of polyps partially seouaded in 10
alcohol. From Richmond gulf, Hudson bay. x
ig. 6. The same. Another polyp as compressed under the cover glass to show the arrangement of the
spicules. x 20
ig. 7. The same. a-o, A group of spicules from polyp-walls and tentacles; b-g, are slender spicules from
the larger or anthocodial portion; a, one of the largest spindles, probably from the collar- like transverse rows; h-j, from the narrower proximal portion; k-o, mostly from the ten- tacles; p-t, from the cortex of a branch. x 165
.8. Gersemia canadensis Verrill. T ype. One of the nearly expanded tentacles. x abant 45
All by the author.
@ 55
Alcyonaria
‘Prats III.
Ko Ss <S
ov
wl” 2 LLL”
x45
a ok 3 AL) Cee SY SE < aS ” i Ww > soe 5S yn os aes eae gs! S ‘
56 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1915-1918
Puate IV.
Fig. 1. Gersemia carnea (Ag.) Ver. A young specimen nearly fully expanded, copied from a photograph of a living specimen in aquarium. o—o, eggs. x about 2.
Fig. 2. The same. Spicules from a specimen taken at Eastport, Me. a-e, from the anthocodi# and tentacles; f, a group from the anthocodia; g-h, double stars; i, j, k, double heads from the coenenchyma of the cortex; 1, l', spindles; m, n, popped-corn-shaped from the cortex; t, u, small double heads. x 140.
Fig. 3. The same: variety microstella Verrill. a,b,c, from the anthocodia and tentacles; d—n, from the cortex; d, e, f, double heads; g, h, li, double stars; i-l, stellate forms seen endwise; m,n, very irregular branched spicules. x 140.
Figs. 4 and 5. Primnoa reseda (Pallas). Ver. Larger and smaller branches (from the Banks); a, b, young calicles; c, a mature calicle of the larger kind; d, one of the shorter kind. Sos
Fig. 6. The same: side view of one of the shorter mature calicles showing the forms and arrangement of the scales. Much enlarged.
Fig. 7. Duva arborescens Dan. Spicules, after Danielssen: a—d, from the polyp-bodies; e—j, spicules from the branchlets; k, spicules from upper part of a branch; |, m, spicules from a branch; n, spicules from the base.
Fig. 8. Gersemia longiflora Verrill. Variety? Spicules mostly from the anthocodiz and tentacles of a specimen from the gulf of St. Lawrence. a, b, c, Slender rod-like bodies, sparingly warted or spinulose, from the anthocodi#; d—h, Stouter rods, or oblong forms from the anthoco- diz; i, an irregular rough spindle; j—n, imperfect double spindles blunt at ends; 1—q, small forms mostly from the tentacles. Forms like a-f predominate and many are more slender than those figured. x 110.
G 57
Alcyonaria
Prats IV.
58 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Puate V.
Fig. 1. Eunephthya thrysoidea Verrill. Type from cape of Good Hope. Side view of one of the polyps to show the arrangement and forms of the spicules, and the spinose convex surface of the antho- codial region. The tentacles are strongly incurved. x 36.
Fig. la. The same. Spicules. a, a foliated and spinose club from the outer rows of the seekrseniltal one of the more common forms; b, a one-sided club from lower part of the same area; c, a more slender form of club from the anthocodia; d, an irregular trilobed form; e, a ‘small spindle from a tentacle. x 70.
Fig. 2. Drifa glomerata Verrill. Spicules from the ty pe of Eunephthya glomerata V. a-f, clubs and a rough spindle from the anthocodia for comparison with those of fig. 1 a. x 132.
Fig. 2a. The same: a—e, various forms of clubs from the anthocodia; f—g, one-sided clubs; h, a com- pound cross; j—l, smaller clubs; m, a spindle spinose on one side; n, a asin: spindle: o—r, small spicules from the tentacles. 132.
Fig. 8. Gersemia clavata Dan. A polyp partly expanded, from an alcoholic specimen, from the gulf of St.
: Lawrence. The anthocodial region is somewhat flattened by pressure, and therefore appears relatively too wide. x 36.
Fig. 8a. The same specimen: spicules. a—h, from the anthocodia; i—m, from the eccenenchyma of a branchlet; n—p, from a tentacle. x 2
Fig. 4. Gersemia clavata Dan: Spicules of the type, after Danielssen. a—e, spicules from the anthocodia; i, j, 1, from the cortex of the stem; k—m, from the cortex of a branch.
Fig. 5. Gersemia mirabilis Dan: Spicules from the type, after Danielssen. a,b,c, spindles from the anthocodia; d—g, from the tentacles; h—l, from the cortex of stem and base.
G 59
Aleyonaria
Puate Ve
60 a Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Prats VI.
Fig. 1. Anthothela grandiflora (Sars) Verrill. Calicles from the type described in 1869. x 8. Fig. 2. The same; x 66. a-h, spicules from the anthocodia and tentacles. a,c, spindles. b, curved or bow-form from wreath at base of anthocodia. d, h, smaller forms from the tentacles.
Fig. 3. The same; x 66. a—tf, spicules from the ccenenchyma. Fig. 4. The same; x 66. a—g, spicules from the axis. Fig. 5. Cornulariclla modesta Verrill. Spicules from the type. a, b, spindles from the cortex of the base. x 132. Fig. 6. The same; a, b, ¢, spicules from the calicles. x 132. Fig. 7. The same. Spicule from the polyp. x 132. Fig. 8. Paramuricea placomus(L.) Koll.
a—p, Spicules from the anthocodia and tentacles of a large Norwegian specimen. a, b, ec, h, bent spicules from the anthocodia. d, e, e!, straight spindles. f, g, h, j, }}, irregular forms. lp, small spicules from the tentacles. i, irregular small clubs from the calicle. Fig. 8a; The same; a—e, spicules from the calicles and ccenenchyma.
S UNE Y,
a) q
Alcyonaria
624
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Puate VII.
Figs. 1—7. Trachythela rudis Verrill, new sp. Type.
Anthocodia and top of calicle, end view.
di 2. The same: side view of anthocodia and spicules in the base of the tentacles. . 3. View of a part of a stolon with calicle removed. ig. 4. 5 6 7
The same. : a—s, spicules from the anthocodia and tentacles.
. The same.
a—o, spicules mostly from the ccenenchyma.
. The same.
a—g, spicules from the inner part of polyp, mostly irregular forms.
. The same: spicules from the inner layers of the ccenenchyma.
a, one of the larger clubs. b—d, larger forms of spindles. e—k, smaller forms of clubs. l—o, irregular small forms.
Alcyonaria
644 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Prats VIII.
Fig. 1. Lepidomuricea grandis Verrill. Type. Group of spicules from the ccenenchyma. x about 48. a—f, flat rough, irregular, scale-like forms. g—h, elongated irregular spindles. j, acutely warted or thorny irregular club with the point projecting from the surface. y, a simple slender spindle. Fig. 2. The same specimen. Group of spicules from the calicles. x 50. By A.H.V. a—e, flattened somewhat scale-like imbricated spicules. f—g, similar flat forms with short acute outer tips. h, a more acute spicule with an acute distal projecting tip and a branched root-like inserted base belonging to one of the proximal series of the spiniform calicinal armature. i, a more spiniform spicule from near the margin of the calicle. j, a simple spindle with a spiniform tip. l-p, bent spindles from the basal collar of the anthocodia. Fig. 3. Paragorgia pacifica Verrill. Type. Part of a section acrossa branch. x 15, original by A.H.V. a—a—a, larger longitudinal canals and f smaller canal in the coeenenchyma or outer layer. d—d, g—g, Smaller canals in the middle layer. h, h, canals in the inner or axial layer. i, central canal. c, ceenenchyma. 8, 8,8, polyp cavities. Fig. 4. The same specimen: spicules from the outer part of the coenenchyma. x 130. Fig. 4a. The same: spicules from the middle layer. x 130. Fig. 4b. The same: spicules from the inner or axial layer; i, h, are seen endwise. x 130.
Alcyonaria G 65
Puatse VIII’
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66 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 19138-1918
Puate 1X.
Primnoa reseda (Pallas). Photograph of a rather large specimen from Queen Charlotte islands, British Columbia. About } nat. size.
Alcyonaria G 67
Prats 1X
f° e Z ae
Bid
68 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Puate X.
Lepidomuricea grandis Verrill. Type. Photograph of a large specimen about } nat. size.
Alcyonaria G 69
Pate X.
70 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Puts XI.
Gersemiacarnea (Ag.) Verrill. Photograph of a large specimen contracted in alcohol. About nat. size.
G 71
Alcyonaria
Puate XI.
72G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Puate XII.
Ptilosarcus gurneyi Gray. Photographs of a large specimen from Orca, Alaska. Fig. 1. Back side, to show large areas of siphonozooids. Fig. 2. The same specimen, front view of polypiferous side.
Both figures about 3 natural size.
Alcyonaria G 73
Pirate XII.
744 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Piate XIII.
Fig.1. Paragorgia arborea (L.). A branch, about } natural size, of a rather slender specimen
G 75
Alcyonarva
Puate XIII.
76 G
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-1918
Puate X1V.
Paragorgia arborea (L.). Swollen end of a branch, enlarged about 1}. Drifa glomerata Ver. Three polyps from a large Hudson bay specimen; p, a planula-form larva being discharged. Two of these polyps are immature. Much enlarged.
. The same. Surface spicules of the anthocodia as seen more or less endwise in natural positions;
much enlarged.
. The same. Surface spicules of the coenenclyma, with the same enlargement.
Gersemia longiflora var. (?). Ver. A specimen surrounding a fragment of a gorgonian axis and then extending its base so as to include a lump of mud for anchorage. Enlarged 1}. This is not the typical form.
. The same. One of the branches, enlarged about 3.
Drifa ramosa Studer. Spicules of the type from off Newfoundland, after Studer; a, one of the spindles; b, c, two clubs from the anthocodia; enlarged 270.
Anthomastus grandiflorus Ver. A small specimen with only seven large polpys in nearly full expansion, from afresh specimen. The tentacles are not of their full length. About natural size.
. The same. Three of the spicules; (a) club; (b) double star; (c) spindle. Much enlarged.
The same. A very young specimen with three or four contracted polyps. About natural size. The same. A younger one with three expanded polyps. This and the last have clavate lobes at the base for anchorage in soft mud. About ? natural size.
Figs. 1, 5,6, 7 by J. H. Emerton; the others by the author.
a77
Alcyonaria
Puate XIV.
. Ga.
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 19138-1918
Prare XV.
Drifa glomerata Ver. A group of spicules (a-u) from the caeenenchyma of a branch from a large Hudson bay specimen, much enlarged. Leitz No. 6.
The same. A group of spicules from the anthocodia; a-g, some of the larger and rougher forms of clubs; h, a spinulose spindle; much enlarged.
Drifa flavescens Dan.=D. glomerata Ver. Spicules from the type, after Danielssen; a, b, club and spindle from the anthocodia; c, d, club and spindle from the lower part of a polyp; e, f, double star and double spindle or girdled spindle from the coenenchyma of the stalk; much enlarged.
Thesame. Transverse section of a polyp containing eggs and planule, after Danielssen. Enlarged.
The same. One of the planulee much enlarged, after Danielssen. The planule even in this early stage are filled with small fusiform spicules.
Duva rosea Dan. Type. A terminal branch, after Danielssen. Enlarged about 2.
The same. Spicules from the anthoocdia; (a) slender; (b) stouter warted spindles. After Daniels- sen; (6b) the same. Spicules from the branches much enlarged.
Duva multiflora Ver. One of the calicles much enlarged. By the author.
a 79
Alcyonaria
Puate XV.
re ete : SSXS SLAY 5% afr A> S72
80 4G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Puate XVI.
Fig. 1. Keratoisis ornata Ver. Photograph of the type specimen about } natural size. The axis is exposed in some places. Specimen was dry; from the Banks.
Fig. la. The same specimen. A portion having the dried calicles more or less disturbed. About natural size.
Fig. 1b. The same specimen. A calcareous segment, with two of the short horny ones (c, c,) partly de- tached. About natural size.
Figs. 2,3. Acanella normani Ver. Two branches, each with the remarkable egg (e, e,) of Myzine gelatinosa attached. About natural size. From the Banks.
Fig.4. Thesame. <A group of polyps in expansion. Enlarged about 6 times.
Alcyonaria G 81
Puatze XVI.
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824
Fig.
3a.
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Piate XVII.
Anthomastus grandiflorus Ver. Spicules from the ccenenchyma: a-d, elongated rod-like forms and slender spindles, these are the dominant forms; e-g, club-like forms; h-m, short irregular spicules; n-o, small crosses; p, an unusual large branched form.
. The same. Slender internal spindles from the ccelenteron walls. . Thesame. Spicules from the tentacles of No. 6436. . The same. Spicules from the outer layer of the tentacles of a specimen from the Banks (lot 404)
Anthomastus agassizii Ver., new sp. Spicules from the ccenenchyma, outer layer; a-d, shorter spindles strongly spinulose; e-g, short stellate and irregular forms.
. Thesame. Spicules of the interior, from the ecelenteron walls; h-k, slender rod-like forms; these
are the dominant kinds; 1, a club; m, a small cross—few of these occur.
. The same. Spicules from the tentacles; n-o, rod-like forms; p, a short irregular kind. . The same. Spicules from the outer layer of the polyps; r-v, short, thick ellipsoids and ovate
forms, strongly spinulose; x, stellate form; y, a double star; z, a small cross seen in profile. Acanella normani Verrill. A cluster of four contracted polyps from tip of a branch; enlarged about 7 times. The same. Spicules: not the largest.
Figs. 4, 4a. Keratoisis ornata Verrill. Two calicles; a longer and a shorter one from the same stalk. Fig. 4b. The same. One of the larger spicules from the calicles; b, three of the small spicules from the
coenenchyma.
Ga 83
Alcyonaria
Puate XVII.
o =
mol aS
FOIE DRA.
oe GC . ei Be yee s
9343—64
84a Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Puate XVIIa.
Fig. 1. Gersemia rubiformis (Ehr.). From a photograph under water, of a large alcoholic specimen, only partly contracted, from Grantley harbour, Port Clarence, Alaska, station 20d, in 2-3 fathoms. About natural size. See page 6G.
Figs. 2 and 3. Drifa glomerata Verrill. Front and back views, photographed under water, from the largest Hudson bay alcoholic specimen described. See page 46cG. All photo- graphed by Professor Alexander Petrunkevitch.
Alcyonaria G 85
Puate XVIIa.
wm a a
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-1918
Piate XVIII.
Figs. 1, 2. Pennatula aculcata (Sars) Dan. A deep-sea variety (var. laza, new) having the pinne unusually long and far apart, and with fewer and more separated calicles than in the ordinary kind; natural size, from photographs.
Alcyonaria
Prare XVIII.
G 87
Il.
The Actinaria of the Canadian Arctic Expeditions, with Notes on Inter- esting Species from Hudson Bay and other Canadian Localities.
By A. E. Verrii Professor Emeritus, Yale University (With thirteen plates and nine text figures).
Only a few specimens of Actinians were received by me from the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18, besides a few larval forms, belonging to a Cerianthus. One specimen is of interest because it is in process of dividing by fissiparity. Three species of Actinians of considerable interest and not previously known from Hudson bay were obtained by Mr. F. Johansen in 1920. Others were collected there by Dr. A. P. Low. ‘Three species from Hudson bay are now described as new species.
In addition, I have thought it best to include a number of little known species, from both coasts of Canada, that need revision, and especially those from the rich fauna of the fishing Banks off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. But this article is not intended to include a complete list of the Banks species, though it includes most of those commonly found there.
The drawings from living specimens were mostly made by Mr. J. H. Emerton. I am much indebted to Professor Alexander Petrunkevitch of Yale University for the pains he has taken in making for me photographs from several difficult subjects figured in this part and the preceding part of this report. Several of the anatomical drawings in each article were made by Mr. A. H. Verrill.
Order ACTINARIA Family SAGARTIADZ Gosse.
Actinians usually with numerous retractile tentacles, and always having acontia and normally cinclide. Acontia may be emitted from the mouth as well as from cinclide. Column variable, either without suckers or with suckers or verruce. Sphincter muscle is usually mesogloeal and more or less diffuse, or it may be in two parts; rarely it is more or less endodermal. Mesenteries are usually hexamerous, but they may be pentamerous, decamerous or irregular. Often only 6 to 12 pairs, including directives are perfect down to the bottom of the stomodeum, and the six primary pairs are nearly always sterile; more pairs may be adherent to the stomodeum near the oral disk, and sometimes for its whole length. Variations from this normal arrangement are frequent. There may be two siphonoglyphs and two pairs of directives in the more normal species, but some species of Sagartia, Metridium, etc, may have only one siphon- oglyph and one pair of directives, as often as two pairs, or there may be three or more pairs and corresponding siphonoglyphs. Such variations are believed to be due to their asexual modes of reproduction. See below under Metridium.
Among the eastern American species that have such notable variations are Sagartia (Thoe) lucie Verrill, and S. spongicola Verrill, and Metridium dianthus. (See MeMurrich, Zool. Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1897). Among English species
90 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
remarkable variations of this kind occur in Sagartia venusta, S. miniata, and other allied species. (See Dixon, Proc. Royal Dublin Soc., Vol. VI, pp. 136-142, 1888).
Sub-family SAGARTIN# Verrill, 1868.
Sagartian actinians having a flexible column wall, without a closely adherent epidermal coating, with cinclide, with or without adhesive suckers, without thickened tubercles or verruce.
Metridium dianthus (Ellis) Oken.
Actinia dianthus Exuis, Phil. Trans., Vol. 47, p. 428, Pl. XIX, fig. 67, 1767. Euis and SotanpEr, Hist. Zoophytes, p. 7, 1786; also many later writers.
Metridium dianthus Oxen, Lehrb., Vol. III, p. 450, 1815; H. M.-Epwarp and Haime, Corrall., Vol. 1, p. 253, 1857; MeMurricu, Annals New York Acad. of Science, Vol. XIV, No. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 1-5, 1901. (Sections).
Actinoloba dianthus (BLAINVILLE) Gossk, Actinologia Brit., p. 12, pl. I, fig. 1, 1860. Anpres, Attinie, p. 133, fig. 15 (after Gosse).
Metridium marginatum (LES.) H. M.-Epwarp, op. cit., p. 234, 1857; VeERRILL, Revision Polyps E. Coast, pp. 22-24, 1864, and most other American writers formerly.
Metridium fimbriatum Verritu, Proc. Essex Inst., Vol. IV, p. 150, 1865, des- cribed from Californian speciemns.
Metridium senile McMvurricn, Trans. Royal Soc., Canada, Vol. IV, section 4, p. 60, 1910, (not Actinia senilis Linn., 1767, nor Priapus sinilis LINN., 1761).
Plate XXVI; Fig. 2. Plate XXXI; Fig. 6.
This species is readily distinguished by its smooth column, well defined parapet, widely expanded oral disk, which in well grown specimens when ex- panded is thrown into a number of marginal frills or wavy lobes covered with large numbers of small and rather slender tentacles. The outer ones much smaller than the inner ones. ,
When very large it may have about a thousand tentacles, and a corres- ponding number of mesenterial pairs, and abundant white acontia, which are readily emitted from scattered cinclide when the creature is roughly handled, and also from the mouth.
It is very changeable in form while living. In full expansion it may be much higher than broad, or its height may be less than its diameter. The disk is usually much wider than the column. Its disk and tentacles can be completely invected together with the upper part of the column, and then it may have a hemispherical form or become even more depressed in form.
Its colours on the New England coast are very variable, rarely white or blotched with white. Most frequently its colour is dull yellowish brown, dark olive-colour, or chestnut brown to umber brown and often blotched or streaked with lighter colours; sometimes it is pale buff, salmon-colour or flesh-colour, rarely brick-red. The tentacles are usually paler or even white.
Professor W. R. Coe, who wasoneof the naturalists on the Harriman Alaska Expedition, tells me that at Victoria, British Columbia, he found the piles of the wharves, at low tide, entirely covered with large examples of this species, which were, when in expansion, white or nearly so.
It is capable of reproduction asexually in several ways: by longitudinal fission; by budding from near the base or rarely elsewhere; and by breaking off fragments from the edge of the expanded basal disk, each of these pieces developing into a young one in a short time. This last is a common mode of increase.
Actinaria G 91
_ It may have either one, two, three or more siphonoglyphs and directive pairs of mesenteries according to the positions whence fragments are taken or a basal bud arises. It rarely buds from the stomodeal region. Longi- tudinal fission is not infrequent.
The mesenteries also show considerable variations in their arrangements largely, no doubt, in consequence of these asexual reproductions.!
Its distribution is circumpolar. It is essentially a shallow water species, seldom found in more than 25 fathoms. It frequently occurs above low-water mark amongst stones, on piles of wharves, and especially in cavernous places in shore cliffs.. It likes the shade.
On the Eastern American coast it extends southward to Long Island sound and northern New Jersey. It is much more abundant north of Cape Cod, on the coasts of Massachusetts and Maine and in the Bay of Fundy, ete., where it becomes very large; also in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, etc.
On the northern European coasts it is abundant and extends southwards to England, etc., and varies in colours much as it does on the American coast. It sometimes becomes large there. ;
The Canadian Arctic Expedition specimens were from Port Clarence bay, Alaska, Station 20y, in 2 to 3 fathoms, mud and thread alge, August 4-13. Two medium-sized specimens, collected »y F. Johansen; several young ones were on a sponge, from the same place.
Its range extends southward on the Pacific coast to San Francisco, where it was found by Dr. Wm. Stimpson and described by me as a new species (M. fimbriatum) many years ago (1865). His specimens were very large, pale orange or salmon-colour, dotted with brown; lips orange.
On the North Pacific coast it has been recorded from only a few places between Bering strait and San Francisco. It was recorded by me, in 1869, from Puget sound. Prof. Coe, as mentioned above, gives Victoria as a locality. MecMurrich described it from Puget sound, and recorded it from Sitka (observed by Calkins).
Possibly it has been carried to San Francisco from more northern localities on the bottoms of vessels. It is well adapted for such transportation, like Sagartia lucite, which has now been found on the English coast, at Naples, and at San Francisco, although only known from southern New England a few years ago. Being a very hardy shallow water species and very prolific it may well be carried across the oceans on vessel bottoms.
Metridium dianthus is also very hardy, as indicated by its northern and arctic distribution. Like S. lucie, it can withstand freezing. I have kept specimens in dishes of water until frozen within a solid mass of ice. When slowly thawed out they completely revived.
When deprived of food for a long time a large one will gradually decrease in size and numbers of tentacles. Some that I have tried became less than half their original sizes and looked like young ones.
After an experience of over fifty years, I have not been able to find any reliable differences between the North Pacific and Atlantic forms? MeMurrich also failed to find any tangible anatomical differences (1921). At present there seems to be no doubt of the identity of the American and European forms, though Andres kept them distinct. : ;
Prof. MceMurrich has endeavoured to restore for this species a name (senzlzs) used by Linnzeus, for a small indeterminable species very imperfectly described in 1761. (Fauna Suecica). The description does not in the least apply to this
1¥or descriptions and discussions of the numerous variations of the mesenteries ard siphonoglyphs of Metridium, and also its sexual modes of reproduction, see G. H. Parker:—The mesenteries and siphono- glyphs in Metridium marginatum, in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXX, No. 5, pp. 259-273. with plate; also in the same work, Vol. X XV, pp. 43-53, 1899. H, B, Torrey, Observations on Monogenesis in Met- . ridium, in Proc. Calif. Acad. Science, ser. 3, vol. i, No. 10, pp. 345-360, pl. X-XI, 1898; also in Proc. Wash- ington Acad. Sci., Vol. IV, pp. 395-406, 1902. C. W. Hahn, Dimorphism and Regeneration in Metridium, in Journ. Exper. Zool., Vol. ii, No. 2, pp. 225-235, 1905.
92 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-1918
species. He described his thing as the size of the last joint of a finger, sordid, rough, with a subcoriaceous tunic. Such a description could not possibly apply to this soft and smooth species, which is not in the least subcoriaceous. It would apply better to a Phellia or to Actinia digitata, and other local species available for him, but it would be mere guesswork to say what species he had in view.
European writers, who have had the best opportunities, have not been able to agree as to this question. Moreover, aside from this uncertainty, most modern writers have rejected most of the Linnean names of actinians on account of their obscenity or indecency. Prof. McMurrich (1910) tried to identify this species by means of the earlier works loosely quoted by Linneus, but that is not conclusive. The figures referred to usually represent rudely more than one species, and none agree with his descriptions.
European writers have given the name senilis to at least four very diverse species. Many have applied it to Urticina crassicornis, e.g. Cuvier, Brugiere, Fabricius, Blainville, Lamarck, etc. Martens, 1838, used it for Cereus bellis or pedunculatus. Macri (1778) identified it with Anemonia sulcata. Adams applied it to dianthus; Ehrenberg to coriacea, etc.
All this confusion shows the impossibility of fixing the name, even if it were not otherwise objectionable. It should be forgotten or ignored, like the generic name used by Linneus in 1761, and by some others of that period, for species of Actinia. Their indecent names were usually the Latinized forms of vulgar names used by fishermen, some of which are still in use among the fisher- men of our own coasts, for similar things.
Metridiwm dianthus? (See above p. 89a).
The specimen mentioned above as undergoing fission is placed under this species with some doubt, partly on account of its apparently larger tentacles and the peculiar areolation of its body-wall. It is very strongly contracted, about an inch in diameter, and half as high, and subconical in form. It does not show the tentacles externally. Its outer integument is irregularly rough- ened or vermiculated by minute broken transverse and longitudinal wrinkles. In life, according to the note accompanying the example, it was red. It has scattered cinclide, from which a few broken acontia protruded. It has a distinct parapet and ribbed capitulum. It has two well separated disks and mouths, and two complete sets of tentacles. Not wishing to destroy the single specimen I have made only a superficial examination of its internal structure by partial sections. Its state of preservation is not suitable for a positive identification of the genus or species, but it seems to be Metridium dianthus.
The wall of the body is thin, but tough and not lubricous. No suckers are visible. The tentacles are rather larger than usual in preserved Metridium, in a similar state of contraction. They are entirely retracted and much com- pressed in flattened forms. No acontia were observed inside, except those lodged in the cinclide.
The sphincter muscle is strong, mesodermal, nearly round in transverse sections. Mesenteries toward the base are in about 96 pairs. There are about twelve pairs of wider and mostly perfect mesenteries; those of the third cycle are well developed; those of the fifth cycle very small. All or nearly all of the mesenteries bear gonads. The longitudinal muscle is definite and well-developed in the larger mesenteries, and placed near the middle. There is considerable irregularity in the mesenteries above the middle of the stomodseum, due to the fission. It was taken py F. Johansen at Station 41, in Bernard harbour Dolphin and Union strait, Northwest Territories, in 10 meters, ona bottom of
sandy mud, July 20, 1915.
Actinaria G 93 Sub-family CHONDRACTININ Haddon.
Chondractinine Happon, Sci. Trans. Royal. Dublin Soc., vol. IV, part V, - pp. 304, 305, 1889, (Revision British Actiniz, Part I). McMuraicn, Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol. XVI, p. 183, 1895.
Lower part or most of the column is usually more or less firm and often verrucose; upper part is differentiated. It is softer or more flexible, often with crests or flutings, or defined by a transverse row of verruce, and is capable of being strongly infolded; outside of the lower part of the column may have a more or less adherent epidermal coating; cinclide few, not to be easily detected unless in use while living. Acontiz are present but not numerous. Tentacles contractile, large, numerous, in several hexamerous cycles. Two siphonoglyphs and two pairs of directive mesenteries are normally present. Usually there are six or twelve pairs of wide perfect mesenteries, which may be sterile, but many other pairs may be attached to the upper part of the stomodeum, near the oral disk. Sphincter muscle is mesoglceal and usually strong. Base may enclose a ball of mud for anchorage, or it may be attached to stones, etc., or it may clasp and surround slender supports, such as the axes of aleyonarians.
Actinauge Verrill.
Actinauge VERRILL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XI, p. 50, 1883. Type A. verrillii, formerly Urticina nodosa Verrill (non Miiller).
Actinauge Happon, op. cit.,1, p. 317, 1889. McMurricg, op. cit., p. 183, 1893.
Large actinians of the subfamily Chondractinine, having the tentacles and upper part of the body or capitulum capable of involution. Integument of the body formed of two kinds; that of the lower part is firm and often thick, with persistent, solid verruce or tubercles, usually in vertical rows, and often more or less covered with a thin, tough, epidermal coating; that of the upper part of the body forms a marginal, brighter coloured capitulum below the ten- tacles, where it is softer and lubricous, secreting mucous abundantly, and usually rising into longitudinal ridges, crests, or oblong tubercles, which run to and unite with the bases of all or nearly all of the tentacles. Cinclide are few, scattered, and inconspicuous among the verruce, Acontia are present. The basal disk may be broad and flat, adherent, or it may be bulbous, clasping mud, or it may ensheath the branches of Gorgonide, etc. Tentacles long and large with a basal aboral lobe, contractile and retractile. The basal lobe may be inconspicuous in strongly contracted specimens, or the distal part may be partly invaginated into the basal lobe in some cases. Lips with large folds and two gonidial grooves.
The soft submarginal band or capitulum is usually phosphorescent, due to the mucous. In contracted specimens it is usually entirely invected and concealed.
This genus, like Actinernus, has marginal elevations of the wall, running to and uniting with the outer bases of the tentacles, but in <Actinernus, there is no specialized submarginal zone or capitulum, and the body is not verrucose.
The sphincter muscle is large and mesogleal. Six or twelve pairs of mesenteries are perfect and usually sterile in the middle part of the body, but many more may be perfect near the disk; usually only the six large primary pairs reach the base of the stomodeum. Mesenteries may form four to six hexamerous cycles, or even more in large examples. Mesoglaea is very thick, especially in the upper part of the column at the parapet.
94 Gc Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
Actinauge verrillii McMurrich.
Actinauge verrillii McMurricn, op. cit., p. 1-4, pl. XXX; Figs. 86-89; Pl. XXXI; Figs. 90-92; Pl. XXXV; Fig. 121, 1893, (Structure).
Actinauge nodosa (pars) VERRILL, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol XI, p. 50, Pl. VI, figs. 7, 8, 8a, 1883; Ann. Report U.S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1883, pp. 514 (12); 534 (32); Pl. V, fig. 20, 1885.
Actinauge verrillii WuirEaves, op. cit., p. 38, 1901. Harerrr, Anthozoa of Woods Hole Region, p. 249, 1914.
Plate XIX; Fig. 1. Plate XXVII; Fig. 2, (anatomy). Plate XXX; Fig. 2.
The most common adult form in expansion has the body more or less cylindrical, varying to hour-glass shape. The base may he broad and flat often much broader than the body, and adherent to stones and shells; it may closely clasp cylindrical worm-tubes, branches of gorgonide, etc., or more often it may be deeply concave and bulbous, and enclose a mass of sand and mud. (Pl. XIX, Fig. 1). Specimens with these different styles of base may all occur in the same locality, without other corresponding differences.
The column is usually nearly covered with hard, prominent, and persistent verrucee, arranged in pretty regular vertical rows, the upper ones becoming larger and more prominent, often with a hard sharp tip, the lower ones gradually diminishing and disappearing close to the base. Usually there are 12 larger rounded ones in a transverse row, below the capitulum. In very large examples the lower part of the body is usually nearly smooth and naked, with a firm, cartilaginous texture, due to the thick mesoglea, but higher up there will usually be some conical or rounded verruce or small tubercles, on some of which the brownish epidermal coating is still retained.
The tentacles are not very large, moderately long and rather stout, change- able, with the tips either acute or obtuse; and with a distinct swollen basal lobe; in large examples they are numerous, up to 120 or more, forming several rows. In smaller specimens often 72 or 96. Plate XXX, Fig. 2.
When preserved, the upper part of the column is generally strongly involuted and the tentacles and part of the capitulum are concealed. In this condition the capitulum is covered with convergent, strongly raised folds, or crest-like ridges, larger and smaller ones irregularly alternating. These crests correspond in number to the tentacles, and run up to their outer bases; the larger ones, which correspond to the inner or primary tentacles, can be traced inward between the outer tentacles until they run to and coalesce with the external basal portion of the inner ones. (Plate XXX, Fig. 2). The upper portion of the column, covered by these ridges and crests, is differentiated from the part below it, for its integument is soft and lubricous, and usually decidedly red or pink in colour during life; and this portion, like the tentacles, secretes an abundant mucous, which is strongly phosphorescent. A row of rounded warts or larger tubercles, or a more or less marked, transverse, verrucose ridge or “parapet ’ separates this upper or submarginal capitulum from the general surface of the column, which is firmer, more or less verrucose, and generally wholly or partly covered with a dirty, brownish, tough, and firmly adherent coating, which is strongly wrinkled in contracted specimens, and sometimes has hydroids, bryozoa, and even such shells as Anomia adhering to its surface. This covering is often partially, and sometimes wholly wanting, especially in very large examples. It often persists on the larger upper verruce, even when absent elsewhere, and in some rather exceptional specimens it is much thickened on these warts, or even forms for them hard conical tips, sometimes affecting thus only the uppermost row, but at other times several series of them.
The colour of the body, in life, is usually dull pale red, flesh colour or sal- mon, where it is not concealed by the dirty, dark brown epidermis; the verruce
Actinaria G 95
are often whitish or pink, while the wrinkles and grooves between them are dark brown or mud-colour; the submarginal zone, which is 15 to 20 mm. or more broad in the larger examples, is bright red, orange-brown, or chocolate- brown; the colour is often in stripes of darker and lighter tints. The tentacles are usually dark pink, salmon, orange or orange-brown, varying to dull red and chocolate-brown. Disk usually orange or reddish brown, or chocolate, with lighter and darker radii.
Specimens from stony bottoms have the base broad and firmly adherent to pebbles, shells, etc. On fine sandy and muddy bottoms in deep water the base usually becomes bulbous and swollen, enclosing and nearly surrounding a large mass of sand or mud; in these situations the basal part of the column is evidently buried in the materials of the bottom and as the base has only a small opening to its large cavity it is unable to withdraw itself from the enclosed mass of dirt, of which there is often several ounces in each of the large actinians, and there may be a hundred or more of these in a single haul of the trawl! The haul gave excellent samples of the bottom deposits unaltered by washing out.
This species, like several others, also has the habit of attaching itself to the dead stems of gorgonians, to stems of large hydroids, to sponges (Cladorhiza grandis), and especially to the large quill-like tubes of the large annelid, Hyalin- ecia artifex Ver., which is often very abundant on the same muddy bottoms where this actinian abounds. Such examples, as they grow larger, fold the basal disk around the supporting stem or tube until the two edges meet and then firmly unite together, by a suture, so that the stem seems to go through the base itself.
These three forms of the base occur in specimens that are otherwise similar, and also in several varieties based on the tuberculation of the surface. Speci- mens having flat and others with bulbous bases often occur in the same haul and some have been taken that are intermediate, having one edge of the base attached to a small shell or pebble, while the rest of it enclosed mud.
This species grows to a large size. Examples were often taken that were 80 to 100 mm. (4 inches) in diameter, and 100 to 150 mm. (6 inches) high. Ordinary adult specimens are 50 to 75 mm. broad, and 80 to 100 mm. high, with the larger tentacles about 15 to 20 mm. long.
It has been taken by the U.S. Fish Commission at a large number of stations on the Gulf Stream slope, off Martha’s Vineyard, Nantucket, and Long Island, and off Chesapeake bay, during 1880, to 1886, in 86 to 1,098 fathoms. In this region it is often very abundant and of large size. The smaller ones here mostly occur clasping the large tubes of Hyalinecia; the large ones in the deeper localities generally enclose a ball of fine sand or mud in the bulbous base.
Actinauge rugosa. New species.
Urticina nodosa (Fabr.) Verritt, Amer. Journ. Science, Vol. VI, p. 440; vol. VII, p. 413, pl. VII, fig. 7, 1874 (non Fasricius sp.), Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, Vol. for 1873, p. 349, 1874, (Exploration of Casco Bay). Not Actinauge nodosa VERRILL, of 1882-3. Smirn and Harcsr, Trans. Conn. Acad. Science, Vol. III, pp. 11, 54, 1874.
Plate XIX; Figs. 2& 3. | Plate XXIV; Fig. 2. Plate XXVII; Fig. 1. ; Text Fig. 14.
Column mostly rather rigid with a thick and firm cortex, with some adherent epidermis; generally nearly cylindrical with a somewhat expanded base; upper part or capitulum defined by a transverse row of about twelve larger or more
1At some localities in deep water, off the northeastern United States coast, at least a barrel full or hundreds of large actinians were brought up in a single haul of the trawl. This species made up the greater part of such lots.
96 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918
prominent usually compressed and irregular, obtuse or subconical tubercles; below these the surface, except near the base, is covered with rather scattered and unevenly placed firm tubercles, varying in size, and mostly transversely elongated in contraction; between these the surface is strongly transversely and longitudinally wrinkled in contraction. The tubercles in large specimens do not show any notable arrangement in vertical rows, in most cases, because of their fewness, but they are actually in rows, more evidently so in the young. The upper part, or capitulum, has a softer integument and is closely covered with numerous prominent folds or crests, having the thicker aboral lower edge lobed or verrucose, or irregularly scalloped or crenulated; less so in the young; each of these extends to and joins a tentacle, becoming thin and smooth near the margin. This capitulum can be completely contracted and infolded, together with the reversed tentacles.
The tentacles are numerous, 96 or more in the larger specimens, arranged in about five cycles. They are rather stout not very long, usually blunt in expansion; the inner 12 or 24 are much the larger; those in the outer rows are not very small in the type. Two siphonoglyphs and the lip-lobes are large. The colour of the column, when cleaned of its dark coating, below the capitulum or collor, in life was usually dull pale red or flesh-colour, with the exposed sum- mits of the tubercles whitish. The capitulum was brighter red and lubricous; tentacles were either dull salmon-colour or brown, sometimes chocolate-colour.
Fig. 14. Actinauge rugosa Verrill. Imperfect mesenteries of the 4th and 5th cycles with the gonads parily removed, much enlarged.
It was first taken by the ‘‘Bache,” in 1873, in 430 fathoms, off Georges bank. It also occurred off Casco bay in 1878, in 95 fathoms. Also in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Coll. Whiteaves). A number of specimens taken on the Grand Banks and other fishing banks were brought in by the Gloucester, Mass., fishermen and presented to the U.S. Fish Commission in 1878 to 1881. They were all listed then as U. nodosa. It was not nearly so abundant in our collections as A. verrillii. It has also been taken by the U. 8. Fish Commission off Cape Cod, in 50 to 90 fathoms; Gulf of Maine, Massachusetts bay, Bay of Fundy, in 50 to 150 fathoms; off Nova Scotia, in 50 to 110 fathoms, 1877.
A few specimens of relatively small size are in the collections from Hudson bay in 1920. These are strongly contracted and some are still partially covered on their sides and bases with a dark brown adherent epidermal coating, as in most other localities. The bases were adherent to stones. The verrucae of the walls are not very conspicuous, but form imperfect longitudinal rows. The surface between them is strongly wrinkled both ways. The cinclide are incon- spicuous among the wrinkles and appear to be few.
One lot (of 2) was from Richmond gulf, about three miles from the entrance
east side of Hudson bay, in 12-13 fathoms, stones, sand and red alge, about N. lat. 56°, Aug. 23, 1920. Collection of F. Johansen.
Actinaria G 97
The other was from Richmond gulf in 25 fathoms, Aug. 24, 1920, obtained from Eskimos by F. Johansen. Another specimen came from Richmond gulf in 15-25 fathoms. Collected by A. P. Low, June, 1899. In collection of Victoria Memorial Museum, Cat. No. 55, Coelenterates.
It was not previously known to occur in Hudson bay, nor in such shallow water. Sas
It has also been taken by the U.S. Fish Commission off Cape Cod, in 50 to 90 fathoms; Gulf of Maine; Massachusetts Bay; Bay of Fundy, in 50 to 150 fathoms; off Nova Scotia, in 50 to 110 fathoms, 1877.
In longitudinal sections (Pl. XXVII, fig. 1) the column wall is seen to be very thick, especially in the upper part, or parapet, next the capitulum, owing to the thick mesoglcea, especially if the section cuts one of the larger verruce. The sphincter muscle is very large and thick, with a simple pinnate arrangement of the muscle fibres. The stomodeum is large with strong longitudinal folds. Only a few acontia were found.
In a transverse section of a small specimen from Hudson bay, about 30 mm. in diameter, about the middle of the stomodzum, there are four complete hexamerous cycles of mesenteries. The six primary pairs are alone perfect and sterile; their longitudinal muscles are rather thin and extend nearly across them. All the other mesenteries are covered with gonads, which completely fill all the areas between the primary pairs. The secondary pairs nearly reach the stomodeal wall; the tertiaries are small but well developed; those of the fourth cycle are quite narrow and thin, but all bear gonads.
In a transverse section made across the upper part of the stomodzum, near the oral disk, most of the tentacles, or their basal lobes, are cut across, for they are infolded within the stomodeum; here there are 12 pairs of nearly equal perfect pairs of mesenteries, and it is not easy to distinguish those of the first and second cycles except by their positions, for all are much alike. Their muscles are thickened. In this section the mesenteries of the third and some of the fourth cycles bear gonads; those of the fourth cycle are very small and some are lacking.
This was formerly believed by me to be the true Actinia nodosa of O. Fabricius (1780), from deep water off Greenland, very briefly and poorly described.
Haddon (op. cit., 1890, p. 308, Pl. XX XIII, fig. 13, Pl. XXXV, fig. 4) described and figured a very different looking specimen, taken off Greenland, as the true nodosa, and referred it to the genus Chondractinia, after Litken, 1860.
Haddon’s specimen looks more like my C. tuberculosa than like the present species, which is a true Actinauge, having the capitulum covered with high crests. His specimen had a smooth capitulum and the column tubercles are conical and in regular vertical rows, while the tentacles lack the basal lobe. Its column wall was unusually rigid.
However, among the many hundreds of specimens of this group, dredged by the “Albatross” in deep water there were some that had verruce arranged as in Haddon’s C. nodosa and probably were the same species. They were at that time classed as one of the varieties of the present species. They are not now accessible for examination.
The Actinauge nodosa of Danielssen is also unlike Haddon’s C. nodosa, and
may be identical with my Chondractima tuberculosa. It is covered with large, irregular tubercles and has a smooth capitulim. Tentacles rather long and
stout, round tipped. 9343—7
98 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 Actinauge borealis. New species. Plate XXIV; Figures 1-1h.
Among the Hudson bay actinians were two specimens that seem to belong to an undescribed species resembling Actinauge rugosa externally, but having much longer tentacles which lack the large basal lobe usually seen in that genus, and differ in other ways. ;
Both specimens are very strongly contracted, so that the internal organs form a compact mass. The longer invected tentacles reach to and below the base of the long stomodeeum, or quite to the basal disk in some cases.
The column-wall is firm, strongly wrinkled both longitudinally and trans- versely; it also has vertical rows of low, but persistent, verruce. The whole surface below the capitulum is covered with a firmly adherent, thin, dark coloured eipdermal coating, much as Phellia. The capitulum is strongly invected, but sections show that it is covered by numerous raised ridges, with a pla edge toward the margin, but thickened and crenulated toward the parapet.
The verrucee on the parapet are not much more prominent than those below, and have the same structure.
The tentacles are numerous, up to 84 to 96, slender, the inner ones nearly as long as the column; they are so crowded by contraction that they are angular in sections.
The stomodzum is elongated with the walls strongly plicated. Two siph- onoglyps are present.
The sphincter muscle (Plate XN NIV, figs. 1, la) is mesoglceal and very well developed. In transverse sections, made near the oral disk (figs. 1b-le) and including some of it, there are about 24 to 40 perfect mesenteries, which are all very much alike, with strong retractor muscles extending nearly across their whole breadth.
Between these perfect mesenteries there are pairs of small, narrow ones, which bear gonads. A little lower down there are twelve pairs of perfect mesent- eries; and below the middle of the stomodzeum there are only six pairs. They are sterile (fig. 1f). All the other mesenteries bear dense clusters of gonads and filaments, squeezed compactly together by the severe contractions of the walls.
Between every pair of mesenteries there is a narrow, angular, raised endo- dermal ridge (7, r,) which appears triangular in the transverse sections. These occur of larger size and less acute between the primaries, and are very small between those of the fourth and fifth cycles (fig. 1f).
The ectoderm (figs. le, 1f, h, h) is moderately thick and firm, with deep grooves caused by wrinkles, and containing more or less of the dark epidermal coating, and with thickened places caused by the verruce (figs. ld, 1g, v, v).
The mesoglaa is much thicker than the ectoderm and endoderm com- bined (le, 1g, h, h). It is crossed by numerous very fine, nearly straight, muscu- lar lines, running out from the endoderm at nearly right angles, often more than half way across. In some sections they are bent a little in zigzag forms.
None of the original colour remains except a tinge of light red on the retracted oral part of the disk and upper part of the mescnteries (fig. 1, m).
The contracted specimens are nearly cylindric and higher than broad. The larger one is 25 mm. high; 13 mm. in diameter; length of the longer retracted tentacles 22 mm.; outer shorter ones, about 10 to 12 mm. :
These two specimens came from Richmond gulf, east side of Hudson bay, in 25 fathoms, August 24, 1920, obtained from Eskimos by F. Johansen.
The generic position of this species seemed a little doubtful. It looks much like some species of Phellia, but differs in having a verrucose wall and a ribbed capitulum. From typical Actinauge it differs chiefly in lacking notable basal tentacular lobes and in having very long slender tentacles, However, a careful examination shows the basal lobe on some of the less powerfully com-
Actinaria G 99
pressed tentacles. Their apparent absence on others is probably due to the violent pressure put on them during contraction.
The dark epidermal coating is thicker, rougher, and more firmly adherent than in the allied species. It covers the basal disk and all the column--vall up to the capitulum, and penetrates deeply into the wrinkles of the surface, as seen in sections.
Stephanauge. Verrill.
Stephanauge VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. VII, p. 145, note, Feb., 1899 Type, S. nexilis Ver.
Stephanactis Hertwic, Voy. Challenger, Zool. Vol. VI, p. 87, 1882. Type was S. tuberculata, pl. iii, figs. 7-7a, (non Verrill, 1869).
? Hormathia Gosse, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. III., p. 47, 1859. ? Happon, op. cit., 1889, p. 309 (in part?).
Chitonactinine with the greater pert of the column-wall thin, flexible, smooth or nearly so below the thickened parapet, with or without an imperfect epidermal coating, and with few small and usually obscure cinclide; ané bearing toward the top, in typical species, a transverse row of verruce on the parapet, defining the capitulum, which is more flexible and covered with folds or small ridges running to the bases of the tentacles. Tentacles are numerous, swollen at the aboral base, and with the capitulum, they can be entirely retracted. Sphincter muscle mesoglceal and rather large. Usually 12 or more pairs of mesenteries may be perfect near the oral disk; lower down 12 pairs may be perfect; near the base of the stomodeum only 6 pairs are perfect; all mesen- teries may bear gonads, except perhaps the six primary pairs. Acontia few. The base may be either amplexicaul or flat. The typical species seems to differ from Hormathia mainly in having lobed tentacles and the capitulum covered with ridges, and not having so notable a row of submarginal tubercles or verruce. The amplexicaul habit is not a generic character.
Stephanauge nexilis Verrill.
Actinauge nexilis VERRILL, op. cit., 1883, p. 55, pl. VI, figs, 4, 5; op. cit., 1885, pp. 511, 584, pl. VII, figs. 22, 22a.
Stephanauge abyssicola VmRRILL, Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. VII, pp. 145, 217, note, fig. 31, 1899; (non MosELEY sp.). :
Plate XXII; Figs. 5,6. Plate XXVIII; Figs. 1-4. Plate XXX; Fig. 3.
The column wall is rather thin, but strong, and it is nearly smooth, except for wrinkles, with no notable verrucee; folds of the capitulum are notable. The sphincter muscle is mesoglceal and somewhat thick. Tentacles are moderately stout, numerous, about 96 to 108 in the larger specimens, arranged in four or five hexamerous cycles. Their bases are somewhat swollen, opposite the capitular folds. In a transverse section, near the disk, the mesenteries of many pairs join the stomodeun and disk; between most of these pairs there is a smaller pair of the fourth or fifth cycle, mostly bearing gonads and not attached to the stomodeum. Lower down only about 12 pairs are perfect, and near the lower end of the stomodzum there are only 6 perfect pairs. Many of-these, especially those of the second and third cycles, bear gonads (Plate XXX; Fig. 3.)
Acontia are apparently few; solitary ones are occasionally seen emitted from the small scattered cinclide, which are seldom noticeable when not in use.
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100 G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1915-1918
One specimen (Pl. XXII, fig. 7) had several very distinct cinclide, and some outer integument. It may be a very distinct species. No sections of it were made.
This species is very closely related to Actinauge, to which I formerly referred it. The only notable distinctions seem to be the lack of tubercles below the parapet and the thinness of the walls with a corresponding decrease in the thick- ness of the sphincter muscle. The character of the capitular ridges, the swollen bases of the tentacles, and the arrangement of the mesenteries are nearly the same if specimens of equal age be compared.
It has been suggested that it might be related to Aorenia margarite of Danielssen, 1887, but that appears to be quite different, although it has the same amplexicaul habit, as do many other unrelated species. Aorenia has a nearly smooth column with a few perforated papillee, probably raised cinclide, and with some similar papillze on the disk. The margin is crenulated and there are no capitular folds. Its tentacles seem not to be retractile. It has 12 pairs of perfect mesenteries. It probably belongs to the same subfamily.
It may be nearer Actinia abyssicola Moseley.
Our species has been taken on the fishing Banks off Nova Scotia many times by the Gloucester, Mass., fishermen. It was dredged by the “Blake” and by the ‘‘ Albatross’ at several stations in 168 to 245 fathoms, nearly always attached to bare portions of the axis of living Balticina, sometimes singly, but more often in clusters of three or more, united together by sutures and so large and heavy that the Balticina bends over. The Challenger specimens of 8. abyssicola had the same habit and were from the same region.
Hertwig included two species in his genus Stephanactis, viz.: first, S. tuber- culata H.; and second, S. abyssicola Moseley, sp. He very fully described the former externally and internally, but owing to the state of the two specimens of the second he did not give much new information, but found that it agreed in most structural characters with the former. But he noted the relative smoothness of the capitulum and the presence of a few cinclide.
His 8. tuberculata had strong capitular ridges or folds, some of them lobate, and a verrucose parapet; the tentacles had swollen bases, and he found a few papilliform cinclide. It is, therefore, very like my S. nevilis in appearance and structure.
The generic name, Stephanactis! was, however, used by me many years previously for a very different genus. Therefore, I proposed in 1899 to use Stephanauge for the generic name, but I erred in thinking that S. abyssicola was the same as nevilis, and figured the latter under the name, S. abyssicola. The real abyssicola may be generically distinct, if the character of the parapet and capitulum are to be considered important in this group.
Stephanauge tuberculata (Hert. sp., op. cit., p. 87, pl. III, figs. 7-7b) was taken in 345 fathoms, Lat. 35° 11’ N.; Long. 139° 28’ Kast: attached to dead parts of the axis of a Virgularva.
Raphactis Verrill.
Raphactis VeRRILL, Amer. Journ, Science, Vol. VII, p. 144, 1899. Type, R nitida VERRILL. ‘ Stephanactis (pars) Hertwic, op. cit., 1882, (non Verrill, 1869).
My genus Raphactis (op. cit., 1899, p. 144) is much like Stephanauge exter- nally and internally, except that no acontia were found, so that it was formerly
1 Stephanactis Verrill, (Proc. Essex Inst., Vol. VI, p. 89 (38) 1869), was the name giv S. indi
s rill, Cc. x Inst., - VI, p. 89 (38), ' 6 ren to S. ind Ver., of the family Discostomide. _ It was from Gaspar Strait. The type has 12 ory EAMEUINES eee mesenteries. The sphincter muscle is endodermal, circumscribed, large, oval in section: column is without verruce or suckers noticeable in alcoholic specimens; cortex is strongly wrinkled in both directions
Actinaria «101
referred to Paractide. Probably its acontia had been lost by strong contraction. In that case it would belong to this subfamily and would come near Hormathia, on account of its smooth capitulum and scapus, but it differs from that genus, as at present understood, in lacking a circular row of coronal verruce on the parapet.
In these characters it is like the Actinia abyssicola Moseley, referred to Stephanactis by Hertwig. Both he and Moseley described the parapet as thick- ened but not verrucose. Hertwig found a few cinclide, but no acontia.
Raphactis abyssicola (Moseley) Verrill.
Actinia abyssicola MosE.ey, Trans. Linn. Soc., Ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 297, Pl. 45, fig. 5, 1877. Andres, op. cit., p. 364.
Stephanactis abyssicola HertTwia, op. cit., 1882.
Plate XXII; Fig. 7(?)
According to Moseley, in life its colour on the column was reddish yellow, paler on the parapet; capitulum rose-red, with darker radial lines; disk rose- red, tentacles paler red. Height was 5 mm.; greatest breadth, 35 mm. It was taken in lat. 40° 17’ N., south of Nova Soctia, in 1,350 fathoms, in 1873.
It probably should be called Raphactis abyssicola, for it agrees well with the type of that genus, in most respects. Perhaps my fig. 7, of pl. XXII, is the same species, from near the same region.
Synanthus mirabilis Verrill. Synanthus mirabilis VerRiLL, Amer. Journ. Science, Vol. XVIII, p. 474, 1879;
vol. VII, p. 211, fig. 23, 1899 (pars); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. xi, p. 48 1883. (Probably not fig. 9, pl. VI).
Fig. 15. Synanthus mirabilis Verrill. Two individuals surrounding and girdling a branch of Paragorgia (c, d,), and united by a suture above and below (a, b,); x about 14.
This small species has not yet been obtained in a sufficiently good state of preservation.for complete anatomical studies by sections; it has about 48 pairs of mesenteries; only six pairs are perfect; sphincter muscle mesogloeal, thick.
It has the amplexicaul habit, common to many other deep sea species. This particular species seems to prefer to attach itself to the smaller branches of Paragorgia arborea. It then spreads its base around the branch, the two opposite lobes meeting and uniting by a suture, thus girdling the branch and sometimes causing a deep constriction, at which the branch may easily break off. Frequently two or more unite together, to form the girdle, as in the figure.
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The column and basal expanse are smooth, with no epidermal coating; tentacles are numerous, about 96, small and not very slender. Acontia were not observed, but its general habit and internal structure are so much like some of the Sagartiade that it probably belongs to that family. It is possibly related to Raphactis nitida Verrill or to R. abyssicola (Moseley). ;
This has been found chiefly on large specimens of Paragorgia from the Bank fisheries, Such specimens are generally dried, and so the Actinian is spoiled. Specimens on the stalks of dead gorgonians in alcohol, formerly described and figured by me as this species (op. cit., 1883, p. 48, pl. VI, fig. 9) may be a distinct species. Its internal structure was not studied.
Chondractinia Litken.
Chondractinia LiivKen, Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjébenhavn, p. 184, 1860. (Type C. digitata Mitiu.). Happon, op. cit. p. 305, 1889. McMuvrricy, op. cit. p. 187, 1893.
Actinauge (pars) VERRILL, op. cit., 1883.
Column stout, firm, bearing on the greater part large, permanent, thick verruce or tubercles in more or less evident longitudinal rows, and usually more or less covered with an imperfect epidermal coating. Cinclide indistinct; submarginal zone softer, flexible, not bearing crests or ribs. Sphincter muscle large, thick, mesoglceal; mesoglcea unusually thick and firm. Six primary pairs of mesenteries strong, sterile. Two large siphonoglyphs. Tentacles stout, without basal lobes.
Chondractinia tuberculosa (Verrill).
Actinauge nodosa var. tuberculosa VERRILL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology, vol. XI, p. 53, pl. VI, fig. 7, 1883; Annual Report of Comm. of Fish and Fisheries for 1883, p. 612, pl. V, fig. 20a, 1885.
Chondractinia tuberculosa MeMurricu, op. cit., 1893, p. 187. WHITEAVEs, op. cit., p. 38, 1901.
Plate XIX; Fig. 5.
The body in this species is covered with remarkably large (5 to 10 mm. broad), prominent, often hemispherical, firm tubercles, arranged irregularly and not very numerous. The integument is very thick and firm, except on the pink or red capitulum, below the tentacles, where it is softer, slightly longitudi- nally ridged, or nearly smooth, and probably capable of secreting a phosphores- cent mucous, as in A. verrillit.
The lower tubercular part is usually covered with an adherent dirty brown or mud-coloured epidermal secretion. When this coating is removed the colour is usually light brown, flesh-colour, or pale red; the tubercles whitish.
The tentacles are numerous, dull red or reddish brown, rather long, usually not bulbous at the base nor much tapered. The sphincter muscle is large and thick. =
The mesenteries are regularly hexamerous in the specimens dissected, and very unequal. Six pairs are wide and perfect, and some may bear small gonads near the base. Their longitudinal muscles are not very strongly developed being searcely thicker than the plicated transverse ones. Those of the second cycle are nearly as wide as the primaries in the lateral systems. All are muscular and bear large gonads. Much narrower mesenteries of the third and fourth cycles occur in all the systems and bear gonads.
Actinaria G 1038
The stomodeum is large and long. It has five deep lateral sulci, and four large intervening wrinkled lobes on each side. Siphonoglyphs are large and deep. No cinclide were found.
The description above was made mostly from a medium sized specimen from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 112 fathoms (Coll. J. F. Whiteaves). It grows to much larger sizes. Some specimens are about 100 mm. (4 inches) high and 45 to 50 mm. in diameter. In contraction, tubercles are often 5 to 8 mm. in diameter, or more. None of the specimens taken alive would expand.
It is only known from rather deep water. Many specimens have been taken on the fishing Banks off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia by the Glou- cester, Mass., fishermen and presented to the U.S. Fish Commission in 1878 to 1881. :
The Gloucester, Mass., fishermen brought it in from a number of localities on all the fishing banks, from Georges to the Grand bank, in 30 to 300 fathoms. It is particularly common on the stony bottoms of Le Have bank, Western bank, and Banquereau, off Nova Scotia. It was also dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission off Nova Scotia and in the Gulf of Maine.