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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at|http: //books .google .com/I i.Google i.Google i.Google ,y Google A HISTORY Mwipimn man ttfetlm^^ 1608 TO 1860: THE ORIGIN AND GEOWTH OP THE PRINCIPAL MECHANIC ARTS i MANUFACTURES, FROM THE EARLIEST COLONIAL PERIOD TO THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION ; ANNALS OF THE INDUSTRY 01^ THE UNITED STATES IK MACHINERY MANUFACTURES AND USEFUL ARTS, By J. LBANDER EISIIOP, A.M, M.D. ■WITH AN APPENDIX, OONTAININQ STATISTICS OP THT: PRIKCirAL KAHUFiCTURING CENTRES, AND DESCKIPIIOVS OF RBMAItEABIE MAKIFFACIOIUES AT TEE PEESMT IIHK IN THEEE VOLUMES: YOL. II, PHILADELPHIA: EDWAED YOUNG & CO., SAMPSON low, SON & CO., 47 LUDGATB HILL. 18GG. ,y Google iMrdlng to Aot of CongrGsfl, EDWAEIi YOUNG ft ,y Google A HISTORY OP lANDFACTlTRES IN THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER L A REVIEW OP THE STATE AND COKDITION OF MANWAOTTiaES IN THE PiaST TEN YEAE8 STJDCKEDING THE ADOPTION OS THE CONSTITDTJON. DuKiNS the twenty-five years that elapsed between the peace of Paria, which established the sHpremacy of Great Eiitain npoa this continent, and the commencement of the present government of the United States, American industry received ita first consider able, impulse in the direction of Manufactures. The various noh-interconrae raeasures and the vfar with the parent state promoted a steady growth of tlie domestic manu- factures, which it had been the policy of Great Britain to discourage, particularly those of the household kind. Although by no means eman- cipated from dependence upon the workshops of Europe, a broad and permanent foundation for their future growth had been laid in the indus- trious, prudent and enterprising character of the early population of the country. Gathered from the productive ranks of the most active and ingenious nations of Europe, with a preponderance of the Anglo-Saxon element, their colonial training was well fitted to develope habits of patient toil, self-reliance, ready invention, and fertility in the use of resources. These qualities, so necessary to success in all the practical arts, were conspicuous in the American character. A varied and dexteroas me- chanical industry was all but nniversal. Upon this basis had been long growing up a comprehensive scene of domestic household manufacture from native materials of great aggregate value, which had materially lessened the annual balance against the Colonies, and had promoted the comfort of all classes. Notwithstanding parliamentary restraints, a long (13) ,y Google 14 THE CONSTITUTION THE PALLADIUM OE INDOSTET. £17S9 and impoYerishing war — exhaustive aa well of men as of means, — the high price of labor, onerous public debts, and a worthless paper currency, Beveral important branches of Manufactures had already obtained a per- manent foothold and respectable magnitude. Some of these had long furnished a surplus for exportation, others only required the security arising from an efQcient central authority, a restoration of public and priyate confidence and a reasonable protection against foreign competi- tion, to become well established industries. Many new establishments and some entire branches of manufacture had been entirely ruined by the J importations which followed the peace and by the financial 3 which overtook all classes, in consequence of the heavy drains of specie thereby occasioned, at a^time when money and credit were at the lowest ebb. Against this state of things, the old Confederation, which had no power of commercial legislation or to enforce treaties, could pro- vide no remedy while the inharmonious ind often conflicting laws of the sever il States (.oull give but partial lehef withm then ownjui adict ons Hence the general enthusiasm with which the adoption of the new ConstitTitioa was hailed in the pnncipal centies of mechanical industry and trade as the paEadium of the future ind istrial interests of the nation The new form ot goyerument orgamzcd undet it was regarded by tho agricultural manufa tunng and commercial clisses with i o vam conli dence as secunng to their inve'stmenta and labois those immunities and rewards which they had sought m vin under the old Coufedeiation A moie efficient administiation of affairs now took the plico of the wretched lystem of distrust jealousy anl bleakness which had paralysed allcnteipiise and new eneigy was infused mt all depaitments of business Agriculture improved rapidly; Commerce expanded; and Manufactures, which were still subordinate in importance to the foi'mer, put forth bolder efforts. American labor began steadily to change its form from a general system of isolated and fireside manual operations, though these continued for some time longer its chief characteristic, — to the more organized efforts of regular establishments with associated capital and corporate privileges, employing more or less of the new machinery which was then coming into use in Europe. To trace consecutively the leading facts in the progress, during our constitutional history, of one branch of the national industry, is our province, and derives additional importance from the fact that at this time an assault upon the political life of the Republic has, for a time at least, utterly paralyzed every peaceful pursuit, and threatens to roll back the tide of general prosperity at the period of its unexampled fullness. The first formidable or protracted resistance to lawful authority in thia country, since it became self-governing, occurred soon after the war of ,y Google 1789] PETITIONS IN FAVOK OF SOVERNMENTAL FHOrECTIOV 15 Independence, in consequence of those very evils for which in the ensaing year a remedy was so happily found in that Constitution, who^e guaran- ties ambition or misguided judgment would now set •i^ide That the productive classea regarded the Constitution of list as confeinng the power and right of protection to the infant manutactuici of the country and thus of seconding the general zeal for their incieaae, la manifest from the jubilant feeling excited in numerous quarters upon the public ratifica- tion of that instrument. Their confidence in the ability and disposition of the new government formed under it to aid them, as well as the ex- treme peril in which their interests were then placed, are also apparent from the fact that the first petition presented to Congress after its first assemhling in March, 1789, emanated from upward of seven hundred of the mechanics, tradesmen and others of the town of Baltimore, lamenting the«lecline of manufactures and trade since the Revolution, and praying tJiat the efScicnt government with which they were then blessed for the first time, would render the country "independent in fact as well as in name," by an early attention to the eacouragement and protection of American Manufactures, by imposing on "all foreign articles which could be made in America, such duties as would give a decided preference to their labors." This was followed by memorials from the manufacturers and mechanics of the City of New York, who recognized in the government then established, the power for which they had long looked " to extend a pro- tecting hand to the interests of commerce and the arts," and discftivered in the principles of the ConstitutioD, " the remedy which they had so long and so earnestly desired." A petition of the tradesmen and manufacturers of the town of Boston, presented soon after, asking the attention of Congress to the eacouragement of manufactures and the increase of American shipping, declares that " on the revival of our mechanical arts and manufactures, depend the wealth and prosperity of the Northern States," and that " the object of their independence was but half obtained till these national polioses are established on a permanent and extensive basis by the legislative acts of the Federal government." Similar me- morials from the shipbuildersof Philadelphia and Charleston, fromcitizens of New Jei-sey and others, were also received, asking protection and encouragement to their respective branches. Congress, as the gnardian of the interests of all classes, appears to have entertained no doubt of its duty and privilege to extend at least an incidental support to the feeble manufactures of the States, as was manifested in the fiscal measures 80 promptly adopted to discharge the public debts and meet the future wants of the government. In virtue of its constitutional authority "to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises ;" and in response to ,y Google 16 THE FIKST TAEIIT ACT, [IT89 numerous petitions, Congress enacted as the first act of the consolidated government, after that regulating the administration of oaths to support the Constitution, a statute framed for the joint purposes of revenue and protection, and which declared in its preamble that it was " necessary for the support of government, for the discharge of the debts of the United States, and the encouragement and protection of Manufactures that duties be laid on goods, wares and merchandise imported." This raea- Bure, which was brought forward by Mr. Madison, within two days after counting the presidential vote, before the routine of business had been settled, and before the inauguration of Washington, who signed the bill on the national anniversary, after it had received a full and lengthy discussion, passed the house by a vote of forty-one to eight. Thus, in the first Revenue bill, which became the basis of subsequent Tariff acts, the principle of legislative protection to American industry, was recog- nized by a nearly unanimous vote of many who had been active in framing the Constitution and in urging its adoption in the legislatures and con- ventions of their respective States. The debate brought into view all the principal questions which have entered into later discussions upon the subject, save that of its constitutionality. This does not appear to have been at all questioned by men who may be supposed to have understood and respected the spirit and letter of the instrument framed by themselves for their guidance and that of posterity. The act of the first Congress, composed as it was, is chiefly important, as an answer to the charge that the ppogress of manufactures in this country, so far as it has depended ned in a similar spirit, has been made in violation of the .1 law of the government, and proves that the founders of our Government felt themselves competent to afford legislative encourage- ment at a time when all branches of industry were imperilled by adverse foreign policy and financial disorder at home. It was indeed fitly urged by Madison, who favored a free system of commerce generally, that those States which in regard to population were most ripe for Manufactures, were entitled to have their interests considered, inasmuch as they had yielded up, under the Constitution, the authority to regulate trade, and with it the power of protection, in evident expectation that such power would be exercised by Congress. It appears that then, as now, members differed in opinion as' to the amount of duty to be levied on different articles, as to the duration of the Act, which was finally limited to June 1, 1196 ; and in respect ^' °° to the question of discrimination in regard to foreign powers. Madison's original resolution proposed temporary speciSc duties upon rum, and other spirituous liquors, wines, tea, coffee, sugar, mola.sscs and ,y Google IISS] THE DUTIES UNDEK THE FIEST a'AllIFP ACT. IT pepper, and Want ad valorem duties on all other imports, and a tonnage duty on all vessels, with discriminations in favor of those owned wholly in the United States, or in eonntries with which we had treaties. On motion of Mr, Fitzsimmona, of Pennsylvania, who advocated an effective system of permanent protection to the infant Manufactures of the country, the following articles were added to the list for specific duties with that object in view, viz : beer, ale, porter, cider, beef, pork, butter, cheese, candles, soap, cables, cordage, leather, hats, alit and rolled iron, iron castings nails unwroon-ht steel paper cibinPt-ware and carriages Ah wl d dtw w IditMGdh's sugges- t Id fjtt IthStwl nsiderable dt ml tljfidt dthdm nations in t g t k t tt Id w 1 1 1 t tl 1 t for pro- t t ri d t m las 1 h p t ] 1 kes, nails dbd Ittl ppt'isdt Itl neidei-able d th th ml g lly f g 1 d t es, except t h 11 d 1 t t ly used. A 1 t 1 f h If m II f d U pp d t 1 mpl jed in the b f 1 tU h hh d ft de tlyd th Pevolution, a 1 V t 0 e t me e ly 1 troy d The e p t t f to Africa hlb md dw ktspdth ifE rope. A t m ml t t d th t h mp Id b jl tf llj k 'h ob the Oh Ithy Idllt ttbtf t dimensions t U f i t g d w J t t th th f th Mississippi. MB! f & th C 1 d ti It t f tt was con- t mpl t 1 th S th 1 f g d 1 Id b It 1 he hoped it w \\ 1 At th t f tl ■\ g m mb ho stated t! t 1 h d b p d tl t bt t p bl f I plying the wh 1 I t I fet t w th th mj t t m I d ty f _two cents p b 1 1 w 1 d mp t d 1 Tl t pi yed in the y tAm jdtsw ttdtbt e00,000 tons, I tw th d 1 Am 1 th t t f {,ition were f dbyllwfjd tftp t gd mported in Am 1 ilyd mt fltfify jr cent, on t mi t d d tly f ra b y d tl C p f O I H i n foreign 1 n CI t d tl d t Am 1 ts, already mpi d th f ty 1 t m Mis 1 tt p pally from Sim th m f m M^ "i k d Ph 1 d ![ 1 Th goes were hflyidf g gdthdmtpl hanged on tl tw d y g Th fl h th b 1 f th t I 1 t y 1 o obtained ah n It 1 by th A t f J ly 4 Tl d fishery was ,y Google 18 CINCINNATI FOUNDED. HtOVIDESCE MANUFAOTTjaEaS. [1189 stated to have been nearly destroyed during tht War but lud '!o far recoTeied «is to employ 4S0 vesseh amountint, to 21 000 tons ind Lalf as miicli moie m tnnsportmg the ft h to marl et 11 e li'ibermen -isked a rem sb un of the duty on salt imported anl used for their business m heu of which a bonnty wis g yen ot five cent n every q iintal of dried or ban el of picLled fl h exported to foiei^n co int les Dunn^ the session Congre a also passed acts prjv d ng for the collec t!on of duties for the leg stration and em llment of vessels and the fistablibl ment of the execntivc departmontg including the Treasury For this la'it most responsille ofBce the h ^hest financial ability was eeeuied by the appointment of Alexander Hamilton as the first Score tary, who in May following, took as hia assistant accoidmg to tl e pro ■visions of the act, Mr. Tench Coxe an ardent ind able a Ivocate of American industry. Nearly contemporaneous with the orgamzatiDu of the new govern ment, was the settlement of the j,reat States of Ohij ind Kentuckj In the beginning of the year a new tswn to bp nlled Los^ntiv lie aftei ward changed to Cincinnati, was laid out on the site of the corameicial and manufacturing Capital of the West The hist log cabin was built there, in tlie raidst of the forest m the prev om December eight months after tbe "Ohio Company" had made the fii at settlement d,t Manetta During the summer of this year the Company erected the firat saw mill in the State at Wolf Creek, an 1 granted donitions of land to those who would make similar improvements The act oigmiaing a new Govern ment for the Northwest Tonitory was passed August 1 1189 Limiting our view to what appeir to be the most important events in the raannfacturing history of the year, we note the following : It was hailed as an indication of progress in manufactures, that early in the year, John Brown of Providence, one of the wealthiest merclianta and manufacturers of New England, appeared dressed in cloth made from the fleeces of his own flock. The yarn, it is added, was spun by a woman eighty- eight years of age.' During the year, the mechanics and manufacturers of Providence, formed an Association for mutna! aid, and obtained a charter of incorpo- ration. The institution proved highly serviceable to the mechanics and the community generally.' The builders of a bridge over the Charles River at Boston, were at this time engaged in building one or more upon the same plan in Ireland, the wood for which was all carried from Massachusetts. At the opening of the year, the manufacturing committee of the Pennsylvania Society, for the encouragement of manufactures and the (1) Sinpks's AquiIs of Providence, 352. (2) Ibid, eS6. ,y Google 1^89] PniLADELPHIA. AND BALTIMORE MANUFACTURES — SLA-TSS.. 19 usefal arts, offered for sale their first printed cottons, with corduroys, federal ribs, jeans, flax, and tow linen, etc. Under an act to assist the cottoa maaufaeturea of the State, passed soon after, the Assembly aathorized a snbscnption of one thousand pounds for one hundred shares in the stock of the Company, and the day following, made a loan of two hundred pounds to John Hewson, calico-printer to the Society. Another act favorable to the industry of the State, enabled aliens to buy, hold, sell, or bequeath real estate, without relinquishing their former allegiance. It was renewed at its expiration in 1792. Burrell Caraes, under the firm of Le Collay & Chardon, established a manufactorj of Paper Hangings in Philadelphia, which in the next nine months made ten thousand pieces.' The Philosophical Society was presented with a model of a silk reel, by Edward Pole of Philadelphia; also, with a printed book, the leaves of which were made of the roots and bark of diiferent trees and plants, being the first essay in that kind of manufacture. A specimen of petro- leum, fonnd in considerable quantity in Oil Creek, a branch of the Alle- gheny, was presented by Wm. Trumbull.' A Company was formed in Baltimore, by Messrs. Caton Tanbibbcr, A. McICiia, Townsend, and others, to manafactare cotton on a small scale, nsing the new (stock) cai-ding machinery and small hand jeonies. They made some jeans and velvets, but did not ultimately succeed. la the autnmn of this year (November 11), Samuel Slater, the father of American Cotton Manufactures, arrived at New York from Eng- land, and entered into the employ of the New York Manufacturing Com- pany, where he remained until the close of the year ; after which he removed to Providence by invitation of Moses Brown. President Washington, during his tour to the Eastern States in the autumn, visited several of the young manufactories in Philadelphia aud New England, manifesting an interest in their prosperity. The first suecessfnl crop of Sea island cotton, was raised on Hilton Head, near Beaufort, South Carolina. It was also raised on SapeJo Island, Georgia, from seed of the Pernambnco variety, seat three years before, by Mr. Patrick Walsh of Jamaica to Frank Levett of that place, find both previously of Bahama. In some other parts of the Southern States, cotton began to be a frequent crop from this period onward.. During this year also, the first steam-engine for cotton- spinning was erected at Manchester, England. (I) OommuviicBtcd bj T. Westootl, Esq. (2) Ti^ansaotions, vol. Ui. ,y Google 20 WASHINGTON'S FIKST MENAGE. [IT90 The President's first Annual Message to Congress, at its seeond BBSsion in the following year, was delivered in a full suit of broadcloth, ordered at the woolen faeterj of Colonel Wadsworth, at New 1790 jjaven, Connecticut. The Message, among other objects recom- mended, says, " That of providing for the common defence will merit partievilar regard. To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace." It continues, "a free people ought not only to bo armed, but disciplined ; to which end, a uniform and well- d t d pi 1 t *! th safety and interest require that they hldpmt hm ft as tend to render them independent f tl f t 1 j t 1 ly for military supplies. Th 1 t f A It e, Commerce, and Manufactures, by llpp m wll tit t eed recommendation. But I cannot fb tt^tyth p lieiicy of giving effectual encourage- m t 11 t tlx t d t of new and useful inventions from I I t th t f k 11 and genius in producing them at hm lffn,ltt^th t urse between the distant parts of our t J 1 y d tt t t tl 1 ost office and post roads. N mil 1 Idtlt jou will agree with me in opinion that there is nothin^ which can better deserve your patronage than the promotion of science and literature. Knowledge is in every country tlie surest basis of public happiness." Acting upon these enlightened suggestions, Congress ordered "that it be referred to the Secretary of the Treasury to prepare and report to this House, a proper plan or plans, conformably to the reeommendation of the President in his speech to both Houses of Congress, for the en- couragement and promoting of such manufactories as will tend to render the ITiiited States independent of other nations, for essential, particularly for military supplies." The report was made toward the end of the ensuing year. In conformity with another resolution of the previous session the Sec- retary reported to Congress a plan for the support of the national credit, by a faithful discharge of the principal and interest of the public debt, estimated in the aggregate at $19,124,464. The result was an Act pro- viding for the prompt and regular payment of the interest and overdne instalments of the foreign debt and its final liquidation j for the assumption by the General Government of the several State debts, and the conver- sion of the whole domestic debt into a voluntary loan, subscriptions to which were payable in certifiuates of such debt at par value, and in conti- nental bills of credit at one hundred for one — the duties on tonnage and imports under new acts, and the faith of the Government, being pledged for the interest. ,y Google 1190] THE rUNDlNG, PATENT AND COEYKIGHT. ACTS. 21 To provide additional revenne for these objects, the tariff underwent a revisioD, whereby the duties the House proposed to levy were in the Senate, witli a few cxceptiotis, augmented twenty-five, fifty, and in some cases one hundred per cent, above the former rates. The, free list was somewhat extended, and an increase of ten per cent, on goods imported in foreign vessels, substituted for the discount previonsly allowed to that amount on importations made in American ships. The Tonnage Act was remodelled, but without any change in the rates of duty or further discrimination between foreign vessels. The obvious justice to the paljlic cteditors, of the Funding Act, and its advantages, so ably set forth by Mr. Hamilton, soon became apparent. A new impulse was given to industry, and confidence in the stability of the TJt n nas evinced by an immediate rise in the current value of the 001 1 ncntal ceitificates which had already advanced since the passage of the hut levenue bill A lapid augmentation of the tonnage of the United State which follo(ved, has been ascribed by many to the dis- cnminating duties on tonnige and imports made in the acts above re- fen ed to As required by th C n t tut n of the United States, which was filbt tu Oldim the ay t mat meration at regular intervals of the populat on as a 1 1S1 f p ntat n and taxation. Congress passed its firut ict foi 1 CPUS f tl nhabtants of the whole Union. The schedules piepaied v 1 th law d d not embrace any account of the occupations weilth or industry of the people, which have since become nnivei-sally regarded is an equally important index of the progress and prosperity of nations The population on tiie first of August, was found to be 3 921 o2b n luding 697,691 slaves, and exclusive of Indians not ta\el By vutue ot the oiohth section of the first article of the Constitution, three other liws I av ni, important relations to the progress of industry and knowlelge were ei acted by Congress. One established a uniform rule of natuiUizit <.i Another, designed to promote the progress of useful arts, secured to citizens of the United States, the inventors of new machines or processes, or improvements upon old ones, the right to enjoy under letters patent, to be issued by a Board, consisting of the Secretaries of State and War, and the Attorney General, the sole and exclusive use of their inventions, for a period of fourteen years. The first patent under this law was issued by the Secretary of State on the 31st July, and two others during the year. An act for the encouragement of learning by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such ,y Google MASIIfAOnTKES. [1T90 copies, authorized like the foregoing by the Constitution, and recom- mendpd to the especial attention and encouragement of Congress in the presidential speech, granted to authors, citizens, or residents of the United idtates, the copyright of their worlis for fourteen years, with the privilege, at the end of that time, of renewing it for a like term. A memorial to Congi'ess in March, from the manufacturers of snufT, and other manufactured tobacco in Philadelphia, deprecating a proposed tax upon those articles, represents that since the commencement of the Kevolufon, the importation of snuff and prepared tobacco had almost ent ely eased. There were in the city of Philadelphia, at least thirty m nuf tories, in which not less than three hundred men and boys were cmpl ye 1 Nearly every inland town in the state contained one or more fact Snuff mills, recently invented in the city, and driven by water, e e n use. Steam was soon after employed. At Albany, New York, was a very complete set of mUls for manufacturing tobacco, snuff, mus- tard, etc., recently erected by Mr, James Caldwell, an enterprising mer- chant of the city. They were regarded aa the most extensive and perfect of the kind in the country. The snuff mill was considered capable of making, in nine months of the year, sufficient snuff for the whole northern part of America. The worits, which were destroyed by_lire in 1194, at d 1 & b aa N N E H tf d, Vm CO und sold there, in 1(146, at foity oonts a farms were not uneominDn in Ihe neighbor- pounJ. The eitenaiTe and widely known hood of Philodolphia in 1T90, and Connet. house of Lorillard, is probably the oldest tiont has long raised excellent tolsuco A now in Amerieft, Pietra Lorillard having doty of six oaiit" n pound, intended to be oommenaed the manufaotnro in ITBO. By prohibitory, was loid on roanufootured to- his widow, and aubssqoeatlj by his aons, it baoCD by the Brot tariff, and ten cents a Gilbert Stuart, the father of the oalebratad August, IJbD to Spplomber 30tli ITBU, painter, eniigrated from Scotland to King- 15,350 ponndi of snuff wera esp(rtc I flton, K. I., (where tte artist woa botn, in i.Google 1T90] 28 It was ascertained that the number of gunpowder works in PenDsyl- ■vania was twenty-one, in whicli were annually made 635 tons of powder. Four others were in coarse of erection. A. company was formed in Bal- timore, to erect an extensive gunpowder factory in that city. It was built the next year on Gwinn's Falls, and was in operation until Sep- tember, 1813, when it blew up, and was never rebnilt.' (I) Annals of Ealtiinore.-Tho earliest tecce's espadilioD, in 169B, it sold for a reforenoo to tho manufBclore of gnnpow- pistolo the pound. In 17B1, the London der in this country, is found in an order of Society of Art?, to stimulate its production, the fleneral Coart of Ma=3aohuaetta, of offered a preraiam for nitre imported from Juno 6, 1839, nheii Edward Eawson ivaa Amsrioa. FonrjearsnRer, espectaiionnns granted 600 acres of land at Peooit, " so as a good deal riused in Englnnd, b? news he goes on nitli tiie powder, if the saltpeter that a "sulphur mine" had heen discovered «omea." In June, 1642, to promote the near Albany, and Eome powder manufa*to- puHie safety, " by raising and prodncing rias, it was said, were about to be erected in such materials amongat ue as will perfeot the province. A mill at Rhinebeok, in Sep- thB making of gunponder, the instrnmantal tember, WTS, supplied powder at £20 per maanes that all nations lajhouldon for their owt. We hove met with no account of moro ptossrvation, ic, do order that every plan- than one powder mill built before the Re- taUon within this Colony shall erect n bouse volution, which found the Colonlsa quite an- ia length, about 20 or 30 foote, and twenty provided with this " in stro mental meanss." fOOte Widewithln-one half jear next Cuming, As the eiportation of powder and iu mate- Ao., to make saltpetre from urine of men, riaU from England, was prohibited by an beaats,gDatoa,lieons,liogs,iiiidhoraBfl'duDg, order in Counoil, of Octohar IB, 1714, the 4c." M«eord>, i. 283; ii. IT. Tliia in- junotiou to preserve organic matters for the formation of nitre bods, was oonformable to ai"! tlie several State Conventions, assem- the practice required of the oitiiiene of Lon. blies, and Coramilteos of Safety. A reaolu- don and Weatminater, by royal proclamation tion of the Provindal Congresa of Masea- ia 162B, and with that of Sweden, in the obuseits, December S, 177i, states, that the present day, where every peasant isreqnired ""ins of several powder mills oaisled there, by law to have his compost shed or nitriary, and many poraons underalood the business. Olid to furnish the State a certain quantity I' reoomniended the restoration of one or of saltpetre, yearly. It was enforced by sub- '"">" "f ""e mills, or the erection of others, sequent orders, aod by considerable fines. Henee, the manuraoture of powder appears InMay, 1668, Richard Wooddey and Henry to have been attempted, at least in that Rnaaell, of Boston, having made prepara- Colony, previous to the erection, in HTS, of tions for saltpetre and powder works, wore «■ powder mill ot Bast Hartford, Conueca- grauted certain privileges by way of en- ™t, which has since been spoken of aa the oouraganient. A powder mill waa built at first In thin country. This was bailt by Dorchester, previous to 1680. A law of the William and George Pitkin, under an Act of Geuoral Courts enacted previous to 1704, the Assembly raguladng their erection, and prohibited the exportation of gunpowder, giving a bounly of £30 eaoh forthe Hrat two and authorized " the undertahers of the powder mills erected, end £10 for every powder mill," to impress workmen by a war- owt, of saltpetre made during the next year, rant from the magistrate, as in the case of liberty was at the same time given to Jed- n public work. The numerous Frenob and ediah Blderkin and Hnfhaniel Wales, (o Indian wars, and the nature of ooloniel life set up a powder mil! at 'Windham, and trade, created a vast demand in England Aliout the same time a powdev mill wits for gnupowder tor America. Dnring Pron- erected at much cspensa at South Andfvcr, ,y Google GUNPOWDEK— EPSOM B. Bp m Ad n C m r b 0 [1190 ftiid tha proprietor, ten years after, erected for nitre. It yielded about an ounce to the apapor mill at the place, conducted by quart, and produced much eDtbuBiasni for a PhiUipa and Hughes. One or more powder time. The discovery of a "sulphur mins" mills wera built in Peunsylirnnin, before in Virgioio, was onnouneod to Congress in that of Col. Pitkin!. The committee of UTS, and n meaaenger waa dispatched fot the City and Liberties, in 1775, established samples of the mineral. Many similar dis- a large saltpetre works on Market street, eoveries were made eiaewbere. Hilre was Philadelphia onder the superintend mce of manufactBred in April, 1776, at Wariviek M B Ml CI m All M 03 L d P te sburg, and the Proyiacial Con- CdwUd dDRli ihth g Ived to set up a third factory in 1 1 mm H w 1 teJ t d H I f Connly, under Commissioners, who p binidCg hwl eeivB 1». a pound. It appropri- jarpbihl m alg g td £500 for a powder mill in the same 1 m th i f m k g !i^ 1 ty AVirgiaian, also, published direc- wh h p m ts w mad b Th m t f making gunpowder. Horih Caco- F y a C pta P y B Up t w k 1 ff 1 £35 per cwt. for saltpetre, and w t p B t by D Wh tai £200 f the first 600 weight of gunpowder d bj Ih d ff t pi Th q I t English powder of SSs. the cwl. ; C 1 f -5 f ty d th t f I f 100 lat the first 1000 lbs. weight i>f ral altp t dgpdft fid Iphnr. As early as 1707, South i P syl I d gth C 1 Oar 1 passed. B Ian to enconrage tho P wd M 1! t E h C 1 wh h lU fact re of saltpetre and potash, and ploded m March, 1777. They allowed S3 m NoTomber,1775, voted premiumsof £200, per ewt. for gunpowder.— i'emisjlcaii in Ai-- £1S0, f lOB, and f 50, respectivoly. for the chivea. first works that produced each 50 lbs. of A powdej' mill was built oarly in the war good merohantahlo saltpetre. Sums of £300, at Morristown, New Jersoj, by Col. Ford, £100, and fSO, were offered for the first and being amply enpplied with aallpetre by sulphur works, producing 100 Iba, of refined the inhabitauls, afforded considerable sap- sulphur, which the State agreed to take at plies when they were most needed. The 5». per lb. over and above the premium. ProTincial Congress of Now York, in 1776, Georgia, also, encouraged the mannfaoturs ofi'ered premiums of £100, £75, and £50, of saltpetre, sulphur and gunpowder, for the first three powder mills, capable of These efforts, made unie. i.Google 28 NAVIGATION ACTS — THE UNITED STATES BANK. [1191 by obtaining an express stipulation for this purpose ; but, if this ccnees- sion caunot bo obtaiued, it may lie suffleient perhaps to stipulate that the duties on British manufactures should not at any time be raised above the duties now payable on the like manufactures imported from Great Britain into France and Holland, according to the commercial treaties with those powers." The second proposition was, " that the duties on all other merchandise, whetiier British or foreign, imported from Great Britain into the United States, sliall not be raised higlier at any time than on the like merchandise, imported from any other European nation." As the basis of a com- mercial treaty, they offered the single proposition, that British ships should be treated in United States ports in like manner as American ships shall be treated in the ports of Great Britain. It could not, how- ever, be admitted, even as a sulg'ecl of negotiation, that this principle of equality should be extended to the Colonies and Islands of Great Britain ; or, that United States ships should there be treated as British. The profitable circuitous trade by which ships from Great Britain, carrying British manufactures to the United States, there load with lumber and provisions for the West Indies, and thence return with the produce of the Island to Great Britain, they say, was wholly a new acquisition, created by hia Majesty's order in Council (of 1183), which bad operated to the increase of British navigation, compared with that of the United States, in a double vatio, " bat it has taken from the United States more than it has added to that of Great Britain." The retention of the American market, and the carrying trade, was thus an object of especial desire,' but the urging of it was postponed by the revolution in France, which operated to the increase of American manufactures and navigation. In conformity with a plan suggested by the Secretary of the Treasury, for providing a circulating medium for the requirements of government and trade, Congress established at Philadelphia (February 36), the United States Bank, with a charter for twenty years, and a capital of $10,000,000, divided into 25,000 shares, one-fifth of which were held by the government. In conjunction with the funding system, the active a emp ary regulatioa of cominunioatioQ tiona, ns fish, boof, pork, butter, lai-i1, etc., betwe n be two ooantrioe, prnposea in wben cnrried in BritiEh ehipa. The mer- Ma h 178^ tailai throngb the violent op- eontile intofests, also, procured tbe rejeotinu pa n f he navigation int^resta, headed of n plan for a oommereial Crealj on princi- ty L d Sheffield, and the death of tha pies of reoiprooity, propoeed by Mr. Adams, Clinn e or The orders of the King in tho Atneriean Minister in London, nho Conn n whom the autioritj was subse- theronpon strongly recommended the States quen y ed, wholly eielndad American to pass Navigation AolB, which was done by vs e m ports in the British TVeet In- Bcveral otUiem. i.Google 1191] DTiTIES ON LEAD AND COTTONS — EKCIEE ON 8PIETTS. 29 capital thereby created was d'cemed favorable to the restoration of public credit, and ibe progress of commerce and the arts. It was the fourth institution of the liinii in the country, banks already existing at Phila- delphia, Boston and Kew York ; and others went into operation thia year at Baitimove and Providence. On March 2, a slight amendment was made in the last Tariff Act, by which the duty of one cent per pound on bar and other lead was ex- tended to" all manufactures, wholly or chiefly of lead ; and that of seven and a half per cent, ou chintzes and calicoes was made to include ail printed, stained and colored manufactures of cotton or linen. At the call of Secretary Hamilton, an act was also passed (March 3), laying, on spirits imported after 30th Jnne, a considerably higher duty, varying from twenty to forty cents a gallon, according to strength, and an excise duty of eleven to thirty cents, upon domestic spirits, distilled from molasses, sugar, or other foreign materials ; and of nine to twenty-five cents per gallon on that made from materials the growth or produce of the United States, for the collection of these duties, each State was made a collection district, with as many supervisors as were necessary, whose duty it was in the case of home- distilled spirits, to appoint officers each to have charge of one or more distilleries, to gauge, proTG and brand every cask, according to its contents ; and having collected the excise in cash, or by bond, to give a certificate, without which it could not be removed, on pd.n of forfeiture. On private stills, in country places, using domestic materials, a yearly duty of eLsty cents per gallon on the contents of the still was imposed. Every distiller was required to place upon his buiM- ings, and the doors of his vaults, the words "Distiller of Spiuts," and before commencing the business, was to enter in writing, at the nearest inspection ofBce, a particular description of his buildings and apaitments ; when they were subject to the inspection of the officers, who were also to furnish, and from time to time inspect books, in which the distiller was required to make a daily entry of the quantity and quality of spirits dis- lilied, sold, or dehvered, according to the marks , and to verify the same by his oath, or afBrmation. An allowance equal to the duty in each case, less half a cent per gallon was allowed, by way of drawback upon spirits exported ; and upon spirits distilled from molasses in the United States, an additional allowance of three cents per gallon, equivalent to the duty laid upon molasses. The net product of the duties was pledged for the payment of interest on loans, and the surplus, if any, to the reduction of the public debt ; and the act was to cease when these objects had been attained. The discrimination eo-operated with the duty of three cents upon inolasses to favor the grain distillers of the United States. Kotwith- ,y Google go THE WniSKY KEBELIION. [1191 standing considerable opposition, strengtlienedbyarosolution of the Penn- eylvania Asaenibly, then in session, against it, the act passed by a vote of tbirty-five to twenty-one. The large number of private distilleriea affeeted by this important act (amounting it is said to at least five thousand in tbe State of Pennsylvania alone), caused strong remonstrances to be also made in that State, and in North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland, where Btilla were likewise numerous. The legislative dissent thus expressed, doubtless encouraged the active resistance made during the next three years to the enforcement of the act, particularly in the four western counties of Pennsylvania, Commencing in North Carolina, the whisky rebellion assumed its most formidable proportions in Westmoreland, Washington, Fayette and Alleghany connties, where a large body of Scotch and Irish distillers and farmers questioned the power of the new government to impose so heavy a tax upon the only staple which would bear the cost of transportation, by the means then in use, to the eastern or other distant markets. Opposition to the excise commenced in a public meeting, held July 27,at Redstone Old Port, (BrownsTille, to which the Legislature has recently restored the old name), on the Monongahela, It was more fully organized by a Convention held at Pittsburg, later in the year, embracing some of the most wealthy and influential citizens of those counties, and was countenanced by the western members. Smiley and Findley, who had opposed the law in Congress, and denounced it among their constituents. Mr. Gallatin, afterward the able Secretary of the Treasury, also opposed the law, without sanctioning unconstitutional modes of resistance. Many outrages were committed upon the officers of the escise, or their supporters. The collection was only enforced after some modifications of the law had been made, and a vigorous exercise of authnnty by the Federal Executive had suppressed an insarreetion of alarming extent The distillation of molasses was chiefly carried on in the seaport towns, particularly in New England. In this business, Massachusetts exceeded all the other States together, and had, in 1183, no less than sixty distille- ries The extent of the business is indicated by the quantity of molasses imported into the United States, which amounted for the fiscal year to the unusual number of 1,194,606 gallons. The total exports of Ameri- can spnits in the same time were 513,234 gallons. President Washington, having made a tour to the Southern States after the adjonrnment of Congress, thus recorded his impressions of the favor- able influence of the measures of Government upon the credit and.industry of the country. "In my tour, I confirmed by observation the accounts whicli we had all along received of the happy efi'ects of the General ,y Google 1791] THE riRST TARN — CABPBTS — PATTERSON FOUNDED. 31 Gciyernmcnt upoa Agriculture, Commerce and Industry. Tlic same effects pervade the Middle and Eastern States, with the addition of rast progress in the most useful manufactures." The eyidences of progress are also referred to in his speech to tlie second Congress, at its first assembling, and proof of public conridenoe in the strength aad resources of the Government, was found in the fa*;t that the whole subscription to the Bank of the United States was filled in a single day. Samples of the first yarn, and of the first cotton cloth made in America, from the same warp, were presented, October 15th, to the Secretary of the Treasury. A portion of it in the possession of Mr. Clay, in 1836, was aa fine as Ko. 40.' A manufactory of Turkey and Axminister carpets was in operation in the Northern Liberties, Philadelphia, conducted by William Peter Sprague, who about this time wove a uational pattern, with a device representing the crest and armorial achievements pertaining to the United States. A "Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufac- tures,*' was formed in Kew York, under the presidency of Hon. Robert R. Livittgston, whose name also appears among the patentees this year, for a mechanical improvement in spindles. Through the exertions of Alexander Ilamilton, an association of indi- viduals in New York, Wew Jersey, and Pennsylvania, was also formed for establishing f 1 f tures, by the subscription of 5000 shares, of $100 each [_ f wh h ly 2G1 were fully paid up). With a view to the establi hm t f f, at emporium of manufactures, and as a primary object th f t e of cotton cloth, the company selected tlie Falls of th P as th seat of their operations, the Great Pall? haying been as t d t h e an elevation of 104 feet, and to be capa- ble of driving IT 1 h t water-wheels, and the Little Falls four miles above, a I 11 f 36 f t sufficient to drive T8 water-wheels. The Society was fully organized at New Brunswick, under the following directors; William Dner, John Dewhurst, Benjamin Walker, Nicholas Low, Royal Flint, Elias Boudinot, John Bayard, John Neilson, Archi- bald Mercer, Thomas Lowring, Georgo Lewis, More Fnrman, and Alexander McComb. Mr. Duer was chosen the first govemor. The company was incorporated by the Legislature of New Jersey under the name of "The Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures," with extensive privileges, including a city charter, over a district six miles square, then containing about ten houses, which tiiey named (1) MomoirE of Slater, 89. ,y Google IE FIRST PATENTS — TEADE MABKS, [1T91 Pattersox', in hoDOr of Judge William Patterson, the GoTcrnor of tbo State. They invited and encouraged artizans and manufacturers to settle there, by leasing water priTilegea and by aiding them with capital. Though not at first suecesefal in their immediate pnrpoae, they became the founders of that flourishing centre of industry, by attracting thither artizans and manufacturers of different kinds, even from England and Scotland, many of them having been engaged by Mr. Hamilton, at the reqnest of the company, before the act of incorporation. (Vide A. B. 1194.}' At least 32,000 tona of shipping were built in the United States this year. The largest amount bnilt in any one year, before the war, was 26,544 tons. The cotton crop of the United States was set down at about two millions of pounds, of which one and a half millions were grown in South Carolina, and half a million in Gfeorgia. The total export of American cotton was 189,316 lbs., the average price of which, at the place of ex- portation, (vas 26 cents per lb.* The quantity of potash and pearlash manufactured this year in Termont, was estimated at one thousand tons.' This was about one- sixth of the whole amount exported from the TTnited States. Tbefirstpateatsformachinesfor threshing grain and corn, were this year granted (March II) to Samuel Mulliken of Philadelphia, who took out fonr other patents at the same time, and (Aug. 3) to William Thompson of Kichmond, Virginia. Patents were issued (Aug. 26) to Messrs. James Rumsey, John Fiteh, Nathan Read, John Stevens, and Buglehnrt Cruse, seyerallj for various modifications of steam apparatus, and for the application of steam as a motive power to navigation, and other economical uses, for which it began about this time to be employed in this country. Several of the patentees had previously obtained exclusire privileges from some of the State Legislatures. A machine for spinning cotton by water power was patented (Dec. 31) by William Pollard of Philadelphia, who pat it in operation ta that city, but did not succeed. Mr, Jefferson, Secretary of State, to whom was referred the petition of Samuel Breek and others, proprietors of a sail-cloth manufactory in Boston, asking the exclusive privilege of using particular marks to desig- nate their manufactures, reported that it would eondnco to fidelity in manufactures to grant to each establishment the excinsive right to somo mark on its wares proper to itself He recommended a, general law on (1) Barber * Howe's Hisl. Ool!. of N. J. (2) Woodburj'a Treasury Rop. 1335-6.— ,y Google 1191] Hamilton's RErORT on MANUFACiuaES. 33 the subject, so far as it related to goods intended for exportation, over wbicli alone Congress had jurisdiction. In obedience to the resolution of the first Congress of January 15, 1790, Mr. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, laid before the House of Representatives his able and voluminous report on the subject of Manufactures. In collecting and analyzing the materials for that elaborate document, the Secretary employed a great amount of industry, and all the energies of an acnte, comprehensive, aad powerful mind. His labors resulted in presenting to the nation such a broad yet circumstantial view of the importance of this branch of the national industry in all its relations, its resources, prospects,' and claims on the patronage of Congress, and in sliaping such a system for its encouragement in harmony with all the great interests of the country, as has seldom been furnished to any gov- ernment. His able refutation of the current objections to the encour- agement of manufactures, his vindication of their importance as a source of public wealth and happiness, of the necessity of countervailing com- mercial regulations, and his suggestions as to the best means of pro- moting manufactures, all evince the clearest comprehension of the whole subject, and an intimate knowledge of their existing coadition. The paper is replete with calm and forcible reasoning, practical views, and the soundest maxims of political economy, while it preserves a dignified abstinence from those acrimonious and invidious references to the policy of rival nations, which were sometimes heard from prominent members in the national councils. The Reportwasanobloappeal to the nation in behalf of a branch of the public economy, which had a limited though increasing number of ardent supportera, but of which the importance was not generally apprehended, and was even the subject of considerable misapprehension. It well nigh exhausted the arguments in defence of manafacturea, and its principles and logic have formed a common resource for later reasoning on the same subject. The remarkable forecast, and appreciation of the merits of the subject displayed in guiding the legislative patronage into the channel of manufactures, at a time when public occurrences in Europe were about to lead enterprise and capital strongly in the direction of commerce, ia the more conspicuous, inasmuch as the Secretary's previous associations had been rather with the commercial than with the manu- facturing classes. We regret that our limits do not permit us to present in full, this fli-st Official Report on Manufactures, made to our govern- ment— a State paper in many respects one of the ablest in the national iirchives, and we are unwilling to mar ita general excellence, by lengthy extracts, or any attempt at abridgment. ,y Google 34 PROGRESS IN THE IRON MANUFACTURE. [1T91 Many of tlic arguments, moreover, in fiivor of manufactures, whieli wei'e novel then are axioms now. We must, however, advert to tlie fact, that he scouts as miachievona and erroneous the idea of conflicting interests between the Northern and Soutliern States. He sajs, " Ideas of a contrariety of interests between t!ie Northern and Southern regions of the Union," are, in the main, as anfounded as they are mischievous. The diversity of circumstances, on wliich such contrariety is usually pre- dicated, autliorizes a directly contrary conclusion. Mutual wants consti- tute one of the strongest links of political connexion ; and the extent of these bears a natural proportion to the diversity in the means of mutual supply. Suggestions of an opposite complexion are ever to be deplored as unfriendly to the steady pursuit of one great common cause, and to the perfect harmony of all the parts." The unity of interest is shown by reference to the demand wliici) would be created in the North for raw materials, among which, cotton, indigo, lead, coal, hemp, flas, and wool, were either peculiar to the South, or produced there in greater abundance and of better quality. "The extensive cultivation of cotton," it is observed, "can, perhaps, hardly he expected, but from the previous establishment of domestic manufactures of the article." Iteferring the reader to the K-eport in full as given in Hamilton's works, we shall limit our extracts mainly to the faeta which show the progress which had been made in manufactures up to this period. 1. Iron. — Peculiar advantages and inducements for the prosecution of the Iron manufacture, existed in the abundance and quality of nearly every quality, and the plenty and cheapness of fuel, partieolarly charcoal. Productive coal mines were already worked, and there were indications of an abundance of coal in many other places. Proofs had been received that manufactories of Iron, though generally understood to be extensive, were much more so than commonly supposed. Several trades, of whieli Iron was the basis, required but small capital. Iron works were carried on more numerously, and more advantageously, than formerly, and the price of Iron had risen, chiefly on that account, from about |64, the average before the Revolution, to about $30, In the manufacture of sleel considerable progress had been made, and some new enterprises on a more extensive scale had been lately set on f t Tl n d bt it could be made to supply all internal de- m d d d bl urpins for exportation. Th XT t 1 St t I ^dy in a great measure supplied themselves w th 1 d [ k Th y were able and ought to do it entirely. The firbt 1 m 1 1 b p ration was performed by water-mills, in which b y w h fly pi 1, who thus acquired early habits of industry. It t 1 tl n true that in certain parts of the country, the ,y Google It91] MANUFACTUaES OP IRON, COPPER, LEAD- 35 nrnHns of naik w.b b» ocomionol t.milj m.nuf.clnre. The e^pefllency of an aadition.1 d»ty on these ortleles, .as indic.teil b, Ih. fact thai .« th. conrso of the je.t ending September 30, 1190, obo.t 1,800,000 lbs. of them wete imported into the United Slate.. A dot, of two rants per ponnd »onid prohaUj pnl an end to such an importation, a thing m ™r, wa, proper to b. done. An insp.etton of the articles intended for exportation might bo desirable to .eeor. more care and honcstj tl.an was observed in this and some other branches. Implements of hosbondry „ero made in several States, and conid be made to supply the whole country Edge tools of dilTerenl liinds were also made, and mnch hol- lowware Althongh the bnsiness of costing wM leas perfect than might be wished, it was improving, and as respectable capitals were engaged in this and other infant branches of the Iron mannfaclnre, they might all be soon acquired. . iHanofactorics of lire arms and other military weapons already existed, which only required « certain demand m order to supply the whole United States. It would aid them and be a means of puWic safety if a certain quantity were purchased annuallv to form aisenols in which a competent supply should always be kept It might become des.raile to eslaWisll manufactories of all necessary weapons on goveinmont account, aceordlng to the re.sonoWe piaetice if other natims It appeared improvident to leave the Instiument^ of national defeni-e to the casual enterprise of individuals. It seemed one of the few eiceptions to tho general rule that government manufactures were to be av oi led 2 COPPBB,— Ma nfacturcs of th s article (including those ot 1 rrss) were also of great extent an 1 »t 1 ty The material was a natai ai pi o duction of the count y and m nes ot it had been piofitably wio ight It could be obtained easdvanl cheaply fiom Ohio Coipersniths and brass-founders, parte larly the former were nnmeroa. and some of them carried on extensively. 3 LsAO—Abounded in the United States and could he made to more than supply the domestic demand A priliSo mine of it had long been wrought in southwestern Virginia anl under pul lie administiation yielded considerable supplies dnviiig the late war It was now m the haod. of individuals, who not only cairied it on with spirit but had established manufactories of it at Richmond 3 Fossn. Coal— Was important as an instrument of manufacture for household fuel, and a, an article of freight coast vise as signdly exemphfied in Sreat Britain. Soveril coal m nes were w. rlied in Til giaia, and there were appearances of deposit, in many places A bonntv on coal of home production, and picmiums f jr opening new mmes il i.Google 36 COAL — WOOD — SKINS — GRAIN. [1791 thought necessary or useful, were warranted by the importance of the article. i. Wood. — Several manufactories of this article flourished in the United States. Ships were nowhere built in greater perfection, and cabinet- wares, generally, were made ]ittlc, if at all inferior, to those of Europe. Their extent was snch as to have admitted of considerable exportation. An exemption from duty of ail woods nsed in manufactures, seemed to be all tliat was required, and was the policy of other rations. An early and systematic preservation of the stock of timber and maga- zines of ship-timber were desirable. 5. Skins. — Pew mannfaetories were of greater importance. They were recommended by tlieir inflnence on agriculture in promoting the raising of cattle. In the principal branches, the progress was sach as nearly to defy foreign competition. Tanneries were carried on, both as & regular business, and as an incidental family maanfaeture. Farther enconragement, by an increased duty on manufactories of leather, and by prohibiting the exportation of bark, which, in consequence of exportation, it was alleged, had risen in price within a few years from three to four and a half dollars per cord, seemed to be expedient, although it was not cer- tainly BO. The rise in price of bark was more probably due to increased home demand and d ra n h 1 pi ly, than to exportation. One species of bark being in som t p 1 to the United States, and the material a valuable dye in s m m ufa tu es in which the United States had begun a competition as m 1 an additional reason for a prohibition, and the importance f th I tl h anch might justify increased duties. Glue, which was rated at fi^o per cent, , might be subjected to an excluding duty, with benefit to this branch It was raadt in great quantities and like paper, was in entire CLonomy of matenali otherwise useless G. GEAI^f — Manufactuies of several lands of grain weie entitled to peculiar favor both as being connected with snbsistence and the suppoit of agricnlture A general system of lu'ipection for flour in iW dtme^tic ports, wonldnnprsvi, it's quality and lepttjtion, but difhtulties btood in the way of it Next to flour ardent ipiuts ind malt hquirs ot which the former were made extensively and the latter to a con iderable extent, were the principal manufactures of grain and the eTclusive home market for both should be seenred as fast as possible Existing I'iws had done much towaid this but additional duties on ioioign distilled spirits and ipalt liquors and perhaps an abatement of those on domestic spiiits would more effectually seonre it An increased duty would benefit the distillers of molasses as well The pnue of molasses h'kd been for some years successively rising in the West Indies owing partly to fresh com- petition, partly to ioLreiscd aemand in this conntrv; and the late dis- ,y Google 1191] GRAIN — LTQUOItS — FLAX — HEMP. 31 turbances in the islands would enhance it still more. This high price, and the duty of three cents per gallon, rendered it diOicuIt for the distillers to compete with West India rum, which was of snpeiior quality. Hence, a greater difference ia the duties on foreign and -domestic spirits was deemed proper even by the most candid distillers. Geneva, or giu, was extensively consumed in this country, and distilleries of it, though but re- cently growtt to any importance, were becoming of consequence, and re- qnired protection. The smaller coat of some materials, and of labor, in Holland ; the large capital employed in the business there, and other cir- cumstances, rendered it difficult for distillers, under the present duty, to compete with the foreign article. An addition of two cents per gallon on foreign spirits of the first class of proof, and a proportionate increase in those of higher proof, was therefore recommended, and a deduction of one cent per gallon on domestic spirits of the first proof, and a pro- portionable deduction ia the higher classes of proof. By far the greater part of malt liquors consumed in the United States was the produce of domestic breweries. The whole should, and probably could be supplied by them. In quality, though inferior to the best, they were equal to the greater part of those usually imported. A growing competition, increased by whateTer would attract capital into that channel, would still improve them. A duty of eight cents per gallon generally, in lieu of the existing duty, would be a decisive enconragement, and probably banish the inferior qualities ; and with a prohibition of all im- portation, except in casks of considerable capacity, would ultimately supplant all foreign malt liquors, 7. FiAX AND Hemp. — The importance of the linen branch to agri- culture ; its effects in promoting household industry ; the ease with which the materials could be produced at home, and the great advances made in the coarser fabrics, especially in families, constituted claims of peculiar force to the patronage of Government. This patronage could be ren- dered by promoting the growth of materials, by restraining foreign competition and by direct bounties or premiums upon the home manu- factures. As to hemp, something had been done in the first mode, by a high duty on foreign hemp, and on the whole, was not perhaps exceptionable. Bounties or premiums seemed either too expensive, or too unequal toward different parts of the Union, and were otherwise attended with practical difBculties. With regard to foreign competition, duties on imports were the most obvious expedients. Sail cloth already employed a flourishing factory at Boston, and several promising ones in other places. 8. Cotton. — There was something in the texture of this material which adapted it in a peculiar degree to the application of machinery. ,y Google SS COTTON CL'LTURE AND MASXJFACTTJKE. C^''^^ The signal uLilitj of the lately invented cotton-mill had been noticed, bnt other machines of scarcely leas utility were employed on it with exclusive, or more than ordinary effect. This circnmstance particularly I'ecommeiided cotton fabrics, to a country deficient in hands. The variety and extent to which the manufactares of this article are applicable still farther recommended them. A vigorous pursuit of the cotton branch in its several subdivisions was still farther recommended by the faculty of the United States to produce the raw material of a quality which, though alleged to be inferior to some, was capable of being used in many fabrics, and would probably by more esperienced cnlture be cirried to much greatPr p f t' I dd t t wh t h d b p iy t t 1 t as d th t S ty w 1 m th j t 1 wh 1 t ! t 1 w Id I t d d t h If m 11 f d 51 d m ft. t f 1 Igltl k£:dptgfttj,d Th m t 1 t 1 tl p p t f b t ! 1 11 h i; t mltpppr 1 yt t! fulp t ftl ft q t TI p t (i ty f th ee tA 0 ott b f J Th j tdyfdt tl gdmft It) 1 1 ty p t g tl 1 f th m t 1 b f ltd t C tt h d t tl 1 m 1 m] b t g lly tl gh t th t y I t t t 1 t 1 k fib d bt t t d f tl q f-u,t It Id h w t th f 11 b fit f ti 1 t te 1 I 1 11 1 d p d I I t km m d gr t t f dft was therefore recommended. A more encouraging substitute would be a bounty on the national cotton when wrought at home, and an addi- tional bounty on exportation. The British bounty on coarse linens Applied also to certain kinds of cotton goods of similar value. One cent per yard, of a, given width, on all goods of cotton, or cotton and linen, made in the United States, with one cent additional per poimd on the material, when of domestic growth, would be a considerable aid both to the production and manufacture. The magnitude of the object would justify the expense. The printing and staining of cottons was a distinct business. It was easily accomplished, and added much to the value of white goods, and deserved to be encouraged, A drawback of the whole q Hy 1 t tl f th f t t f I t wf 1 as tl P 1 A d 1 1 I ftl t d t ty i.Google 1T91] MANurAorrEBS of cotton and wool — hats. 39 0!' part of the duty on imported white cottons, would be a powerful en- couragement until such time as there was a domestic supply. The duty of seven and a half per cent, on certain kinds of cottons, if extended to all goods of cotton, or principally cotton, would probably counterbalance the effect of the proposed drawback on the fabrication. " Manufactures of cotton goods not long since established at Beverly, in Massachusetts, and at Providence, in the State of Khode Isiand, and condacted with a perseverance corresponding with the patriotic motives which began them, seem to have overcome the first obstacles to success; producing corduroys, velverets, fustians and 'jeans, and other similar articles, of a quality which would bear a comparison with the hlse articles brought from Manchester. The tP d 1 d tliement of being the first to introdnce into the TJ t d St t th lb ted cotton-mill, which not only furnishes mate If th t m factory itself, but for tile supply of private faniilie f h 1 Id m f tui'e." Other manufactures of the s m m t 1 as g, I businesses, had also been begun at different pi th &t t f C nectieut, but ali upon a smaller scale than those b m t d S m essays were also making in the printing and stain g f tt d There were several BQiall establiehinents of this kind aheadj on foot. 9, Wool. — In a, climate like ours, the woolen branch could not be re- garded as inferior to any which relates to the clothing of the inhabitants. Household manufactures of this material were carried on to a very interesting extent. But tlie only branch which could be said to have acquired maturity, was the making of hats. Hats of wool, and of wool and fur, were made in large quantities in different States, and materials only were wanting to render tlie manufacture equal to the demand. "A promising essay toward the fabrication of cloths, eassimeres, and other woolen goods, is likewise going oii at Hartford, in Connecticut. Specimens of the diiferent kinds which are made, in the possession of the Secretary, evince tliat these fabrics have attained a very considerable degree of perfection. Their quality certainly surpasses any thing that cottld have been looked for in so short a time, and under so great dis- advantages ; and conspires with the scantiness of the means which have been atthecommamd of the directors, to form theeulogiumof that public spirit, perseverance and judgment, which have been able to accomplish To promote an abundant supply of wool, would probably best serve to cherish and promote this precious embryo. To encourage the raising nnd improving thebreed of sheep for this end would be the most desirable expedient, but miglit not he sufficient, as it was yet doubtful whether our wool was capable of being rendered fit for the finer fabrics. Premiums ,y Google 4 0 SILK— OLASS — aUNPOWDER — PAPER, [1791 woqH best promote tlie domestic, and bounties the foreign supply. The first might be accomplished by an institution to be hereafter submitted. The last required specific legislation. A fund for the purpose of duties could be derived from an addition of two and a half per cent, to the present rate of duty on carpets and carpeting, which might encourage some beginnings already made toward their manafacturo at home, 10. Silk — la produced with great facility in the United States. Some pleasing essays were made in Connecticut. Stockings, handker- chiefs, ribbons and buttons were made, though as yet in small quantities. A manufactory of lace oil* a scale not very extensive, had been long memorable at Ipswich, in Massachnsetts. An exception of the materials from the present duty on importation, and premiums upon the production, to be dispensed under the direction of the institution before alluded to, seem to be tlie only encouragement advisable at so early a stage. 11. Glass. — The materials of glass are everywhere found. In the United States, there was no deficiency. The sands and stories called larso, which include flinty and crystalline substances generally, and the salts of various plants, particularly of the sea-weed Kali, or Kelp, were the essential ingredients. Fuel was abundant for snch manufactures. They however required large capitals and mnch manual labor. Different maunfactures of glass were on foot in the United States, and received considerable encouragement in the duty of two and a half per cent. If more was given, a bounty on window-glass and black bottles would be the most proper. Bottles were an important item in breweries, and a deficiency was complained of. 12. Gunpowder, — No small progress had been made of late in the manufacture of this important article. It ought to be considered as already established, but its high importance renders its extension desira- ble. Its present encouragement was a duty of ten per cent, on the rival article, and the free admission of saltpetre. It would be proper also to exempt sulphur from duty, as little had been as yet produced from internal sources. Its use in finishing the bottoms of ships was a farther reason. To regulate its inspection would also have a favorable tendency, 13. Papeh, — Manufactures of paper were among those which had arrived at the greatest maturity and were most adequate to national supply. Profitable progress had been made in Paper hangings. This branch was adequately protected by the duty on imported articles, in the list of which shooting and cartridge paper were however omitted, and being simple manufactures necessary to military supply, and in ship- building, were equally entitled to encouragement with other kinds. 14. Feinted Books. — The great number of presses in the United States, was sufficient to render us independent of foreign countries for ,y Google 1^91] HAMILTON S REPORT. *1 lie printing of the liookB used in the conntrj. The biuiness woulS he aided by a doty of tea per cent, instead of five, as now charged. The dileteace, it was conceived, would have no anfavorable tendency upon the supply of books to families, schools, and other seminaries of learniilg. With the wealthier classes of professional men, the difference of pi-lce would be little felt ; but books imported for the use of particular semi- naries and public libraries, shoiJd be totally ciempted A constant and universal demand for books in general family use, would stimulate to an adequate domestic supply, for which the means were ample, and ul- timately woidd probably cheapen them. To encourage the printing of books would also encourage the manufacture of paper. 15. BiFiNio SooAii AB) OHOcoiAiE—Wero among the extensive and prosperous domestic manufactures. Drawbacks of the materials used in cases of exportation, would benefit the manufacturer and conform to the precedent, in the ease of molasses, and distilled spirits. Cocoa paid a duty of' one cent per pound, while chocolate, which was a prevailing and very simple manufacture, was rated at only five per cent. Two cents per pound on chocolate it was presumed would not be inconvenient In regard to the meuiures thus proposed, it WM mgJBSted that although bounties were difficult to manage and liable to frauds, these objections were more than countervailed by their advantages when rightly applied. They had been shown to be indispensable in some eases, par- ticularly in the infancy of new enterprises. They should however bo dispensed with great circumspection. They should be confined to regular manufactories and not to incidental or family manufactures. A dimmn- tion of revenue might be feared by the arrangements submitted. "But there is no truth which may be more firmly relied upon, than that the interest! of the revenue are promoted by whatever promotes an inorea.e of nalional industry and wealth." The measures proposed would proba- bly for some time to come, rather augment than reduce the public revenue. The addiUonal duties to be laid, should be appropriated in the fast instance to replace all defalcations arising from an abobtion or diminu- tion of duties pledged for the public debt The surplus would serve : First To constitute a fund for paying the bounties which shall have been decreed. Secondly To constitute a fund for the operations of a board, to be established for promoting arts, agriculture, manufactures and commerce. An outline of the plan of this institution, of which different intima- tions were given in the Report, was briefiy as follows— To set apart an annual sum under the management of three or more commissioncri, composed of certain oUiccrs of government and their suc- i.Google 42 HAMILTON'S PLAN FOa PROMOTING I [U91 Tlie commissioners were to apply the fnnd to defray tlie expenses of tlie emigration of artists and manufacturers in particular branches of extra- ordinary importance ; to promote by rewards the prosecution and intro- dnctioa of useful discoveries, inventions, and improvements ; to encourage by honorary and lucrative premiums, the exertions of individuals and classes in relatiou to objects they were charged with promoting ; and to afford such othe by law. The com disburseme t to the treas y tions for sp fl The gov skillful wo km retarded p t useful impi n The ope t of certain ] 1 Th y e objects as may generally be des d annual account of transactions and p[ Ij d at the end of three years, to revert J ght b utborised to receive voiuntarj contribn- t w ved, might thus aid in supplying I w t f wl h, there was reason to believe, had m ft and in importing and stimulating g wh h machinery was an important item, p had 1 een favorably illustrated in the ease d p t cieties, of which the Pennsylvania 1 f infactures and useful arts was an f 1 w t limited to produce more than a verj- d t h ch its principles would have led.' tly fii m d that there is scarcely any thing 1 b tt 1 ulated to excite a general spirit of improvement than institutions of this nature. They are truly invaluable. " " In countries where there is great private wealth, much may be effected by the voluntary contributions of patriotic individuals ; but in a community situated like that of the United States, the public purse roust supply the deficiency of private resources. In what can it be so useful as in promoting and improving the efforts of industry f" example, altl small porti "It may 1 which has I The Ueport of the Secretaiy, so unequivocal in its principles, and so lucid and ample in its reasoning, created very general satisfaction among the friends of American industry. It infused new energy into many branches of manufactures, and induced the mechanical classes to enlarge and diversify their operations. A disposition too generally prevailed at the time, to ascribe undue influence to the measures of government in (1) In our first rolume we 1 lave savaral quently referred In, nnd unqiTestioua limes ttdverteii to the iofluoiice . of tbis So- everted rowoh influence upon the progr ciety, OB well oe to that of one of Agrionlrars, Chemistry, Meebanics, t kindred ehnmoter in this oo Ontry. Tba otiier depnrtments of tte useful and 1 premiutng, bonorary rewards, a nd other of- »ts in England and her colonies. foct3 of tlie London Society, i ire iilso fre- ibly ,y Google 1Y91J UAmLTON'S REPORT CONCLUDED. 43 dotermimng tlie success of manufactures, which ill general is far more dependent upon the aggregate of ini3ividual enterprise and skill. The proposition embodied in tbe Report to give direct enconragement to manafacturing enterprises, and especially the plan to whicU he was be- lieved to be zealously devoted, to establish under a charter from the State of New Jersey, a large manufacturing corporation, was regarded with jealousy by some manufacturers. The special privileges and aid to be accorded snch societies, were complained of as subversive of private interests, by securing to large raonied and privileged monopolies an unjust advantage in regard to raw materials, and profits in certain branches of business. The project of a joint stocit company, to be incorporated for manufacturing purposes by the State of Maryland, was opposed for the same reason. The publication of the Report in England, eariy in the following year, also created much alarm in the manufacturing districts. Meetings were called in many of the towns, and fifty thousand pounds are said to have been subscribed at a single meeting in Manchester, to be invested in English goods, for the purpose of overstocking the American market, ftnd thereby disuouraging the newly excited hopes of manufacturers.' In lien of the drawback on salt intended for the fisheries allowed by the act of 20th July, 1189, Congress authorized the payment, during, seven years, of one dollar per ton, to fishing boats under twenty ^'^* tons ; one dollar and fifty cents per ton, on vessels of twenty to thirty tons; and two dollars and fifty cents per ton, on vessels above thirty tons ; the allowance to each not to exceed one hundred and seventy dollars. Toward the close of the session an additional bounty of twenty per cent, was allowed on vessels engaged in the Bank or other cod- fishery.'' By these acts, navigation and ship-building were greatly pro- moted. Petitions were received and read in Congress, from the tanners of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, praying relief from the inconveniences sufi'ercd by the erection of mills to grind tanners' bark for exportation, representing that a patent had recently been granted to an individual in England, for the importation of oak bark for dyeing ai^d tanning, whose agents in the difi'erent States were paying on an average for shaved bark, from ten to thirteen dollars per cord, and that this increase in the price of bark, from three to four dollars and a half per (1) AJdreaa of Amorlann Booiaty, for to (he people of the Djiited States, Dec. 31, cnoouragement of Domestic Manufaetures, 1816. (2) Laws uf United States. ,y Google PETITIONS — FIBBT MINT — TABIEF. [1T92 cord, which it had been for seTeral years previously, must injure or prevent the maaafacture of leather, which, in the "United States, was an important branch. A committee, in consequence, recommended an increase of the duties on leather and shoes.' The export of ground oak bark for the year ending; Sept. 30, was two thousand nine hundred and twenty-one hogsheads, against one thousand and forty the previous year. Some preliminary steps having been authorized by the first Congress, a code of laws was adopted (April 2), for the establishment of a Mint, at the seat of government, (Philadelphia), and the regulation of the coins of the XTnited States. The officers were to be a Director, Assayer, Chief Coiner, Engraver, and Treasurer. Bullion brought to the mint, was to be assayed and coined free of expense, or exchanged on the spot for coin with a deduction of one half per cent. Dr. David Rittenhouse was the first Director. The Mint was established in Seventh street above Market, where a portion of the building still remains, in which it was conducted for about forty years. The power first used in the coining department, was that of four or five horses, which gave place to a steam engine after the partial dcstraction of the building by fii'e in 1815. As the most feasible mode of meeting the expenses of the Army, which, since the defeat of St. Clair, had been augmented for the defence of the frontier, the Secretary of the Treasnry made a report recom- mending a temporary increase of the duties on imports, by an addition of two and a half per cent, to manufactured articles which then paid five per cent This measure, however much to be regretted as an increased burthen upon commerce, and on account of the disadvantages of frequent change, Mr. Hamilton hoped might succor and aid the manufac- turing spirit, already more extensively prevalent than ever before, and. thus "serve to promote essentially the industry, the wealth, the strength, the independence and the substantial prosperity of the country," In near conformity with his recommendations, additional duties were granted by a new act, May 2, raising the average rate of duties to about thirteen and a half per cent. In apportioning the rates, regard appears to have been had to the spirit of the Secretary's Report on Manufactures. Mr. Madison and some others, who had formerly opposed the duty on liemp and cordage, as injurious to the navigation interests, now sup- ported an increase, as at once a protection to Manufactures and Agriculture. Copper in pigs and bars, lapis caliminaris, unmanufactured wool, wood and sulphur, were to the same end added to the free list. Cotton was originally added to the same list, and some Massachusetts and Pennsylvania members desired to retain it there, as an article (I) AmericBD State Papors. i.Google 1793] AOEICnLTUEAL AND CHEMICAL SOCIETIES. 45 needful to their raanufactares, and only to be obtained from abroad. The old duty of three cents per pound, was allowed to remain upon the assurances of Southern members, that it was raised in South Carolina in abtindance and of good quality, and that there was no market for it. To render the excise law more acceptable, a reduction was also made 1 V a new act of from sne to seven cents per gallon, according to preof inci mateiidl u ed uyon slajlfi xi 1 tlie negroc without emjloymeat m ted to her hause gentlemen from diffeient jarts of the state The day after the i anivil she conducted them to a tempoiiiy Isiillmg elected toi the marline and thej '«aw with dehgtt and abtcnibhmeit that more cott n co ild be sepiratod in one day by a single hand than could be done by thi, o dinary mo le in many months Its sueccia beino no 1 n^er doubtful Mr Ihineas MiUei the husband of Mrs Greene (,also of Connecticut and i graduite of "1 lie College) and the frionl and p itroa of Wliitnej entered mto co partnership with him for the purpose of maturing and patenting the machine at the expense of Mi Miller The irticles pio vided that the p oflrs and emolument? to be deriTtd fr m patent n^ making veiling and woiimg the same should be mutuilly md equally shaied between then They immediately attei c mmenced bu'^meii Mr Whitney having repaued at oulc to Connecticut to complete the machine obtain a patent anl tmnuficture and ship to Qeoigia ai many machines as would s ipply the demand Application for a patent was made to Mr. Jefferson, then Secretary of State, who promised to grant It so soon as the model was lodged in the patent office. An affidavit of the invention w&s also filed, with the notary public of the city of New Haven. But the patent was not issued until the following March. Before this, however, and ere the inventor had reached Connecticut, in consequence of the imprudent exhibition of the machine above referred to in 1 the intense exc teraent create! enc oachme ts uf a the r ghts of the prop etors had il eady co nmenced Intell ge ce of the inven t 0 had spre d far and w de throngho it the state and multitulei came fron "ill parts to see it Tb s prvlege leng p overly len ed them unt 1 a patent coal ! 1 e ecnred son e of the i o] ula e unrest a ned \y law or J st e b oke i to the b ling lyn^ht anl earr ed off the maci ne A n ail er of g n th si ght eva. ve dev at ons f om tl e 0 g nal were con tructed and i ut n ope at on bef re the [.atent vas obta ned A ser es of vholesale depredat ons up n tl e r „1 1 o t! e invent of wh ci tl ere are few ch ex n i les on re nrd was now c ran en ed nd rece ve 1 1 ttle let e the fro n the g at tude o tl e moral se se of the conm nty The nfo tunate ar angcn ent of Wl tney and M Her t ward the close of tl e year to erect g n through out the cotton d ata t and engros the ! us ess of g nning for a toll of 0 e th rd n teal of sell ng tl e macl e and patent r j,hts st n lated tl e SI r t of infr nfement Tl e oi erit on w a to eiten ve an 1 on 1 1 oated f the means of the propr eto -s and w s unsat fa torv to tl e planter 4.S a monopoly t f rn shed a prete\t an 1 a na ket f r an Ue^al ul t er of the n a ! ne wl ch ult mately nvol e 1 the ,y Google 60 AMERICAN COTTON — COMBS. [1793 jatent in more ttan sixty expensive and annojing lawauits; and con j 11 1 Whitney, early to abandon all hopea of compensation for hia in alnable discovery, eapecially in Georgia, and to find a more profitable exerc e of hia talents in another field. He afterward met, however, a mo e generous appreciation of the value of hia invention in other states. ' Previous to this time, as appears from a letter of Moses Brown of Providence, to J. S. Dexter, Nov. 1T91, American cotton had been so badly cleaned, that Samuel Slater could not be induced to use it, and obtained his supply under the charge of tlie impost from the West Indies. Mr. Brown suggested that some eucoaragement be given to the raising and cleaning of cotton fit for the mauufaetarer. The manufacture of combs was carried on to considerable perfection and profit, at Leominster, Mass. Two or three manufacturers together employed constantly ten and occasionally twenty hands, who made about 6,000 dozens annually. One manufacturer, Jonathan Johnson, em- ployed five men, who made yearly 2,500 dozens. Ivory combs of excellent quality were made by one person. At West Newbnry, where (1) Memair by Professor Oloistead, in Amer. Jour, of Science for 1832, The im- portanoa of Ihls truly revoMioaaty instra- meDt, in iCs relations to the poliitoai, social, and industrial interests, not only of the United Stales but of the world, may justify ft faitlijr referenos to the paouliar oiroum- Btancea of its origin. Whitney, wlio was bom in Westboro, Woroeeter Co., Mass., of eaergy and remarkable mechanical abili- ty, OS nell before as during his residence at Yale College, nhere he graduated in 1792. Oh his way to Georgia to fulfill an engage- ment as a teaeber in a private family, he made the acqcaintanoe of Mrs. Greene; and ■ cotton in iho eeed,) and senrohing the ire-houses and boats, found n small parcel it Bnoonraged by Mr. MiLler, be se- with auc b rude impt m ntaa nd matcriala as were at and, he made tools hefter ailed to hifi purpose, and d ew hia onn ire, (of which t ier g ns were made,) a n arUcie not th n to befon din the market f Savanna He a aaid to have iSOfui nllie e to the s, by tb dental ployed. her family b lie he pursued the study of the law. Ha ving diaplased his inventive talent in the onatruotionofa tambour em- broidery fram eon a new plan Mrs, areene ny of reyola- Uonary office s assembled at h er house, who ware regret ti a means of cleaning thei green seed cot on, with the remark, "&e tlemen, apply 0 my young friend, Whitn y, he oan mak e any thing." otton seed, he went to Siiva nah, (it being «t of season use of a toothpick to try tlie tenacity of the seed, while lefiecling upoa the subject during a walk (De Bow'a Rev. jiv. 473). Within ten daya after his plan waa eon- oeived be hnd constructed a small model; and encouraged by the result, proceeded to make a larger one, which waa completed and exhibited na above atated, in April. Although it has undergone some modifica- tions, the principle haa entered into oil the most effloient ginning machines since em. ployed. Thus waa opened to the sonthetn agricultnrist an unbounded sonroo of wealth In a new staple, nilbout which bis prospects were poor indeed. The exports of cotton in 1793, were 187,600 lbs., in 1794, 1,601,760, and in 1795, 6,276,300 lbs. ,y Google 1193] PATENTS — ■WEBTERN TRAVEL — NEW MANUFACTURES. SI the business first commenced, large quantities of horn combs were also made ; and tho two towns here mentioned, have ever since been the principal seats of the business. At G-raham's comb factory on Charter St., Boston, combs of good workmanship were also made at this time, and probably in some other places. The importation of combs had greatly decreased since the peace in 1183.' Among the patents granted this year, the most important were a maehine for manufacturing tobacco, by James Caldwell and C. Batter- man, Jan. 26, which was employed in an extensive factory owned by Mr. Caldwell, near Albany, N. Y. (see A. D. 1194); an improvement in windmills, by Joseph Pope ; and in the manufacture of brichs, by Christopher Colles (Jan. 2G) ; both among the most skillful mechanics and engineers in the country ; double pendulums and clock pendulums, by Robert Leslie of Phila. (Jan. 30} ; the manufacture of oiled silk and linen, by Ealph Hodgson (Feb. 1) ; an improvement in paper moulds, by John Carnes of Del. (April 11} ; manufacturing rhus or sumach, by E. Eosewall Saltenstall (May 1). A line of packet boats, two in number, commenced running between Cincinnati and Pittsburg, and were advertised to perform the voyage, each, once in every four weeks ; passengers would be made safe ■ under cover, proof against rifie or musket balls, with convenient port holes for firing out of. Each boat was armed with six pieces, car- rying a pound ball, and a number of good mnskets and plenty of ammu- nition. During the past and present years several new branches of manufacture were attempted in Philadelphia, A number of carding machines for cotton and wool were constructed, eight spinning frames on the Ark- wright principle, and several mules of one huudred and twenty spindles were erected at the Globe mill in Northern Liberties. James Davenport was granted letters patent, Feb. 24, for weaving and beating sail duck, (1) WliitDBj's Hist Woreester Co., J9S, bnamega. Combs werB.-maHie in Philudel- Mase. Hisl. Coll. 3,2tr. The first mimufao- pbio, as appears by the oard of Christopher ture of horn oombs in America, appeara to Anger, lornhmaker, in Oct. 1758, informing have toen about the year 1T59. Tn that the publio that ha oontinnad to supply, year Mr. Enooli Noyes, a self-taught me- wholestilo or retail, all aorta of combs, and chanioofWest SewbHry, oommenoed, with- also powJer borna and pnnoh-apoonB. Tho buttons ana coarse combs of Tarious klnda. reoommentlod to the people, among other HecoQtinuedthehDsinesanntilir78,whenhB things of public utility, the encourage ment employed William Cleland, B deserter from of hom-smiths in all tbeir various branoboa. Bu^oyne's army, a comb-maker by profes- laano Trj-on of Conn., a soldier of the Eeyo- BioD, and a siillfol workman. That town lutioii, made eomba by a machine of his in- haa ever ainoe hell! a leading placo in tho vention, patented in 1798. 1794 , ,y Google 52 EMBAKOO — NAVAI. ABMAMBNT — rULTOtf. [1794 and soon after proceeded to erect sit tlie same cstaWi aliment an ingenious set of machinery for spinning and weaving flax and hemp by water power. Ten good Bngli'ili etockin" frames were imported and several new ones were made by M gillj&O m li mf m England ex- pressly to c y th b t wh h tl y ii 1 b larly bred. Two Europ 1 1 ffht t tl th m th m 1 y f r spinning and drawing g 1 1 d 1 d tl m fact f thread lace and embro i y rt 1 f I mpt f y ^ ntry. The manufacture of straw and chip hats was about this timo introduced, and was for a time carried on with success and prolt; twenty dollars' worth of raw materials being converted into $2000 worth of hats. Wronght mohair and silk buttons had also been made for a year or two at German- town, by a native of Germany, His patterns were much approved, and were fast getting into fashion wten an English imitation of them is said to have been sent in such quantities as to compel him to give up the business, as also happened afterward in the case of straw hats. Two or three experienced potters from England set up their business, bnt soon abandoned it for want of encouragement. Kearly all these, and several other attempts made about the same time, contended for a number of years with forGign competition, but most of them were ultimately aban- doned or changed hands, the projectors going into other business.' On March 26, an embargo was laid for thirty days, and at its expira- tion was renewed for thirty days longer. In accordance with a resolution of 2d January, Congress passed, March 21, an act, authorizing the President to provide and equip a naval armament against the Algevine crnisers, to consist of four ships of forty-four guns and two of thirty-six guns each. Six frigates, the Constitution, President, and United States, each of forty-four guns, and the Chesapeake, Constellation, and Congress, of thirty-six guns each, were immediately put on the stocks at the following ports respectively, viz. : Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Portsmouth, Ta., Baltimore and Portsmouth, If. H. This formed an initial step toward a national navy. In May a patent was granted by the British government to Robert Fulton, a native of Little Britain, Pennsylvania, for a. " double inclined piano" to be used in transportation. The Society of Arts in London, also granted him the silver medal for the invention of a mill for sawing marble and other stone, which was then at work near Torbay in Devon. A model of it was presented to the Repository of the Society.' A machine for spinning flax and another for making ropes, afterward pat- (1) Besayon tie Mttnufaoturing interests (2) Roportory of Arts, toI. 17. Trans- 0? the United States by a member of th9 of Society of Arts, T. 12, p. 329. Society of Atta, rhiladelpbio, IBOi. ,y Google ITSi] EXCISE AND CUSTOMS I U TIES— PETITIONS. 53 ented iQ England by Fulton, it is supposed were invented about ttis time. In June Congress passed acts to laj a duty apon carnage whicli tromOctoUrlstttue topiy wliethei public or piiv ate in annual rate ofonetotei doll iiB each a duty on 1 (.ensbs for retail ng wmes and liquois, to make all stills uDt entered liable to torfeituro and limiting the privilege of drawback on expoitaticn to quantities of one hundred and fifty g-illons or upward and duties of ciglit cents pei pound on snufl and two cents per pound on refined sugar manuttutured in the United States The manafactureis of snuff and lefiners of sugar weie lequired twenty days before commencing business to leudei an exact account in anting of every hon^e or building snuff mill and mtitar or sugar pan *nd boiler employe! by them and feive bonds m $5000 each ts keep anl renler quaiteily— on pam of foifeitin all huch m lis and utensils ai d the sum of $500— an exact account of aU snuft oi leiined sugar made and sent out bj tliem of which they weic to make oath annuallj The dut es on manif u.tuiel tobacco ai 1 icfined sugar were inciea ed to four cents a pond each and on s uff to twt.he cents when imported from abioad No lefined or lump . i^ai wa^ to be imported after Slst of De- cember m vessels unlei one liuuhel and twenty tons, or packages or casks of kss than BIX bundle I pounds andn^ drawback was to be al- lowed on manufactured tohacco snuff oi rehned sugar exported, except that made in tU United State, which in quantities of twelve dollars ■woith was albwed a d ai^l ack equal to the duty, with an additional drawback on sugar ot the th ee cents duty chargeable on raw sugar used by them . The e laws were followed by a geneial mudification of the tariff, m- cie ising the 1 ities to an aveiage late ol about fourteen per cent , and two days after by a iuty of one [94] HISTORY OP THE POTASH MANCFACTURE. 57 already mentioned, were in operation; hats formed a considerable branch of manufacture, the fine bearer hats being considered preferable to the English. Considorable quantities of various hous^hrld miimfiitures found a then ao firmly eslablisbed, that it neaded no further aaaistanee from them, than how duote 1 tc to aaaoj it, and deteat franda, aod mainlain salt fall iU its orediL (Ho atatos by the way, that hi had also onoouraged the silk oulaire to bia was uvged upon a atroam of lye, when tlia utmoat.) Among the medala awarded by ehimney suddenly blow up and tho pi'oprie- the London Society, was one in 1787 to tor waa obliged to boil the lixivium in pana Dr. Wm. Lewis, and ona in 1763 to Kobert a,nd finally to abandon an iaipraoticable DoBSle, Esq., for practioal essays describing plan. Potash worts of large eHent were aaoo - the fires of w l.ioh met cmmon where the int anse beat tan led Biaporata ths lye. tc It in ft 31 niUst-eam whil eth( .dry 1 into a [an beieath. Afte' r a great for ap para ,tns, ashea , etc. , the 1 firs afterward ereotad a beat polBsb waa mide, the latter also pre- Sooteh company who brought every portion scribing the managemant of glass-wort, of the appamtu- w th them and by prudent These treatises, which ware ciroulated with inanagemant and busineia taet suooeeded some Amerioan essaya on tho same subject, built on a more inesi ens s i Ion an 1 were gaTB quite an iinpnlae to the bnslnees \ the BeTOlution, Of the American essays, moat profitable works were set i p at a o it ona was a quarto pamphlet publiebed in oE UsB than twenty d llar= enelUBive of 1 which were tl a cb ef item of scribed the prooeas of eoloin g p 1 h oa p At the daio in our test the practiced in Hungary, witl t f th 1 na a large ond incra-u.ing one m fnrnaca. A Society in Kew T fc th \ m t arly every town ! av nfe one or plan of the London Societ wli h M m 1 aaher ei The business was wall Haaenclarar, before mention d w mm 1 t d and ioach effort Baa made to ber, also, in 1784, offered p m m f £ 0 for the greatest quantity of p t h tl i p t The product waa equal to any Am a. In Lancaster county, Mass., th w many pot and pearlash wovfca. smaller snma for less quantil P mi m Th tl mpleta (on of potash sent to were also offered by the Soc yf th E works were, in 1 772, created Pbd d Iph t m tb t county, where it was made Im t f m the first settlement in 1735. by Wm. Henderson, and in 1 87 by J h Ehea and probably others. M y P Th fi t I odootion of iron kettles in the b h also been ascribed to Colonel C 1 b W Id r of Lancaster, in the ^ama iu England and America, th h p f large profits, engaged in the h to large a senle, and as in oth bra h w ty (nhii«e,j-a Worcs.Ur). By tha mined- How England, Massachusetta par- sylvania (liflO), and other exporting sUtea, tjculirly, and New York were the largest pot and pearlash intended for asportation in Maasachuaetta in 1783, was nearly 2&0. were subject to a oarefnV assay or inspection as to quality and packing before shipment, The first in the state is aaid to have baen which contributed to the reputation of erected on a vary large acaJc, near Belctar- town, Hampahire Co. An immense bnild- esportation increased, rapidly after tha ing was put up and lined with iron bound peace, and were encouraged by the bounUea Tats and tubs, and in the centre wore built of different Bocietlea an i Legislatives. i.Google 58 liARGE TOBACCO JACTOaT — BABLT BOPEMAKING. [1194 market in Boston, and paper waa made at twelve mills in tho state. Powder waa made a.t AndoTer and Stoughton. Cannon and iron tools, and implements, as axes, Uoea, shovels, scythes, etc., and naUs of all kinds in different places. Slitting mills were erected at Stoughton, a cotton mill at Beverlej ; women's shoes, to the nnmber of 110,000 pair, were annnaUy made at Lynn, and snuff in large quantities in several towns. Within a few miles of Boston the following and some other articles were ;nade, viz. : tow cloth, cotton and linen sheeting, thread, checks, bedticks, striped flannels, thread cloth and worsted hose, gloves and mitts, diapers, cotton and woolea coverlets.' In July of this year the extensive tobacco manufactory belonging to Mr. James Caldwell near Albany, waa consumed by fire, with a stock valued at $3T,500. A loan of 120,000 was immediately opened by his friends at the bank ; the Legislature of tlie state resolved to assist him with a like sum, and the work people of the city volunteered their labor to assist in its reconstruction. Extensive works for the manufacture of roll and cut tobacco, Scotch and rappee enuff, mustard, chocolate, starch, hair- powder, split peas and hulled barley, were commenced and put in opera- tion within eleven months. The works were decidedly superior to any of the kind in America. All the operations, even to the spinning of to- bacco were performed by water power The mo'it importint machinery ■ "" C Idw II 1 Ch t pi B tt ft 1 b t 100 000 II lly tfaftym d hli w th t b m U p t t d by M m J C 119 wh h m ft Th p t mpl J d th t y I th m th e lb Elw d H G y If oth f t h If th hi d t y g th t d th t d 1 1 t al t ty th b 11 g 1 1 f ty tl dw 1! Th lafetb ttlwtdftlt td d of til 1 tt w U d d d ty f tl m 1 d Id t t a b! f b t h d d 1 f ty f th m Th 1 tm q ted th t m i w Ik h Id b b It tl h t f th ty and tendered the suSerers the use of the west side of the Common, where they built six, which were bnrned down February 18, 1806. Five were rebuilt and again burnt in 1819. The first patent for manufacturing cordage was granted this year, Jane 16, to George Parkinson, who in 1191, had patented a machine for spinning flax and hemp. 'But the hemp and yams used by the Boston ropemakers were mostly imported. There was also a company that manufactured twines and lines of every size, (1) Dr. Tbaoher in Mass. Hist. Coll. for 1734, vol. 3. ,y Google 1194] WniSKY INSUBRBOTION JAY'S TKEATY- -CAUCO rillNTING. 59 th L k 1 t quillity to the ni w 1 by 1 1 0 of population t 1 t t 1 ii ritj was given th f II S J d th mp t d employiDg in 1192 over fifty hands. Their cod lines were considered eqnal to the noted Bridport lines from England.' The discontents among the whisky distillers and others in Western PennsylTania, on account of the revenue laws, ag'graTated by a scarcity of specie, now assaraod the character of an open insurrection. By tho temperate but vigorous action of the President, who issued two procla- mations and a call for fifteen thousand militia, order and obedience to the laws were restored without bloodshed. Aug. 20.— The victory of Gfen Anthony Wayne over th Ohio Indians near the rapids of the M n north-western territoi-y, a d and the establishment of th by tho treaty of Grreenvill Nov. 19.— A treaty of i tween the "United States 1 15th article, Great Brita tervail those payable on British and American vess 1 Jay on the part of the TTn t il St t porting sugar, moIaBses, coffee c co nor Mr. Greenville being w \ p come an article of export f m tl S the treaty was therefore st iy pf The first calico-printing in Providi commenced by Messrs. Schaub, Tissot, and Dnbosque, in a chocolate mill on the present site of the Franklin foundry. Mr. Dubosqne, who had (1) Bopemabing had teen snrried on in ery. They beeaiae nmnoroiia and crofita- Beaton and vicinity for more than a oentury and a half, having baen commenoed there 1641, and in Charleston in 16113. In tbnt in several of tha oommereial citieE, it had rjoms an important branoh of industry. Tha fatal Boston mnsaaere of 6th Mareh, f56, which precipitated the Eavolutien, noad in a flkirmish with the fforkmen n Oroy'e ropewalk near the aile of the ire above mentioned, seme of nliom were e first victims. In tha Federal procession m Boston, in Fob. 1783, the ropemakers, pre- ceded by Mr. William MoHeil, oulnnmhered any ether class of meohanioa, being seventy- five in number. Tha first ropewalk in New York city was built about ina along Broad- way, between Barclay Street and Park Place. In 1YS5 Severn! ropewalks extended in tho diroctJon of Bast Broadway trora the Eow- i t egotiated he- Ej th d ection of the f 1 J g luties to couD- t tl IT ted States in tl W 1 1 Jia trade, Mr. mm nl 1 th ight of trana- and tt n to Eu pe, neither lie tly th t th I t amed had be- tl n St t Th -atification of d f m t me postponed. it. I., was ahoat this time bla in the city. Severa ropemakera, having "larg?andonrieusrop walks, especially Jo- aephWilcox,"arespok n of in PbilBdalpbia in 1698. They had nb ut aizty reprasantii- tives in the federal oel borethemotte"MByll e production ot ™- trade be the neokclolh f him who attempts to untwist the political rope of our Union," Bopemnking was nn a tensive business in later years. The first ropewalk in Balti- by Mr. Lus, and Wm. Smith built one nc r Bond Street abont 1T71. In 1792-3 thera were more manufaa- toricain Maryland and -V irginia,nceordineto CoKe, than in any two of the states of New York, Now Jeraey, Co nectiont, and Hew Hampshire. America cordage was pre- ferrcd by our mercTian 3, even in Colonial times, to the foreign. i.Google EJSST COTTOK THaEAD — PATTJOISON — STEAM, [llSi II attached to the Freuch navy, and married in RhodG Island, had art in early life, aa it was practiced ia Alsace in France. The cloth printed was imported from Calcutta. The printing was done with woodea blocks, and the calendering by friction on a hard substance with flint Btone — metal rollers being then nnknowii. A calendering machine was introduced there in 1190, and about the same time Herman Taudusen commenced calico printing in the same manner at East Greenwich, cutting his own blocks, but the business in Provideuce was the first of any extent in the state. Three years after calico printing was also earned on in Providence by Peter Scliaub and Eobert Newell. The first sewmg-thread ever made of cotton was this year produced by Samuel &later of Pawtncket, who commenced its manufacture in Rhode Island whence it extended into Europe. The idea is said to have sugge ted itsdf to Mrs. Slater, whose attention was attracted by the evenness and beauty of the yarn while spinning a. quantity of Sea Island cotton. Some of it having been doubled and twisted, a sheet was made, half with cotton and half with linen thread, and the linen was the first to give way. The introduction of cotton stocking yarn in America is also ascribed to Slater. The prices of cotton twist yara at this time were, for No, 12, 88 cents ; No. 16, lOi cents; Mo. 20, 131 The first cotton factory of Patterson, N. J., 90 feet by 40, and fonr stories high, began in 1192, was completed under the superintetidence of Peter Colt of Hartford, who, in January 1193, had succeeded Major I'Enfant, a Frenchman, as engiueer. Cotton yarn was spun in the mill, the first having been made the previous year with machinery moved by oxen. Calico shawls and other cotton goods were also printed, the bleached and anbleached muslins being purchased in New Tork. The Society likewise turned its attention to the culture of the silk-worm and directed the ^upeiintendent to plant mulberry trect ' A steamboit with a stern wheel «as navigated fiom Hirtford Conn , to Sew Yoik eity by Samuel Morey of Connectimt the buildci The Massachusetts Charitable Fire Society was instituted to iclieve sufferers by fiie and to stimulate genius to useful discovenes for the preservation of litp and property from dcstiuction b} that element An agent Joseph '->tacy Simpson was about thi'i time sent to Eng land by Oliver E^ans with drawings and specihcations ot his steim engine, foi the pu pose of taking ont a patent m connection with the English engineers He publ hrd tl c i ext ytar the Miller mA Mill Wright's Guide a verv useful work to young mechanics and al jut the earliest systemati tieatise on the subject by an American (1) Mamoir of Slater, 2B2, 293, 382. (2) Ibid. 3S3. ,y Google 1194] pATE^fTa — chanoe in tariff. 61 The Legislature of Kew York granted £1500, to enable a Mr. Boyd to re-establish at New "Windsor, in Orange County, a valuable set of works for the manafacture of scythes. The most important patents issued this year were one to James Divenpovt (Feb 34) for weaving and beating sail dnck, which was p t 1. t t th Gl I P t y Phil llih tl otton g by El Wh t J (M h 14_) 1 w ly Z h h Cox (M h 14) mj t m f t p p t by John Bddl (M h 81) Th p f 1 pp w ft d put pt bythptt tlnwMlFlhht tp esent h p w 1 1 t bj 1 d m 11 f k II lit board f [y y L I P t I P lly f d t t d be- f th I ft! t y A mp m t th t m 1 11 was p t t 1 (b pt ) by AI d id f Ph 1 d Ipl wl eh by m f d gtf dfldlb d fe erally d pt d A th 1 g mach p t t 1 (NT 5) by J m W rdrop of Virginia, was the next year introduced in England. A supplementary tariff act, substituted after the first of Mai-th the following duties, tjz. ; on printing types ten per cent., and on giran- doles twenty per cent, ad valorem; on white clayed or pure dried ^'^^^ sugars three cents, and on all other clayed or powdered sugars oae and a half cents per pound ; on Malaga wine twenty cents and Bur- gundy and Champagne forty cents per gallon ; imperial or gunpowder tea to pay the same as hyson.^ Memorials and remonstrances were received from the raannfaeturers of tobacco in Philadelphia, and the refiners of sngar in that city and Baltimore, praying for a revision or a repeal of the act of last session (Jnne 5th), laying excise duties on snuff and refined sugar, and that a tax be laid on the pan or boiler, in lieu of two cents per pound oa sugar refined in the United States. The law was amended by repealing the eight cents duty on snufi" and hying instead thereof, the following annual rates of dnty on snnff mills after April 1st, viz. : upon every mortar contained in any mill worked by i^^ter, and upon every pair of millstones employed in the manufactuie cS snuff, $560 ; upon every pestle in any other than hand mills $140, upon every pestle in any mill worked by band $112 ; and upon every mill in which snuff was manufactured by stampers and grinders $2240. Entries of the mills, buildings, and apparatus, to be made, and a license obtiuued before commencing business, and annually (1) Sue page ?!. (2) Lows of the United StaUs. ,y Google 62 LTNS — BATON ROUGE — PROVIDENCB. [1195 thereafter. A drawbnck of six cents per pound was allowed on snuff ex- ported in quantities of not less than 300 pounds at one time by the same person. The sboe bnainess of Lynn at this time employed about two hnndred master workmen and six hundred apprentices, who made annually about 300,000 pairs of shoes, exported chiefly to the Sonthem States, In March a number of public spirited individuals of the most indus- trious and and respectable of the mechanical classes in Boston formed the "Boston Association of Mechanics," for the promotion and regula- tion of the arts and the interests of their class. Having in a few months increased in numbers, resources and usefulness, in order to extend the benefits of the Society and meet the general desire to elevate the mechanic interests, they assumed the title of " The Association of Mechanics of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts," and were subsequently incorporated (May 1806) as the "Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association," which became eminently useful in promoting ingenuity and good work- manship in the mechanical branches. In July li, the Spanish government made a grant to Senor Marquis do Maison Boiige, a French knigU, of thirty superflcial leagues of land iu the rich alluvial bottoms of the Wachita river in Louisiana, on condition that he introduced a ?olony of thirty families by way of the Ohio, for the purpose of cultivating wheat, erecting mills, and establishing other useful arts. The Spanish governor was to pay $100 to each nsefn] laborer or artificer, assist in their transportation thithe.r and make a grant to each family of four arpents of land. The conditions were ful- filled by the Marquis according to agreement. At Worth Providence, E. I., on the Pawtucket, were at this time three anchor forges, one slitting mill, two nail cutting machines, one tanning mill, one oil mill, three snuff mills, one grist mill, one cotton factory, one clothier's works, and three falling mills, all carried by water. A cotton mill of considerable extent, with Arkwright's water spring machines, was established at Warwick, Kent county, in the same state, and answered the higliest expectations of the proprietors. It was fol- lowed in the next fifteen years by one cotton mill annually on an average, beside two woolen mills, twelve grist mills, an anchor forge, and a gin distillery. William Almy of Providence wrote to his partner (Sept. 18), Samuel Slater, that Georgia cotton was growing more plentiful. He had re- ceived several invitations from New York to purchase a quantity there which was represented to be good and cheap. They then paid one shilling six pence per pound for cotton. Considerable quantities of cotton were at this time still imported from ,y Google 1795J niLST COTTON I4ILL IS DELAWAKE — PATEMTS. 63 the West Indies. The total importation of that article for the fiscal year was 4,106,793 pounds, and the exports 6,216,300 pounds. The firsl cotton miii la Delaware was about this time pnt in operation by Jaeob Broome at Wilmington, ia the Old Academy on Market street. It was afterward removed to the Braadywine to be diiTea by water, but was soon after burned down. Paper had beea extensively manufactured for sereral years aboat one mile ffom the town, on the Brandywine, by Messrs. Joshua and Thomas Gilpin, and Myers Fisher, merchants of Philadelphia and proprietors of large flonr mills at the same place. Their paper manufacture was about this time greatly extended on account of the interruption to the neutral trade with Europe. December. — The Alleghany lumber trade, a valuable branch of the business of Pittsburg, was commenced by Mayor Craig, who purchased a large quantity of boards for the public service from Cornplantcr, the Seneca chief, who had a saw mill at Genesadaga, on the right bank of the Alleghany, four miles below the State line, upon a portion of the Alleghany reservation of the Seneeas. The fourth Congress, soon after assembling, instituted for the first time a Standing Committee of Commeree aod Manufactures. It had charge of those subjects daring the next twentj-foar years, when the duties were consigned to separate committees. The Act of Parliament of 1186, prohibiting the exportation of tools and machinery used in the iron and stee! manufactures, was made per- petaal by the statute 35 Geo. 3 c. 38. It recapitulates the several de- scriptions of machines, engines, implements, utensils, and models, or parts thereof, employed in rolUug, slitting, pressing, casting, boring, stamping, piercing, scoring, shading or chasing, and die-sinking iron aud other metals. It included machines used in the button, glass, pottery, saddle and har- ness, and other manufactures, wire moulds for paper, etc. It proved afterward, as it had before, extremely embarrassing to new branches of manufactures in the United States.' Among other patents issued this year was the first one to Jacob Perkins for cutting nails (Jan. 16), and one to Josiah G. Pievson of New York (March 23), for the same purpose, which was soon after put in operation at the Ramapo works of the patentee in Rockland county. Nautical ventilators for ventilating the holds of ships^ patented (June 19) by Benjamin Wyncoop, were approved of by a number of leading ship- mastera in Philadelpliia, as a very useful invention. (1) Pupo'a Laws of tlie Customs iind Eioiso. i.Google 64 PHILADELPHIA — COMPLAINTS OT SNUTF MAKERS. flt96, Pliiladelpliia lield communication with neigliboriiig cities and towns by the following modes of transportation, via. : with New York by four daily stages, at the hours of four, five, aix, and eight o'cloclr, *■'"'* A, M., and a line of packet boats to Burlington or Bordentown, thence by stage to Amboy and by packet to New York : with Baltimore by daily stage and a mail carri^e tri-weekly, and by packet and land carriage combined (occupying two days in the route) six times in the week ; with Lancaster and Burlington by stage twice a week ; and with Bethlehem, Wilmington, Dover, Harrisbnrg, Reading, and Easton, each, once a week by stage,' A census of Pittsburg, giving the first authentic statement of its popn- lation, made it 1395. It was incorporated as a borough in 1794. The excise duty on snuff manufactured in the tJnited States continued to give dissatisfaction, and petitions were sent into Congress from many of the manufacturers, complaining of the inequality of its operation since the transfer of the duty to the mortar and mill without reference to the quantity made. Difficulty was found in dealing with the question con- sistently with the interests of the public and the manufacturer. The drawback of six cents a pound enabled some large manufacturers to realize fortunes, and more was paid in that way than was rcceiveil for duties. The gross amount of duties was about $20,000 in the last year, and the drawback allowed was {25,000. Frauds were practiced by the use of hand mills which made no noise and escaped the tax. The amount exported in a year before the tax was estimated at 100,000 pounds. To tax this amount without allowing a drawback was nnjnst and impolitic. It was stated that one mill near Newcastle, Del., belonging to Mr. Jones of Philadelphia, made 11,000 pounds of Scotch snuff a month, or 500,000 pounds yearly, which, supposing his tax to be 3,340 dollars, reduced the duty to one cent a pound. Another had drawn largo sums from the treasury in drawbacks. - These lai-ge concerns, which bad been built up in dependence on the continuance of the drawback, would be ruined by withholding it. To lay a duty of three cents a, pound on Scotch snuff and allow an equal amount to be drawn hack on (jxportation, still allowed too much to those who paid no duty. Many small manufacturers had given up the business because they could not obtain licenses for less time than one year. An act was finally passed fiuspending the act of March 3, 1195, until the next session of Congress. It was again suspenfled by later acts until April 24, 1800, when it was repealed. '^ By an act of the same date distillers who' were unavoidably prevented from (1) Philadelphia Diractorj, 1196. (2} Lnws United States. AmeriiBH State Papora.— Seyljert, 469, ,y Google 1T96] ILOUB, HOPE, AND SUGAR MANUFACTURES IN lOUISIANA. 66 worting their stills throughout the year, were permitted to pay a monthly duty of tea cents a galloa on the capacity of their stills iu lieu of iifty- fonr cents yearly. In the year ending 30th June, 1,415,509 gallons of spirits were dis- tilled in Massachusetts from foreign, and 11,490 gallons from domestic materials, yielding a rovonne of $148,169.36. The sura paid from the United States treasury for drawbacks on spirits exported this year amounted to $117,014.98. In June, Philip Henri Neri de Tot Bastrop, a Dutch nobleman re- siding in Louisiana, was granted by the governor-general, the Baron de Carondelet, a tract of lajid twelve leagues square for an extensive agri- cultural colony, on similar terms with the grant to M. de Maison E.oage in the last year. He was required to introduce not less than 250 famUies, allot 400 acres of land to each, and erect upon the bayous, mills for the manufacture of flour for exportation. The grant was laid out on the bayous Siard Berthelemi and. the Wachita, including the rich elevated prairie and the sugar and cotton lands of the garden of the Wachita. Bastrop fulSlled his contract so far as he was able, but the failure of the government to complete its engagement caused the abandonment of the enterprise after the transfer of the prorince to tlie United States on 30th April, 1803. In August another grant of 458,963 acres on the western bank of the Mississippi, now partly in Missouri and partly in Arkansas, was also made by the Spanish government to James Glamorgan, a merchant of 8t Louis, for the purpose of establishing a rope manufactory to supply the Spanish navy and the Havanna with cordage. Cultivators of hemp were to be introduced from Canada and instructed in the manufacture. This enterprise was not carried out until the transfer of the province. The first successful attempt to manafactnre sugar from the cane in Louisiana was this year made by M. Etienae Bor6, at his plantation, a few miles above New Orleans, where Carrollton now stands. On the failure of his indigo crop in 1192 he had turned his attention to the sugar cane. Tie bought canes of a man named Mendoz, who had made a few barrels the previous year, and contrary to the strong advice of bis friends laid out a considerable plantation. He employed, at a salary of $1500 a year, a practical sugar maker named Morin, who had learned the business in St. Domingo and had superintended Mendez'a operations, to build and put in operation sugar mills similar to those in the island. He was par- tially successful in 1195, and completely so in the present year, having sold his crop for $12,000, then considered a large sum. A large and curious but doubting assemblage collected on the day appointed for the experiment. The announcement made to them on the second strike, " Gentlemen, it ,y Google 66 MTKODUOnON Op sugar CULTtntB — SiLT. p.795 grains, it grains 1" was enttiusias tic ally repeated, and proved not only a gratifying triumph to the persevering planter, but an important epoch in the industrial history of the state. The business of sugar making may be considered as established from that date, though not much progress was made for some years. One or two varieties of cane only were cultivated at that time : tho common C 1 B 1 t i d 1Y51 from Hispaniola, and the Otah t til th th f 11 year. Both of these afterward fell m t th B bon and red or purple ribbon ca t f J The Ch g w tl y til into British India by Eari Cor w 11 During th mm mp y f fifty I h Iders was formed io erect a fi d ft it m II ie on the Muskingum, about seven miles above Duncan's Falls, where salt springs were found the year before. Kettles were bought at Pittsbnrg and carried by water to the Falls, thence by pack-horses to the licks. A well was dag, in which (I) De Bow's Iiiduslrial EeEouroes, vol. 3, year the French Colonial Treasurer Dce- p. m; Cominereid Eoview, vol. 23, y. 618; trcliaji an.I others, ercclad works i;ke tho^e Gaj-atre'. D y L P h f D bteuil, and tha first by the Spaaiards BennepiD, h to Ih y w th left bank of (ha river. But in IJBB an indigano g g th MiEsissippi Th M 1 b J t 11 f th ity Bt this time ware Inmber, indigo, 1 It , lobncBo, tar, rioe, corn and cotton. in April, 1751 m p t f m St D D b a had some years befors invented a mingo, by til J t f th f P t m hme for oleanlng cotton (see vol. 1, p. Prinoe, to til ft Ity H 0 1 361) nd was non the richest planter in along with f g q tod th t! lony. Ha had fi»e hundred slavea, a its CUltiTBt d th in f t t bn kj rd, an indigo plantfltioD, a nursery aogor. As ly ilb 151S tb it t« ty f Ikworma, and galhorad annually eight eight inyciiioj or sugar mills m that islnnd. to ten thousand ponnda of vegedible or The revei'end Futhers plonled tho oanoa ia myrtle wax from the ili/Hca Oeri/ern, of their Epncioue gnrdens ubova tho town, neni which he had severaJ unrseries. Ho other Canal Bttaet, now in the first district of the attempts were made witb sugar for nearly city. In 1754 they made an unsuooeasful twenty-five years. In 1790 M. Soils, a attempt to produoe sugar. In 1768 a Spaniard, at Torre Boouf, ouUivotod the weBlthy and Bntorprising planter bnilt the cane for making tafia or rum ftom the jnlce. first sugar hoHse and mill in the colony. which sold readily. But he had failed in below the town now in tho . Panbourg making sugar. In 1791 he sold his lamts HorigDf, and attempted the hnsinaas on a and apparatus to A. Mendez, who employed larger senle, bnt not vsry aucaessfiiUy. In Morin, as stated in the tent, to make and 1764 the Chevalier do Maaan sent to Spain, even refine sugar. He praaanted some dU f m h pi t t th pp ait« side of min utile loaves, one of which would sweeten th Mi PI g p nonnoedby two oups of cotfoB, to the Spanish intendant. 0 t sj i 1 to h M ado of SL Vines were pnrchased of 5im hj M, BoiS, D m g Th J Id w d to be three who made the next and most snocossfiJ es- th li 1 i t Ih BO Tha nast pcriment. i.Google 1796] WESTERN PKOGaESS — SALT — PAPER — GAS — STEAM. 6T was inserted a hollow tree to exclude fresh water, and the brine wae raised by a sweep and pole, worked day and wight by successive relays of men. About one hundred pounds of salt were made every twenty- fonr hours, at a cost of at least three dollars per bushel. It was very dark and inferior in quality, being much impregnated with ciiloride of lime. Every fifty pounds required eight hundred gallons of water to be evaporated. This was the first salt made in the Muskingum valley. The furnace consisted of two ranges of twelve Settles each. Tlie saline was forty miles from Waterford, from which, during the winter, provisions were packed on horses, and salt sent to the settlements in the same way. After three or four years the springs passed into other hands and finally to the state, which leased them at a fixed rate.' During this year also the Ohio valley first began to be supplied with salt from the Onondaga salines through the enterprise of General O'Hara, who, in connection with Major Craig, also made arrangements for the erection of the first permanent glass works in Pittsburg.' The first paper mill west of the Alleghanies was put in operation four mile-^ eist of Brownsville Payette County Pennsylvania It was the R d St Pap Mil Iw tdlySmlJknandJ th bh ]1 tw 1 f tl ty fF 1 wh bib 1 tb p 1 mil f b Oil ti B dy B 11 (E 1 St on F t) tb t d t ty f g t w 1 d full 11 A p fit bl b PS 1 b Id r t ky 1- t wl h t t d lly t th ml f h d d f tw ty t h f th t a p rtat f m t t M J 11 d th 1 t K t ky Discnmmation was first made at the treasury Department in the value of domestic and foreign merchandise espoi-ted. The total value of ex- ports reached the sum of ?eT,064,097, an increase in five years of $48,052,056. Of the total, $40,164,097 was from domestic produce and manufacture. The imports amounted to $81,436,164.' Gaslights were made and exhibited by Peter Ambrose & Co., manu- factureis of fire woiks, at their amphitheatre ia Arch street above Eighth, Philadelphia The inflammable air issued from orifices in bent tubes in figures of an Italian parterre, masonic emblems, etc. John Fitoh navigated a yawl by steam, with a screw propeller, on the Collect ot Fie&h Water Pond, north of the present City Hall in New York. Kobert Fulton, residing in England as an engineer, published in (1) Hildreti'a Pioneer Historj of the {3] Son vol. 1, pp. 243. 233. Oliio Vallej, p. 47fl. (3) SeyiiQ.t, [i. 466. ,y Google 63 CANALS—TYPE FOUNDEY — PATENT PILLS, [1796 London a Treatise on the ImproTement of Canal Navigation, quarto, illustrated by seventeen plates and a portrait. His plans were strongly recommended by the British Board of Agricnltnre, under the presidency of Sir John Sinclair. Oa this subject, which chiefly engaged his atten- tion at this time, he contributed some essays in 1Y95 to the London Morning Star, and sent copies of his writings to the United States, setting forth the advantages of canals. He obtained a patent from the British government for canal improvements and soon after went to France to introduce them there. The manufacture of printing types was about this time permanently established in Philadelphia by Messrs. Archibald Binney and James Eonaldson, who soon after introduced the hand mould, since known in Europe as the American, the greatest improvement made since the inven- tion of the art. It enabled a man to cast six thonsand types in a day, instead of four thousand as by the old process. The success of the pro- prietors was decisive. Eleven patents, ont of the total number of forty-three, were this year granted for improvements in the manufacture of nails and brads, the greater part of them relating to the cutting and heading of nails by machJEery. The first patent recorded for a machine combining; those operations, was taken ont by Isaac Garret f P y ! 'a ("Nov. IS) ; and was followed by another for the p t C ge Chandler of Maryland (Dec. 12). Daniel P h f C p t nted (Dec. 23) improvements in the manufacture 1 th f t I wr ght Bails. Oliver Evans patented (May 28) an mj m t I m 11- stones, of which he was one of the earliest m f t th t y. Pour patents related to the manufacture of leather, including one for making sumach, and one to James Stansfleld (Nov 16), for an improve- ment in splitting sheep akins, the first of that kind on the records. Of tlie same date, was a patent to the English engineer, Mark Isamlard Brunei, for a method of ruling books and paper ; and one to Apolios Kinsley of Conn., for an improvement in the printing press, which has since been the subject of over 100 patents in America. Samuel Lee, Jr., of Conn., also received (April 30) a patent for the " Composition of bilious pills," the first of that class of inventions. Lee's Windham pills, and Lee's Now London pills, the subject of three or four patents by him and his son S. H. P. Lee, were highly popular for a long period. Another invention of the empirical class, which created much sensa- tion for several years, was a method of "removing pains, etc., by metallic points," commonly known as the "metallio tractors;" patented by Elisha Perkins of Connecticut, Feb. 19th. It waa a kind of galvanic applica- ,y Google 1706] TBKBIBLE TRAOTOKATION — THE SAW GIN. 69 tioii, for curing disease bj the aae of steel and brass points. The delu- sion of Perkinism extended oven to Europe ; but the author of it, who also inyented an antiseptic medicine, fell a victim to misplaced confi- dence in his own ndstrums, while combating t!ie yellow fever in New York, in 1799. But his son established, in London, a Perkinean instita- tion for the benefit of the poor, under the presidency of Lord Rivers. The tractors soon fell into neglect, but were the occasion of a very clever satire entitled " Terrible Tractoration, a Poem by Christopher Caustic," published ia London in 1803, and written by an American.' The impulse given to agriculture at this time, attracted much attention to labor-saving machines, applicable to the principal staples of the country. Several machines for threshing and cleaning wheat, rice, and other grains, and inventions connected with flour-mills, had already been patented. The success of Whitney !iad given a prominence to the cotton crop, and this year, three patents were granted for improvements in ginning cotton. The most important of these, was one issued May 12, to Hogden Holmes, who, early in the last year, appeared as a formida- ble contestant of Whitney's invention, which, until then, had only to contend with the roller gin. Holmes' machine was the same in principla &a Whitney's, but had the teeth uut in circular runs of iron, instead of being made of wires, as was the case in the earlier forms of Whitney's gin. Prom this circumstance it was called the saw gin. It was the occasion of his principal law-suits afterward." While embarrassed with (1) Cases of cures to the nnmlier of five tliousimd Bore pobUsbed in England, with by Whitney at one of the trials, by sinking the plato bolnw the surface of the cylinder. aioiaua and surgeons, lUid thirty olorgymBH. so as to make the saw teeth look like biVc.; The tractors were muoh ridiculed by the and preparing another cylinder, in which medical profession, and their popularity nns the wire teeth were made to look like >aio short lived. In 181)1, Tbomaa Green Fes. teeth. When produced in oourt, the wit- senden, of N. Hampshire, the author of the nesses swore the snio teeth upon Whitney, poem referred to, visited London to intro- and the wire teath upon Holmes; upon dnoe a new hydraulic mHohine, Not suc- ■which the judge declared it was unneces- ceeding in hia object, he produced, under sary to proceed any farther, the principle in both being manifestly the some. So in- the "Terrible Traoiorntion," in relataon to veterate was the purpose to defraud him. Perkins's traders, and its success w»B so thQt, on a similar occasion, he bad tha eomplete aa to relieve its aathor, aud give greatest difEcnity to prove io court, that oocasion for several editions in England. the machine had even been used in Georgia, It woa enlarged and reprinted in this ooun- although at the same moment, three sepfi- rate seta of the machinery were in motion. and in another aditinn before his death in within fifty yards of the building in which the court eati and ao near, that the rattling (2) Whitney oOetward proved, that the of the wheels eonld be distinctly heard on idea of taeth inslottd of wires had early 00- the sl*ps of tbe Court House. Few men in i.Google YO LAST MESSAGE OP -WASHlNaTOX. [1796 tliis new rival, and an evident general intention to invade liis patent, and burtbened witb debt, Whitney arrived in New Haven about April 1195, to find himself redaced to bankruptcy, by the destruction of his shop and all his machines and papere, by fire only the day before his arrival. At the time the rival gin of Holmes was patented. Miller and Whitney had thirty gins in operation, at eight different places in Georgia ; some carried by oxen or horses, and some by ivater ; and about $10,000 invested in real estate connected therewith. While en- deavoring to borrow money at twelve per cent, their operations were nearly brought to a stand, by reports from Loudon, that the staple was ..greatly injured by the machine, a judgment which was soon reversed. Through these and similar difficulties, the energy and confidence of Whitney enabled him to persevere. Three patents were taken out by the ingenious Amos Whittemore, of Cambridge Mass., one of them for an improved self-acting loom for weaving duck, believedto be similar in principle to the power loom now in use. President Washington, on meeting Congress for the last time, called their attention to the necessity of a naval force, to insure respect to a neutral commerce, and the desirableness of beginning, without delay, to provide and lay np materiala for the baading nud equipping ships of war, in which the nation might proceed by degrees, aa its resources rendered it practicable and convenient. " Congress," he observes, " have repeatedly anltwttt d t^i their attention to the encouragement of m f t 11 bj t t too much consequence not to insure at f tl ff t ery way which shall appear eligible, A g 1 1 m f t public account are inexpedient. . . Bttth ttfth dry demand for the public service, were th y t m d d by t nsiderations of natural policy, as an ex ft t th g II Ought our eoantry to remain in such ca 1 p d t f g PP^T precarious, because liable to be in- te ft 1 ? If ti y t les should, in this mode, cost more in time of peace, will not the security and independence thence arising, prove an ample compensation f " The President, in the same speech, again called the attention of Con- gress to the subject of a national university and of a military academy; and was the first to suggest, on that occasion, the importance of a Biraple fiiots within their knowledge, in re- tbe dcfendivnt, was given against thera. A ' ferenca to the maohina. The issue of tlio uocond trial could not be obtained, until first trial they were able tjj obtain early in their busiaeaa bad been nearly destroyed by tbe nest yoar, contrary to tbe pointed aurrepaUous gins.— Oimsleifs Mtmoir. i.Google 1196] WASHINGTON ON MANTJEAOTtJKES, MATTHEW LYON. 11 iiatioiia.1 Board of Agricalture, " ctar^ed witli collecting and diffusing information, jind enabled by preminma and small pecuniary aids, to encfjurage and assiat a spirit of discovery and improvement." Societies of that kind, he obseryed, had been found to be " very cbeay instruments of immense national benefits." He had, nearly three years before, communicated to Sir John SincUir, the eminent agriculturist, the ont- Unes of such an organization for the state of Pennsylvania, but feared the country was not yet prepared to sustain one with Congreshional aid. A national Agvicnltural Society was not formed until 1809. The Audersonian TJuiversity at Glasgow, was this year incorporated, by the magistrates and conncil of that city. The bequest of Dr. Ander- Bon provided for colleges of Medicine, Law, Theology, and the Arts. The last of these, under Dv. Gfeorge Birkbeck — who, in 1199, was ap- pointed to the chair of Natural Philosophy, and instituted a coarse of lectnres to mei;hanics, on elementary science and philosophy — became tlie first practical school for the operative classes, and the parent of Mechanics' Institutes throughout the world. Benjamin (Thompson) Count Eumford of Munich, a native of New England, presented §55,000 to the American Acadamy of Arts and Sciences, as a fnnd, the interest of wMch was to be given onoe in two years, as a preminm to the author of the mcit important discovery or improvement in heat and light, in any part of America or its islands.' Col. Matthew Lyon, who, in 1133, commenced the erection of mills at Pair Haven, Vt., had in operation, previous to this year, one furnace and two forges, one slitting mill, one printing office, one paper mill, Qbuilt in 1194,) one saw mill, and one grist mill. His printing was done on paper manufaetared by himself, from the bark of basswood. He had emigrated from Ireland at the age of sixteen, and was sold in Connecti- eat for his passage." One of the earliest man facto es n the United States, of any extent, for spinning and weaving flax 1 emp and tow, by water power, was that of James Davenp t j t n operation with patent machinery i-iaJ within the last tw 1 e months at the Globe Mills, at the north end of Second Street, Ph 1 1 Ij b a It was visited, at the beginning of the year, by "WasMngton and several members of Congress, who were highly pleased with the ingenuity and novelty of the machinery. The President in particular expressed a high opinion of the merits of the patentee, Mr. Davenport, and an earnest wish that a work so honorable to the infant manufactories of the Union, might be extended to different (1) Holmes'B Annala, (2) Hajwaril's Goaetteer of Vermont. i.Google 72 PHILADELPHIA DUgK MILL — OHANQB IN TARTFr. [1Y9T parts of the eoantry. The labor was chiefly performBd by boys ; one of whom was able to spin, in a day of ton hours, 292,000 feet of flax or hempen thread, using twenty to forty pounds of flax or hemp, according to its fineness. One boy could also weave, on the machinery, fifteen to twenty yards of sail cloth in a day. Specimens of the spinning and weaving were deposited in Peale's Museum for public inspection. It was the purpose of the proprietor to manufacture the machinery for sale. But lie died soon after, and the machinery of the Globe factory was sold in April, 1798, and the business broken up. On the failure of a bill introduced in Congress, in accordance with the recommendation of the Secretary of the Treasury and a resolution of the House, and favored by the mercantile classes, to lay a direct tax on lands, houses, and slaves, in order to meet the demands upon the Treasury, the following additions were made (March 3) to the existing duties upon imports, viz. : On brown sugar, one half cent per pound ; Bohea tea, two cents; molasses, one cent per gallon; on velvets and velverets, and muslins and musHnets, and other cotton goods not printed, stained, or colored, two and a half per centum ad valorem. The duty on the above descriptions of woven fabrics, was thereby made twelve and a lia]f per cent, on the value, or the same as on printed and stained By an act of the same date, option granted to the distiDer by the law of 8th June, 1792, either to pay an annual duty of fifty-four cents per gallon on the capacity of the still, or at the rate of seven cents a gallon upon the quantity of spirits distilled, was withdrawn after 30th June. In lieu of the duty, he was thenceforth to pay for a license to use any such still for two weeks, six cents per gallon upon its capacity, including the head ; for one month ten cents per gallon ; for two months eighteen cents ; and six cents per gallon additional for every additional month up to sis months.^ On Jan. 14, Congress prohibited, until the end of the next session, the exportation of arms and ammunition, and allowed them to be imported duty free for two years. The prohibition was renewed at the expiration of the act, for another year.* In July, duties were laid by Congress on stamped vellum, parchment, and paper, to commence 1st July, 1798, and continue until 4th March, 1803.' An additional duty of eight cents per bushel (making it twenty oents) was imposed on salt imported in United States vessels, with an ,y Google nSI] NEW YORK SALT WORKS — PHrLADELPOIA MANTJIACTUEES. T3 additional tea per cent when bronglit in foreign vessels. An allow- aaee of twelve cents per barrel on picWed fish exported, and an addition of thirty-three and one third per cent, to the allowance before granted to vessels in the bank or other cod fisheries, were also authorized. This law continued in force until April 12th, 1800, when the act of 1192 was revived for tea years, and the additional allowances authoriKod by it and by the above act, were continued only so long as the correspondent duties on salt, respectively for which they were granted, were paid.' On June 20, the first laws were enacted in New York respecting salt works, and the first leases of lots at the Onondaga Salt Springs were made by the state, to manufacturers under a commissioner, who required them to make contracts at not ahove sixty cents a bushel, and to pay a duty to the state of four cents per bnshel. The city and huburhs of Philadelphia contained at this time, ten rope- walks, which mannfactnred about 800 tons of hemp annually; thirteen breweries, said to consnme 50,000 bushels of barley yearly ; six sugar houses; seven hair powder manufactories; two rum distilleries and one rectifying distillery ; three card manufactories; fifteen manufactories for earthenware, six for chocolate, and four for mustard ; three for cut nails and one for patent nails ; one for steel ; one for aquafortis ; onef or sal- ammonifl« and Glauber's salt (which supplied the whole Union with the latter article) ; one for oil colors ; eleven for brushes ; two for but- tons; one for morocco leather, and one for parchment; besides gun makers, copper-smiths, hatters (of which there were 300 in the state, who made 54,000 fur, and 161,000 wool hats annually) ; tin-plate workers, type- founders, coach makers, cabinet makers, ship- builders, and a variety of others. The city contained thirty-one printing offices, four of which issued daily gazettes, and two others semi-weekly gazettes, one of them in the Prenclr language ; besides two weekly journals, one of them in German. The other offices were engaged in printing books, pamphlets, etc. The catalogue of books for sale in the city, contained upwards of 300 sets of Philadelphia editions, besides a greater variety of maps and charts, than was to be found any ^jhere else in America.^ The United Brethren at Hazareth, Pennsylvania, had in operation a factory for spinning and twisting cotton, and had recently begun to draw was tapers. In the spring of this year, the " Hamilton Manufacturing Society," the proprietors of extensive glass works with hydraulic appurtenances, ten miles west of Albany on the great Schoharie Eoad, was incorporated by the state. The business was commenced about nine years before, (1) Ibid. Toi. 4, ch. 15. (2) Morse's HazettGcr, vol, I. ,y Google li NEW TESSELS — -WESTEEN NEW YORK. [IIST and, under the patronage of the Legislature, at this time presented one of tlie most conspicuous examples of private manufacturing enterprise, in the country.' Robert Fulton, ia company with Joel Barlow of Connecticut, then residing in Paris as a merchant, made experiments upon the Seine witli a submarine vessel. The first steamboat on the Hudson was this year built bj Chancellor Livingston. A steamboat with paddle wheels at the sides, buiit at Bordentown, N. J., by Samuel Morey and Burgess Allison, was navi- gated to Philadelphia and back. The first American vessel on Lake Erie, was the schooner Washing- ton, built this year at Ponr Mile Creek, Erie, Pa. She was lost soon after, and the enterprise was not repeated for some time. Three of the six frigates authorized by Congress, in 1794, were launched, and ordered to be manned and put in service. They were the Constitution, bailt at Boston, the United States at Piiiladelphia, each of forty-four guns, and the Constellation of thirty-eight guns, constructed at Baltimore. They were the first commissioned and afterwards the moat conspieaoas for their soecess of any in the naval serviee, and were the only naval foroe npon which the TTnited States relied, in the un. pleasant relations it then held with France, growing out of the Eumer- ous hostile decrees and predatoi? acta afi'ecting the neutral commerce of the Union, which compelled the goveniraent to annul the infracted treaty with that power. The emigration this year to western Kew York from Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey and New England, exceeded that of any previous year. The Genesee country was alresidy so far improved that the inhabit- ants lived in comfort and even luxury. When Messrs. Gorham & Phelps, in ItSSj opened the first land office ia the state, there was not a white inhabitant npon the tract. In 1793 there were at least six thousand, and it contained several grist and saw mills, flying stores, churches, and fthapels. An academy for youth at Canandaigna was proposed within t;vo years after the settlement. About three thousand emigrants arrived yearly, and the improvements were rapid, especiaUy in regard to saw, grist, and merchant flouring mills, potash works, roads and bridges, etc. " The Bath Gazette" newspaper was started in 1796, and a sloop of forty tons was built about the same time to ran as a packet between Geneva nnd Catharines Town on Seneca Late. Her launching drew together for the first time the inhabitants of the country to the number of several thousand, who were mutually astonished at their own numbers. A press CU SmtoL l,p.240. ,y Google 119T] WESTERN KBW YORK — PArENTS. 75 and weekly paper were the same joai started at Genera witli oii^'Iit hun- dred subscribers, wlio before six months increased to one thousand. Flax and hemp were cultivated on the Genesee Flats. Wheat and Indian corn, were abundantly grown, and flour equal to any on the conti- nent was made at numerous mills. From the apple and peach orchai'da of the Mohawk, fruit was supplied in great plenty. One farmer made in a season one hundred liarrels of cidor, another furnished a distiilerj' with one hundred hushela of peaches, and a third sold cider to the value of twelve hundred dollars. A very considerable brewery was this year sot up by a Scotchman at G-eneva. Whisky, previously brought four hundred roilea from Northumberland, Pcnn., and sold at one dollar and fifty cents per gallon, was now made ia considerable quantity. Fifteen familes in No. i, seventh range, made two tons of maple sugar in a season. During the following year a respectable mercantile house in Baltimore, built merchant mills at Tioga Point and established an exten- sive manufactory of cordage for ships from the hemp of the Geneva Flats. Arks for the transportation of lumber, flour, and other produce, were introduced abont the same time. Few sections of the country have made more rapid progress in popnlation and industry.' Among the patents, about fifty in nivmbev, granted this year, the moat important were those to Amos Whittemore (June 5), for an improve- ment in the manufacture of wool cards, and Benjamin Seymour (June 36), for rollers for slitting and other mills for rolling iron, both of which have been in extensive use to the present time. Eli 'Terry of Con- necticut, the first extensive clock manufacturer in that state, received (Nov. 27) letters patent for an improvement in clocks, time-keepers, and watches. Several were granted for nailmating, and for threshing, and other agricultural machines, and six for improvements in stoves, chim- neys, and fireplaces. The Jast was by Charles Wilson Peak, the portrait- painter. He also patented an improvement in bridges, which were the subject of three other patents beside. One of these last was given to Timothy Palmer of Newbnryport, Mass., who had previously constructed bridges over the Merrimack and other New England rivers, and after- ward built one at Eaaton, Pa., and the Schuylkill Permanent Bridge at Philadelphia, which were all regarded as triumphs of engineering skill, and led to the general approval and adoption of his architectural principles. ■ Eli Whitney, having abandoned all hopes of pecnniary advantage from ^ the cotton gin, entered into contract with the United States (1) Doo. Hist. H. Y., by O'CallBghin ,y Google 16 NEW WAK VESSELS— COEN BROOMS. [1198 of $13.40 each ; four thousand to be deliveroil on or before Sept. 30, 1799, and the remainder in ono year from that time, He proceeded to erect a complete and extensive guu factory in the town of Hamden, a few miles from New Haven, where the village of Whitneyvillo now stands. In consequence of the works having to be constructed, machinery and tools made, and much of it invented, raw materials collected, etc., the contract w^ not finally closed until January, 1809, during which time his genius was so impressed upon every part of tiie works as to render it a model establishment for the whole country.' A Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Manufactures, and Arts, was established by the Legislature of New York. The dismissal of American envoys from France, and other hostile de- crees, produced great indignation and a disposition to vote " millions for defence, not one cent for tribute." Eor the protection of commerce, Congress authorized the President to cause to be built, purchased, or hired, not exceeding twelve vessels of twenty-two guns each. To carry the intentions of government into effect, with greater system, a new Executive Department, that of the navy, was established. Ten small vessels were authoriZGd to be built, purcbased, and fitted out as galleys. Armed vessels, offered by private persona on favorable terms, were to be accepted, A marine corps, consisting of the several grades of officers and privates, was established. Three additional ships of thirty-two guns each, were authorized to be built, for which $600,000 were appro- priated.' The manufacture of corn brooms, on a small scale, for the New York market, was commenced by the United Society of Shakers in Watervliet, Kf, Y., who began in 1191 to raise broom corn on the alluvial lands of the Mohawk. The handles were made of soft maple turned in a foot lathe, and the twine was wound upon the husk by means of a cylinder turned by a crank, while the handle was held in one hand and the brush io the other. This simple mechanism was afterward improved by adding a bench to the roller fitted to a frame in the bench, and a rag wheel to hold the cord when wound by a short crank as before. The brooms sold for fifty cents each, and two dozen a day was an achievement equal to seven or eight dozen at present. The original society at the Shaker settlement still carry on the business somewhat extensively, and all other societies of Shakers throughout the Union to a greater or less extent.* (1) Seevol.l,p.616.— Olmstod'sMomoir. Philaaelphln, jbout 1790, eomraeiioed the (2) Laws United States, vol. 4, chaps, first domeatic mannfacture- of brooLos, froia 48, 62, 56, 81, 69, B9. the pnnnicioa of liroom oorn (SorgLum (S) Benjamin AtkineoD, of Byberry town- saccharntum), a plant -said to have been Etip, now a part of tho consolidated oitj of Ccst raised in Ihis conntrj by Dr. Frankijii, ,y Google 1198] aOVBRNMENT ARMOEIES — STEUBEMVILtK I'J The President was empowered to purchase camion, arms and amma- nition, for which $800,000 were appropriated, or if more practicable ha might lease for a term of years, or pnrcliase in fee simple for the United States, one or more suitable places, and establish founderiea and armories for the casting and mannfactare of cannon and small ai-ms, for which ho wag authorized to employ artificers and laborers nader proper superintendents. An annual account of espeaditures was to be laid before Congresg. The armory at Harper's Perry was established under this act, and the first muskets, to the number of 293, were made there in 1801.' At the Springfield armory 1044 muskets were made this year. The number made in the three preyioua yeai-s were 245, 8S8, and 1028, re- To meet these expenditures a direct tax was for the firat time laid by Congress (July 14), to the amount of $300,000, to be assessed upon dwelling honaes, lands, and slaves, according to a valuation, ordered by a previous act. Dwellings were to pay from two-tenths to one per cent, on the valuation, and slaves fifty cents each, the balance to be assessed upon lands.' On May 19, the armed national galley, Presiclent Aciams, was lamiched at Pittsburg. The galley Senator Ross was then on the stocks, and the two were among the earliest sea-going vessels constructed on the Ohio. A brig of 120 tons, called the Arthur St. Clair, then building at Mari- etta by Commodore Preble, and launched the next year, is said to have been the first sea-rigged vessel Irora that river.^ After going to Ha- vana, she was sold in Philadelphia. The ship Jolm Adams, of thirty- two guns, was built this year, at Cochran's ship-yard in Charleston, S. C, by Paul Pritchard. The first American vessel built on Lake Ontario, the " Jemima," of thirty tons, was also launched from Hanford's Landing, tliree miles below Eoch ester. The manufacturing town of Steubenviile, on the Ohio, was laid out this year, by James Ross, Esq., of Pittsburg. :b garden. Mr. At- hj horn instsad of fwine, retuinocl in its tinson nlaei lie corn and made the brooraa place by a wooden pog. The haudles were himself for fom yeara, when he ii^sociated nf otik, rough eharod with a drimirg knife, with Beaaloel Croasdttle. They jointly sup- The business is atili contiiinod in the neigh- plied Pliiladelphia and neighboring towns, borhood. Baltimore, and ocoaaionally New Yorlf, until (I) Ibid., Toi. 4, ohap. S5. 1816 or laiO, irhoQ others engaged in the (2) Seybert, 837. buaineBB, in consequence of the high price (3) Laws U. S., vol. 4, chap. 93. of brooms during the war, when they sold (4) Ornig'a Hiat. Pittsburg. — Brown's for 84.50 per doaon. Their Erst mannfao- Western Gaaelte, SOS. ,y Google 78 BONNET BRAtD — BOOKS— DYE STCFrS. [1108 The mamifauture of straw plait or braid for liats and bonnets, was originated at tiiia time, in Providence, R. I. Miss Betsy Metealf, after- ward Mrs. Balier, at tlio ago of twelve years, without previous instruc- tions, succeeded in malting from oat straw, smootlied with her scissors and split with her thumb-nail, a bonnet of seven braids with bobbin in- serted like open work, and lined with pink, in imitation of the English straw bonnets, then fashionable, and of high price. It was bleached by holding it in the vapor of burning sulphur. The article was much ad- mired, and many camo from neighboring towns to see it, and to order bonnets for themselves, at half the price of the imported. Young women were gratuitously instructed in the art hy the inventor, and this laid the foOndation of an extensive branch of bnsiness in Providence, Ded- ham, Wrentham, and other towns in New England and thronghont the country. ' In June, 1798, Matthew Carey issned the thirteenth volume of the American Mnseum, a periodical which contribnted much to the advance- ment of literature and manufactures in the TTnifced States. Twelve con- secutive volumes were published between the years 1187 and 1792, but inadequate means compelled the editor, long a disinterested benefactor of the manufaotaring classes, to discontinue it. The Cyclopedia, in 18 volumes quarto, with nnmerous plates, the first of its kind in the United States, wm also issued by Thomas Dobson of Philadelphia. Three additional volumes were afterward published. The manufacture of dye stnffs was commenced in Kcw York by the founder of the respectable house of William Partridge & Son, still en- gaged in the same bnsiness. Among the articles first introduced in this country l)y them, were lae dye, bichromate of potash, argal, peach and Hicaragua wood. Mr. Tennant, of Glasgow, this year patented an improved method of preparing chloride of lime for bleaching, which had an important influence upon the cotton and linen manafactnre. Long cotton began first to be generally grown as a crop in South Carolina about this time. Samuel Slater entered into copartnership with Oziel WilUinson, whoso (1) This traditional aoeonnt of tho turn- befota the Rhode lelanil Sociatj (it tho ble but Indopondent origin in the Unitaa encourage ment of Domeatia Miinu failures. States, of an art long practiced in Tuscan; Sept. 2S, 1SS8, and published in the &o- nnd other Italinn statea — hut then otreoent cietj's Tronsactions. It is ntao authenti- introdnotion in England, where it was calod by a letter written a few years ago by the subject of a p.itent, iu May, of this Mrs, Baker, ivto made a fao simile of .the year, by Peter Boileau — was the subject of first bonnet braided by her, ■which was de- a con£rniatoi-y memoir, read by Judge posited in the Society's eollections. Staples, author of the Annals of Providence, ,y Google 1193] sXiATEb's mills— pterson's iron woeks. 79 daughter he had married, and Timothy Green and William Will.insoii, also BOQs-in-law of the latter, under the firm name Samnel Slater & Co., Mr. Slater owning one half the stock. They erected on the east side, of the Pawtncket river, a cotton mill, afterward linnwn as the Neiv Mill, which was the second built by Slater, and the first upon the Arkwright principle in Massachusetts. Both the old and new mills were superin- tended hy Slaier, who received a compensation of $1.50 per diem from each, and by his laborious and eoustaat personal attention, overcame the numerous difficulties attending first enterprises. The hands in this mill soon after revolted, and five or sis of them went to Cumberland and erected a small mill, owned by Bhsha Waters and other persons, named Wnlcot. By these men and their connections several fac- tories were commenced in various parts of the country ; most of the estab- lishments erected from ligo to 1809 having, in fact, been built by men who had directly or indirectly derived the knowledge of the business from Pawtacket, the cradle of the cotton mannfacture. Slater's patterns and models were stolen by his servants ; his improvements thus became extended over the country, and the business was rapidly introduced in other places.' TLe large Ramapo or Fierson's Iron works on the Ramapo riyer in Hampated, Bockland Co., New York, were put in operation this year hy J. G. Pierson & Brothers. Tliey consisted of a forge, rolling aiid slit- ting mills, works for cutting and heading nails by water, saw and grist mills, etc' The nail machine wm patented by J, Q, Piereoii in March 1195. John Fitch navigated a model steamboat at Bardstown, Eentucky. The Legislature of Now York had repealed, in March, the law granting special privileges to Fitch, and transferred them' to Robert R. Living- ston for twenty years, on condition that ho should within, twelve months build such a boat to go fonr miles an hour. The unfortunate inventor of the steamboat, having previously tried his fortunes nnsnccessfiilly in Europe, died in the course of the year at Bardstown, while prosecuting his claims to lands purchased in Kentucky, many years before, and just as a brighter prospect was dawning upon him. In conformity to his wishes he was buried on the shores of the Ohio, that he might repose " where the song of the boatman would enliven the stillness of his resting place, and the music of the steam engine soothe his spirit." Experiments in steam navigation, with a boat of thirty tons, were made near Kew York by Nicholas L Eooseveldt and Robert R. Living- ston, soon after the partner of Robert Fulton, who during the year pro- (I) Memoir of Slator. (2) SpalToril'a QfliettePi- of N, Y, ,y Google 80 PATENTS — WmTTEMOEE — FULTON. [1V98 posed to the Legislature of the state to propel ii vessel by steam on ne\v principles, if assured of its exclusive advantages when successful. Eooseveldt, in connection with James Sullivan, took oat a United States patent (May 31) for a double steam engine, and soon after con- structed probably the first effective steam engine, after those of I'it<;h, ever bnilt in America. He completed one in 1800, with a wooden boiler, through which long cylindrical flues or heaters wound several times before entering the chimney. It was for the use of the PhiladeJphia water works, for which he constructed two double engines, and contracted to supply three mi'liions of gallons of water daily if required, with the privilege of using the surplus power of the lower engine on the river Schuylkill for various manufactnring purposes, A steam saw mill, the first recorded, was patented by Eobert McKean (March 24). David Williinson, an ingenious and enterprising machinist of Pawtucket, who rendered Slater and the early cotton manfacturers much service, patented a screw cutting machine, afterward operated hy water power at Pawtucket Tails. Seven or eight patents were given for hydraulic machinery of different kinds, for which the demand was becoming extensive, including a machine for raising water by M. I. Briinel. In December, Hon. Hug-h Oir, for over half a centmy an ingenious and enterprising mechanician of Bridgewater, Mass., who made the first muskets, and bored cannon, and the first cotton machinery in this country, died at the age of eighty-two. Amos Whitteraore visited England, for the purpose of securing a patent for his card machinery. On his return the same year, ho I^QQ *^'"^™^'^ ^ partnership with his brother and Eobert WilHams of Boston, under the firm style of Williams, Wliittemore & Co., and commenced the manufacture at West Cambridge, where the business has been carried on by the family of the inventor, nearly or quite to the present time. They were soon able to finish 200 dozen pair per week. The sales of cotton yarn had at tliis time become sufficiently promis- ing to induce another company to set up a cotton mill in Ehorte Island ; and Messrs. Almy, Brown & Slater, made considerable addition to their "old milL" Their investments during the next seven years, were more particularly in the business of spinning, and it was thenceforth con- tinually on the increase, Eobert Fulton this year introduced into Paris the first panoramic painting, aided by optica! illusions, ever exbibited in that city.' (1) See vol. 1, 389-90. ,y Google 1?99] PATENTS — BXIOUTe — COTTON SEED OIL. 81 The patents issued this year, included one to Mark Isambard Brunei, for a machine for writing with two pens (Jan. 11) ■ to John Scars, for a machine for man a facta ring salt (Jan. 24). Tho patentee was an enter- prising salt maaufaotarer of Cape Cod, Mass. One to Benjamin Dear- born, for liis celebrated steelyards or Patent Balance (Feb.U); to Jacob Perkins, for an improyement in making nails (Feb. 14) ; and one to the same, for a check to detect counterfeits (March 19). Both of these last were valuable inventions ; to Benjamin Tyler for a flax and hemp mill (Feb. SS) ; to Charles Whiting of Mass., for extracting oil from cotton seed (Mar. 2) ;' and to Robert R. Livingston of New York, for mannfacturing paper. As this year closes the century, it may be proper to give a brief sum- mary of the state of commerce in the country. The total vaJne of the exports of tlie United States for the year, was $18,665,622, of which $33,142,522 was the growth, produce, or manufac- ture of the Union. The total value of the imports was estimated at $f9,069,148. New York this year, first took the lead of other states in the amonnt of ite exports, which were $18,719,527. The other states ranked in the following order, as to the value of their exports ; Marjlacd, Penngjlva- Ilia, Maasaehosetts, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Connecticut, Rhode Island, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Delaware, Vermont] (1) In IV69-T0, Dr. Otis, of BetMsheo,, for six ,a«rs. B«t the l.rg„ quantity re- Pa,, ptejBDied to thfl Am. Pl.iiosoph. So- quired appears to have defeated the obiuot »ietr,fhro«ghDr.Bond,asttmpl9ofoilmD.de A medal waa offered by the S. C. Agrionl. llfld eotton mad. It w I after ila orgHij wera apeoimena of the oil of sunflower aeed 1JS5, for oil from ooKon eeed a eihibitBdatHiesainBtame,-bT the Mora- oleaginous seed. Patents wore taken out liana at that place, and in much the aamo in 1B19, by Daniel Qillett of Springfield, way as linseed oil, at the rate of nine pints Mass., for preparing food from eotton seed ofoiltoabnahelnndahalfofaeed. It was and the next year by Geo. P. Diggea of said to be used medieinally in tho West Virginia, for estraeUng oil from the seed. [ndies—Mi?. 21-o„,. vol, 1. The London But it is only Ttithin a few years (bat a uew SseietyofArfs, in 1783, basing learned that aouree of profit to the Southern ootlon eotton seed yielded oil seed eake as food for planter, has been found in the manufacture oattle, in order to enoonriigo the eultiTation of oil and seed eake, from the thousanda of of flotton,oiferad a gold medal OS a premium tons of aeed which annu.iUj enourabercd: tor oil expressed from cotton seed, and oil the oatatea, or was used on tho poorer soils eake from the remaining aeed, made by as manure. Tlio saving to be thus effected plSDters in the Eritiah West India Islands, baa been differently estlmntod at from, in qnantitiea of not leaa than one ton of oil twenty to thirty millions of dollars annu- snd five iundrod weight of cake. A silver aily. Some aixleen or more patents have medal was offered for mailer quantities, been taken out, for machinosfor hulling the. and the premiums were annually tenenod aeed fur that purpose. ,y Google 82 STATISTICS OF EXPOKTS AHD TONNAGE. [_I1^9 New Jersey. Tto exports from Vermont were $20,480, and were the first from that state of whict returns were made. The average annual exports of flour from the United States during the last five years, were 596,140 barrels ; of potash 4,631 tons ; of pearl- ash 3,024 tons; of tobacco 14,100 hogsheads; of tar 52,113 barrels; of pitch 1,145 barrels; of rosin 9,803, and of turpentine 45,696 barrels. The a7crage yearly value of all domestic articles exported in the same period, was $32,822,965. The exports from the United States to Louisiana and the Floridaa, were $3,504,092, of which $441,824 were domestic articles. The im- ports from the same were $507, 132. St. Genevieve and New Bourbon, in Upper Loaisianu (now Missouri), produced 110,000 pounds of lead, of which 36,000 pounds were sent to New Orleans. The population of St. Louis was 925. Tiie total tonnage of every description belonging to the Union, was 946,408 tons, of wbieli 669,191 was registered tonnage engaged in the foreign trade, 220,904 enrolled in the coasting trade, and the balance was enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the coasting trade and fisheries. ,y Google CI-IArTER II. ANXALS OP MANDFACTU: IS 00— 1810. Directing our attention, first to those acts of legislation, wliicli may be said to have had a direct or indirect bearing upon manufacturing industry, we note, that on Feb. 28, Congress passed an act, pro- 1800 yiding for the second census of the inhabitants of the United States, to commence on the first Monday in August. The returns gave the total population of twenty-one states and territories, as 5,319,763, of which number, 89e,849 were alaves. la April, the kw relating to Patent Kights, was modified so as to restore to aliens, who had rGsideii two years within the United States, al! the riglits and privileges enjoyed by citizens, under the act of 21 Feb., 1193. The legal representatives of a deceased inventor, were empowered to receive a patent. The violation of the rights of patentees was made punishable, by a forfeiture of three times the amount of the damages. The quantity of spirits distilled in the United States from foreign materials (chiefly in the Eastern States), during the year, was 1,290,476 gallons, and from domestic materials 51,625 gallons, on which the gross amount of duties was $142,779, The aggi'egate capacity of all tlie stills employed, was 2,08i;2I2 gallons ; upon which the aggregate duty was $372,661. The total quantity of spirits distilled from molasses since Jan. 1, 1790, was 23,148,404 gallons, of which 6,322,640 gallons were exported. ' The quantity of refined sugar sent out of the reSneries during the year, was 3,349,896 pounds, and the gross amount of duties thereon, was $66,998." The quantity of cotton grown in the United States this year, was about 35,000,000 of pounds, of which 17,800,000 were exported. Of this, about 16,000,000 of pounds went to England, constituting over one- fourth of the total importation of cotton into that country. The quan- (1) Sejbert, 231, 461. (2) Ibid, ila. ,y Google S4 MOROCCO MANDPACTirUE— [1800 tity manufacturDd in the Uaited States, was upward of 8,000,000 pounds, of which, only about 500 bales were consumed in regular es- tablishments,' The caterpillar or cotton- worm, first commenced its devastations in Sonth Carolina. The first cotton-spinning machine in France, was this year introduced from England, through Ghent, and was presented to the flrat consul. It was, about the same time, introduced for the first time into Switzer- land, in the canton of St. Ga]], where it was followed the next jear by the power loom, recently brought into general use in England. Machine (pinning was introduced into Saxony the year previous. The price of cotton twist in Rhode Island, wag as follows : for number 12, 103 cents ; number 16, 119 cents ; camber 20, 136 cents ; ftn increase of fifteen cents on the prices of 1194, The man faeture of mo occo leather was about this time commenced, at Lynn Mass ly Will am Rose, an Englisliman, who had been reeularlyi el to tl" b ness in Loudon. His dwelling and manufac- tory 0 p e Itl e I resent s te of the grounds and residence of Stephen 01 76 Jr H s 3 c ess vas great, bnt through imprudence he became bank uj t in al u t e gl fc years ; and in 1809, resumed the business in Ohaile town where t hid been previously revived since the Kevolu. tion — al out the y ar 1 96 —by Elisha Mead. In the following year he removed to Noithampton, Connecticut, which he left in 1814, and four years after, died in poverty, at Sterling, Mass. The morocco business iu Lynn, was successively prosecuted by Joshua R. Gore, Francis Moore & Henry Healy, Wm. B. & Joshua Whitney, Carter & Tarbell, Samuel Mullilten, Daniel K. Witt & Joseph Mansfield; who were the principal manufacturers during the ten years after Rose left. The apprentices of the latter introduced the business in several other towns. The Salem Iron Manufacturing Company, in Mass., was incorporated with power to hold real and personal estate, to the value of $330,000. A rapid increase in the prodnction of iron commenced about this timo in England, which this year made 180,000 tons. The building of vessels was commenced at Elizabeth, on the Monon- gahela river, sixteen miles above Pittsburg, by Col. Stephen Bayard, who laid out the town in ItST ; and at this time took oat a company of »hip carpenters from Philadelphia, and established a ship-yard. The first vessel built was the ship Monongahola Farmer. (1) Claiboroe'B Report to Commiesioners of PatenW, ISST, ,y Google 1800] PATENTS IN 180O — CABTOK OIL. 85 Patents were tins year granted to Oliver Evans (Jan. 16), for an improvement in stoves and grates. This was for tlie lamiuous atove, with doors or lights of talc, and designed for burning the recently discovered hard Lehigh or stone coal, which conld not be barned in common stoves. His grate stoves are believed to have been the first to come into general use, and were the first in which talc was used. John G-. Gebhavd, of N. Y., received a patent (Feb. 4) for extracting oil from Palma Christi,^ John J. Hawkins, of Philadelphia, patented (Feb. 12) an improve- ment in the piano-forte, which he manufactured and sold, at fifteen South Second St., under the name of Patent Portable Grand Piano, j« his card states, at little more than half the price of imported grand or sqnare pianos. He also manufactured a patent ruling machine ; and later in the year, took oat another patent, for an improvement in musical in- struments. John Biddis, who had before received two patents for improvements of a chemical nature, was granted one (May 6) for an engine for reducing silk, cotton, worsted, cloth, etc., to their original state, to be manufactured. This was a very early attempt to utilize such refuse materials, which, by the aid of modern machinery, now form the basis of an extensive manufacture of shoddy in England, and to some extent in this country, and which has materially affected the production of woolen goods in the United States. Peter Lorillard, of New York, patented (June 28) a machine for cutting tobacco, of which he was an extensive mannfacturer. Jonathan Grant, Jr., of Belchertown, Mass., filed (Oct. i) the description of an improved telegraph. This inven- tion, made two years before, was put in operation between Boston and Martha's Vineyard, a distance of ninety miles, and a question was trans- mitted and answered in less than ten minutes.^ In February, Henry Wiswell, Zenas Crane, and John Willard, of (1) Th m f t f aa(or-Qil, from or castor nut, grew abunilnrtly in the state, tbe cnst II p Ima ohriati, tbe and yielded from 100 to ISO gallons of oil fiiciJiiu C fL Kua— which ia totbaaero. A Mr. Budolph, of Camden, a now eito ly p t d in saveral parts faw jaars after the date in our text, bod of the U p t lirly the Western fifty or eisty acres nndar eultlTatJon with 8tal*a— e ployed one oc two mills in Hew the ptant, from wbieh he had produced large York, ns eorly aa 1789. The A^ricultaral qaantidas of cold drawn oil by espresaion. Booiaty of Sontb Carolina, eoon after ita in. :t was first extensively manufaetured in the corporation in 1JS5, offered among other United States, aoma years later, at New. preminma, medals, for the largest quantities bern, in Hurth Carolina- In quality, Ameti- of oils from the nlive— cuttings of which can enstor oil is equal to tha beat Kiist they dislribnted— from ground nuts, aeaa- Indian, mum or bane aeed, cotton and snnBower (2) Holmca'a Annala. MadB, and for eastor oil. The palma ehrisli ,y Google 1801 8$ rAPER MILLS — rtlLTOS'a SUEMAaiNS BOAT. [1801 Dalton, Mass., pi-opoaing to erect a paper mill at that place, issued ao earnest appeal to the ladies of Berkshire, to sare their rags, Thcj built the first paper mill in the eonnty, which went into operation the nest year, and is now'kuown as the " Old Berkshire" mill. They made about twenty tons of paper annually, until 1807, when Wiswell and Carson became the managers until 1810, since which time, it has been run by David Carson and his sons. In 1855, this mill mads 180 tons of paper yearly, worth twenty ceuta a pound. It employed sisty hands, having been much enlarged by its present owners.^ A Mast furnace, erected about 1786, near the Chicopoe Tails, by James Byers and William Smith, this year passed into the hands of Benjamin Belcher, of Baston, and Abijah and Wm. Witherill, who bnilt a foundry and enlarged the business. In 1805, Mr. Belcher purchased the right to the whole) and continued the bnsiaess until 1822, when he sold the land and water privilege, on which the extensive mannfactunng village of Chicopee Falls now stands, the iron business having been still conducted by his sons until 1846. Some castings are yet made there. ° Bobert Fulton, having for several years pursued his experiments with a Bubraarine boat, and had his plans twice rejected by the French Directory, and alsn by the British Government, descended in the presence of com- missioners appointed by Bonaparte, with three men, in a plunging boat in the harbor of Brest, to the depth of twenty-five feet, and remained ono hour. His vessel was capable of sailing like a common boat on the sur- face, and, after striking her mast, could be made to dive and bs moved in any direction under water at the rate of about three miles an hour. He also blew up a small vessel in the harbor with a submarine bomb con- taining twenty pounds of powder, and made various other experiments at Brest and Havre with diving boats, with a view to having them employed by the government against the enemy's shipping. He was unsuccessful, and in 1804 repeated his experiments in England, where on the i5th Oct., 1805, he blew up a strong Dutch brig of 200 tons, in Walmar Eoads, but fortunately did not succeed in introducing into the naval appointmeots of the nation so destructive an agency. In December of the following year he returned to America, where his genius found its greatest triumph in the achievement of steam navigation. The ship Benjamin Franklin arrived at Philadelphia bringing Don Pedro, the first full-blooded Merino buck imported into the United States. He was one of four lambs, shipped in the same vessel, the others having perished during a boisterous passage. They were selected at the request (1) Hnlland's ITeatorn Mass. (2) Itid. ,y Google 1801] FIEST MERINO f —WOOL CAUDINGI MACHINES. 81 of M. DijpontDe Nemours, who accompanied tliem, by M. Delesserfc, a banker of Paris, ivho was at the head of a commission to select in Spain on behalf of the French government, a flock of 4000 merino sheep out of the number of 6000, which Spain had stipulated by the treaty of Baale to present to Prance. Two of the sheep were intended for Roaendale, the farm of M. Del^ert at Kingston, on the Hudson, oec for M. Dupont's place near New York, and one as a present to Mr. Jefferson at Monticello. Don Pedro was kept as a stock ram, first by Mr. Dnpont and afterward at Eosendale, when he was sold, with the rest of Mr. Delessert'a flock, at public auction, in 1805. He was purchased by Mr. Dupont for sixty dol- lars and transferred to the farm of E. 1. Dupont, near Wilmington, Dela- ware, where the farmers were offered the use of him gratis. Fine wool sheep were thus multiplied in the neighborhood by Mr. Dnpont and others, and soon after Dupont & Co. erected works for manufacturing fine wool. His progeny in New York were scattered among the farmers, who knew little of their value nntil Chancellor Livingston, who purchased many of the ewes to cross with his Eambouillet stock, imported in the mean time, taught them how to appreciate the breed. Dr. James Mease, of Philadelphia, in 1196-1 sent two orders for me- rino Sheep, and had one shipped to him which was washed overboard, in a storm at the capes of Delaware, and this year sent another order to Yznardi, the son of the American Consul at Cadiz, by whom two rams and two ewea were shipped, which arrived in Dec. 1803.^ Arthur Scholfield, of Pittsfleld, Mass., who accompanied Samuel Slater from England, and, in 1193, was concerned in starting the first incor- porated woolen factory in the United States, at Byfield, in Newbury, completed the first improved carding engine in New England. The machine was constructed without the aid of patterns or drawings, which the laws of England did not suffer him to bring away. During its con- struction the builder is said to have been obliged to make one or two voyages to England, to refresh his memory of the parts, and to have J portions of the machine, or models and plans, concealed in his (1) MsBse'a Archives of Useful Kncwl- 9dK«, vol. 1, p. 103. This ai-paars to hava ram on the sMp Bald Eagle, to Boston; been tha 6rst introdiictioii of Spanish sleep. which lie gave to his friend, Andrew Oragie, attanded iriili oej praotioal result. In a Esq., of Cambridge, who seems not to have letter of Robert Morris, dated Cot. SB, 178B, been aware of their value, or to hare found referanoe is said to be mode to two sheep. no market for the wool. Mr. Poster, after gent by M. Le Conteub: do Coumant. to this an abaenoe of some years, ia said to have oountry, presumed to have been of the Span- met him at a sale where he was pnyiog ish breed. In X793, the Hon. Wm. Poster, of $1000 for a merino ram, and imiuiriug Bosion, while a young man, traveling in what hecarne of those he gave him, Mr. Spain, smngglcd, en account of thoir ox- Cragie replied, ''I simply ate them." i.Google 88 SAW GIN — OOTTON STATISTICS. [1801 bedding. Oq its completion he annoanced that he was prepared to card wool into rolls, at twelve and a half ceats the pound ; mixed, fifteen and a half cents; or if proTionsly picked, mised, and greased, ten cents and twelve and a half cents per pound. He soon after commenced the raanu- factare of carding machines. The dressing of cloth had been recently commenced in Dalton, by Ezra Maynard. AboQt this time the first carding macliines in Chelmsford (Lowell) were run by Moses Hale. Miller and Whitney, proprietors of the saw gin, haTing submitted to the Legislature of South Carolina proposals to sell to the state, for the sum of $100,000, so ranch of the patent right as appertained to that state, where its use had become Tery extensive, and petitions hating been presented from the planters, urging the transfer, the Assembly voted the snm of $50,000 for that purpose. Although the price was deemed a great sacriSce, the patentees accepted it as a certainty, and present relief from their embarrassment. President Jefferson, in his first annnal message to Congress, adverted to the success which had attended the continued efforts to introduce, among the Indians, the implements and practice of hnsbandvy, and the household iits A spirit of peace and friendship generally, prevailed among them, and some had begun to increase in popuJation, instead of diminishing is heretofore. A letter from the Indian agent, Benjamin H'iwkins accompaoying the message, states that one nation had just been supphed with 100 pairs of cards, and eighty spinning wheels ; there were eight ioomo in the nation, four of them wrought by Indian women, and the lemainder bj m lute women. A young Englishman who could make looms and spinning wheels, and understood weaving, was appointed a temporary assistant One of the looms and two spinning wheels, were made bj an Indun for Iiis own family. The qi mtity of cotton growQ this year, in all countries, was estimated at 530,000 000 pounds. Of the whole amount, 48,000,000 pounds, worth $8,000,000, were the prodnct of the United States. The capital employed in growing it was abont $80,000,000, and the number of persons employed in growing and otherwise depen- dant upon it, was 100,000, The American states produced cotton in the following proportions, via : South Carolina, 20,000,000 pounds ; Georgia, 10,000,000 i Tirginia, 5,000,000 ; North Carolina, 4,000,000 ; and Ten- nessee, 1,000,000 pounds. The quantity exported from the United States, was 20,100,000, viz: Sonth Carolina, 10,000,000, Tirginia and North Cai-olina, 5,000,000, and Georgia, 3,000,000 pounds. The average price, during this year, of all kinds of American cotton, at the i.Google 1301] EiirrAio — ship Buiuji^fc at niTSETJiio. 89 place of exportation, was forty-four cents, and the price in England was from sevEEteen to thirty-eiglit pence atorling.i The qnautity manufactured in the United States was 500 bales. Buffalo, at the outlet of Lake Eric into Niagara river, at the month of Buffalo creek, was this year laid out by the Holland Land Company. In 1198 there were five dwellings, one tavern, and one store, ail of logs, on the site. A company of French merchants, under the name of Taraacon, Berthoud & Co., from Pliiladelphia, with twenty ship carpenters, joiners, and other mecbanics, commenced this year the bailding of vessels and keel boats, to navigate tlie Ohio, being the first to engage in that business. This undertaking was originated by Louis Anastasius Tarascon, a wealthy and enterprising Fi-euchraan, who, in 1194, established himself in Philadelphia as an importer of silks and French goods, and in 1799 sent two of his clerks, Charles Erugiere and James Berthoud, to examine the Ohio and Mississippi from Pittsbnrg to Kew Orleans, and ascertain the practica- bility of clearing ships, ready rigged, from Pittsburg to the West Indies and Europe. Their report being favorable, he immediately, with his brother and others, commenced a large establishment at Pittsburg, consisting of wholesale and retail store, warehouse, ship-yard, rigging and sail-loft, anchor shop, block manufactory, and every thing necessary to complete a vessel for sea. He built, during the summer of this year, the schooner Amity, of 120 tons, and the ship Pittsburg, of 250 tons. In the following spring they sent the schooner to St. Thomas, and the ship to Philadelphia, laden t fl d tl t B d aux, and brought back a cargo of wine, b ]j, J 1 F 1 g d part of which was sent to Philadelphia, d t f t (jht t p t pound for transportation. They built, li y th ! N f 200 tons, and in 1803, the ship Louisi- f 350 1 1 tl y t ballasted with " Stone Coal" and other t 1 t PI 1 1 Ipl 1 the coal sold for thirty-seven and a half t J I I I I h ng year the ship Western Trader was b It by th fi moDtha or toils' the npworil poBi oat population, over about 11,21 2 miles ' ifnaTi- rill gation, with three aveoueg hj wate. tothe _,,, in oooan. This, with its immenBe sj? tern of leans, and ty trutj odB at the "the gateway of tlie nest." IlB vai idg of the trade, new conduoied like its land iraffle, Pittsburg, with the nimost spaed and tegula rityhy i.Google 90 BOOK FAIKS— COMPOfND BLOW PIPE — SOCIETIES. [1801 Mr. John Irwin about flie same time established a ropewalk in Alle- gheny, which he carried on extensively with Ma son, tlirty-fiye years after. The American Company of Booksellers doing bnsiness in New York Philadelphia, and Boston, was form 1 It fnilat 1th I fb k ly Fairs, the first of whieh was held nth n ny anlplbtd anction sales by any of its memberb onpnfxjl n Ajtmf exchafigea was also arranged betwe n th t and 1 ^ and [ n sive editions were published at the j nt expen e t tb mj any each dealer subscribing for a certain numl f p th w 1! d T ade Books, and were delivered in sheet f 1 1 d an I II t 1 n wh 1 f m these and other new books were at fi t h fly ff 3 at tl T d S 1 The Philadelphia Premiam Society was instituted for the purpose of fostering American industry by giving premiums for improvements in arts and manufactures. The compound or oxyhjdrogeo blow pipe was this year invented by the late Prof Robert Hare, of Philadelphia. By its aid many substances before deemed infusible were readily melted in a burning jet of the mixed gases. Profesor Silliman, a few years later, succeeded in melting lime and magnesia with it, and burned all the well-known metals, gna flint and corundam gems, producing, dar'mg the operation, light brighter than that of the suu. The hydrostatic blow pipe or bellows, invented by Dr. Hare soon after, was also capable of melting strontia and other refractory substances, ' jPIax was this year first grown on the Genesee Flats, in Ontario Co., New York, where it has since been extensively cultivated. The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, instituted at New Haven ia 1199, was this year incorporated " for the purpose of encour- aging literary and philosophical researches in general, and particularly for investigating the natural history of the state. "" The President sent a fleet into the Mediterranean to protect American shipping. The government purchased twelve acres of land at Philadel- phia, for a Navy Yard, at a cost of $37,500. menna of atesm, was first commenced in iDctes deep, to serve os trnnsportB. Tbia 1756, by the ascent frnm tbe Miasiasippi of was the begioning of the boat building about thirty hatteaus iin'l 150 man laden business there. Tlie building of Kentuclij wth iplesf P tDq On th fiat andkeel-boats, became a large business 3d F b 1717 1 1 n rp t d on the several tributaries of the Ohio. SBwy rs am 1 f m Pb 1 d Ifh a, d (1) SilliHlan'B Jonr., vol. 1, p. 98. Eeg. w ttwk wmUnth of Arts, vol. 1, p. 362. M ghlfnit ml h Pt (2) JJiUer's Ketiospoct of 18th Century, P tt wh th b 1 h ] I f ty vol. 2, p. 2S8. feet Igbj nftwi d tbirtj tw i.Google ISOl] STRAW BONNETS— SPADES / :eam engines. The maDijfactui'e of straw bonnets was this year commenced at Wren- tham, Mass., which soon became a principal seat of that business. The extensive establishment of Oliver Ames & Sons, for the raana- facture of spades and shovels, was commenced at Easton, Mass. Oliver Evans, of Philadelphia, this year completed, at his own expense, a small steam engine, with a six inch cylinder and eighteen inch stroke, at a cost of 13,100, which he applied to grind plaster of Paris, recently introduced as a fertilizer, from Nova Scotia, ehieaj through the efforts of Jndge Peters, of Philadelphia, who published a treatise on the subject in 119.7. The success of the little engine, with which he was able to break 300 bushels, or twelve tons, of plaster id twenty-four hours, excited much attention. It was soon after employed to drive twelve saws, in sawing stone at the rate of 100 feet of marble in twelve hours. This engine was upon the high pressure system, since so extensively employed on railways, steamboats, and in factories, and which was this year patented by the Cornish engineer Trevethick, in England, whitber Evans had sent drawings and specifications of his engine, several times during the last twelve or fifteen years, during the whole of which time the inventor had continually urged its importance for the propulsion of carriages, and of steamboats on the western rivers, by the aid of paddle wheels. It waa coaiineneed in the last year, his original purpose being to construct a locomotive steam carriage, as a debt of honor to the stale of Maryland, which, in 1186, granted him exclusive privileges for the use of his improve- ments in iour mills and steam carriages, after his own state had rejected the latter as visionary. He had been unable to find any person to risk the expense, but was encouraged by Professor Robert Patterson, of the University of Pa., and Mr. Charles Taylor, a steam engineer from Eng- land, to whom he explained the principles of his eng wh h th y pro- nounced new to them. The Philosophical Society al o fa oun- tenanced it as to reject that portion of a report on t am I y B. P. Latrobe, Esq., a scientific engineer of the city, in I h i 1 nled the " Steam Mania" of Evans and others. The S t h w re- tained a part of the report, in which Mr. Latrobe lah d t I v the impossibility of propelling boats economically by steam, on account of the engine, a scheme nearer realization in America than steam propulsion by land.^ The locomotive was not completed until 1804. (1) The first legislative aot eror made Viriaii, waa employed for tho first timo on authoriaiag a public railrn^d, naa this year the Merthyr Tydvit road, in South Wales, grftnled by Pftdiaaent, fgr the Snrrj iron in 1804; and the first public milrond on tramrond ia Englwid, Dine milea long, on which steam was applied, was the Stoeliton which horse-poiier was employed, althoBgh and Darlington, twenly-five miles long. private tramways of wood had been lung in opened Sept- 2e, 1825, and worked by loeo- use, A locomotive, bailt by Trevebhiok & motive and stationary engines, and horses. i.Google 92 PATEHTS — NEW JEK8EY lEON WORKS. [1801 Among the patents issued this year, was one to Col, Alexander Anderson, of Philadelphia (Jan. 26), for brewing with Indian corn, and one to the same (Jan. 28), for a condenser for heating the wash in dis- tilling. This process, by which the whole heat of steam is communicated to the wash without danger of burning it, effected a great saying in fnel and labor, and was one of the roost important improvements as yet intro- duced in distilling. Messrs. Anderson and Hall, the former of whom had also patented a steam still in 1196, had the improvements in opera- tion soon after in their stills at Lamberton, N, J., and they were also adopted by others. Two patents for improved evaporating processes in distilling, were also patented (Feb. 12 and Marcli 2) by Benjamin Henfrey. Jesse Eeed, of Mass., took a patent (June 9) for nails milled out of heated rods, aud Wm. Leslie one for cutting and heading nails (Nov. 5), Richard Eobotham, of Hudson, N. Y., received letters patent (Oct. 10) for an air pump ventilator for ships, mines, etc., and one of the same date for a machine for ruling paper, etc. Malting paper from curriers' shavings was the subject of a patent (Dec. 28) by Joseph Condit, Jr., of New Jersey. A fflenional presented t > Congress, March 30, from citizens of Morris, Sn set and Berpen counties in ^ew Jersey, concerned in. the manufac- tnie of bar cast and rolled iron, nail rods, and nails, asking an ' increase of duties on imported iron, was accompanied by the fol- lowing statement of the number of furnaces, forges, etc., in the state. The number of forges thtn actually carried on was over 150, which at a moderate cakulition winll produce twenty tons of bar iron each, annu- ally amounting to 3000 toni Seven blast furnaces in operation would yield on an aveiige 500 tons each, amounting to 3500 tons annually. There weie SIX blabt furnaces not then in operation, and many nnim- proved sites equal to any in the state, besides many forges and sites for forges in the same condition. Of the forges above mentioned, about 120 were in the counties of Morris, Sussex, and Bergen, besides three blast furnaces all actually going. The state was capable of furnishing at least 6000 tons of bar iron annually, and TOOO tons of cast iron. There were four rolling and slitting mills, which rolled and silt on an average 200 tons, one half of which was manufactured into nails. The memorial was adopted at a public meeting and is signed by John Cobb, chairman. By a resolution of the house these reports and memorials, with others from sundry calico printers, cordwainers, and shoemakers, were laid over to the next session. The internal revenue duties on licences for the sale of wines and liquors, on refined sugar, sales at auction, and on carriages, which by an act of 1802 , ,y Google 18023 coPTRiGnTS — 0A9 LraHTiNa 93 the last session had been eontinned without limitation, were repealed along with those on distilled liquors and stills, and on stamps, all of which ceased after 30th Jnne. April 29th, — A- supplementary copyright act, required the notice of auch right having heeu secured to be inserted in the title page or the following, instead of heing published in the newspapers. It extended the privileges of copyright to embrace designs, etchings, or engravinga of historical or other prints. A proposition was made to light the neighborhood of Central Square, in Philadelphia, with gas. Benjamin Ilenfroy, an Englishman, who in ITS! endeavored to form a mining company, and dnring the last year had explored for coal near Baltimore, and also experimented with gaa from wood in that city, and Richmond, which he actually succeeded in lighting with it, was proposed as a proper person to accomplish it. He proposed to light it with gas from coal, and was a!so an applicant to light the United States light-houses on the sea-coast in the same manner. He received letters patent from the United States government (April 16) for an "improvement, being a cheap mode of obtaining light from fuel." In the spring of this year, the first application of gas which attracted any attention, was made by Mr. William Murdoch, the engineer of Messrs. Bolton and Watt, who, on the occasion of the national iliumina- tion at the peace of Amiens, lighted up the front of the Soho mannfac- tory of his employers, with a public display of gas lights. The first applieationofcoalgasforiliumination, wasmadeby Mr. Murdoch in 1T92, when he lighted his own dwelling-house and offices at liedruth, in Corn- wall, and in 1797, erected gas apparatus in Ayrshire, and the next year litted up the gas work at Soho, near Birmingham. In 1804-5, the extensive cotton mills of the Messrs. Philips and Lee, at Manchester, were fitted up with 900 burners, giving a light equal to 2,500 candles, under the superintendence of Mr. Murdoch, who has been considered the parent of this mode of illumination. Its use from that time became general, and London was lighted with gas in 1807.' (1) The earliest distinct menll f mp C3 th Iph m 11 m t m b d 1 g h Ty tl J I m t ia a "Latter from Mr. John CI jt m ]ph I ts I h 1 X Reutor gf Crottoa, M Walsefield, T k f m 1 ti t I U yd ahiie, to tlie Boyal Society, May 1 1688 Jt w B bl 7 w Id b giriog an account of several oba t f th J pia dth gh t dm In Virginia, and in hia voyage ftitb , m Eiyc t by« t pw d parlioularly eoncerning the Air." The therewith. I bare Sept of this spirit » anthoF, whose remarks on tlia natural his- ooEsidcrable t ime in bladders, and though tory of Virginia va havs before oiled, in if it was only blown with air. speaking of the melaotology of the country, yetiflletitf. Drthandfireditwilhamnlcli i.Google 9f MEEINO BHEEP — FIEST BOOK TRADE SALE, [1802 The fii-st considerable importatioa of Spanish merino sheep yet raade into the tTnitcd States, arrived in May, in the ship PerseTerancc of 250 tons, Capt Caleb Coggesball master, ahont fifty days from Lisbon, where they were shipped on the 10th April, by the Hon. David Hum- phreys, United States Ambassador at the court of Madrid. They were landed at Derby, Conn., having been transfeiTod to a sloop in the harbor of New York. They consisted of twenty-one rams and seventy ewes, from one to two years old, out of a flock of 100, four rams and five ewes having died on the passage. They had been purchased for Col. Humphreys itt Spain, by a reputable person, and driven across the country of Portugal by three Spanish stepherds, escorted by a guard of Portuguese soldiers. The Trustees of the Massaehusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, at a meeting held on 28th Augnst, when a letter on the subject from Mr. Humphreys to Aaroa Destcr was read, voted the thanks of the meeting for the communication, and on 29th Oct., voted to present him with the gold medal of the Society, "for his patriotic exertions in importing into H'ew England lOO of the merino breed of sheep, from Spain, to improve the breed of that usefal animal in his own country." On the lith April, Mr. Humphreys dedicated to the Frince Regent of Portngat a poem " on the Industry of the United States of America," written at Lisbon, and designed "to show the prodigious influence of national indnstry in producing public and private riches and enjoyment.'" About the same time that Mr. Humphreys' flock arrived from Spain, the Hon. Eobert B. Livingston, tbe American minister resident at Paris, sent, for his farm at Clermont, in New York, some half-a-dozen or more Belected from the national stock at Eambouillet, near Paris. The introduction of these two lots of pure merinos, and the exertions of their respective owners, within a few years, much improved the breeds of the conntry, and several manufactories of fine woolens, with appro, priate machinery, wero established, which afforded a market for the wool, and induced others to import fine wooled sheep, while it stimulated im- provements in sheep hnsijandry generally. The price of Spanish merino bncks, at this time, was about $300. In June, a literary Fair or Trade Sale of books was held in New York for the first time in the United States, which was attended by a large number of booksellers. It was held under the auspices of the American or onndle, it ironld continna to bnrn nntil incuts, ia the diatillation of the " Spirit of all were spont." In n latter written ftliout Confe," aai appears to have made a near the same time, to the Hon, Enborl Eojio, approeeh to a praotioal discoTcrj. pubUshod in the Phibsophioid Transaotions (1) Misoel. Works of D. Humphreys, for 1733, he detulla more fullj bia experi- 4tlied., N. Y., ISOi, pp. 225, 346. ,y Google or ■WESTEEN STATES — COTTON GIK. S5 Company of Booksellers, among whom was Mr. Carey of PMIadelphia, a leading publisher, and who was one of the first to suggest it, and most energetic in its support. It was proposed to hold them statedly, and al- ternately at New Torlc and Philadelphia. The publishing business was, through their agency, rapidly increased in all the principal cities. ' On July 31, two weekly journals were published in Ohio ; the "Western Spy," at Cincinnati, and the " Sciota Gazette," at Chilicothe, the first- inland town in the north-western territory which had a press. They were printed on paper of inferior qaality, brought from Georgetown, Kentucky, on horseback, and their united circulation did not exceed 600 copies. The latest news in the Spy of this date, from Trance, was dated May 11 ; from London, May 10 ; from New York, July 9 ; and from Washington, July 2S.^ The white population of Ohio was T6,000. A state constitution was framed at Chilicothe, by virtue of which Congress authorized its admis- sion as a state of the Union. The first press and newspaper in Mississippi, " The Natchez Gazette," was this year established by Col. Andrew Marachalk, who continued it under difi'event names for about forty years. Natchez was a large village, consisting chiefly of small wooden buiMiBgs scattered irregularly over considerable spa«e. The -currency of the territory consisted at this time in part of " Cotton Receipts," negotiable by law as bills of exchange or money. They represented so much cotton deposited in public gins, for cleaning, the farmers being in general too poor to have private gins.^ The fli-st exports from the territory, of which there is any accotint, were made the last year to the value of $1,095,412, and this year $526,016. The first official return of tlio exports from Kentacky and Tennessee, was this year made, and amoanted in the former to $626,613, and in the latter to $443,955. The first exports of Indiana were made the year before, to the amount of $29,430. The Legislature of North Carolina agreed to purchase, of Miller and Whitney, the patent right of the saw gin for that state, and laid a yearly tax of two shillings and six pence upon every saw (amounting in some gins to forty), employed in ginning cotton, during the next five years, which contract was faithfully performed. About the same time negotia- tions were entered into between the patentees and the state of Tennessee, which in the following year laid a tax of thirty-seven and a half cents per annum, on each saw used in that state within the next four years. The second annual message of President Jefferson, n (1) Miller's RctroBpaot, vol. 2, p. 3S7. (S) Monatte'a Valley of the Miaaisaiiipi, (2) Histor. Mttg., vol, 3, p. 121. toI. 2. ,y Google JEFFERSON — COPPER WORKS — TINE COMPAKY. [1802 ss, among the landmarlis and rales of action by wliich thcj were to be guided for the public good, "to cultivate peace, and maiutain com- merce and navigation in all their lawful enterpvisea ; to foster onr fishe- ries as nurseries of navigation and for the nurture of man, and protect the manufactures adapted to onr circumstances, etc.," as also " to cherish tbe Federal Union as the rock of safety." A Mechanics' Association, of about 100 members, was formed at Portsmoath, New Hampshire, for the purpose of encouraging and pro- moting industry, good habits, and an increase of knowledge in the me- chanic arts, and for the mutual benefit of its members. It is still in ex, istence. The Danvars & Beverly Iron Company wag incorporated with a capital of $330,000. The only manufactory of sheet copper in the country was that of the Messrs. Eevere, at Boston, Massachusetts. Additional glass works were built in Pittsburg by General O'Hara, who made preparations to manufacture white and flint glass, and sent an agent to England to obtain workmen, in which he was unsuceessM, The Legislatare of Pennsylvania having, on the 7th March, 1800, re- vised tJie act ineOT-porating a company for promoting the cultivation of the vine, under new commissioners, and in the January following, by a supplementary act removed the chief obstacle to obtaining subscriptions, the organization of the company was this year completed, with Dr. Benj. Say as president, Isaac W. Morris, treasurer, and jared Ingersoll, John Vaughan, Dr. Jas. Mease, Fred. Heiss, and Elisha Fislier, aa managers. TLe company had 30,000 vines growing at Spring Mill, under the care of Mr. Leganx, whose disagreement with the company soon after, led to the establishment of separate vineyards at that place. In addition to the vine company's, there were several private vineyards in the city and county at this time, via : Montraollin's, Eidge Eoad four miles from the city, consisting of 4,000 plants ; Peter Kuhn's, one mile froKi the last, consisting of Lisbon, Malaga, and Madeira grapes; Dr. James Mease's "in the line of Cherry street," with 3,000 plants; Paul LabroQse's, about one mile from the city, between Second and Third streets, Southwark; Crownsillat's, four miles from Philadelphia, on the banks of the Schuylkill, 1,500 plants ; Thunn's, south of the last named, Hnd Stephen Girard's, near the same place, with forty or fifty plants only. The grape was at this time cultivated successfully by Mr. Autill in New Jersey, and by Mr. Notnagel near Bristol, and others in these and neighboring states. The Catawba grape was this year first discovered by Mr. Murray, an ,y Google tw ty-flve 1 Di proved ? 1 duals 1 b s salt f works 1 1,313, f mraon 1S02] CATAWBA GRArES— SALT — CLOCKS — PATENTS. S'7 emigrant from PonnsylTania, on the Block Ridge mountain, in Buncombe county, North Carolina, about ten miles S. E. of Ashyille. They were named the Catawba by Senator Davy, who transplanted some of them to his residence at Rocky Monnt, on the Catawba river, whence he introduoed them, a few years after, under that name, among his friends in Washington and Maryland. Major Adams, of Georgetown, first discovered its value as a wine grape about 18''2 and two or three years after, sent slips of it to Nicholas L w th f C t who established itg reputation, as well as tlie w m f t tl west. It was estimated that $130,000 was in t d th m ft ro of salt, in Barnstable Co., Mass., which yield d t p fit per cent, on the investment. The proc b d b n within a few years, and several patents had b bt d on the cape. The salt was very pure and wl t d tl produced in the process was of the best q 1 ty Th i in the county was 136. The number of f t f f and the capacity equal to the manufacture f 40 438 b h 1 salt, and 181,969 lbs. of glanbers salt, w th t g tl $40 '700 The works were to be increased the next year, by tl idd t f T 578 feet, Capt. John Sears was the only successful m ft 1 y 1 pora^ tion aione, for which he had exteHsive works ] D i havi g t mphed over numerous difficulties. Salt was also made at Martha's Vineyard, Kantueket, Plymouth, Kingston", Rochester, Hingham, and Dorchester; in nearly all of which it had been commenced within two or three years. The works in Dorchester were erected this year, at Preston's Point, by Capt. Deane, and consisted of a series of vats 200 feet in length, by twenty feet wide, or 4,000 superffeial feet of evaporating surface ; and were soon after followed by others on an improved plan. Two patents were taken oat in this branch, one by Benjamin Ellicott, of Maryland (May 13), for a machine for manufacturing salt; and the other by Valentine Peers (Dec. 18). The manufacture of clocks by water power, for a wholesale trade, was this year commenced at Plymouth, Conn., by Eli Terry ; an enterprise regarded by many, as a rash adventure. Simon Willard, of Mass., patented (Feb. 8), his celebrated time-piece. Among the patents (sixty-five in number), insued this year, the follow- ing, in addition to those mentioned, were the most important. Manufac- turing starch from potatoes, by John Biddis (March 23). Improvement in a saw mill, which returns the log after each cut, by Moses Coates (April 1). This conlriranee, which was not appreciated at the time, performed antoraatically, by very simple mechanism, scYeral operations which successive improvements were only able to attain thirty years ,y Google 98 GXiN FACTORIES — PROTECTINO DUTIES — MILLS. [1802 after.' Edward West patented (July 6) a machiae for cutting, and another for heading and cutting nails ; an improveineiit in tlie gun belt, and another in the steamboat. It has been claimed for him, that he made the first working model of a steamboat in this conntry, which he is said to have run upon a river in Kentucky. Several other patents were granted for iiail-ra ailing. An improyed boiling cistern, by Timothy Kirk, of Yorktown, Pa. (Dec. 38), was considered a noiiel and useful invention." Bnrgiss Allison and John Hawkins, received letters patent (Dec. 30), for manafaetaring paper from corn husks. A memorial to Congress, from the gun manufacturers of the borough of Lancaster, Pa., against the remission of duties upon arms raanu- fa<;tured in foreign countries, states that manufactories of arms ^^^^ had been established there, and in otlier parts of the state, at much expense, and 30,000 stand were nearly completed for the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania. Mills for boring gun barrels had been erected, and the loclis, and every other part, were made in the best manner. They were confident 20,000 stand of arms could be annually made in the state, and in five years, with continued protection, the basiness would be fully established. The committee of commerce and manufactures, reported, on the subject of petitions from the Franklin Association and other journeymen printers, ■ calico printers, cordwainers, paper makers, letter founders, makers of umbrellas, brashes, glass, stoneware, gunpowder, hats, and starch, in favor of protecting duties. The committee considered it justice to the petitioners, and sound policy, to extend protection to such manufacturers, as were obviously capable of affording to the United States an adequate supply of their respective products, either by a free admission of raw material, or by higher duties on manufactures. The existingrates, being nearly equal on moat articles, they considered rather a burthen to the workingman, than a protection to the manufacturer. They recommended the Secretary of the Treasury to prepare, against the next session, a plan for now and more specific duties, which should leave the amount of revenue the same at it then was. A very complete and curions set of merchant flouring mills, capable of manufacturing from five to six hundred bushels of wheat into flour daily, went into operation at the village of Madison, four miles from the mouth of Catskill Creek, in Greene Co., New York. They were built by Ira Day & Co., and contained two water-wheels and four pairs of stones with elevators, fanning mills, smat machines, cooling apparatus, (I) Pat. Off. Rep. 1343, p. 299. 12) Dom. Bocydop. vol. 5, p. 3ST , ,y Google 1803] EAELY STEAMBOATS — I N — TE ENS — EVANS. 99 weighing hoppers, packing screw d h machinery, moyed by the water wheels ; each of which was t d th about one half the qnan- tity of water reqnired for a comm g t mill Catskill contained seven grist mills, and about as many saw ra 11 lu April, the New York Leg It i d an act, extending to Messra, Livingston and Fulton, f th m f twenty years from this date, the rights and exclusive pi d to Mr. Livingston in 1798, of navigating all the water ft! t tt by vessels propelled by fire or steam. It also extended f tw y — and by a later law, to 1807, — the time in which to mak p f f th practicability of propel- ling a boat of twenty tons, at the t f f ui m les an tour, against the current of the Hudson. Messrs. Livingston and Fuiton, after several trials with models, in the last year, at Plombieres, in Prance, having adopted paddle wheels, com- pleted, about this time, an experimental boat which, meeting with an accident, was nearly altogether rebuilt, sixty-sis feet long by eight feet wide, and finished in July. The first trial of a steamboat on the Seine, was made by them early in August, in presence of the French National Institute, and a great concourse of Parisians. Encouraged by their siieeess, and to attain greater speed by improved mactinery, an engine was immediately ordered from Messrs. Watt & Bolton, of Birmingham, to be sent to the United States, whither Pulton proceeded to construct and operate, under the foregoing act, his first steamboat in America. Miller and Symington, in March, 1803, navigated the Forth and Clyde canal, with the side-wheel steamer Charlotte Dnndas, in which Pulton During this year, John Stevens, of Hohoken, is said to have made an experiment on the Passaic river, with a boat propelled by forcing water through an aperture in the stern, by means of a pump.' In consequence of letters written in the last year, to a gentleman in Kentucky, by Oliver Evans, stating that he had his steam engine in operation, Capt. James McKeever, of the II. 8. Navy, and M. Louis Talcour, united to build a steamboat of eighty feet keel and eighteen feet beam, to ply between New Orleans and Natchoa. The boat was built this year in Kentucky, and floated to New Orleans, to be supplied with an engine, by Evans. The subsidence of the river, which was not expected to rise again for six months, having left the boat on dry land, and the capital of the owners having been exhausted, they allowed Mr. William Donaldson to put up the engine in a saw mill, and were astonished to learn that it was sawing 3,000 feet of boards every twelve (1) Benwick an the Steam EDgine. i.Google 100 CALICO PBINTIKO — EXPORTS — SHIP BUILDING. [1803 hours, when boards wore selling at $60 per thousand. They were now confident of succeeding with the steamboat, but were disappointed and ruined by the bnraing of the mill, after two previoua incendiary attempts of hand sawyers, whereby they lost tl-5,000. The engine con- sumed one and a half cords of wood daily, and ran over twelve months without getting once ont of order, and in 1810 was set to pressing cotton. Cotton machinery was manufaetured in Philadelphia at this time, by Mr. Eltonhead. Calico printing was carried on by the following persons in Philadel- phia and vicinity, viz. : John Hewson, at the Globe Mills, in the city, Mr. Stewart, at Germantown, and Mr. Thorburn, at Darby. The three were expected to turn out, daring the year, 300,000 yards of goods.' Manufactures were this year first regularly distinguished, as to quantity and value, from other articles, in the returns of exports. The total value of exports was $56,800,033. The value of domestic articles exported, was $42,205,961, in the fohowing proportions, viz. ; products of the sea $2,635,000, of the forest $4,850,000, of agriculture 132,995,000, and of manufactures $1,355,000. Of agricultural products, vegetable food constituted a value of $14,080,000. Cotton of domestic and foreign growth was exported to tbe value of $7,920,000. The exports of Michigan were for the first time embraced in the returns, and amounted to $210,393. In December, the ship Eliza, Captain Bissel, sixty days from Cadiz, arrived, with two merino rams and two ewes, for Dr. James Mease, of Philadelphia, who had ordered one pair, two years before. To his great disappointment, they all proved to be black, though fine wooled, a cir- cumstance which he could only attribute to a desire to increase the profits, black sheep being little valued in Spain, and their wool chiefly used for the clothing of shepherds and the poor peasantry. Their price to him was sixty dollars and the freight twenty dollars. The total tonnage of new vessels buUt in the United States during the year, was 88,448 tons. The " Miami Exporting Company," of Cincinnati, was incorporated for forty years, with a capital of $450,000 for banking purposes, being the first in that city. Its dividends, for a number of years, were ten to fifteen per cent. The brig Ann Jane, of 450 tons, was built at Elizabeth on the Mo- nongahela, sixteen miles above Pittsburg, for tbe Messrs. McParlane, (1) Commiuii'jatecl by ItoiopBOii Westoott Esii. i.Google jgOg-l SEW ENTEKPKISES — THE COTTON GIN, -lUl merchants. She was one of the fastest sailers of her day, and ran for some time as a packet to Bew Orleans. The brig Marietta of 130 tons, another of 150 tons, and the schooner Indiana of 100 tons, were built in Ohio in the spring of this year. The " flax rust," the most destructive disease to which the flax crop in New Yort is subject, first made its appearance at Bridgehamptoa, near the east end of Long Island. This parasite appeared in Berkshire county, Massachusetts, three years after. The manufacture of dressed deer skins for gloves, money beHs, under clothing, etc., was this year commenced as an indei|endent business at the village of aioversville,.New York, by Ezekiel Case, who had learned the art at Oincianati. From him and Talmadge Edwards, the business was learned by W. T. Mills and James Barr, who became noted manufacturers, and improvers of the art. The business extended thence to Johnstown, the county seat. The manufacture of cotton and wool cards was established la ^ew York, under the management of Samuel Whittemore, a younger brother and partner of Amos and William Whittemore, of Cambridge, Mass. A largo plaster mill, seventy-five feet by fmty-five, now apart of the Auverge or " New Mills," at Newburg, New York, was erected this year, by a Mr. Belknap. The use of pla(,ter of Paris, as a fertilizer, was much promoted by the exertions of Cbaucclloi- Uvingstou. The Legislature of South Carolina onnufled the contract made last year with Miller and Whitney, proprietors of the saw gin ; suspended imymeut of the balance due them ($30,000), and instituted a suit, to recover what had been already paid them, alleging as the reasons, a want of validity in the patent, and the non- performance of certain con- ditions of the contract by the patentees. In Georgia, the most per- sistent efforts were made to invalidate the patent. Prior claims to the invention were preferred on behalf of Hogden Holmes and Edward Lyon, of that state, and of a Swiss mael.ine of earlier date. The Governor, in his annual message, advised that compensation be withheld, and a com- mittee reported in favor of instructing their :%presentatives to procure a modification of the patent act, so as to get rid of the monopoly, and if that failed, to endeavor to induce Congress to purchase the patent right, and release the Southern States from so burthensome a grievance. The states of South and North Carolina and Tennessee were invited to co- operate with Georgia. Popular feeling, stimulated by the most sordid motives, was so for awakened in the cotton states, that Tennessee suspended the payment of a tax laid earlier in the year, upon cotton gins, for the benefit of the patentees. A similar attempt, afterward made in the Legis lature of North Carolina, wholly failed, and both branches declared by ,y Google 102 COTTON PACTOBIES — SCYTHES — EI^CKIMG — PATENTS. [1803 resolution, that " the eontrtict ought to be fuiaied with punctuality and good faith." Honorable mea in other states, were indignant at the measures of the Legisktares, and South Carolina, the next year, rescinded the resolution of the previous house, and testified its respect for Mr. Whitney by marked commendation, expressions grateful to those whose sense of justice was not obscured by interest or prejudice. Mr. Whitney's partner died on 7th December of this year, weighed down with repeated diaappoiutments in his business transactions.' The first cotton manufactory in New Hampshire was built at Now Ipswich. The second cotton factory in Massachusetts, and the third in the vicinity of Providence, was erected this year, aiid was followed by a fourth the nest year. The whole number of mills in operation in the XTnited States, at this time, was but four. They were rapidly mul- tiplied in Rhode Island from tliis time. The price of cotton yarn at Providence, was, for number 12, 94 cents, for number 16, 110 cents, for number 50, 126 cents per lb. At Queretaro, near the city of Mexico, at this time, were cotton fac- tories as large as any in France, as well as large woolen manufactories, which, during the year, worked up about two million dollars' worth of woolen cloths, bay, druggets, serges, aod cotton stuffs. TJie establishment consisted of factories and workshops, in the latter of which, more than 300 in number, the operatora worked at the cost of their employers. Levi Thurston commenced the manufacture of scythes in Orange, Con- necticut, with the first trip hammer in the town. The manufacture of blacking was, about this time, commenced by Lee & Thompson, who long supplied the public with " Lee's Improved Steam Blacking," at No. 1 John St., New York, and acted as agents of the celebrated Day and Martin's liquid blacking, first introduced, only two years before, in England, The practice of treading out wheat, barley, and other grain, by oxen and horses, upon open, circular threshing floora, of hard rolled earth, was extensively practiced, at this time, in Rhode Island and portions of the Middle States, as the most expeditious and economical method not-, withstanding the introduction of severa) patent horse power tlireshing machines. ji.mong the patents issued this year, were several for impi'ovementa, hy citizens of diiferont states, iu nrachines for ginning cotton ; an applo paring machine, the first of its kind, by Mosea Coats, an ingenious mechanic of Downingtowu, Pa. (Feb. 14} ; a machine for cleaning clover ,y Google Reed, long exhibited in the model room of Peale's Museum, (March 31) ; an improTenieut for cutting grain and grass, by Kichard Prencli and John T. Hawkins of K. J. (May 17) which was the first mowing or reaping machine recorded. Seveial othfir patent? ^ere taten out f r agrn-ultunl jnachinerj, a number connected With distilling foi ruling papei making wrought and cut nails, and for extracting the coloring matter ot yege tables, and preparing dyers' painteis' and punters cjlori etc I'eb. 7. — The Board rf Managers of the Pennsyhann, Society for the Encouragement of Manufactnrea and the XJaefnl Arts oiginized m Augnst, 1787, addieaaed a circuhr communication with a plan of *""* their constitution to all aocieties f r the promotion of u'-eful knowledge, and to the people of the United btat^R generally for the pnr pose of exciting a renewed mteiest and activity in the advancement ot the manufacturing interest of the conntry, an object which the Society was established to promote, and in which it had recently experienced increased energy, Tho "Manufacturing Committee" of the Society, a body distinct from the Board, had, for several years, suspended the busi- ness of their department, in consequence of the destruction, by fire, of a large part of its stock in furnitnpQ, raw matGPials, manufactured goods, and some valuable cotton rdachinery, but were now resuming operations.'^ The community was cautioned in a particular manner against similar dangei-s in labor-saving manufactories. The Society invited communica- tions from associations engaged in promoting either science or manufac- tures. In view of the great inflnence which the progress in chemistry, natural history, mechanics, and the doctrine of fluids, had exerted within fifty years, in elevating the character and increasing the profits of the manufacturing classes, they suggested to all scientific institutions the formation of a standing committee of arts and manufactures, and to societies, kindred to their own, a particular examination of all matters relating to manufactures within their sphere, and the publication of the results, with a detail of the facts. The circular, which was impressed with the ardent mind of the president of the Board, Mr. Tench Cox, was accompanied by a " Report on the state of manufactures in the TTnited States generally, and particularly in the State of Pennsylvania, at the time of the establishment of this Society, and of their progressive increase and improvement, to the present time." The first machine for cleaning docks by steam, everconstrncted, was about this time completed by Oliver Evans, at the Mars Works, Philadel- phia, by order of the Board of Health. It was called the Eruktor (!) Sao TOl. 1, p. 409. ,y Google lOi LOUISIANA — ^DUTIES ON IMPOSTS AND TONNAGE. [1804 AmpMboUs, and consiated of a large flat or scow, with an engine of five horse power for working machinery. Having been fitted with temporary wheels on woodea axles, the machine, of a weiglit equal to 300 barrels of flour, was driven throngh the street to the river Schuylkill,' where it was launched, and with paddle-wheels at the stern, was propelled a dis- tance of sixteen miles into th D I w L ter in the year, Evans sub- mitted to the Lancaster Tu p k Cm] y an estimate of the profits of a steam carriage, to carry 100 1 1 f flour fifty miles in twenty- four hours, and offered to bu 1 1 h a I motive carriage. He pub- lished, the next year, " The 1 L g s Guide," descriptive of tho principles and manner of wo k th t m engine for propelling boats or land carriages. The Province of Louisiana, having, by the treaty of April 3, 1803, been transferred by France to the Hinted. States, for the. sum of $15,000,000, ITpper Louisiana was, in conformity with the act of 20th October of the same year, surrendered (March 10) to tho agent of the United States, Oapt. Amos Stoddard. That portion of the colony aouth of the thirty-third parallel, now the State of Louisiana, previously taken pos- session of, was called the Territory of Orleans, and all lying north of it, and west of the Mississippi, the District of Louisiana, attached to the TeiTitory of Indiana. The village of St. Lonis contained bat two American families, and its population was less than 1,000 souls. The fur trade constituted its chief business interest, and amounted, daring the next fifteen years, to $203,750 annually. Peltry-bonds, or bills, payable in peltries, was its principal currency. The first returns of exports, from the Teii-itory of Orleans, this year, amounted to $1,600,362. Many of the petitions, presented in the last session of Congress, from manufacturers and tradesmen, were renewed, and others from the manu- facturers of plated trappings for carriages and horses, the stainers of cotton goods, cork-cutters, and artizans of nearly all kinds, asked protection and encouragement of their several branches, and were the subject of a report by the Committee of commerce and manufactures. Congress, by a nnanimons vote, increased the duties upon imports by about two and a half per cent., the proceeds to constitute a "Mediterra- nean Fund," for defraying the increased expense of naval operations to suppress the piracies of the Barbary powers. A dnty of fifty cents per ton, aa light money, was imposed on all foreign vessels, entering the United States ports. Additional specific duties were laid on certain articles. It was also enacted that a registered vessel lost its American character, if its owner, being a naturalized citizen, resided for more than one year in his native country, or more than two years in a foreign country, except as a consul or public agent. ,y Google 1804] THE HARMOI.Y SETTLEMENT — COTTON — COAL, 105 The charter of the Society of Agricnlture. Arts, and Manufactures, in New York, granted in 1191, having expired, it was re-incorporated, as the "Society for tlie Promotion of the Useful Arts." It pnblislied, previous to 1815, nino volumea of Tianaactions. The Middlesex County Agricultuial Society, in Massachusetts, formed in 1194, and. probably the first connty association of the kind in the "United States, was also incorporated this year. In May, John Cox Steven^ and his son, Robt. L. Stevens, crossed from Hoboken, N. J,, to New York, in a boat propelled by steam. The village of Harmony, in Butler Co., Pa., was settled by about twenty families of "The Harmony Society," from Wirtembevg, in Swabia, under Mr. George Eapp, who preceded them abottt a year, and purchased 4,T00 acres of land. During the nest six years the Society was increased to 140 famihes, and cleared 1,600 acres of land, erected frame and brick dwellings, barns, and warehouses, laid out a vineyard, built giist, sawing, corn, oil, and hemp mills, a tannery, brewery, dis- tillery, dye-house, potash, soap boilers and candle works, etc. They also erected a large factory, and eoraraeuced successfully the manufac- ture of broadclotli, from the wool of merino sheep raised by them. Their vines and merino sheep, which were special objecta of attention, not succeeding so well as they wished, the Society sought a more favor- able climate in Indiana, and renewed their enterprises at New Harmony, on the Wabash, whence thoy returned in about ten years, and settled at Economy, in Beaver Co., Pa. The tonnage of new vessels registered nd n IM this year, was 103,153 tons. The total tonnage of the U n f e y description, was 1,043,404. The average tonnage of 1 an ally bnilt and registered in tlie British Empire, in the la t tw 1 y a was 100,48T tons. The first iron foundry in Pittshnrg was established by Joseph McClurg, Cotton was carded and spun in Pittsburg, by the carding machine and spmnmg jenny, to the amount of $1,000, being the first manufacture of the kind m the place.' The farst ark load of bitnminons coal was sent down the Snsquehanna, 2G0 miles, to tide water at Columbia, by Mr. W. Boyd. It was from thp vicinity of Oldtown, now Clearfield, and was a curiosity to the in- habitants of Lancaster Co.' The existence of brown coa!, or lignite, in Missonn, was this year noticed by Lewis and Clarke, who traced ib from about twenty miles above the Mandan villages, on the Missouri, (I) Cramor's Almanac for 1804. (2) Taylor's Statistics of Cool, Am. ed. p. S30. ,y Google 105 COTTON CULTUKE iND MANITFAOTimE — BROADCLOTH, [1804 3,45i miles up the river, aad nearly to tlie base of the Eockj Moun- tains, as well as upon the Tellowstoue, and other tribatariea of that The impi-ovemeut of the texture of the eottoa fibre was, about this time, made the subject of successful experiments, by Kinsey Burden, Sen., of St. John's, Colleton, in South Carolina, who, in this or the following year, produced from carefully selected seed, specimens of cotton worth, in the English market, tweuty-flve cents per pound more than any other. The secret of his success was long unknown. The crops in that state were this year destroyed by the harricane. The cotton fields of Iberville, in Louisiana, were about this time first devastated by the Chenille or cotton insect.' The first regular cotton factory in the State of New York, was erected ill Union Village, Washington Co., by William Mowry, who had acquired a knowledge of the business in the pioneer estabhshment of Samuel Slater, at Pawtucket. It continued in almost constant opera- tion until 1849, when it was still the largest in the country—a large and flourishing village having grown up around it. The cotton manufacture was about this time commenced also in Connecticut. The first broadcloth from merino wool, was made at Fittsfleld, Mass., by Arthur Scholfleld. It was gray-mixed cloth, and all the merchants in town dechned purchasing it when finished, although Josiah Bissel, a principal dealer, is said to have made a journey to New Tork a few weeks after, and brought home two pieces of the same goods, bought as foreign cloth, Mr. Scholtteld at this time also carried on the manufac- ture of single and double carding machines of improved pattern, and the carding of wool, at eight cents per pound for white, and twelve and a half cents for mixed wool. Carding machines and various manufac- turing operations, were from this period rapidly introduced into Pittsfleld, Lenox, Lanesborough, Dalton, and neighboring towns. Cards made by the Shakers were in use at this time. The manufacture of gunpowder was carried on upon the Brandywiue, in Delaware, by Mr. E. Irene Dupont de Nemours, whose powder, in packages impressed with the figure of an eagle, was already celebrated for its excellence.' The proprietor patented a machine for granulating gunpowder, early in this year. (1) Tajlot'sStatofCoaliAm. ed.pp.49(l, in his poem, "Tbe ForpstRta," siicttliS of iha «1. woodman In the wilds of Pen n sylvan ia, ad. (2) Cotton Plant. Da Bow'b Industrial miring bis powdar during hia pedcstriaa Besourocs, vol. 1, pp. 1J3, 173. tour in 1304. Ho sttja it Isft no staia on (3) Wilson, tbe American OmitTiologist, paper when burned; i.Google I804J CAREY'S BIBLE — PAPKE — DYES — PATENTS. lOT Tfio fii-st quarto Bible, from movable types, ever set up in the United States, was printed ia Philadelphia, Ijy Mathew Carey, at a first coat of $15,000. Tho type was furnished by James Roaaldson, in Soutli street above Ninth, the only type founder, at that time, in the country. The type was kept standing until, 200,000 impressions were printed.' The American Company of Booksellers offered a gold medal of the value of fifty dollars, for the greatest quantity, and best quality of printing paper, not less tlian fifty reams, made from other materials than linen, cotton, or woolen rags ; and a silver medal worth twehty dollars, for the greatest quantity, not less than forty reams, of wrapping paper, from new materials. The Messrs. H. and S. Fourdrinier, wealthy stationers and paper manufacturers of London, this year purchased, of Didot & Gfamble, tho patents in Robert's machine, and commenced at Boxmoor a series of costly experiments and improvements in the machine which beai-s their name. Its success was greatly promoted by the skill of Mr. Donkin, the eminent manufacturer of paper machinery, who this year erected, at Two Waters, his second machine, which proved the practicability of making paper in continuous sheets." The American Philosophical Society about this time, offered an extra Magellanic preminm— a gold medal, worth from twenty to forty dollars, or its equivalent in money — for an essay upon t!ie subject of American permanent dyes, or pigments, illustrated by experiments, and accom- panied by specimens of the materials and of the articles colored.' Surgeons' instruments were made in Philadelphia, by R. B. Bishop, The Axle Tourniquet, patented in 1801, by Dr, Joseph Strong, of Pa., was described, in the London Medical and Physical Journal for Oct., as the invention of a Mr. Blake, in England.* A patent was issued (Jan. 25) to Thomas Benger, for an improve- ment in preparing quercitron or black oak bark, for exportation or home consumption, for dyeing and other uses. 0. Evans patented (Feb. 14) a, screw mill for breaking and grinding hard substances, and also an improvement upon the steam engine, "by the application of a new principle, by means of strong boilers to retain and confine the steam; thereby increasing the heat in the "water, which increases the elastic power of the steam to a greater degree." A spinning and twisting mill, for making cordage, was patented (Feb. 21) by "Wm. B. Dyer ; and a "From foaming Brandvwins'a rough shores (1) Philadeliihia and Us Manufactures, it conio, hy Edw^n T. Frecdiej. To aporlBmen dear ila merits end its name ; (2) Manaell's Chronology of Paper, (3) Philad. Med. Masoam, rol. 1, p. i49. (4) See Coxo's Phila. Med. Musenm, vol. i.Google 108 FIRST OANAl — PEINTJWa PUESSES — MARBLE BUSTS. [1804 raacbine " for preparing what is commonly called top or swinglecl tow, for paper" (March 19), by Abraham Frost ; and an improvement in mann- facturing coat and waistcoat buttons, by Geo. W. Eobinson {March 24) The patentee became, at Attleboro, Mass., the most extensive manufac- turer of metal buttons in the United States. A straw and hay cutter, patented (April 30) by Moses Coates, of Downingtown, Pa,, was consid- ered more simple and cheap than any ia use, and was generally adopted in the ueighboring counties. An improved lantern, a composition for drawing or writing tablets, and a machine to cat strips or chips of wood, for bats, bonnets, etc., were the sabjects of patents, by Amos D. Allen (May 10). Burgiss Allison and Richard French, patented (June 8) a machine for making nails and spikes, which was auceessfnlly put in opera- tioa this year or earlier ; Asa Spencer, an improvement in making thim- bles (June 8). Another machine for cutting chips or strips of wood to make chip hats and bonnets, brooms, baskets, sieves n att i ^ and for various other nses, by John Roberts, Amos D. Allen and E^pI lel Kelsey (Sep. 5), was in aid of a business, which waa soon iftei prosi,cated in several parts of the coantry. E. I. Dnpont de Nemours patented (Nov. 23) a raaebine for granulating gunpowder, which was bioi gl:t ii to use in his extensive powder mills, on the Brandywine. A machine for boring gun barrels, by Nathan Fobes (Dec. iSl). The whole number of patents issued was eighty-three, a greater number than in any previous year. The Middlesex canal, connecting Boston harbor with Concord river, a branch of the Merrimac, above Lowell, through Medford, Woburn, and Wilmington, was completed by a company, incorporated in 1789, It was the first great work of the kind finished in the United States, The distance was about twenty-seven miles, and tlie cost upwards of $550,000. The summit level was lOf feet above tide-water^ and thirty- two above the Merrimac, at Lowell, and the whole descent was effected by twenty-two locks, ninety feet long by twelve feet wide, of solid masonry. The water power and communication thus obtained, prepared the way for the manufacturing operations of the neighborhood. The manufacture of printing presses, copperplate, and book binder's presses, and printing-house farnitnre of all kinds, was carried on at this time, in Carter's alley, Philadelphia, by Adam Ramage. The first busts ever executed in American marble, were carved for James Traquair, stone cutter. Tenth and Market sts., Philada,, by Jos. Jnrdeila, an Italian, who had been employed, ten or twelve years before, by the celebrated Italian sculptor, Cerraechi, iu making, in this country, under his direction, busts of Washington, Jefierson, Hamilton, and Eittenhouse. Busts of Washington, in Carrara marble, from a east by TTden, also of Hamilton — from whose bust by Oen-acchi casts in plaster ,y Google 1804] WOOLEN ANB OOTTOBt MANtfFAOTUEB — GUIAPE CDLXUEE. 109 were this year strack in New York, by John Dixey — were made at $100 each, and Imlf size likenesses of Penn, Washington, and Franklin, both in Italian and Pennsylvania marble. Busts of Penn and Washington were presented to the Pennsylvania Hospital, which was about this time also presented with a leaden statue of the founder, by his gmndson, the Hon, John Penn, of Stoke, England. In March, a company was incorporated in Pennsylvania, for obtaining slate, from quarries in the county of Northampton, suitable for roofing, and other purposes. 180a y[,g gjutji manufacturers and dressers, in Pittsfield, Mass., had become so numerons, that, va Apr'l a publ'c proposal was made for their combination into a society for the p irpose of investigating the natural qualities of chemical liquids in 1 i j roving the making and dressing of cloth. Arthur Scholfield male and soil double carding machines for $400, or |253 without the car li and i iclcing machines, for thirty dollars each. The first machines n ale by 1 ro about fonr years before, are said to have sold for $1,300 eacl Mr. John Lee, who had 1 ecome the proprietor of the woolen mill in Byfield, succeeded, about ih s t ne m shipping clandestinely, from England, in large caslis labelled as "hardware," in charge of his brother- in-law, James Mallalow, a quantity of cotton machinery, consisting of drawing, and spinning frames, or mule throstles, which, to avoid suspicion, he followed in another vessel. The machinery was erected in the factory building, where it was at first employed in spinning wick yarn, and warp, which were in much demand for household manufactures. Bed ticking, coarse gingham, and sheeting, and other heavy articles, all woven by hand, were soon after added. The last article then sold at fifty cents a yard, and gingham for about seventy cents. This factory is said to have been one of the first to produce that class of goods. The Kings County Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, in New York wi"* incorporated In the '^pung of this year, a settlement, called New Switzerland, was made on the Ohio river in Indiana, by emigrants from the Pays de Vaud, in Switzerland under giants made by Congress to John J. Dnfonr, and his a<5aociates for the purpose of encouraging the cultivation of the vine, and the mating of wine The grape culture was successfully carried on by them for i number of years, first, with Madeira, and other foreign vinc! but to better advantage with the native Cape or Schuylkill grape, (]) HoUimd's ■Western Massachaaetts. i.Google 110 SHE VALUE OP rUOPERTY OF THE TTNITED STATES. [1S05 the superiority of which to all others, as a wino grape, was long main- tained I>y the founder of the colony. The returns of exports, for this year, discriminated, for the ilrst time, between Sea Island and other cotton. The amount of the former ex- ported, was 8,787,659 lbs., and of other liiiids, 29,603,428 lbs. The total value of this staple exported, was $9,445,000. The value of domestic manufactures exported, was |2, 300, 000.' The total value of the real and personal property of the United States, exclusive of Louisiana, according to an estimate made by Mr. Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, for this year, was $3,505,500,000. The esti- mate included 1,000,000 slaves, valued at $200 each, and 10,000 flour, grist, saw, iron, and other miUs, valued at not less tl a $400 ea 1 A tabular estimate, and classification of tl e wh le populat on fo the same year, by Mr. Blodgett,' made the whule nu n! e of [ e ons tl e XJn o to be 6,180,000, of whom 1,SG6,000 ve e clas el a act v r p odnc tive persons, and the aggregate money ilne of tie wl lo people $2,832,000,000. The entire number la ed as mech n al a t zans was 500,000, of whom one fifth were act e p on and tl e e t mated value of each of the class was $500, or $2 0 COO 000 for the whole The other classes were estimated as followt. : slaves on plantations, 800,000, worth $300 each; slaves otherwise employed, 200,000, at $300 each; free planters, and agriculturists, 4,800,000, at $400 each ; fishermen, 30,000, at $900 each ; seamen, etc., 400,000, at $100 each ; professional, and all other classes not enumerated, 350,000, at $500 each. The annual consumption of British, and other dry goods, by the 6,000,000 of inhabitants, on an average of three years, was $35,000,000, and of all other foreign articles, $53,000,000, or, altogether, $81,000,000 invalne of foreign articles. The produce of the sea and rivors consumed, was valued at $5,000,000, annually ; of agricultural food, etc., $85,000,000 ; of domestic manufactures, $30,000,000; of all other produce, of the forest, etc., $12,000,000, making the total domestic consumption, annually, $219,O0O,OOO.'' The quantity of cotton manufactured in the United States, this year, was 1,000 bales, or double the amount consumed in the year 1800, The cotton manufactory, established at Beverly, Mass., in ITST, about this time suspended operations, after having struggled with many diffi- culties, and sunk more than half its capital, (1) Sejbert, 147 i PiOiin, 116. Mr. Elod- Ed. of MeCuUooh'a Com'l. DioL vol. 2, p. H, gett (Stadatioal Manual, p. Ill), and tho it is placed at $2,44S,000. Amerioan Register fol. 3, for 1808, p. 459), (2) Blodgett, p. 196, set down the value of mnnufaetujeB eiport- (3) Ibid. p. 8». ed ttie joiir, at $2,625,001!, In Vethiike'a (4) Ibid. p. 80. ,y Google 1805] manufacturers' agency- The price for numbers twelve, sixteen, and twenty, of cotton twist yarn, at Pawtucket, E. I., was respectively, ninety-nine, 115, and 131 cents. The number of spindles in Slater's cotton mill was increased to 900. The first agency in the United States, for the sale of American manu- factnres, was about this time established in Philadelphia, by Elijah Waring. He was the agent of Almy & Brown, of Providence, K. I. who consigned to him, for sale, cotton yarns and threads, in great variety. To these were added, as their manufactures improved, plaids, stripes, checks, denims, chambrays, tickings, etc. The depot for those articles was, for many years, a very small store, at Ko. 152 Market street. In 1812, Jeremiah Brown opened a second agency in the city, for Samuel Slater. During the last four years the following vessels were bnilt at Pittshurg, viz. : the ships Pittsburg, Louisiana, General Butler, and Western Trader ; and the schooners Amity, Alleghany, and Conquest. The ships Mouongahela Parmer, and Ann Jean, — the last, of 450 tons, in 1803, — were built at Elizahethtown, on the Mouongahela.' The number of iron furnaces in Pennsylvania, at this date, was eisteen ; and the forges, thirty-seven. The slitting and rolling miila cut arid rolled 1,500 tons of iron per annum. On the west side of the Alleghany mountains were eleven forges, estimated to make about 400 tons annually. There were about the same number of furnaces, some of which had failed for want of ore. About 2,000 tons of iron were annually made in Pennsylvania, and about the same quantity in Massa- chusetts." Two charcoal furnaces, three forges, and a bloomery, were this year erected in Pennsylvania. The Amesbury Nail Factory Company, in Massachusetts, was incor- porated, with a capital of $450,000, The New Hampshire Iron Manufacturing Company, at Frauconia, was chartered in New Hampshire. About this time, a gunpowder mil! was established at Southwiok, Mass., which is still in operation, and makes about 200,000 lbs. of powder anunally. The first carriage built in the United States, is said to have been made this year in Dorchester, Mass., by a man named White, for a private geatloman in Boston. It was an imitation of an English chariot, (I) Ljford'a Western Direotory for ]8.?r. house offioials. Tho oaptjiin, having traoed Itisrelatail that a Pittabitrg ship, about ont upon tie map his circuitous routB.tack- thia time, yiaited an Bast Indian port, and ward to the hend waters of the Ohio, ob- was about to bo oonfiaoated, because no such tsinad the telcaee of hlBTeaaol. clearing port was^ known to the custom (2) Moreo'B Geog^j fiftli od. 1605. i.Google 112 BILVER-'WAKE IN PEOVIDENCE — SALT — PATENTS. [1805 but much lighter. Though creditable to the manufacturer, it was found difficult to compete with English and French carriages.' The luanufacture of silver-waro, which had been commenced in Provi- dence, R. I., soon after the Rovolntion, by Messrs. Sanders, Pitman and Cyril Dodge, now employed four establishments in that town. These belongedtoNehemiahDndge Ezekiel Burr John C Jenckcs and Pitman & Dorranco who weie chieflv engaged m the manifacture on a limited Bcale of sher spjons gold beads and finger rings About this time they commenced the manufa,ctuie of cheap gold lewelrv —at the preient time so e-^ten'dvely (iriied on there They erajkjed about thirty woiLmen in making bteast p ns earrings watch ke}', anl other article's" Mi N Dodge claims to have been the hrst in this branch, as eaily is 1T14 and that the business was afterwaid staitei m Attle- boio by peisons who ] uriomed the secret fiora h m The first settlement was made in Howard county, Missouri, at Booneslick or Mackay's Saline, near the mouth of the Gfreat Osage river, by Major Nathan, son of Col. Daniel Boone, for the purpose of making salt, which has long been carried on there. Salt springs abound in the country, which also contains iron in abundance, load, copper, zinc, sulphur, alum, copperas, saltpetre, and traces of silver, etc. Patents were this year issued, among others, for the following objects, viz. : to Robert Crane, Jr., Waterbnry, Conn. (May 4), for iron wheels ; Isaac Baker, Amherst, Masa. (May 8), sawing shingles ; Asahei A. Kersey, Hartford, Conn. (Oct. 9), for a shingle machine ; John Bennoek, Boston, Mass. (June 1), for a planing machine, the first recorded ; of which thirty-throe were ooaohes, and thirty-flvB ohnriois, in addition to 653 two- wheeled camagea. Yot in the year follow- iDg, Angust, 1789, only $5,000 worth of g a noro imported. In 1801, tlie last C e Sj 'uses were paid on 21,721 cur- h dlfifh g Indesd,thBimportiitionofeamages d ham sa I t d in the Report of Ihe PenEaylvania Hid f & [y of Arts, belnro eiteJ had, at this phiBl d te arlyoea'od The duty on imported hai oa k t- g , by the not of 3d March, 17S7, ' th w t w tn nty one par cent ad calorem. In M h 1810 V rgmia and a part of MasaaohnsettB, ISb") t d 2,413 earnagoa, built in the year; d ght frm that atatoa, there was no return of the ■f d VI mb bnt the value of the mnnafacturo h t Btalea, waa $1,448,849. b It ( } C naus of Pcotidenos, by E. IS. ">. M.D., 2d od., 1856, (1) Although tbi aiaolaimedtol the first carriage built in Ama buaincsainallitab ranohea, appear 1 Hew York, aa 1768 by tw p md D D W ( 13 p 63 > rt rrld p VI t 1790 by G g B gh r ,y Google 1805] POMFRET COTTON FACTORY — S, AND J. SLATER. 113 Alexander McNitt, Geneya, Jf. T. {Jane 15), for separating and col- lecting salphate of potash ; Wm, Wing, Hartford, Conn. {AtigQst 28), casting types; Wm. King, and II. Salisbury, Hartford, Conn. (August 39), for carriage springs. A company was formed for tho manufacture of cotton, on a large scale, in the town of Pomfret, on tlie west side of the Qninnebaug riyer, in Conn. It consisted of James, Christie, and William Rhodes, iOUo brothers, of Pawtncket ; Oaiel Wilkinson, and his four sons, Abraham, Isaac, Daniel, and Smith Wilkinson, of North Providence, with his two sons-in-Jaw, Timothy Green and William Wilkinson, of Providence. One thousand acres of land, lying partlj in the three towns of PomiVet, Thompson, and Killicgly, were purchased, for the double pur- pose of excluding taverns and the sale of liquors from the vicinity of their works, and to give employment to the parents of children employed ill the factory. By these measures, and the early establishment of schools and Sabbath worship, for which purposes they erected a brick building in 1812, tho demoralizing influences exerted by European factories were not experienced. Many of the operatives were able to lay up from $200 to |800, in three or four jeai-s. The establishment was known as Conger's Mills in Pomfret county. The capital invested by the company, from April 1, of this year, to October, 1808, waa f 60,000, of which five twelfths was in real estate.' Samuel Slater, having, on account of the prosperity of his business, about this time invited his brother to come to this country, the village of Slatersville, in Smithfield, it. I., waa projected hj Alray, Brown & Slaters, with all the recent improvements in machinery, which Mr. John Slater was able to bring with him. In June, the latter removed to Smithfield as superintendent of the concern, which commenced spinning in the following spring, and was managed by him for upwards of fifty years, with nninterrnpted improvement and profit, contributing to the large estate accumulated by Samuel Slater, in the cotton, iron, and nail business, in all of which he was engaged. The establishment at Slatersville, originally owned by tho four partners in equal proportion, eventually became the sole property of John Slater, and tho heirs of his brother. Within twelve years after the commencement of this factory, nine cotton mills, with 11,000 spindles, half of them in the factory of Almy, Brown & Slaters, a paper mill, two distilleries, two scythe factories, and manufactories of lime, whetstones, etc., rendered Smithfield a place of considerable importance ; and the power loom, (I) White's Memoirs of Slater, 23 e Bn- ■iKiaM5CI,5HSiton.a. te rn to (3) Prasident's Moasags, Oot, 27, 1307. ,y Google 122 TOE LOMO EMBAHeO — AN IMPOKTANT DSCISION. [1807 submitted to the British orders in council, to be deuationalized, and liable to capture aa lawful prizes. These were followed by other decrees and orders, affecting neutral vessels. For tbe protection of the ports of the United States, the president was authorized bj Congress, to cause one hundred and eighty-eight addi- tional gaaboats to be bnilt, or purchased. As the safer, and more peaceful mode of inducing the belligerent powers to withdraw the orders and decrees, affecting the neutral mara- time trade of the United States, and of protecting its seamen and ships from their operation, Congress laid a general embargo upon all vessels within the jurisdiction of the United States, cleared or not cleared, bound to any foreign place. All registered, or licensed coasting vessels, bound from one port of tlie United States to another, were required to give bond in donbie the value of vessel and cargo, and fishing vessels, ia four times the value, to reland their cargoes in the United States. This act continued in force until January 1st, 1809, and in conjunction with the uon-importation act assisted to cojoplete the overthrow of the foreign commerce of the Union, during that time. The new tonnage built this year, was ^d,1M tons, from which amount it fell off to less than ODB-tbird ia tiie following year. At a eesaion of the United States court, held in Georgia, in December, the first important decision was rendered by Judge Johnson, in the case of Whitney vs. Arthur Fort, for trespass upon the patent right of Miller and Whitney in the saw gin A decree for a perpetual injunction was ordered against the defendant but the deus on did not terminate the aggressions. Moie than sixty suits had been 1 ought in that state, before a single decision on the n et it/, c f Wh tn j s claim was obtained, and thirteen years of the patent had exj iied ' <1) OlmBlead's Memoir p iS Tho mem ncreased and on lands t> ■obled themselves omblo ilMision of JuBtOT Johnson rsnlered n value Wo c nnot exp: resB the weight of on tliia oooneiDn, oonta oa Iho follow ng he obi gat on which the country owes to remarks upon its utility The whole m ttia invention The ft««i ,tofitt^«Mt«o«> terior of the Southern States vsa Innguish be lem S m f t p tm tmybe log, and llB inhabitants em grating fgrwanii formed f m th fit th t tt i of some ohJBCt to g(Jn the r Bttent n and rap dlv pp! t g w 1 & Ik d Bmploj their indiistrj, when the invent o of this machine ftt onee opens! v ews o even fu m f t d m y daj pr tably pply h f P them, which set the whole oonnl T niKt e onr Bast I d t d motion. Fcom childhood to age it has pre Or fat t 1 p t p t I th benefits of this invenlJOQ: ; for, besides af- dividnalB who were depressed with poTBtty, fording the raw material S and sank in idleness, have suddenly risen tures, the bulkinoss and quantity of the in wealth and respcotiWlity. Our debts article afford a valuable employment foi have been paid off. our capitals have been their shipping," i.Google 1807] COTTON MILLS HTTSBUKG MANOrACIUllES. 123 During the last three years, ten cotton factories were erected, or com- menced in the state of Rhode Island, — five of theta thia year,— and one in Connecticut, making fifteen in all, erected in the United States up to the close of this year. About 8,000 spindles were employed in them, and about 300,000 pounds of yarn were produced in a jeav.' By the interruption of the foreign trade, and the suspension of imports, labor and capital ijegan, from this time, to be more than ever directed to manufactures, and small manufactories of cotton were rapidly- multiplied, particularly in New England, and near the original seat of the bnainess. Efforts were ftlso made to improve the machinery, and Hines, Dexter &, Co., of RboJe Island, introduced an improved cotton piciser, which was, however, superseded by a picker made by a Scotchman. The Maine Cotton and Woolen Manufactaring Company was, this year, incorporated in Massachusetts, with a capital of about $100,000, and erected works at Brunswick, in Maine, where, in 1822, it employed 1,800 spindles, and thirty-two power looms, in the manufacture of sheetings. In Pittsburg, Pa., which had rapidly advanced in m an uf act ares and the mechanical arts since 1193, was, at this time, a cotton factory, belong- ing to Kirwin and Scott, which employed a male of 120 threads, a jenny of forty threads, four looms, and a wool carding machine, under the same roof- Among the other manufacturing establishments of that boroagh, were O'Hara's white glass works, producing to the value of $18^000 annually, and one green glass factory, npon the opposite side of the Monongahela ; McClarg's air furnace ; four nail faetoiies, one of which made 100 tons of cut and hammered nails annnally ; two extensive breweries (O'Hara's aUd Lewis's), making beer and porter, which had already much of the repute which has ever since appertained to Pittsburg a!e ; two rope- walka (Irwin's and Davia's) ; three copper and tin factories ; one wire weaving and riddle factory ; one brass foundry ; two earthenware pot- teries and a factory for clay smoking pipes ; sis brickyards; four print- ing oflces and one copperplate printer. The following additional master workmen were enumerated iu various branches ; house carpenters and joiners, thirty-two ; boot and shoemakers, twenty-one ; blacksmiths, seventeen ; weavers and tailors, of each, thirteen ; m ant u a -makers, twelve; blue dyers, ten ; butchers, eight ; coppersmiths, cabinet-makera, tanners, seven of each ; saddlers, milliners, bakers, hatters, sis each ; watch and clockmakera, and silversmiths, five ; Windsor chair makers, SucU a vi ew of the beoefltB olreadj c lon- buie ti ) the sordid injustif 6 inflioted by Iha rrod, and intion, abo iQ proapeot, from this great Did have beea a suffioient in- people Apdl 1 of Ibab state upon the inventor. 5allatiD's Seport on Maniifactiires, .7, 1810. i.Google 124 PHILADELPHIA PORTBK — HEIST MINERAL WATER. [180T cjopcTs boat 1 u Ider I cUayeis plasteccis five eaeli ^Ime makers, 1 oube pointers four etch wa^on maleis spinning wheel spindle and crank makeri stone cwttei« stone masons three each gunsmiths to- bicconists soap boilers book binders tmneri mattress makeia barhers, straw bonnet makera shij. builders looking glass makers booksellers, two each of minufactniei^ of the following "trhcles one etch tiz. : bells scythes and sicklet, (fiye miles up the Alleghany) brushes wooi and cotton cards wove stockings cut glasi sails upholstery machinery and whitesmilhing cutlery and tools ladies shoes split bottom chairs, leathei breeches gloves trunks horn comi s turnery reeds sad lie trees, flutes and jewsharp'! jumps ladies lace locks harness and saddlery, starch There weie sixteen school teacheis four physic an s oae gar- dener anl seedamaii fifty store kee[ ers and tnnty three taveia keepara.' An Older waa this year receive! from merchants in Calcutta foi sixty hogsheads of Phila lelphi'k poitei some of which had been previously taken oat and biougl 1 1 id nninjnred Among the principal mainfac- turers of poller brown stout and ale Hcie RobeitHare and son the formei of whom m connection with J Wiiien both jreMOisly of London WIS the fii'it to ii trodnce the manufactu e ot poller at Pliila- delpliii just preiious to tlie Revf liition The article was regarded as in all re pects superior to Engl al malt Iiqnor as it containei no othet ingredients than malt hopspccting wbich no ifoiraatioa had beea received, iveie ui doabtedly omttel and the substance of the luformatioi ob- tained on the most important Inant-he wis (ompiehended unier tha folic win^ heids Wood and Manufactukbs op Wcod were all earned to a high degiee of perfeLtion and supplied the whole demand of the United States rhej consisted prineipaily of cabinet ware ind othei household furiitnie ecaches and carnage's and ship building of which last the average annual tonnage of ve sels above twenty to 19 built from 1801 to 1807, was 110,000, The annaal exportation of furniture and caniagea ■was $110,000. The yaluo of the whole, including ship building, could cot be less than $30,000,000 a year. Of pot and pearl ashes, 1,400 tons were exported annually. Leather and Manufactukes of Leather. — Tanneries everywhere existed, some of them on a large scale ; one establishment employing & capital of $100,000. One third of the hides used in the great tanneries of the Atlantic states were imported from South America, and cost flve- and-a-li^lf cents a pound, while in England they cost seven cents. The bark to tan tbera cost in England nearly as much as the hides, but in America not one tenth as much. Some superior, or particular kinds of English leather and morocco, were imported, but 350,000 ponads of American leather were annually exported. Some of the American leather was of inferior quality, bat it was generally better made in the Middle than in the Northern or Southern States. The tanneries of Delaware employed a capital of $120,000 and ninety workmen, and made annually $100,000 worth of leather. Those of Baltimore numbeied twenty-two, of which scTenteen had together a capital of $187 000, and tanned annually 19,000 hides, and 25,000 calf skins. Morocco leather was made in several places from sheep and imported goat skins, and deer skins — an article of export — were dressed and manufactured in safEcient quantity for the country. The manufactnres of leather were boots and shoes, harness and sad- dlery. The average importation of boots was 3,250 pairs, and of shoes 59,000 paii-s, principally kid and morocco, and the exports of Amen cau boots S,500, and of shoes 131,000 pairs The shoe manufactut es. of New Jersey were extensive. Those of Lynn Mas=i , produced 100 000 pairs of women's shoes annually. The ■vJlue of all aiticles of leather was estimated at $20,000,000 annually Soap and Tallow Candles were principally a family manufacture There were also several extensive manulaitone' ]u all the large citie% i.Google 148 SUGAR — COTTON — 'WOOL — FLAX. [1810 and in other places, Tliose of Rosbury, near Boston, alone employed n capital of $100,000, and made annually 310,000 lbs. of candles, and 880,000 lbs, of brown soap, and 50,000 lbs. of Windsor and fancy soap, with a profit, it was said, of fifteen per cent, on the capital. The im- portations were 158,000 lbs. of candles and 410,000 lbs. of soap, and the exports of domestic candles 1,195,000 lbs., and of soap 2,220,000 lbs. The total vaiue of the manufacture, including the household, was at least $8,000,000. Spehmaceti Oil and Gambles. — Establishments existed at Kantucket and 'Nevf B If d Ma and Hudson, N. T., which furnished for ex- portation a su 1 la f 30,000 lbs. candles, and 44,000 gallons of oil. Value of the m n f ta e about $300,000, but the exclusion from foreign markets had lat ly aft ted it unfavorably. Refined isu ab — The quantity annually made was estimated at 5,000,000 lb.., worth ^1,000,000— the capital at $3,500,000. Some establishments had declined in business with the increase in their number. A renewal of the drawback of the duty on brown sugar was desirable, and had been the subject of a special report to the Committee of Com- merce and Mannfactnies. Cotton, Wool, and Flax. — I. Spinning Mills and Manufacturing establishments — Fifteen cotton mills were erected (in New England) before the year 1308 workmg at that time almost 8,000 spindles, and producing about 300 000 lbs of yarn a year. Returns had been re- ceived of eighty fcven mills erected at the end of the year 1809, sixty- two of which were in operation and worked 31,000 spindles.' The capital required to cairy them on to the best advantage, was estimated at the rite of flOO for each spindle including fixed capital, expenses, and all contmgencies Only about $G0 per 'ipindle was actually employed. Ihe iverage consnmption of cotton wai absat forty-five pounds, worth twentj Lents per pound per spindle and the produce about thirty-six pounds of yarn of different qualities worth on an average $1.12^ per pound Eight hundied spindles employed forty persons, 7iz. : five men, and thuty hve women and children On these data it was estimated that the eighty seven mills including the twenty hvo new ones to go into operation tliis year and the increased machinery of the old ones, would in 1811 produce the following results, viz eighty-seven mills would employ a capital of $4 800 000 and use 3,600,000 lbs. of cotton, worth $120 000 They would spin 3 880,000 lbs. of yarn, worth $3,340,000, and employ oOO men and 3,500 women and children, or 4,000 hands. (1} See the detnila under this head, A. D., ISOS. ,y Google 1810] GALLATIN'S KEPOHT— COTTON, WOOL, AND FLAX. Ii9 The increase of carding and spianing of cotton in regular establish- ments had therefore been fourfold in two years, and would be tenfold in three years. The pnncipal establishments were in Rhode Island, and within thivty miles of Providence,' and their manufactures were chiefly bed-ticking, stripes and checks, ginghams, cloth for shirts and sheeting, and counterpanes. The same articles were manufactured iu several other places, particularly at Philadelphia, where were also made, from the same material, webbing and coach laces (which had excluded, or would soon exclude the foreign articles), table, and other diaper cloth, jeans, vest patterns, cotton kerseymeres, and blankets. The manufac- ture of fustians, cords, and velvets, had also been commenced iu the interior and western parts of Pennsylvania and Kentucky. Some of the mills also carded and spun wool to a small extent, bat that was chiefly done in private families and woolen factories. Some information had been received respecting fourteen of these,^ manufacturing each on the average, ten thousand yards of cloth yearly, worth from one to ten dollars a yard. Others ware believed to exist, and it was known that there were several on a smaller scile in Phihdel pl B It m d th pi An th I th w 11 th e m d f m 1 w g llj [ 1 1 ty th ugl &omewiiU f pp t mj t i 1 1 f th p ri il 1 b t 1 t th t f til 1 I h tl t f 1* 1 h 1 1 11 d fi t 1 t ty 1 q 1 ty tl gh d ly la p g th gh th t d t d g 1 tt t t m d th p b d f h I d by th g t d m d f W I E t 11 h t f I g 1 w Fl fw 0 th St t f N w T k mtl J d I t I f $18 000 d t ty P d , 1 Ilj b t%J00 1b ffl t a d th I I f m t 1 lb d ft tl ty f»l 1 Mph f 1 h p d d lly 2 000 y 1 f m d f a d tt th th th fl b tl h kl d (1) Sse the details under tbia head, A. D., 1809, atolod) was from three to twenty tbqnaand- (2) A WDolen raiU was eBteWished ot eaoh doll.ire each ; the nnmber of hands from of the following pUoea : Now Ipawioh, N, H. ; eight to twonty-nine, and tho product from Bjafield, Mass. ; Wntwiok nnd Portsmonth, 6,000 to 2r,0OD yards annuaily. Those .at keapaia, S. T.; two on ma Brandywine, the Brandywino, used merino wool, and made Del. ; two at BoltimorB and Blktoo, ani one at Frederiak, Md.; three (and Enndry flmallor ones) at Philadelphia, and one eotton} was made ia Philadelphia. i.Google 150 MANTJFACTUaE OT WOOLESS. [1810 and spun by maehlnery ; thirty looms were employed, and it was said 500,000 yards of cottoa bagging, sail-cloth and coarse linen might be made annually. Hosiery was almost exclusively a hoJisehoId manufacture. That of Germantown bad declined, and it had not been elsewhere attempted on a large scale. There were some exceptions ; Martha's Vineyard exported annnallj 9,000 pairs of stockings. II. Household Manu/aciures. — By far the greater part of the cotton, flax and wool was manufactured in private families for their own use and for sale. The articles were principally coai-se cloth flannel, cotton stuffs and stripes of every description, linen and mixtures of wool a,nd cotton. Information from every state, and more than sixty different places, showed an extraordinary increase in the last two years and ren- dered it probable that about two thirds of the cloth, including hosiery, houBe and table linen, used by the inhabitants outside of the cities, was the product of family mannfactures. In the Eastern and Middle States, carding machines carried by water were every where established and others were extended southwardly and westwardly. Jennies and other spinning machines, and flying shuttles, were introduced in many places, and fulling mills sulScient for furnisJiing all the family mnnufactures.^ (1) In Delaware 150,000 Ihs. nf nool noro annuBllyBpun oiid wuve in piii-nterauiilies. Lnrge EXpartndons uf liaea nersmnde from the nestoru counties of PennsTlrnnin, and some fi'Om Kentuokj and eeveral plaoes in the Eastern and Middle Stntes. In 1809, eishty ihonsand yards Kore brunght to Pittsburg nlane, far snle, and llie luoms in that tnnn had incrEaeed since 1307 from Berenteen to fortj-fonr. In the lower ooun- ties of Virginia, Horth Carolina generally, and tbeuppercDUQties of SoDth Carolina and GeoTgi , nlmostthei dotbing eauh, and carded for Boven eonts per pound. Every furm houae had ouo »r more wheels, and ovary second bouse at least a loom for weaving linen, cotton and coareo woolen' cloths, which was done hy the Vomsn. From 100 to 600 yards of dloih were thns made yearly on an average in each family, witboutanhour'sloss of farm labor. Flaxen cloth worth fifteen to twenty oenta a yard, was sold to country traders, who sent it ta thoSoBthernStatesataproat; There were It 140 ft ing mills i Na« of all claeeos was of household mannfac tare, and the slaves were entirely clothed in tbat manner. The scarcity of wool aiona prevented the winter clothing being made in the same nay. Stores for the sale of for- eign goods in Matthews County, Vn., had de> creased since 1SI>2, from fifteen to one. And of 1500 persons attending a militia review in North Carolina, less than forty wore any thing but hotaeapiat. Id Hew Hampshire nearly every township of 200 or 300 families had a carding and fulling mill. Tlie former cost aliout $600 3OOEtwa9Sl,500. They received, for dressing about 8.700 yards each, on an average, $1,235, of which tOOO naa for labor and materials. The cost of maun, facturing eighteen pounds of wool into twenty yards of cloth, was about 121.24 (or 106 cents per yard of three.qnarteis wide). It was finer than English clolh of sii- quartera, which sold in the stores for $.1.50 per yard, and was more durable. In Ver- mont were- 163 fulling miHs, and 1,040,000 yards of clolh and flannel, and 1,315,000 yards of cotton aud flax wars woven in i.Google 1810] OALI-ATIN'e EErOKT — WIILE CARDS — HATS. 151 The value of all the goods made annually of cotton, wool and flax, was estimated to exceed forty millions of dollars. Connected with this subject was the manufacture of cards and wire. Whittemore's card maohine had completely excluded foreign cards, Tlie capital employed in that braach was estimated at $300,000, and the annual consamption amounted, until lately, to 30,000 dozen pairs of hand cards and 20,000 square feet of cards for machines, worth together about $300,000. The demand in 1809 was double that of 1808, and was still increasing. The wire was imported, and serious inconvenience would attend a stoppage of the supply, althongh the manufacture might and would be immediately established to supply all demands if the same duty were laid on wire, now free, as on other articles of the same material The annual consumption of wire for cards did not exceed twenty-five tons, worth $iO,000.^ Hats. — The annual importations were $350,000, the exportation of domestic hats |100,000, and the manufacture therefore nearly equal to the consumption. The hat company of Boston estimated the manu- facture Id Massaehnsetts at fonr times the nnmber required for the state. It otherwise appeared that a capital of near three millions was applied to the business in that state and the number of hats made was 1,550 000 of which 1,150,000 were ine hats, worth four dollars each, and 400,000 Mt hats worth one dollar each. That it was profitable appeared from a late establishment on Charles river calculated to make annually 35,000 hats, at five dollara apiece, and to employ 150 men. In Rhode Island 50,000 hats, worth five dollars each, were made, exclusive of felts. New York and Connecticut manufactured more than they consumed, the largest factory being at Danbary, where 200 persons were employed, making hats to the value of |13O,O0O. Vermont supplied its own consumption, and in Philadelphia 93,000 hats, worth five dollars, were annually made, in addition to 50,008 country hats, worth three doUai's (1) CoiniiiniunioationB from Wm. Whitte- Cliamplain iroa tna fouad equal or supe- moro of Camhtidge, and Abel StoWBll of rior for wire to any imported. Tha mann- WorCMtar, aooompBniadtbe report. A. and faotnre of iron and brass wire had been fra- W. 'Whittaniore had fifty.flve of thsir patent oard making maahiaes (the patent for which baA been raoenUy renewBd for fonrteen years). Of those thirty-seven nero in lua, aad, with the apparatus to oarrj on the business, eost them about $10,000. Tho only importod article used n-aa tha wire, and that eould be mftde as good and nearly as cheap here as in England. The Lake quautly attempted with : success, but hod been abandoned on acoour It of the free ad- mission of foreign wire. A duty on wire B of iron would cause, it was believed, a considerable in- Tostment in its manufaatur e, and produce an adeqwala supply for cards. screws, and other uses.— Soo Patents ISOB. i.Google 152 PAPEa AND PRINTlNGi—HEMP— IIQUOKB. [1810 each. In many places wool for coarse hats was scarce. Tlie ' annual ■value of hats made was near ten millions of dollars." Papek and Pkinting.— Some foreign paper was still imported, bnt the consumption was eliiefly of an American mannfactnre, which, if proper attention was paid to the preservation of rags, would supply the demand. Paper mills were erected in every part of the Union. There were twenty-one in the States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, and Delaware alone, and ten in only five counties of New York and Maryland. Eleven of the mills had a capital of $200,000 and 180 workmen, and made annually $150,000 worth of paper. Printing was done equal to the demand. In addition to newspapers, a large item, all books for which there were sufficient purchasers, were printed in the United States. The manufacture of htmging papers and playing cards was also extensive, and that of printing types, of which there were two establishments, the principal one at Philadelphia, was equal to the demand, but had lately been afftcted by the want of regulus of antimony. Manuiactures of Hemp —Annual importition of foreign hemp 6 200 tons In Ma^achusetts Nen loik kentnckj and se^eial other places, its cnltvation had been Qieally promoted bj the ii tf,iiuptloa of com- merce and woull soon it wis believed pioduce a sufliLieiio The manufactme of ropts cables and coidage \ s equal to the de- mand Csclusiie of those in the seaporf^ thi, lopeivalks in Kentucky alone weie fifteen c i summg about 1000 tons of htmp annually and S11 new woik'! neie prepaitd for operation the piescj t \eai Minuf'w tures of sail dnck formeily established in Rliode Ibhnl ai 1 Connecticut and at Salem weie abiudoned or su peuded by the hi^h puce of hemp and want of capitil home was still made an 1 the i^pec et. of canvas called cotton bagging n is mannfactuied in sexeial pHces extensively An estabhbhment it Philadelphia employed eight looms and could m-ike annually 1 000 jards of duck oi 45 000 of cotton bagging There were thiiteen manufictones m Kentucky and two in West Tennessee, The five at or near Lex ngtou mide anuuaily 250 000 yai la of duck ind cotton 1 agging SpiRiTuotrs A^D M4.lt Lic^ifiii^— The spints distilled in 1801 from (1) a manufactory of bats at Albany era- seven dollars wua S1.06i, on napped hats of ■■■■■' " ilitj at five doUars 81-93, and of quality at fonr dollare $1.16, nnd ory of bats a tAlbai ly era- i of SS 1,000, and 1 ^nenly a 1,600 hats worth seven tbre. t doUa. ■s, and dollar each: total, , 6,400 aproDt. Qffifl. sen to t twenty let profi t on fine h als at i.Google 1810} Gallatin's repoet — ^iron manufactubbs. 153 grain and fruit (exclusive of the large gin diatillerios in cities), was esti- mated at nine millions of gallons, and at this time at twelve millions, to which were to be added about three millions of gallons of gin and mm distilled in cities, making an aggregate of fifteen millions of gallons. Poreiga spirits were however largely imported, and in 1806 and 180T amounted to $9,150,000 a year, yielding a revenue of $2,865,000. The annual importation of foreign malt liquors amounted to 185,000 gallons, aud the exportations of American beer and cider to 181,000. The amount actually made could not be stated, but the breweries of PhiladelpMa were said to consume annnallj 150,000 bushels of malt, exclusive of numerous small establish meuts throughout the city. Exten- sive breweries existed in New York and Baltimore. The aggi-egate value of spirituous and malt liqaors made could not bo set down at less than ten millions, Ikom and Manufactures op Iron. — The information received in this branch was imperfect. Iron ore was abundant, and numerous furnaces and forges supplied a sufficient qaantity of hollow-ware and castings ; but about 4,500 tons of bar iron were annually imported from Eussia, and probably as much from Sweden and England together. The amount of bar iron used in the United States was vagaely stated at 500,000 tons, which would leave about iO,000 as American manufacture. Although the ore of Vermont, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, was of supe- rior quality, and much of the iron made there equal to any imported, yet on account of the demand and want of attention, much inferior iron came to market, which made the want of Eussia iron to be felt in some of the slitting and rolling mills. A reduction of the duty on Eussia iron was asked for by several, but generally a high and prohibitory duty on English bar, slit, rolled, and sheet iron, was considered beneficial, that usually imported on account of its cheapness being made with pit coal and of an inferior quality. The manufacture of sheet, slit and hoop iron amounted to 5(15 tons annually, and the quantity rolled and slit in the "United States was estimated at 1,000 tons. In Massachusetts alone, were thirteen rolling and slitting mills, in which about 3,500 tons of bar iron, chiefly Eussian, were rolled or slit. A portion was for sheet iron and rods for wrought nails, but two-thirds of the whole quantity flat- tened by machinery in the United States was used in the manufacture of cut nails, which had extended throughout the whole country, and being altogether an American invention, substituting machinery to manual labor, deserved particular notice.' ,y Google 154 OUT AND WROUGHT HAILS — STEEL, HARDWAEE, ETO. [1810 The atinnal product of that branch alone might be estimated at $1,300,000, and the expense of cut nails, exelnsiye of the saring of fuel, wts not one third that of forging wrought nails About 280 tons were alietdy annnillj exported but the United States still impoited more thiu 1500 tuna oi wrought nails and spike's on which an increase of duty with a drawback on cut nails exported nas generally asked C( nsiderable Uisteied and some refined stoel was mide bat 11 000 cwt weie annuilly impoited The manufai tuieb of iion v>ere piinci pally agricultural implements wd the usual blat,kt.miths woik To these were to be added anchors shovels and spade*; axes scytheo and other edge tools saws bit& and stirraps and a great variety of coaiaer iron moUgPry, lut catlery and all the finer haidware and steel woik nere almost entuely imported fiom Great Biitain Balls shdls and cannon of small cilibre were cast m severil places and three foundues for cist ing solid those of largest calibre, with the proper machinery for boring and finishing them, were established at Cecil Conntj, Md., near the city of Washington, and at Richmond, Ya. ; each of the two last could cast 800 pieces of artillery a year, and a great number of iron and brass cannon were made at the one near Washington. Those of Philadelphia aud near the HndsoD were not then employed. Several iron foundries made every kind of machine castings. The one at Philadelphia manu- factured steam engines. At the public armories of Springfield and Harper's Ferry, 19,000 pit. diawb Thqlyfttk tin Englonil bj Josepb C. Dyer of In tldtob mh p dBt then tesideat as a. merchant in B Ihin ! w J d was far p L d for the nnU-outting maohmBry in- to yEglh 1 ptfid and Masaaohnsotts. Tlio card- making ir ght 1 htliptb dmbryuf that slate wna patouted in p g f E m t g t tb f E g1 d by tbo same person the next year. I th w p tb raait t t Th p inoipal buainesa of the rolling and 00 t dbg was I want! g t t 1 tt g miUa naa the making of nail plates mpl t Th q t ty f J d d for Rrongbt nails, hoops, tires, d b d m d i Maa h tl w h 6 n and sheet oopper. The mills in matad by a principal mannfaoturec to hai e MaasaolmsBtts wore situated as follows : one averaged during tbe last three years 2,000 at Dover owned by the Boston Iron and tons, of wliich 1,YOO tons were cut and Uie Nail Factory, composed of J. and S. Welles residue hammered. Tbe petfeetion attained and R. Whiting; one at Plymonth by S. in nail-ontting mocbinery at this time bad Spoar, W, Davia, and N. Euasell ; one ench by no means been reached without many at Dover, Beverly, and Amesbnry, all inoor- signal failures ; and tlie coat of bringing it porated, and owned in part by Win. and S. to this stale, when a machine would out Gray, and Osgood; one at Newton, by B. puied nt more than, one million of dollars. Norton! tlireo at Tannton, by Leonard & The report of Mr. Gallatin was inatru. Crocherand others; and two atBridgewater. mental in mating Its value better known to They rolled about 3,500 tons anunally, but tbe public. During this year a patent was could mate 7,000 tons. i.Google 1810] GALtATIN'S KEPOKT — COPPER AND BEASS, iEiD, ETC. 155 rausketa w m d lly ai d b t 20 000 more at several factories, of which th m t p f t w th t New Haven, all prirate eatab- lishmente jt th t t R Im 1 t d by the State of Virginia. These did I ] g m tl mpl j d in making rifles and other arms. S 1 d p t 1 ml veral places. The Tal f Itl m f of iron produced, was believed to be from t I fit 11 f d II rs yearly. The importations, including b d II m f t f ron and steel, wefe estimated at near fo m 11 CoppEa AND BfiAss.— Rich copper mines were found id New Jersey, in Virginia, and near Lake Superior, but were not wrought. The princi- pal mannfaeturea of copper were stills and other vessels, but copper in sheets and bolta was almost wholly imported, the only manufactory for that object, which was at Boston, not receiving sufEcient encourage- ment, although $25,000 had been invested in a rolling mill and other apparatus. The reason was that these articles were imported free of dnty, and the owners were principally employed in casting bells and other articles. Zinc had lately been discovered in Pennsylvania, and there were a few manufacturers of metal hnttons and brass wares. MANUEAOTuaEs OF Lead.— Lead was found in Virginia and some other places, but the richest mines were ia Upper Louisiana, and also, it was said, in the adjacent country east of the Mississippi. They did not yet furnish, after supplying the western conntry, over 200 tons annually to the Atlantic states. The importations of red and white lead were 1,150 tons annually ; of lead itself and other manafactnrea, 1,225 tons. The principal American manufactures were those of shot and colors of lead. Of the fir^t, two establishments ou a large scale existed at Philadelplda, and another in Louisiana, which were more than sufBcient to supply the whole demand, stated at 60O tons a year. Of red and white lead, htharge, and some Other preparations of that metal, 560 tons were made in Pliiladelphia alone. The manufacturers asked a repeal of the duty of one cent per pound on lead, and an equalization of that on its manufactures, by charging all with the two cents per pound laid on white and red lead. Varions other paints and colors wore m.ide in Philadelphia and elsewhere. Tin, Japakked, and Plated Wares.— Tin-ware was extensively made, and Connecticut supplied nearly the whole rnited States with it, but the sheets were always imported. Plated-ware, principally for coach- makers and saddiers, employed seventy-three workmen at Philadelphia, where over $100,000 worth was made annually. Similar establishments existed at New York, Baltimore, Boston, and Charleston. Gunpowder. — Saltpetre was found in Virginia and Kentucky, and ,y Google 156 EARTHBNWAEE AND OLABH — CHEMI0AL8 — SALT. [1810 80010 otter of the "Western St t d T itoriea, but principally camo from the East Indies. Tlie m f t t gunpowder was nearly, and could at any time be made q t q 1 1 the consumption ; the importa- tion of foreign powder bein ly 00 000 lbs., and the exportation of American powder 100,OOC lb ilj The manufactory on the Brandywine, which employed p t 1 f fYS.OOO and thirty-sis work men, and was considered th m t| f t made alone 335,000 lbs. annu- ally, and itfight make 600,000 II f th vere a demand for it. Two others near Baltimore had a j t 1 f $100 000, and made 450,000 lbs., of a quality said to ))e equal t j t d. There were several other powder mills ia Pennaylva \ tl places, but the total amount manufactnred was not ascert d Earthen and Gj.asssw r — S Sx t pottery of the coarsor kinds was made everywhere, and nf rm t hi been received of four manu- factories of a finer k nd lat ly t bh i d One in Philadelphia, with a capital of $11,000 manuf t d p es similar to that made in Staffordshire, Englanl and tt tl Chester Co., Pa,, ia New Jersey, and on the Oh o m d k 1 of queensware. Information had b c d f t gl ss manufactories, which em- ployed abont 140 glass blowers, an 1 made annually 21,000 boxes of win- dow glass of 1 00 square feet each j that of Boston made crown glass equal to any imported, all the others green or German glass, worth fifteen per cent, less; that of Pittsburg used coal, and the others wood for fuel. The importations of window glass were 3T,000 boxes, the extension of the domestic manufacture, which supplied precisely one half the con- sumption, being prevented by want of workmen. Some green bottles and other ware were made, and two works, employing together six glasa blowers, had lately been erected at Pittsburg, and made decanters, tum- blers, and every other description of flint glass of a superior quality. Chemical Pkepaeations.— Copper was extracted in large quantities from pyrites in Vermont, New Jersey, and Tennessee. About 200,000 lbs. of oil of vitriol and acids were annually manufactured ia a single establishment at Philadelphia. Various descriptions of drugs wero also made there, and in some other places ; and the annual amount ex- ported exceeded |30,000 in value. Salt. — The salt springs in Onondaga and Caynga, in New York, furnished about 300,000 bushels a year, and it eonld be increased with the demand. Those of tho Western States and Territories supplied about an equal quantity — the Wabash Saline, belonging to the tlnited States, making ahout 130,000 bushels. Valuable discoveries had also been made on the banliS of the Kanahwa. But the annual importation of foreign salt wa'^ more than 3,000,000 bushels, and could not be snper- ,y Google 1810] GAIXATIN'b REPOBS — GENERAL EEMAEKS. 15T eeded by American salt, unless it were made along the sea coast, Tho works of Masaachusetta were declining, and could not proceed unless the duty on foreign salt was again laid. It was necessary to shelter the works from the heavy summer rains by light roofs, moving on rollers, which considerably increased the expense. The erection of 10,000 superficial square feet cost $1,000, and produced only 200 bushels a year. A more favorable result was expected on the coast of North Carolina, on account of the climate, and works, covering 275,000 square feet, had lately been erected. MlsOELLANEOua — Of the other manufactures previously enumerated, Information had been received of two only. Straw bonnets and hats were made witii great success. A small dis- trict in Rhode Island and Massachusetts exported to other parts of the Union to the amount of $250,000.* Several attempts had been made to print calicoes, but the manufactu- rers did not seem able, without additional duties, to withstand foreign competition. Their diiSciiIties were stated in the petition of the calico printers of Philadelphia, to Congress. Considerable capital was in- vested in an establishment near Baltimore, which could print 12,000 yards a week, and might considerably extend it if tlie profits and demand afforded sufficient encouragement Erom the information received, the Secretary was able with certainty to infer that the annual product of American manufactures exceeded $120,000,000. The raw materials, provisions, and other articles con- sumed by the manufacturers, probably created a home market for agricul- tural products, not very inferior to that which arose from foreign demand, a result more favorable than might have been expected from a view of the natural causes which impeded the introduction and progress of ma- nufactures in the United States. The most prominent of those causes weie the abundance of land com- pared with population, the high price of hbc r and the want of sufficient (apital. The superior attractions of agiicultuial pursnits, the great extension of American commerce duiing the late Buiopean war, and the continuance of habits after the causes whiLh produced them had ceased to exist, might also be enumerated. Several of these obstacles bad, (1) This iiuaineaa waa ooramenccd in 1801 at Wrenlham, Maas., (where it amounted to $100,000 at looat), and other towns iQ Norfolk county wera ealimafed to been oommenoad in other parts of the State. make tm eqanl HQioant. Wrentham, Branb- They were exported lo all the principal liD, Medway, Medfield, BUliDgham, Wal- citloa, and to the Weal Indies, pola, Sharon, and Foibnrg, were the pria- Ipal places nliero ;t>ins Fiu oma fowna in Brlat ■ ol and Wo icG also Toado coi usiderablc. i.Googie 158 GALIATIN'S RErOET, ['8JC howeiei leenitmovei] rr lessened Thp chcapne s Df pi ri jn !al alway? to a cert^n extent counterbalanced the high pnce of luaDuil labor and that was now in many important brannheB neirly saper'^f ded by the intiodnction of michinery ' A gieat \raeiicin caj ital h id been af quired daiing the last twenty years and the in]Qiioas vijhtuns of the neutral commerce of the United States by fur ing indastry and capital into other channels hid broken mveteiate hihiti ind given fhit general impulse to which must be a&ciibed the great increase of manafactnies dunng the last tn o rears The incidental support derived from duties on impoitationa the ex eraption fiora oppies^ive tases and from those sjstemi of mternil reatrictuna and monopohes which impeded the freedom of labor iii other conntiies had aho piomoted the geneiil prosperity oi the TTaited State' ita agncultuie commeice and manufictuies and must give them a decided superiority over those less faiored in that lespect The only powerful obstacle to the success of Ameiican minnfartures was the vastly superior eipital of the fiist manufactiinng nation of Pnrope which enabled hei merctiants t) give long cieditb to sell < n small pro fits, and to make occasional sacufices the mfoimation obfa ned was not safficiLflt to enable the Secretary to s«l mit la conform ty with the resolution of the House a plan bet calculated to protect and promote American manufacture'! The mcst obvions means «cie bonnties in creased duties on importations, and loans by government Occasional yiemiums might be beneficial but a genei il system of bonnties was moie applicable to iiticles expoited thin to those manu faotuied for home cjnsnmption The system of dntiea might he equal ized and imposed to piotect some species of m'lnntactnre without affect ng the levenne Prohibitoiy duties destioyed competition taxed the connnmer and diverted capital and industry into channels less pro fitable to the nation thin those ^ihich individual inteiest could seek A moderate increase was less dangerons and if adopted should be continued dunng a certain peiiod , for the repeal of a duty once laid mateinllj uijuied tho e who lelied on its permanency ai had been es emplihed in the salt maunfactaie As cai ital was the ch ef need which bank extension only partially supplied, and for short periods, the United States might create a circulating stock, bearing a low rate of interest, and lend it at par to mannfacturers, on principles similar to that formerly Q of mannal labor in jenlousy of spinners, weavers, and other ■BofGroatBritaln.by opsratires, was fteqnant]y manifested by , was abont this time riot and tIeitrDCtioa of oiacIiiDery. iiudred tn one. The ,y Google 1810] CENSUS ACT — THE EETUENS DEFECTIVE. 15!) tw ty m 11 m ^ht b th 1 t tl t til d w th t J y t y p t f tl ty I f m tj w th t! mm 1 t t d tl f g ptCg paadMjl dmtttl tj Ig f th tak g f tl tl 1 0 m k t th d ty f th m I 1 t d th t ta t t k 1 a th 1 t d t t f th S t y f tl T y w t f th 1 m f t g t hi hm t 1 ft tl th Id tttt dd dt t tb mttlS taj f th T y It th d h m t [ p p t f tl |;30 000 t f th m f $150 000 t i 1 1 y tl p tf tkth mitlthlrathdqt t tl p The entire population of the Union by this ennmeration was T 230 903 Th t m d p th 1j t f m fact t f th 1 ra t 1 1 II d f t k g th th b f y f ml t t t f m ty 1 mj 1 t d tl 1 tance oi b Ity of m y p t g t f m w ly gul dd dt wll raj pt trmlyJfi t Thac tfmthdff tt dt t d f d f th ra t t 1 th tb i fi t w f th g t th t II t, d t y d th ( 1 fl t wl h 11 mp f th ft I It q t d ffi It Th t ra f II f 1 t f f II d 1 bl t f m t f tl t I 1 d d t f th ft f tl t y Tl f I yl C ttM htt^wYklTt tl m t mi 1 t th f m S th C 1 th 1 t b t t d h w pp t 11 f th A f p! t f m wh h m ^ht b t d w II II t t th t d t t f m f th d fi wh h h b 1 vi t 1 by p viding the agents of government with proper schedules for their guidance. No attempt was made, in general, to take an account of the capital, or raw material, the number of hands, or the cost of labor employed. The number of manufacturing establishments, or manufacturers, the ma- chinery, and the quantity and value of the product of the regular and household kind alone were given, and these were frequently defective in one or all of the items. Thus the number of printing offices — stated by Mr. Thomas, a competent authority, at more than 400 in ISIO— was returned by the marshals as 110, Bookbinders, calico-printers, and ,y Google 160 DIGEST OP CENSUS EETUaWS, [1810 dyeing oatablishments were returned only for one state. No glass worka were returned for Massacbusetta, which had long made and exported glass of superior quality to other states. Bark mills were given for only- one state ; carriage -makers for three ; blaekamith's shops for fivo ; hatters for four ; tin and copperware shops for two— and these the least con- siderable in that branch. The number of tallow candle factories in MassachQsetts was not given, although that state was credited with nearly one-half the product in that braueb, and the same was the case with morocco factories. Notwithstanding their defects, however, the returns contained a vaat amount of valuable information, which will be interesting in all future time, as the first systematic statement of American Manufactures in detail. The results were looked for with considerable interest, and the Committee of Commerce and Manufactures in the House proposed, so soon as they were in posses.sion of them, to make them the basis of some measures for the benefit of the manufacturing interests. The returns were sent into the Treasury Department in November, 1811, and at the reqneat of the above committee, one of its members, Mr. S. L. Mitchell of New York, examined them, and in a letter to the chairman, dated January 7, 1812, professetj his inability, after several attempts, to arrange the materials in a compendious or naefal form, on aceonnt of their hetero- geneous character He prciented, however, some general facts, which were published subsequently ' and showed the value of the information em- bodied and also cxpres ed a wish to see them in the hands of some one who would exiiatt it more fully. On the 21st February, Mr. Seybeit of PLUisyham moved in the House, that a person be em- ployed to prepare -mi report at the nest session a digest of the census returns of Manufacturer and in obedience to a joint resolution of both House=!, approved 19th of March, the Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Gallatm tommitted the documcnta for that purpose to the charge of Mr. Tench Cose of PhiUdelphia. From his valuable and well digested tables completed in M-n 1813, and published by Congress, we extract the following particulars if the leading branches of industry and general summanes of tlie entue product of manufactures in the Union and in the seveial states, temtuiies and districts. The marshals reported 21,311,262 yards of flaxen, 16,583,299 of cotton and 9 528 3GC of woolen goods made m families The total amount of all kinds of cloths exceeded 75,000,000 yards. There were 1776 carding machines bv which 7,417,216 lbs. of materials had been (1) Amer. Med, and PIiHosoph. Register, vol, 2, p. 40S. Emporium of Arte and SoienccE, i.Google 1810] PEODUOr OP MANUFACTURES. 161 carded; 1683 fulling mills, by which 5,452,960 yards of cloth had been fulled ; 313,143 spinning wheels ; 133,647 spindles ; 335,392 looms ; one silk manufactory which made 1800 yards of silk, worth |1800 ; 842 liatteries ; 153 iron furnaces, which manufactared 53,908 tons of iron ; 330 forges, which made 34,541 tons of bar iron ; ISSbloomenes; 316trip hammers; thirty-fonr volliog and slitting mills which rolled and slit 9,280 tons of iron; four steel furnaces, which made 911 tons of steel ; 410 naileries, making 15,131,914 lbs. of nails; IIT gun manufactories; 111 cutlery shops; 4,316 tanneries, producing 2,608,240 lbs. of leather in addition to morocco manufactories, making 44,063 dozen sJtins, and other dressed skins and leather, making a total value of $8,388,250 ; 383 flax- seed mills, making 170,583 gallons of oil; 14,191 distilleries, producing 22,977,167 gallons from fruit and grain, and 2,827,625 gallons from molasses ; 133 breweries, making 182,690 barrels or 5,150,000 gallons ; 11,755 gallons of grape and currant wine ; eighty-nine carriage -makers, who made 2,413 carriages; 14,569 wooden clocks; thirty- three sugar refineries, in which 7,867,211 lbs, of refined sugar had been manufactured ; 119 paper mills, producing 425,521 reams and 22,500 rolls of paper; fonr paper stainers which stained and stamped 148,000 pieces of paper- hangings; twenty-two glass works, which prodnced 4,961,000 sqnare feet of window-glasB and 14,600 bottles; 194 potteries; eighty-two snuff-mills; eight drug manufactories; 173 ropewalks, which made 10,843 tous of cables and cordage ; 208 gunpowder mills, producing 1,397,111 lbs. of powder; eight print works, employing 122 hands ; sixty- two salt works, making 1,238,365 bushels of salt ; straw bonnets to the value of $606,068. Among the establishments and products classed as of a doubtful nature were 2,917 wheat mills, 350 grist mills; 2,526 common saw mills, making 94,000,000 feet of lumber; ninety-one cane-sugar works, pro- ducing 9,611 hogsheads of sugar; 9,665,108 lbs. of maple sugar; 94,371,646 bricks (in three states); saltpetre, including the product of twenty-two caves in West Tennessee, 439,607 lbs.; forty indigo worlta (in Orleans Territory), making 45,800 lbs ; and 489 lirae kilns (in Fenn- sy Irani a and Rhode Island). A SOMMAKT OS THE TCfflAli VaLUE OP THE SeVEKAL BsAKCilES OP MiiSUFAOTHREa IK THE UkITEIi StATEB, EjtCLIJfilVE OF DoHBTFCt ArTICT.ES, AcOOKDISO TO THE Census op 1810. 1. Goods manufactttrea ij tlie loaia, of cotton, wool. Has:, hemp, and silk, Willi stockings 639,497,057 2. Other goods of tiieae five materials, apnn 2,053,130 ,y Google 16S PRODUCE OP MANTJPACTUBES. [1810 3. InstramentB and machinery manufaotarcsd — value $186,650, carding, fulling, anil floor cloth stamping by macliinery— value 36,957.816 6,144,486 4. Hats of wool, fur, eto., and of mixtures of them 4,323,744 5. Manufactures of ironi 14,364,526 6. Manufactures of gold, silver, set work, mixed metals, eto 2,483,912 7. Mannfaotures of lead 325,560 8. Soap, ta!low candles, wax, aud spermaceti, spring oil and whale oil 1,766,392 9. Mauufactures of hides and afcins 17,935,477 10. Manufactures from seeds 858,509 11. drain, frnit, and oase liquors, distilled and fermented 1 6,528,207 12. Dry manufactures from grain, exclusively of flour, meal, etc... 75,766 13. Manufaotnres of wood 5,554,706 14. Manofaoturea of essenoes and oils, of and from wood 179,150 15. Refined or mauufactnredaugara 1,415,724 16. Mfluufaotures of paper, pastehoard, cards, eto 1,939,285 17. ManufastareB of marble, stone, and slate 462,115 18. Glass manufactures ], 047, 004 19. Eartiien manufactures 259,720 20. Manufactures of tobaeco 1,260,379 21. Drugs, dyestnffs, paints, etc., and dyeing , 500,383 22. CiWes and cordage 4,243,168 33. Manufactures of hair 129,731 24. Various and miscellaneous manufactures 4,347,601 *1 37, 694,602 From a consideration of all tlie reported details, and a Taluation of the manufactures which were omitted or imperfectly returned, the fore- going amonnt of $127,694,602 was by Mr. Cose extended to $172,762,670, exclusive of doubtful articles. These last embraced such mannfactures as from their nature were nearly allied to ajfriculture, including cotton pressing, flour and meal, grain and saw mills, horse mills, barrels for packing, malt, pot and pearl ashes, maple and cane sagar, molasses, rosin, pitch, slates, bricks, tiles, saltpetre, indigo, red and yellow ochre, hemp and liemp mills, fisheries, wine, ground plaster, etc., altogether estimated at $25,850,795, making the aggregate yalne of the mannfac- tures of every description in the United States in 1810, eqnal to $198,613,474. The returned and estimated values of the manufactures proper were assigned to the different states and territories according to the following:; table. ,y Google MANDFAOTDRES IN 1810 — POINTING, Sdmhakt of Tai Terbitories ( Makbhai^ a: Respective Tamtbs of Mandfaotdbbs ra at ? THE United States im 1810, Accoediko ti Me T c C Mai (Do) M !U> H w H mp h AmODg the important publications issued at Philadelphia in tbe last and present year was the second volame of Wilson's American Ornithology, a work in seven volumesfolio with colored plates. The number of volumes annually printed in the city was estimated at half a million. The print- ing offices nambered iifty-oue, and the presses 153. There were upward. (1) Tha mnrsliala ot BQTeral of Uie state? rapreaenWd the nmount of msniifaotiires to be much greater than was returaed b; theEr IuiBiEta.nt!; those of Rhode Island twenty-five to thirly-five per cenC; those of GonDeatiout eonsiderably greater; those of Hew York were {nojjtsi≪/ eBtimQ.t«d, and given to the Treasury in Dacamber 1811, at $33,387,566, iiicludiug some artiolea of it doubtful dnssj tlie iron maniifaotareii in Kentuoltj, and genarally Ihronghout tlie Union, was con- sidered groaler than reported; the various cloths and distillBd spirits io South Carolinft was thought to be doubla tlie value reported, Those of Georgianere considered deofdedlr i.Google 164 PAPER MILLS — CALICO PRINTING EBNBEIT [1810 of sixty engravers and employment for twenty more. The art of en- graving had beeft much improyed within a few years. The number of newspapers printed in the United States was estimated ut upward of twenty-two millions annually. The paper mills were esti- mated, by Thomas, at 185, yiz,. : Now Hampshire, seven ; Massachusetts, thirty-eight ; Rhode Island, four ; Connecticut, seven ; Termont, nine ; New York, twelve; Pennsylvania, sixty; Delaware, four; Maryland, throo ; Tirginia, four ; South Carolina, one ; Kentucky, six ; Tennessee, fonr. Rags began about this time to be imported largely for the use of paper makers. The repeal of the embargo was followed by considerable activity in ship bnilding in Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, and about one hundred new vessels, chiefly ships, were launched within a few months in the two states. The value of exports for the fiscal year rose to $6e,76T,944, whereof over fifteen millions were in cotton, upward of five in tobacco and nearly seven in flour. The first lot of cotton goods printed in the TJnited States, by engraved roIlGrs and maellinery driven by water power, reached Phikdelphia, Oc- tober 6tb, from the Bleach and Triiit works of Thorp, Siddall & Co., about six miles from Philadelphia. The cylinder machine was brought from England during the last year by Mr. Siddall, and was the first to supersede the tedious process of block printing previously in use. One man and two boys were able to print ten thousand yards of cloth or fifty thousand children's handkerchiefs in a single day.' Cotton and linen goods were stained and dyed of one 1 1 ns uses, by similar means, within the next two years. Th ma f t f every description of cotton machinery was commenced ab ut 11 an time at Holmes- burg, near Philadelphia, by Alfred J nl a i | 1 and colaborer with Samuel Slater. He contributed many mp o n nts luring subsequent years, and the business is still extensiv ly 1 cted 1 y his auccessora. Mutual Benefit Societies, or associat n f th ras classes of me- chanics and tradesmen for mutual as ta ! y tl appropriation of small sums from their earnings to a eomm n f nd, f t the support of the sick or needy, were a prominent feature in the social organizations of this period. Of these provident associations there were in Philadelphia, in addition to numerous societies for general and special charities, na- tional and patriotic associations, the following, the most of them incor- porated : The Carpenters' Societj-, the oldest, instituted in 1724; the Shipmastei-s', Pilots', and Mariners' Societies ; Stonecutters' Company ; Master Bricklayers' Society ; Hair Dressers' and Surgeon Barbers' So- ciety; Typographical Society; Master Tailors' Society; Provident ,y Google 1810] SAVING BANKS— PUOVIDENCE — LAPIDARIES 165 Society of House Carpenters ; Master Mechanics' Benevolent Society ; and similar societies of tlie Cordwainers, Joumeynaen Blacksmiths, Journeymen Tailors — who had two, the Hatters, Bricklayers, Master Coopers, and Journeymen Coopers. Similar societies existed in most of the principal cities and were annually increasing. Public attention was also at this time invited, through a paper by Dr. Mease, in the "Archives of Useful Knowledge," to the importance of establishing a Banlt of Industry, for the benefit of tlie laboring classes, similar to those known in Europe as "Banks of Savings." This appears to have been the earliest proposition in the United States to found a savings institution. They had existed for some years in France, and since 1804 in England, where Mrs. Priscilla Waltefield that year estab- lished the first at Tottenham, in Middlesex, and conferred an immense benefit upon the classes for whose use it was designed, Phtladeiphia was at this date supplied with water through about thirty-five miles of pipe, made of wood of three or four inch bore, con- nected by cylinders of cast iron. The whole expense of the works to November 1, had been $500,000. The number of manufacturers sup- phed was 1922, being an increase during the year of 332. Tho extension of useful manufactures and the substitution of domestic for foreign supplies, was mentioned in the presidential message, Dec. 5., as a subject of satisfaction, and "in a national view the change was justly regarded as of itself more than a recompense for their priva- tions and losses resulting from foreign injustice, which furuished the gene- ral impulse required for its accomplishment. How far it might be ex- pedient to guard the infancy of this improvement in the distribution of labor by regulation of the commercial tariff, was a subject which could not fail to suggest itself to the patriotic reflections of Congress." The jewelry manufacture of Providence, R. I., employed about 100 workmen, and the product amounted to $100,000 annually. Lapidary work and glass cutting were carried on by two or three persons in Philadelphia, one of whom, John Benson, from Euroi>e, claimed to be the only regular bred lapidary in America, A German named Eichbaum "Formerly glass cutter to Louis XVL, late king of France," is stated to have recently established his business ia Pittsburg, where a sis light chandelier, with prisms of his cutting, suspended in the house of Mr. Kerr, innkeeper, was supposed to have been the first ever cut in the United States. Three glass works in that town produced flint glass to the value of $30,000, and bottle and window glass worth $40,000. Among the manufactures of Pittsburg were tho following articles of ironmongery: chisels, claw hammers, steelyards, shingling hatchets, drawing kuives, cutting knives, shovels, ,y Google 166 HARDWARE — WIEE— DRtlflS — COMPANIES. [1810 tongs, buckles, gimlets, augers, squares, door handles, jack screws, files, etock locks, spinning wbeel irons, axes, hoes, chains, kitchenware, &e., to the amount of $15,000. About 200 tons of cat and wrought nails of all sizes were made annnally, and a manufactory of bridle bits and stirrups had been recently established. Sis mannfactories of tin, copper, and japanned ware, mannfactured to the valne of ^30,000. The Swiss colony at Teray, Indiana, had eight acres of vineyard under cnltiyation, from which they made 2,400 gallons of wine, partly from the Madeira grape. The manufacture of drugs and chemicals, sach as aqna ammonia, sulphuric ether, sweet spirits of nitre, salt of tartar, benzoic acid, and refined saltpetre, was about this time commenced at Elizabethtown, N, J., by Innes & Robertson, who, three or four years after, began to make calomel and other drugs. An extensive bed of Kaolin, or decomposed felspar, was found at Monkton, Addison Co., Vt., and a company was chartered for tho manufacture of fine porcelain from it. The same mineral exists at Brookline, Windham Co. Among other establish ments incorporated this year was the Hum- phreysville Manufactnring Company, at Derby, Ct., having a capital of $500,000. Tiie extensive broadcloth works of Geul. Humphreys, in whose honor the village and company were named, and a cotton manu- factory at the same place belonged to the conapany. The Munson & Brim- field Manufactnring Company, on the Cliicopee, in Hampdown connty, Mass; and the following in New York: The Monnt Vernon, Oneida (cotton), Ontario, Lenox, TTtica and Geneva Glass, and the Oneida Iron and Glass Manufacturing Companies or Associations ; the Galen Salt Com- pany ; the Manlins {cotton and woolen) ; the Oneida ; the Nev/ Hartford (capital $200,000) ; and the Milton Mannfacturing Associations. The last named was a large woolen mannfacturing company, whose cloths soon acquired a high reputation. One of the first steam cotton mills in the United States was established within a few years after at Ballston, in the same town. The Home Mannfacturing Company, in Rensselaer county ; the Rensselaer Woolen and Cotton Factory ; the Schoharie Paper Manufactory (Wood & Reddington), the H'ew York State Company; and the New York Economical School.* The Powhatan Cotton Works, on Gwinn's Falls, six miles from Baltimore, were erected at this time, and incorporated in 1815. The following were some of the patents issued this year : to John P. Spies, Baltimore, Md. (Jan. 8), for manufacturing horn combs and platisig (I) Laws of Hew York. ,y Google 1810] PATENTS IN lylO. J6T with tortoise shell ; David Williams 3d, Hartford, Ct. (May 28), ivory eomba;. and Eli Parsons, Bristol, Ct. (Aug. 16), socket hair combs; John S. Lawin and T. B. Wait, Boston (Feb. I), circular printing press;' George Murray, Philadelphia (Feb. 15), a mode of engraving to prevent counterfeiting ; and also to Jacob Perkins, Boston (June 16), for a mode of preventing counterfeiting. The forging of bank bills, which these inventions were designed to counteract, was very rife at this time, and was rendered easy by the rudeness of the art. The stereotype check plate, first patented by Perkins, in 1T99, was thought to render it nearly impossible, and the Legislature of Massachusetts required all bank notes to be impressed by his process. His mode of transferring, engravings from one plate to another, by means of steel roller dies, upon which he and Murray soon after conjointly patented an improvement, was, in 1S08, applied to calico printing by Mr. Locket, of Manchester, England; and about the year 1820, after having been long in use iu this country, his method of engraving haak notes was extensively intro- duced in England, by Perkins, Pairraan, and Heath. Perkins's steam gun,, tested in England near the same time, was invented about this date, hut not patented. George Easterly, Richmond, Ta., received a patent (Feb. 5) for making barilla from tobacco sterna ; Robert Llojd, Philadelphia (Feb. 8), loom for weaving girth cloth ; Mellen Battle, N. T. (April 2), wheelwlight's labor-saving machine; Amos Miner Marcellus, N. Y. (April 11), spinning wheel heads. This invention, first patented Nov. 16, 1803, and embracing a double geared great wheel and a horizontal little wheel, did not attract attention until 1804, when a partnership was formed, and a small manufactory, highly original and ingenious in its plan, was erected by Miner, Demming, Pierce & Co., who the present year, employed twenty hands, and made weekly from six to nine thousand of the patent accelerating wheel heads. The gain of velocity, in the spindlo, by the accelerating wheel, was said to be as nineteen to nine, or morethandouble, and the saving of labor in spinning wool to be one third, in worsted one half, and for merino wool it was indispensable. It was also much employed for cotton and tow, and the wheel heads were extensively counterfeited in New England. Peter Lorillard, N. Y. (April 25), received a patent for maunfacturing tobacco ; John Nicholson (April 28), for casting metal screws ; James Davis, Philadelphia (May 15), manufac- turing suspenders ; Henry Burke, Philadelphia (June 18), winding and spinning wire ; Wiuslow Lewis, Boston (June 8), reflecting and magnify- on ancH plan, moroBimplettum any la use, Benjamlo Dearborn, of Boston, who had ond designod to ssonre, by moans of a inTonicd a lyheel presB about ttrentv-fivB ,y Google [1810 ing laQte Th 1 t w 1 pt d f I htt iC two years ft th d th i h f th [ t t t,l,t 1 use of the TJ t dSt t d t wt thth t 1 t 1 to be orig 1 to t th 11 th 1 hth f til t t territories f wh ht I $60 000 IP P t d Ph Boston (J \j 12), patented a leather splitting machine , Elibha Vt inter. New Orleans (Sept. i), double screw press ; Elisha Perkins, Shrewsbury, K. J. (Sept. 16), elastic clear starch from wheat; Oliver Stetson and William Sebree, Georgetown, Ky. (Dec. 11), a screw auger; Leonard Beatty, WilkesbaiTe, Pa, (Dec. 28), printing calico and paper. ,y Google CHAPTEE III. The interruption of OommBrce with tiie Baltic, bj onliancing the price, had given a great impulso to the cultivation of hemp, and a considerable 1R11 ''^'''^''^® *" ''^ manufacture, which in Kentncby alone was this year valued at $500,000. Early in the third session, the House of Repre- sentatives, by resolution, instructed the Committee of Commerce and Manufactures to inquire into the expediency of encouraging the culture of hemp by protective impost duties or by prohibiting its importation, on which occasion Mr. Mitchell, of New York, stated his conviction that enough coald be raised on the Genesee Flats and the Wallkill river, in that state, to supply the Iforth, and in Kentucky for the South. In dis- charge of this duty, Mr. NewtoD, for the above committee, laid before the House (Jan. 21) a letter from the Secretary of the Navy on the subject. The discouragements arising from early inexperience, errors, and doubts of the fitness of the soil and climate, were stated to have been in a great measure overcome, and the quantity raised was yearly increasing. The crop was a very certain one, and yielded from $100 to $300 worth of dressed hemp per acre, with less labor and expense than tobacco and several other crops. The practice of " dew rotting" was strongly con- demned as expensive and injurious to the iibre. The process and advan- tages of " water rotting," as practiced in Russia, were described and recommended, as all that was necessary to make American hemp eqnal to foreign, and probably secure its adoption for the use of the navy, in which dew-rotted American hemp was already used for running and standing rigging. The Secretary recommended an annual appropriation to enable hira to contract for American watered hemp for tho naval service. During the year lai^e importations of hemp, amounting to 228,390 cwt. , or nearly fonr times the amount of the previous year, were made, chiefly for Russia. Extensive manufactories of cordage, bale rope, bagging, etc., had been established in Louisville, Lexington, Shelbyville, and Frankfort, Ky., and the following quantities of raw material and manufacture (160) ,y Google 170 HBMl' AND COEDAGE— SHEEP. [1811 had been seDt down tlie Ohio in two mouths following Nov. 21, 1810, viz. : hemp, 400 Iba. ; tarred rope, 419 lbs. ; bale rope, 30,784 lbs. ; rope yarn, 154,000 lbs. ; thread, 1,484 lbs. ; bagging, 21,700 yards; tow cloth, 4,619 yards. During the year 1810, 1,378,944 lbs. of hemp and spun yarn, worth, at fifteen cents per pound, over $206,000, passed through Pittsburg to the Baltimore and Philadelphia markets. A lengthy and earnest ruemorial was at this time presented to Con- gress, from Lewis Sanders and one hundred and twelve other citizens of Lexington, Ky., praying for some more decisive encouragement to the internal industry of the country. The protection and snpport of gov- ernment appeared to them to have been almost exclusively given to com- merce and the fisheries by the immense sums expended in fortifications of the seaports, the establishment of a navy, espenditures occasioned by foreign intercourse, tonnage duties, bounties to fishermen, credits at the cnstom house, etc. To these they did not object ; but while commerce had received an unnatural extension, manufactures had been left to etmg- gle almost unaided with obstacles unknown to their foreign competitors. In the event of a peace, it would be wise, by a little jadicioQS encour- agement, to create a domestic market for the labor, capital, and produce, which would thereby be compelled to seek otber channels. Petitloos were also presented from the manufacturers of morocco leather in Charlestown and Lynn, Mass., for additional duties on the foreign ai'ticle, or its prohibition. The former stated that 800,000 skins were annually manufactured in the United States, eqnal or superior to the best foreign, of which number 150,000 were made in Charlestown. The Legislature of New York, in February, enacted a general law for the incorporation of manufacturing companies, under which most asso- ciations for that purpose- were organized, until 1848. On motion of Mr. Clinton, the Senate of New York passed a resolu- tion, in which the House concurred, recommending all members of the Legislature to appear at the nest session in cloth of American manufac- ture. In March of this year, the Emperor Napoleon established in France several depots of merino sheep, in order to encourage their increase, and during the same month a numerous meeting of noblemen imd gentlemen was held in London, when it was resolved to establish a society to irapsove and extend the merino breed of sheep throughout the United Kingdom, Sir Joseph Banks was chosen president. These examples were speedily followed in the United States, where the supply of woolens, more than most other articles, was affected by the restrictive measures of the government, and the undeveloped state of the woolen manufacture, chiefly on aeconnt of the scarcity of wool. As an evidence of this inadequacy of domestic supply, it is said, the Secretary of War, ,y Google 1811] MEEINO SHEEP — EXTOaTS AMD IMPORTS. Itl (Ittring this year, being in need of only about $6,000 wortli of bianliets for the Indian department, was compelled to aak of Congre^ a snspension of the non-intercouvsG act to enable him to obtain them from England. The recent renewal of that a t and the great demand for wool and woolens, led to the format! n du ng th mmer, of the " Merino Society of the Middle States," wb h on tl 5th f October, held its first stated meeting, after its organizat on at th f m of Mr. Caldwell, the presi- dent, near Haddonfield, N J S 1 hundred full-blood merinos were exhibited and the society s n aft a ^ed and published a list of pre- miums, of from twenty to fifty dollars, to be adjudged in July following, for essays on subjects connected with ebeep hnsbandry and for the best merino stock. Sheep of that breed sold at public auction, in Philadelphia, during the previous year, from $330 to |250 each, a lot of twenty-five having sold for $5900, and another lot of thirty-three ewes for $250 each, and bucks for $350 each. In the State of New York, where greater zeal was shown for their propagation, sums of $500, $1,000, and even $1500, were re- peatedly paid during the same year. A translation of a complete treatise on Merino and other sheep, with plates, recently published at Paris by M. Tessier, inspector of the Bambouillet and other establishments in France, was this year printed at the Economical School Office in New York and published. A translation of another French work on the snb- ject, by M. Daubenton, was published in Boston. These efforts mani- fested the strong interest taken in the subject at this time, and seemed to warrant the extensive preparations, completed this year, by the Messrs. Dupont & Bauduy, on the Brandywine, for the manufacture of superfine broadcloth, on a iarge scale.' The United States this year exported 1,445,612 barrels of flour, worth $14,662,000, being more than double the value of the same article ex- ported the last year. The total value of domestic exports amounted to 145,294,041, including mannfaefures to the value of $3,039,000. The total importation from Great Britain was only £1,874,911 sterling, agwnst £11,217,685 the previous year. Of the aggregate valne of British produce and manufactures exported to all parts of the world during the seven years, from 1805 to 1811, the United States had re- ceived annually 20.11 per cent.' The substitution of the non-importation act for the- embargo, caused exchange on England, which under the latter act had risen to nine per cent, above par — payable in English cur- rency, which was ten per cent, below metallic money — to fall in the United States this year to twenty per cent, below par. A large influx of specie took place and a now impulse was given to improvements in agriculture, manufactures, and real estate. (1) Arohiyea Useful Knowledge, vol. 1, p. 207; vol. 3, p. 193. (2) Seybflrt. ,y Google If 2 COTTON— SDGAB — OHTIM — I8INC1LA88. [ISH The quantity of Cotton produced throughout the world was estimated at 555,0110,000 of pounds, of which 80,000,000 were the growth of the "United States and valued at |12,500,000. Of the domestic product, 62,000,000 of pounds, valued at $9,000,000, were exported, being 31,000,000 of pounds and 6,000,000 in value below the exports of the last jear. The cotton states produced as follows : South Carolina, forty ; Georgia, twenty ; Tennessee, eight ; North Carolina, three ; Louisiana, seven ; and Alabama, two millions of pounds. The average price of all kinds in the United States was fifteen and one-half cents per pound. The best was raised in the valley of the Red river in Louisiana. The crops of biackseed cotton, in this and two following years, were nearly cut off by the "rot," in consequence of which, and of the low price of cotton, the attention of many was turned to aagar. In Georgia, sugar, wine, and oil, were attempted. Two pipes of excellent red wine were produced by Mr. John Cooper of St. Simons, and much sweet and castor oil was made on the sea-coast of that state. Samples of good Muscovedo sngar were made by Mr. Cooper and Mr. Thomas Spalding, on Sapelo Island, and by Mr. Grant. Several attempts had also been made within the last few years to pro- duce Opiam from the white poppy. In Georgia, and some of the Northern States, good samples of the drug— which in 1808 rose to fourteen dollars per pound— were made, as well as oil from the seed. The manufacture of Isinglass which also rose in price during the em- bargo to ten dollars a pound — was about this time recommended as profitable. Several samples had been sent to England before the Revo- lution, in consequence of premiums offered there for its manufacture in the colonies. Caviar made from the roes of different species of sturgeon — from the sounds or air-bladders of which, in common with those of other fish, the Icthyocolla or pure anima! gelatin called isinglass is made —had long been an article of domestic manafaetnre and export. The following summary was published of the principal manufacturing establishments in the city and county of Philadelphia, which contained at this period a greater number and variety of manufactures than any city in the Union. The population in 1810 was 111,210, that of New York being at the same time 96,372. Looms, 213 ; spinning wheels, 3,648 ; oil mills, three ; carriage shops, seventeen {value of work in 1810 $498,500); soap and candle works, twenty-eight; glue manufacturers, fourteen ; distilleries, eighteen (gallons distilled in 1810, 1,283,818); sugar refineries, ten; ropewalks, fifteen; potteries, sixteen ; tobacco and snuff mills, twenty-seven ; copper, brass, and tin factories, forty-fonr; hatters' shops, 102; paper mills, seven; printing offices, iifty-one ; cutlers' shops, twenty-eight ; gun factories, ,y Google 1811] PHILADELPHIA MANUPACTUEISS — PAPER — STEAMBOATS. 173 ten glaa w k tbree.' To these may be added, from the official digest of th n hal etnrns afterward published : looms with fly shuttles, 18f> 1 dl n factories, 4,423 ; stocking looms and factories,' 105 ; pr nt w k ht , print cutting establishments, four ; naileries, twenty ; saw f t to; bell founderies, ten ; shot factories, three ; morocco factories, seven; breweries, seventeen; blacksmith shops, 201; cooper shops, 124 ; drug mills, six ; brush factories, twenty-four ; drum makers, five ; engraving establishments, sixteen ; book hinders, eighty-six ; printing press factories, two; Spanish segar factories, nine (making 3,900,000 Spanish segars in addition to 26,900,000 American segars made) ; wheat mills, thirty-three ; saw mills, seventeen ; mahogany saw mills, twenty-one ; brick-kilns, thirty; ete., etc.' The total value of mauufac tares within the above limits was $16,103,869, and those of the whole state $44,194,740. In Delaware and Pennsylvania, there were at this time seventy-six paper mills, with ninety-three vats. An era in the commercial history of the Western States, was the eon- Btrnction at Pittsburg this year of the steamboat " New Orleans," the first that raa oa the western waters. The boat was built partly by sub- scriptions in New York and Pittsburg, but chiefly by Messrs. Livingston & Fulton, and Kichoias I. Roosevelt ; Mv. Roosevelt, in 1800, made a tour of exploration, to ascertain the practicability of navigating the Mississippi by steam, and superintended the building of the boat, aided by Mr. Stowdinger, engineer in chief of the North river boats. She was 138 feet long by thirty feet beam, and between 300 and 400 tons burthen. Her cost was $40,000, one-half of which was reimbursed by the nKt profits of her first year's business. She was wholly constructed at Pittsburg, engine, boiler, and machinery, and was launched in March. On the 39th October she left Pittsburg for New Orleans, and arrived at Louisville, upward of 70O miles below, in seventy hours. She was de- tained at the falls by low water for several weeks, during which she made several trips to Cincinnati, and in December proceeded on her voyage, arriving in New Orleans on the 34th, having received her first freight and passengers at Natchez. She continued to ply between New Orleans and Natchez, for which trade she was bnilt, making the round trip in about seventeen days, until 1814, when she was wrecked, upon a snag at Eaton Rouge. In July of this year there were five steamboats running from New York to Albany, and one to New Brunswick, one on the Delaware, one on Lake Champlain, one on the Ohio (the Orleans), and one on the St. (I) Mease's Pieturc of Philafleiphb. (2) Coxe's Census Digoal. ,y Google IH COTTON MILLS — PEESIBENT'S MESSA.GE— TONSAGE — LEAD. [1811 Lawrence. Thei'a were also building, on tlic St. Lawrence one, on the Hudson river as a ferry boat one, and two others for the associates of the Jersey Company, to run, according to contract with the city of New York, every half hour between that city and Paulns Hook. In these last the ingenions Fnlton carried out the an-angements still observed in the ferry boats, inchiding side cabin, rudder at each end to avoid tarning, the floating bridge or coffer to facilitate landing, and contrivances to guide the boat into the dock, and to break the shock on reaching the bridge. About this time also, Mr. Bell produced bis steamboat, " Comet," on the Clyde, the only one at this time on the British waters. The number of cotton factories in Rhode Island on 31st October, was thirty-seven, the number of spindles 82,186, with a capacity for rnnnjog 56,251-' Mr. Madison, in his fii-st speech to the Twelfth Congress {Wot. 6), while recommending continued military and naval preparations, suggested that, "Although other sabjeets wilt press upon your deliberations, a portion of tijem cannot but be well bestowed on the just and sound policy of securing to our manufactures the success they have attained, and are sfcill attsining, ander the impulse of causes not permanent; and to our navigation the fair extent of which it is at present abridged by the unequal regulations of foreign governments. Besides, the reasonable- ness of saving our manufacturers from sacrifices a change of circumstances might bring on them, the national interest requires that, with respect to such articles as belong to our defence and our primary wants, we shotrld not be left in unnecessary dependence on foreign supplies." It was recorded as an instance of extraordinary dispatch that the message above referred to was received in Philadelphia on the 5th, by express, in nine and a half hours from Washington, and in Boston in sixty-four hours. The tonnage of new vessels built during the year exceeded that of any previous one, and amounted to 146,691 tons of enrolled and registered vessels. In Februaiy, 9,145 tons were on the stocks at Philadelphia, and over 3,000 tons, including five ship-rigged vessels of 300 tons each, were built at Rochester, Mass. Abont 500,000 pounds of lead were this year made and sold to traders by the Sac and Fox Indians, from the mines of Prairie dn Chien, on the Mississippi, eighty miles above those of Dubuque, then owned by the natives. The ore was rudely smelted on piles of wood. Some valuable salt works were already established at Mine river, on the Upper Missouri, under the management of Mr. Braxton Cooper,* The Columbian Chemical Society was formed in Philadelphia. (I) Stone's Cnnaus of Providence, elo. (2) BroclionriJgo's View of Louisiana, ,y Google 18111 NEW TOKK COEPORATIOHS— PATESTS. 175 In New York, sixtj-sis acts of incorporation were graiiteil for iiiaimfiic- turing and industrial pnrpoaes, of which forty-seven represented a capital of nine millions of dollars. The following were chartered under the general act of the previons year, certificates of which were to he deposited with the Secretary of State, viz ; the Manlins Cotton and Woolen Manu- facturing ; the Stanford Mannfacturing ; the Whitesboro Cloth Manufac- taring (for weaving, dyeing, and finishing cloth) ; the Farmers' Woolen and Cotton Factory ; the Manlius Glass and Iron ; the Geneva Glass ; the Elba Iron and Steel Mannfacturing (capital $100,000, with extensive works on the Au Sable, in North Elba [Keene], Essex county, built by A. Mclntyre and associates) ; the Mohawk Factory ; tlie Ontario Mann- facturing; the Rutland Woolen Manufacturing; the Newport Cotton Manufactory ; and the Schenectady Manufacturing Companies and Asso- ciations. The following were incorporated by special acts of the Legis- lature : The Oriskany (woolen, at Whitesboro, Oneida co,) ; the Clinton Woolen ; the Somerstown and the West Chester County Manufacturing ; the Bristol Glass, Cotton, and Clay ; the Jamesville Iron and Woolen Factory ; the New York Sugar Refinery ; the Chenango Manufacturing ; the Colnmbia Lead Mine; the Cornwall Cotton Manufactory j the Montgomery and the Old enbarue veld Manufacturing ; and the Snsque- hanna Coal Companies, Associations, and Societies. In conformity with resolutions of the House, in December, 1810, with a; view to a revision of the patent laws, the Secretary of State, in January of this year, laid before the House a list of the patentees and their inven- tions, and a special committee reported a bill for a revision of all the acts upon the subject. The Massachusetts Association, for the encouragement of useful inventions, presented a petition in Eebruary, signed by its president and secretary, Benjamin Dearborn and John Fairbanks, praying for such a revision of the laws as shonld secure inventors more fully against infractions of their patent rights, and the wrongs to which they were subject by the exportation of copies of specifications, drawings, and models, surreptitionsly obtained at the patent office for the purpose of aecoring patents in foreign countries. From infonnation afterward eommnnicated by the Secretary of State, it appeared that the number of patents issued, from 31st July 1190 toSlst December 1811, was 1,613 (au average of seventy-seven annually during the twenty- one years), and the gross amount of fees received was $49,110. The sums received for patents had annually increased, and amounted in the present year to $6,310.. The secretary was directed to make au annnal report of the patents issued. Patents were granted this year to Archibald Binnoy of Philadelphia (Jan. 29), for a type mould for printers, which greatly expedited the manufacture of types, and was adopted in ,y Google lie PATENTS IN 1811. [1811 Europe ; and sinotlier (Feb. 4) to tlic same, for a process of smoothing or rubbing types ; to Kobert Fulton, New York (Feb 9), for improve- ments in the steam engine for boats and vessels ; and to John Stevens of New York (May 31), for constmeting steam engiaes for propelling boats ; William Pond, Wrentliam, Mass. (Feb. 28), for vi-ove atraw plait ; Robert Hancock, and Edw. W. Carr, Philadelphia (March 1), a machine for cutting wood screws, which was put in operatiou in Philadelphia ; Thomas Massey, Philadelphia (March 4), a water loom ; Bai-zillai Russell, Hartford, Ct. (March 4), an improvement in warming rooms; Lyman Cook, Whitestown, K. Y. (March 28), four wheeled manual carriages ; Cyrus Alger, Boston (March 30), a mode of ea.stiiig large iron rollers for rolling iron ; William Baley, Kelson county, Ey. (April 10), a stave and shingle machine. This ma^hme bi which a man and boy could dress and joint tiie staves for 100 barrels, hogsheads, or casks, in twelve honrs, was driven by one or tn o hoises, and in 1S15 was in full operation in Cincinnati, when the propiietors weie preparing to export staves to New Orleans. It was equally adopted to shingles.' Barnabas Langdon and William Mowry, Washington Co., N. Y., patented a machine for shaving, jointing, and forming the staves and heads of hairela, which was put in operation in WhitehaJl, N. T. ; Bieaaer Horey, Canaan, K". Y. (May 30), a shearing machine, which sheared perfectly a yard of cloth per minnte. It was manufactured at New Lebanon, N. Y. ; Perkins Nichols, Boston (May 18), a rimming auger; Edward Ramsey, Christian co., Ky. (April 16), and five other persons severally during the year, took patents for machines for breaking and dressing hemp and fiax ; Josiah Noyes, Herkimer co., N. Y. (June 21), a steam stove for cooking ; Samuel 13. Hitchcock and John Bement, of Homer, N. Y. (July 30), manufacturing boots and shoes. This was a patent for pegging boots and shoes, which was thus early practiced in New York, and very generally in Connecticut, with much relief to the workmen, and with increased dispatch, durability, and neatness in the work.' It was probably the origin of that description of manufacture; Robert Hare, Philadelphia (Aug. 23), a mode of ripening and keeping malt liquor and cider— consisting of air-tight casks, fitted with a pneumatic cock, with two orifices, etc., and in general use in Philadelphia at the time; Charles Reynolds, East Windsor, Ct. (Aug. 21), propelling carriages by steam; Jacob Pierson, Knoxville, (!) A machini 1 patented in ISOT by J. at this time. Mcllvain, of C; and piis awn; ahinglaa, by meai isofiniyes fixed itinwhcel by water p.> conneoteS with a shaft, and turned by liorsa PUladelpliic: power, was in ope ration inWastriiiladelpbia {3) Archive i.Google 1811] OONGILESS — MISERALS — -WHITE LEAD. I'J'J Tenn. (Oct. 17), wooden screw press for cotton ; Samuel Wetherell, Jr., Philadelphia (Oct. 29), for a mode of washing white lead, and another for setting the beds or stocks in making white lead ; and to the same (Noy. 1), for screening and Heparating white lead, and also for sepa- rating oxidized from metallic lead, in the process of mating red lead, and using a machine for that pnrpose ;^ Benjamin Bell, Boston (Nov. 6)i sulphuric acid ; Benjamin King, Washington, D. C. (Nov. 15), for weld^ ing steel, etc., by means of pit cool. Earlj- in the first session of the twelfth Congress, the Committee on Commerce and Manufactures were instructed to inquire into the 1812 ^^P^^'^'^'^y of encouraging the manufacture of iron, either by protecting impost duties, or by the prohibition of manufactures of that material. Petitions in favor of the measure were presented from the iron manufacturers of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New Hamp- shire, representing their inability to contend with the recent low price, induced by heavy importations from Russia. The directors of the New Hampshire Iron Factory Company stated that they had not realized one dollar upon a capital of upwards of |300,000 invested in their works at Franconia, which had been in operation over three years. Samuel Headlej & Co., and Wadsworth, Allyn & Bostwick, In counter petitions against the free importation of iron wire, stated that since Ist August 1811, they had erected in Sirasbnry and Winchester, Ct., two manufac- tories, where, without previous knowledge, they had succeeded in making from native ore the various kinds of iron wire, of the best quality, and at moderate price. On the 3d March a resolation of the Legislature of Massachusetts was submitted to the Senate of the United States, offering to contract with the government to supply all the blankets and clothing it might need in (I) The white lead made at the exlenairo Cooper' a Emporium of Arta and Sclenoes, in Jan. 3 181* (N. S. vol. 3, SOS). The eereral years Ijefore in Philjidelphia, was at materia 1, ohromio iron, waa found abnn- Ihat time conaidered bj painters equal to dantlyDesr tho city, in Chester eon ntT. em- the imported. Ead load was made by bedded in steatite, or aoap rook, lying above sevoral, and to the amount of over 313,000 the pri mitiire limoatono, and in similar annnally, by three small faoturiea in Pitts. position at the Bare Hills, near Baltimore, tnrg. Painta of over twentj-tno different wiiereit waa used as a material for turnpikea. .nufactnre, on a commeroial aoale. colors, of bright and durable qnalitj, were The mt made in Philadelphia. One of these, the was Aral ; undertaken by Mr. George Chilton, hrillinnt Ohromata of lead (chromic jellow). wiio wai i followed by Clinton and JarTis, of was first made in thia eoualrj, afew years KewYo rl(, in 1S!2, and by others. It first before, by Mr. Oodon, who auppHod aeTOral sold for $3 per pound. All the mineral cabinets with samples, and the process was acids ai 3d chemical drugs were made by a Philadelphia at thia date. perfeeted by Mr. Hembcl, of Philaddphia, sereral i i.Google 1Y8 ACTS OF CONGRESS — WAR DUTIES— PRICES. fl812 any contingency, and representing that commonwealth as able to supply such articles, principally from its own manufactures. An act of Congress authorized (March 12) the enrolling and licensing of steamboats, employed on the bays and rivers of the United States, and owned wholly or in part by resident aliens. An act layiDg a temporary embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United States, for ninety days, was, by recora- mendation of the President, passed and approved Api'il 4. It was fol- lowed, on the 14th, by an act prohibiting the exportation during the saraa period, of any specie, or any goods, wares, or merchandise, under penalty of forfeiture and a Soe often thousand dollars. A declaration of war against Great Britain, of which the foregoing acts were the precursors, was made by Congress, and approved 18th Jnne, and proclaimed on the following day. On the 5th of the same month, and before a knowledge of this act had reached England, the British orders in conncil were repealed. The commencement of hostilities called for appropriate fiscal measures to sustain it, and after authorizing the issue of Ave millions of dollars in treasury notes, a law was approved on the 1st Jnly; adding one hnndred per centum to the permanent duties then levied upon imports, with an additional ten per centum on goods imported in foreign vessels, and $1.50 per ton additional on vessels owned wholly or in part by foreigners. This act, which passed fay a vote of seventy-eight to forty- sis, was to continue in force until the expiration of one year after tbs conclusion of peace, bat was continued until June, 181G. Through the combined effects of double duties, the ofastractiou and spoliation of commerce, the prices of nearly all articles of prime necessity immediately advanced. Between the 9th June and 13th July, byson tea rose from 96 cents to $1.35 per lb. ; white Havana sngar from $H.75 to $18.50 per cwt. ; Russia hemp advanced from $342.60 per ton, on 9th June, to $300 on 10th August; and salt, between 1st May and 1st August, from 55 to 85 cents per bushel, and continued to rise to $3 per bushel in October 1814. Tin advanced from $25 per bar, on 1st May, to $32 on 1st August, and rose to |50 in 1814. Merino wool rose in price, between May and October, from 15 cents to $1.50 per pound, and at the end of 1814 sold from $3 to $4 per pound. Cloth advanced from $8 per yard in May 1812, to $14 in May 1814, and during the war to $18 a yard. Under the stimulus of high prices and a steady demand, capital and entei-prise were again turned more powerfully than ever to the increasa of manufactures, especially to those branches which were immediately Bubservient to the war, or of which the want was most pressing. The ,y Google 1812] DOMESTIC EXPORT TKABE — BROADO^TH. 1V9 woolen anl cotton manufaetnres in particulir received a iLmiikiblo exteoaioQ Aliny joint stoLk companies were forn ed and in common with tlio'ic which hil been c tabl he 1 a few yeirs p'i t enjoyed &o I ng as the war 05 erited as a piotei^t on an amj lo lemu leration f r their expenditn ea nctw thatanding a use of twenty to fifty pei cent m the wages of operat ves twu to three hunliel pci cent in mill seats, andof maij riw mateiult. in the =an e imioition Great losses were incuricd n manj instances thioue! the mcipacity and sometimes the dishonebty of nechaiiitb and opeiatiyes The aunuil value of domeat c exports of the United States calcalated on an iveragp of ten )ears ending 0th Septembei amounted to $31 4j4 5S3 and of foici^n merchandise re exported $S0 563 5r^ The average annual value of domestic mai ufictures e'^po ted in the same period wa'- $2 09G 000 or 6 51 per centum of all dimchtit. exports Ihe produce of agriculture exported in the same time was $27,815,036, or 13.36 per cent, of the whole ; of the sea $2,124,242, or 6.59 per cent., and of the present $4,404,946, or 11.59 per cent. The total valne of exports this year was $38,531,236. The average annual value of domestic produce exported to Great Britain and Iier dominions in tliG last ten years was $16,853,102, or 44.99 per centum of the whole, and the value so exported to France and her dominions was $3,118,211, or 8.32 per cent, of the whole. The total value of all articles of domestic and foreign origin exported to the two countries in the same period were respectively 21.44 and 13.9 per cent, of the whole value of exports. The advantages and profits of this vastly more important trade with Great Britain, was now placed in jeopardy by a war waged upon pretexts, which would have been equally valid against France, and in support of claims which were finally abandoned, so soon as Napoleon, wbose intrigues had involved the two countries in hostilities, had been humbled by Great Britain. The war was in' consequence extremely unpopular with a large and influential class, who believed the difficulties might have been adjusted without a resort to arras. At the fair and cattle show of the Berkshire Agricultural Society, held at Pittsfield, Mass., the prize of $50 was awai'ded to the president, Elkauah Watson, Esq., for the best piece of broadcloth exhibited. It was believed to be superior in all respects to any cloth ever made in America, and probably any ever imported. One-half the piece was left for inspection at the warehouse for American goods in Albany. The first cloth mill of any size in Berkshire was this year erected by Mr. L. Pomeroy, at PittsSeld, which was itself small, for several years era- ploying but one set of machines, and five or six hand looms, and consuming ,y Google ■180 STATE OS THE "WOOLEN MAKUFACTURE — STIUM. [.1812 about 1 200 lbs of wool m the manufactnre of broadcloth. The first power loom was not introdaced there until 1825 or 182fi. The largest miuufactjiy of fine cloths and cassimeres in operation ia New Bnglanri if not m the country at this date, was that of the Mid- dletown Woolen Minufactarmg Compiny— Isaac Saiiford and others — m Connecticut It was whullj employed on fine Spanish wool, which yielded the beat piofltb and the steidieat sales. It made daily from tbiity to foitj jirds of broadclath, which sild at nine and ten dollars a yard bj the piece Tho mill employed one of Evans's steam engines, of twenty fom hoise power which drove all the machinery for carding, spinning leeling weavinf; washing fall ng dyeing, and finishing with the aid of a brushing machine, as wcE as !oi warming tho building, etc.' The dyeing depiitmeut was undei the management of a Mr. Partridge, previously of Philadelphia a snpeiioi dyer from the west of Engknd. The cloths were finished without the disagreeable gloss until recently nearly universal with English cloths w 1 ch we e fi she 1 by hot pressing Superfine cloths made fiym the first nported me owool and tho git to compare favoiably with any impo ted were exposed fo sale at the warelioHse of the Domestic Society n Phladeljl i The prol ct of the factory was about tj bo doubled It was o longer found d ffie It to obtain good woikmen m every biai h from an g tl own appren ti ea or other Amencans Gig mills for tea 1 ng a d na[ p ng cloth were erected to '.ome e'^tent m New England an 1 New "i rt in ] e e driven by steim or watei , but hand ca ds were at 11 ed exclus vely n Pennsylvania Some sixteen or eighteen j ate ts had been granted a the country for ihearing cloth by steam or water powe several of wh cl were muse H^nd sheiia had ilso been operated by water power. Blankets weie at this time made in considerable quantity in that state, as well as in Massachusetts The manufacture of blankets was greatly expedited by a machine mvented and patented in April of this year, by Elkanah Cobb, a native of Vermont, belonging to the United States army, which enabled a single workman to make twelve blankets in a da.y. (!) Oliver Evana, tha firal; ataain engine Iron Works of the builder, in Philadelphia, builder in the United Stotes, had in opera- They porformed the Tsrions operations of lion, in Februnry of this year, ten of his high sawing timber, grinding grain, drawing pressure endues, considarad by many mora wire, grinding gloss, turning wood and BoonomioalandeonTeniontfornifinufactorioa metals, ate., manufaoturing doth, and huild. than Bolton & Walts. " Tliey wore from ten ing steam anginas and machinery. Ten to twenty-five horse power, and ware em- others, most of them of greater powers, were ployed, one in Florida, two in Louisiana, one buililing, or.ordered, for saw and grain mills,, at Lexington, K7., one at Natcliei, Miaa., paper mills, rolUng mills, steamboats, etc. one at Marietta, Ohio, two at Pittsburg, ono Btaokhouse i, Eogera built engines at Pitts, at Middletown, Ct., and ona at the Mars burg, under JEvana'a patent. ,y Google 1813] WOOLEN AND COTTON TABRICa A NEW PLANT. 181 Nnmerona small factories for coarse woolen cloths were going into operation in Hew England, and gonerally tlirougliout all the northern sections of the Union ; unusnal activity and preparation was apparent in the woolen branch. The first steam engine in Providence, R. I., one of thirty horse power, built by Evans, was also put in operation this year in the mill of the "Providence Woolen Manufacturing Company," con- sisting of S. G-. Arnold, S, Dorr, J. S. Martin, and David Lyman, whose factory occupied the present site of P. Allen & Co.'s Print Works, The new woolen mill of E. I. Diipont&Co., near Wilmington, Del., was said to be making woolens to the value of between $150,000 and $200,000 annually. The quantity of wool sheared in the United States, estimated, from the imperfect retm'ns in 1810, at thirteen to fourteen millions of lbs., was this year tompntcd by Mr Coxe to be twentj to twenty two millions, and by some still higher The proportion of fine wool was rapidly increasing and no country piobibly ever witnessed so rapid a change in the extent and quality of its locks as a few years effected in the United States As on former occasions when the United States had felt compelled to refuse the manufactures of the princit al producing nation of Europe and to draw upon itt, o\ n ret,ourLe'i for supplies the efforts of the cotton and woolen mannfaLtuiciB wcii, aided by a geneial disposition of the people of all classes to dress in homespun fabrics ; and the chief magistrate is said to have set the example of wearing cloth made exclusively of domestic wool in New England factories. The cotton manufactures of Khode Island and adjoining states, in common with the noolin bianch also received at this time its great impul'ie as a result of the wai The village of Pawtucket already con- tained twenty four cotton fictones atid upward of twenty thousand spindlei An instance of the commendable regard for the moral interests of the opeiatnes and their consequent efGciency, first introduced by Mr Slater, and at this time conspicuously exhibited by the Humphreys- Tille Woolen Compiny m ConnectLCiit was also shown this year by the Messrs Wilkinson and other'! propnetois of the Porafret Cotton Factoi'y, m the erection of a convenient buck edifice, as a school-house and place of worship for the empIo)ees tnd their families. Public attention was about this time first called by Mr. Charles Whit- low, a nurseryman and florist, of New York, to a native filiaceous plant, believed to be an nndescribed species of nettle, and therefore named, in his honor, TTrtica Wkitlowi, the fibres of which were thought to bo superior to either flax or hemp as a material for manufacture. The plant, a hardy perennial, found in the low grounds of Orange co., N. Y., and Sussex CO., N. J., where it had been for some time occasionally used in making ,y Google 182 WIUTLOW'a URTICA — PAPEK CAttPETS. [1812 thread, was described in the Baltimore Medical and Philosophical Lyceum (vol. 1, No. 4). Mr. "Whitlow, who claimed to have first discovered its useful properties, proposed, in a petition to Congress in December 1811, to disclose to it the important diseoyery, in considera- tion of being allowed to import by special license all such seeds, grains, and plants aa he might desire, A special committee was appointed to consider it, but was discharged without reporting. The subject was also before the New York Legislature, and experiments were instituted by the Mayor and corporation of New York. In January of this year Mr. "Whitlow was granted a patent by the United States, and sold the privilege of using it to the Agricultural Society of Sonth Carolina for $300. Similar offers were made to the trustees of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, and probably others. A company was the next year incorporated in New York, to manufacture tlie fibre, which had been previously spun into six hank yam, valued at $11 a pound, with a yield of fifty per cent. An acre was estimated to produce 1,000 lbs. (in its native soil), and 500 lbs. of dressed fibre suitable for six hank yarn. Acertifieate from several mannfactnrers of flax, hemp, and cotton, represented it as supenor in quality and productiveness to any flax or hemp they had ever seen, A tract of meadow twenty miles wide, throughoat the western counties of New York, known as the " Holland Purchase," abounded in this species of Urtica, which had also been found in Maine. It has never yet superseded the annuals hemp and flax, but attention has been again directed to it recently, as worthy of cultivation, for properties which it possesses in common with other species of nettle, hops, etc.' Francis Guy, of Baltimore, introduced this year a new kind of carpet, made of common paper hangings, which, it was thought, would prove as durable as canvas floor cloth, and be much more beautiful, and fifty per cent, cheaper. It was patented in 1819, but a specification of the (1) As aarly as 1160 the Societj of Arta ei.en his attention t o it since IVaS. Ho was the next year aw arded by the Society fiom Iiop stales or bines, wbich nne at- jimona of yarn, paper. tempted Ibe nsit yeaf by a Mr. Cooksey. etc., from the nettle, and in 1811, har- In irS6 the Society renewed the offer of ii ing much eitendod his eiperimentf, was gold medal or twenty pounds for such oloth, awarded the eUver lai; s medal of the Society which was then made in Sweden. Xn 1803 for samples of cloth HI id cordage madeiVom tlie Society of Bcouoiuy Bt Haarlaam offered the same plant. The same society, in 1816, prizes for tlie beat memoir on tlie uae of ,B silver medal for a nettles for ololh, etc., and in 1S09 Mr. method of preserving potatoes for sea stores Edward Smith, of Erentwood, in Esses, or for transportation. by pnoking them in mada two oommunicadoES to the London barrels with dry sani Society on the use of the stinging neltis Ah,, toIb. 3, pp. «8, 141; 28, p. 109; 2S, {TJ. BioicoHt), for snch pnrposcs, having p. 81; 33, p. 196. i.Google 1813] PKOORESS 01" MANUFACTUaBS — IROH. 183 iuvention was filed as early as 1806, since wMch time he had beeu engaged in perfecting and testing the value of the article. It was intended principally for summer use. A communication addressed by Mr. Coxe to the Secretary of the Treasury, on 8th December 1812, and printed with the digest, contained gome interesting facts and statements based upon the census and other official returns and documents. These sources of information enabled him to state with confidence that American manufacturers in their demand for raw material had greatly surpassed the abilities of the planter, farmer, landholder, and miner, to supply wool, flax, hemp, hides, and skins of domestic animals, and the varions metals, and the same was true of the crude sugai-s and molasses of Louisiim considered as a r«tw material for refiners and distillers. F m f ty t fifty 11 f p d of the first five articles had for 1 y from abroad as raw materials. H mp t i-egolarly imported, notwithstand g t the great and sudden increase in th g th ( It was "an impressive fact tl t m ft agriculture in most instances tt w material. The number of Ame rti le exports from the United States, n sfo t h about seventy were manufactures f th try Gold and silver wares were mal ffl present workmen could make fo f g exported by any nation of Europ Tl leaf had been recently introdue 1 \ 1 York. Boilers and other machi y and other manufactures of the fin m t 1 The most weighty fact respe t th m f t w tl t instead of exporting iron as-th y 1 d f ra 1} d tl y 11 obtain enough of pig metal and b ttfytl{,td (, demand of labor-saving mills d m h d f th m handicraft workmen. They had d th p f b th Revolution, from sixty to one h d d d t d U tl t lb manufacture of common steel, i w d 1 d t 1 1 1 tly advanced since 1810. Edged to 1 w tl mil 11 d t tly 1% recent improved process. Bat t tt t as d 1 1 t fi rnannfactures, such as cutlery, fin t 1 t h i j, t PI tical preparations were made to the number of seventy. The recent employment of children and females in manufacturing operations, the improved means of communication and correspondence, the extension of sound bank facilities to manufactures, the introduction of new and exotic 1 lly P t 1 bl m t A d y d ty p dm f t f tt Am t ti 1 1 d the lar 1 t d d It twh y d m d It q ttj q It tl f t f 1! d 1 1 di t 1 ly I, dmth 1 i th b tt i.Google 18i AKTIPIOIAL GLOBES — COPPEHAS — EMERY — GLASS. [1812 raw materials, of laborers, artizans, and manuractnrers, and of new processes in every branch, were among tire evidences of progi'ess. The first Artificial Globes manufactnred in tlie rnited States were made about this time at Bradford, Orange co., Vt., by James Wilson. At BtralTord, in the same county, 80Ut) lbs. of copperas were made in ISIO by the Termont Mineral Factory Company, which early in this year petitioned Congress for a dnty on the foreign article, under the belief that they conid snpply the whole Union, from inexhanstible beds of pyntlns iron, in that town and Shrewsbury. The manufacture of copperas was also commenced this year on the Mogolhy river, in Maryland, by Eichard Colton, Esq., and others. About three years after the manufacture of alum was added at this place, by a Society incorporated in 1818, with whom was associated the eminent mineralogist and crystaliographer, Dr. Girard Troost, who about this time superintended llie chemical laboratory of Mr. Wetherell, and was a principal agent in founding the Acadamy of Katural Sciences in Philadelphia. Copperas was also made during the war at Pequannock, Morris co., N. J., from the sulphureB of Copperas Mountain. But the principal domestic supply, for the states east of the Alleghanies, was for many years derived from the Termont Works, which have since produced as much as one thousand tons a year of copperas, preferred by the dyers to any other. The manufacture of Emery, an article of much value in cotton, woolen, glass, steel, and lapidary works, was also commenced at this time, when about to become scarce and dear. It was first attempted by PUny Barlo & Brothers, card makers, of Leicester, Moss. The business was also about to be commenced by Gilbert J. Hunt, of I*ew York. The material, cornndum, and simiiap minerals, was thought to be abundant in granite and other primitive rocks, particularly near Haddam Ct Chestnut Hill, Pa., Baltimore, Md., and Lake George, S. T. In couseriuence of the scarcity of Pins, which this year rose in price to one dollar per paper by the package, the manufacture of them was commenced by some Engheh pin-makers, wlio brought the necessary implements, and estaUished themselves at the State Prison, in Greenwich, N. Y. , under the management of a person named Haynes. He occupied a part of the Almshouse, at Belleville, and contracted for pauper labor; but the business was abandoned on the return of peace. It was resumed about 1820, with the use of the same tools, by Eichard Putman, who carried it on at considerable loss for a year or two, wbeu he died, and the manufacture was given up. The first Phut Glass works on a largo scale were this year estabBshed at Pittsburg. Preparations were also made for the same business at i.Google 1812] EuaR STONES — LOUISIANA SEQAR — COAL. 185 Boston, wliere a large factory went into operation about four years lator. Mr. Carucs, wlio is still engaged in the badness in South Boston commenced tire manufacture tliis year. ' A domestic supply ol "Burr" milistoncs, for the western country was found in an extensiye quarry of cellular and amorphous ,uam, opened near the iicad of Eaccoon creek, Athens Co., Ohio. It was considered identical in composition with the French curb stone.' The first pair were put in the steam four mill of the Marietta Mill Company started m Jannary by Messrs. Oilman, Barber, Skinner, Fearing & Putnam, who afterward added woolen machinery. Large steam saw and «onr mills were also erected this year at Cincinnati and Louisyille. The first iron castings were made at the latter place this year by Paul Skidmore whose successors, Prentiss k Bakewell, In 1816, added the manufactnre of steam engines for steamboats and factories. Lonisiana was this year admitted into the Uniom It produced 10,000,000 ibs. of sugar, and iio.OOO bales of cotton were slilpped from New Orleans. The scarcity of Yirginia coal, which up to this time had been the principal source of domestic supply, led to renewed experiments with the feilDSylvamil mithraoite, which had lately been analyzed and was em ployed in the roiling mill of Mr. Joshn, Malln, near Pbii.d.lphia a, well «s m some priynte houses. The first anthracite from Pottsville reached the city this year, from the Centreyille mines, and was sold for the cost of transportation The first coal stove in tli, borough of Beading .a, introduced by Wm. Stable, stone co.l baring been brought to that place about the same time by Marks John Biddlo. Tlic avaiiahiiity of •nthracit. for manufacturing purposes was more fully estabBsIicd about this time by Messrs. White & Hanard, wire drawers, at the Palls of Schnyl- kill A memorial which they and others presented to tlie Legislature to obtam a law for the improvement of the Schuylkill river, and nrgine among the induecments, the cod deposits at its head waters, is said to have drawn from the senator from Schuylkill county a declaration that there was no coal there, only a " black stone" called coal, which would not bum. So nttle was then known of this vast mineral resource and manufacturing agent. TIic now lourishing city of Eochcster, N. Y., dates its existence from (1) Bnrp millstonos hnd been made of &«,!. .1..., 1. PMLd,,,,,,,, I, „„„, .„„,.„, „-.toj„. i„j;;i;;7;;; Evans for aomo years. There was also, in o - I8I0, a tnanufaetoty in Bahimero. The c fiaopna millstones of New York wore also ig tho year I; gone hut 3,276,319 tons in Sehajlkjll i.Google 186 BOCHESTEil — PERPETUAL MOTION — KAILROABS. [1812 ti J 1 1 t w fi 1 1 1 t d il a t f 11 use, bridge, mitt d p t £E t ] t 1 U lot on west 1 f tl G I h 1 1 J b f bj H" tl 1 Rochester, vi&s fit I d Tl II g had i lie th St te Directory, ] bl 1 1 tl t y 1 was t p t d b ntil 131T. Ih d dt!p fmjml imaof science d b!y d b t tl t 1 y th p t led eolation ftlTtpblmfpptl t A 1 ennsylTania drihfi ir 1 dff tptftlU a ingenious t hhbjytmf git dhl I ostensibly If 1 pp 1 t tl w y lly t p i t ate ita own motion, and brought the inyentor a rich harvest at one dollar a bead. The momentum was, liowever, derived from another source, and the art lay in effectually concealing its origin from the incredulous, while the multitude were put on the wrong pursuit by the visible mechanism. The celebrated Jacob Perldns, at this time engaged io constructing machinery for boring cannon and other improvements iu artillery, and in pyrotechny, etc., at once detected the inadequacy of the visible mechanism, and ordered a saw passed through a certain part which ia supposed to Jiave concealed a seci'st cord. Eut the exhibitor refused the test. Kobert Pidton also consented to visit the machiDe in New York, and by his ear soon discovered the agency of a crant, by tbe unequal motion produced. He charged the showman with imposture, and proceeded to demonstrate it by demolishing a portion of the wall of the room, through which a catgut string, leading from the machine, was traced to a remote cock-loft, where an aged man sat nnconscionsly turning a crank. The deluded crowd demolished the apparatus, and the proprietor soon dis- appeared. In the early part of this year Col. John Stevens, of Hoboken, N. J., published a memoir entitled " Documents tending to prove the Superior Advantages of Railways and Steam Carriages over Canal Navigation." The use of a steam carriage to transport one hundred tons of produce from Lake Erie to Albany, a distance of one .hundred miles, at a cost of fifty cents per ton (the expense by canal being estimated at $3 per ton), was described in the pamphlet seventeen years before Mr. Stephen- son built the first effective locomotive in England. The advantages of railways had been previously urged by Stevens, upon both the canal com- missioners of New York, and the United States government. The first cotton mill at Fall River, Mass., then colled Troy, was this year erected by a company incorporated by the name of the Fall River Company. The Troy Manufacturing Company was also chartered, and proceodcd to erect another factory at the same place. A third factory was ,y Google 1812] COEFORATIONS — WrsK CAKDS — TROY. 187 built there in 1821, aed two more tlib following year. The James Eiver Cotton Mannfacturing Company, at Kingston, was in eorp orated. The "Waltham Cotton and Woolen Mannfacturing Company," with a capital of $450,000, was also incorporated. This, and the "Boston Manufacturing Company," chartered the next year, with large factories on the Charles river, at Waltham, were among the most extensive and prosperous in the country at the close of the war, and for many years after. The Monson .Woolon Manufacturing Company, in Hampden county, was also incorporated. The unexampled increase of cotton and woolen factories, aiid the consequent demand for cards,' led to tho establishment of the New York Manufacturing Company, incorporated in June of this year, with a capital of $800,000, of which $300,000 was to be employed in manufac- turing cotton and woo! cards and erecting the necessary buildings, and the remainder in banking. The patent right and machinery of the Messrs. Whittemore was purchased on 20th Jnly, for $120,000, and buildings were commenced with formal ceremonies, on New York Island. The new impulse given to manufaetnres by tlie war, gave the company active and proBtable employment, until the large importations, which followed the peace, compelled the factories to stop, and with them the demand for cards. In 1813 theentiremannfactaringproperty wassold to Messrs. S. &T. Whittemore, brother and son of the inventor, the former of whom carried it on many years, while the original company, with in- creased capital, assumed the name of tlie "Phoenix Bank," which still survives. On l.ho expiration of the patent, in 1835, the machinery, built in part by the inventor, returned, after an absence of twenty-five years, to the possession of his son in West Cambridge, where the elder Whitney died, in 1828, and where the business is still conducted by the family. The following companies and associations were also incorporated in New York the present year, under the general act : — The Steuben Woolen, the Nassau, the Verbank, the Walloomsock, the Farmers and Mechanics, and the Broadalbin Woolen Manufacturing, the Troy Wool and Cotton Factory,' and the Orange Factory. Special charters were (1) Thace]ebriitedWillianiCobbett,inhis oonak Baaay on the Regonoy, t led th t h h a t t been credibly informed Ih t th aJ T lb ootton and wool caniB sli pp d f m L d pool to Amerioa., in 1810 t ppl th wig mannfaotures oreatod by th mh d t non-iHtaroouree acta, e d d tb I P P Talue of cloths exported tb f m th counties ot Somerset an I It h k (2) ThevlUagaofTro 1 lyp d anufaol Wring indoatry, at- water power. tory, sa varal i [■aotory, epadn iiul works, a d ROI .Ian fa Btory (above d gm aehine, fulling mUl, pewnlk. , a distillery. d saw mills. etc., and two i.Google 188 PATENTS — FAMILY , SPINNTNa. [1812 granted to the Butternuts Woolen and Cotton Factory, the ^few York Marble, tiie United Stutes Lead Mining and Manufacturing, the Dutchess County Slate, the Clason Woolen, the Onondoga Manufacturing, and the Cambridge Farmers' Woolen, Companies and Associations. Two hundred aad tliirty-aeven patents were issued this year, a eou- siderable number of which were for apparatus for spinning, weaving, and other processes in the manufacture of wool, cotton, flax, and hemp. Upward of a dozen were for spinning machineiy, among which was a portable or family spinning machine, of very simple construction, invented and patented (April 21) by Rev. Burgiss Allison, of Philadelphia.' It drove ten to fifteen spindles, and occupied very little more space than the common spinning wheel. It spun wool to any fineness required, and could be used for cotton if previously carded into rolls. Improvements in the loom also engaged much attention, at this time, on account of the great impulse given to manufactures in England by the power loom, the construc- tion of which was stiil a secret, and its exportation, as well as of all models, drawings, etc., forbidden. Among those who labored to produce a power-loom were Judge Daniel Lyman, of Providence, and Mr. R 0. Lowell, of Mass. Mr. Lowell had just returned from a residence in Europe, where he had conceived the idea of an extensive prosecution of the cotton manufacture in the United States, auch as he had witnessed abroad, with all the recent appliances, including the power loom. Having, In connection with his brother-in-law, Mr. Patrick T. Jackson, set himself to the invention of such an engine, he produced, in the autumn of this year, after many failures and experiments, a working model of a power loom. They secured the services of an able mechanician, Mr. Paul ea ■years old, a epinnlng maehine, for wool, of IB, Bis epindles, which cost $10, anotker epin- ■6, Bing niaohinB of twelvo spindles, costjng ■m about S35,forootton, and a loom withBying tn Blinftle, w * ' partionlaily in country pacts remote tVom ths larger faotoriea, and in tho Southern States, Billies ofirrying twelve spindles, to epin fourteen cuts to the pound, or by spin- ning a eecond time, tnentf cuts, nere made smd sold in Philadelphia for Hi each, by Joseph Bamford, 5 Filbert St., who alEO id miiobinery for largo establish - Haariy every second farm bousa hivd also its hand-Sooo]. We learn from British letters written this year by Mr. Jefferaon to grants . GenL Kosoiuako, and to Mr. Melish, whose S.^muel "Travels" showed the same system of spinner, hoasebold industry to pervade the Western the dou Btntes, thttt he employed a carding maehine Britain costing m, and worked by a girl t«elvo five mill twenty yai This maohiDery, which cost him $150, worked by two women and two girls, was more than sufficient to make the ueeessi^ coarse fabrics for his farms, some 20110 yards annually. Many priitate families did mnoh more than ha in that way, and ho soon after doubled the number of his spindles. The Parliament this year rewarded with of Gve th oil sand pounds each, Mr. I Crompton, the inventor of the male r, and Mr. Wright, the inventor of ,y Google 1812] PATENTED IWVBMTIOHH. 189 Moody, of Amesbary, to build the machine (which they patented in 1815), and with the Erst efScicnt American power loom proceeded to carry out their project, at Waltham, where they erected a cotton mill the ensuing year. Some eight or ten patents were issued this year for looms of varioua kinds, including one to John Thorp, of Providence (March 38), for a hand and power loom; to Cyrus Shepherd, Philadelphia (April 2T), for a water loom; and one to J, and Eozanna Sizer, New London, Ct. (Oct. 21), for a loom for weaving feathered cloth. Patents were also granted to Enoch Leonard, of Canton, Mass. (Jan. 6), for making steel from pig-iron ; two to Morris B. Belknap, GreenSeld, Ma.ss. (Jan. 16 and June 13), for a machine for cutting flies iind sickles, which cut from five to six dozen twei™ inch files daily ; also to Charles Hesser and Amos Passon, of Philadelphia (April 11), and to WiUiam T. James, of Greenwich Vi ish gt n co., N. Y. (Nor. 19), for file cutting. The latter was pat n oj on at Union Tillage, where an ingenious manufactory of files and of cast steel existed at this time. Files were also exten ly n ade n Philadelphia. Charles Whitlow, New York (Jan. 11) f a plan applicable to yarioua uses; TJri K. Hill, New York (reb. 1). types for music; Daniel Waldron, New York (March i), manufacturing fish glue (icthyocoUa) ; Melien Battle, Herki- mer, N. Y. (March 27), a rotary steam engine ; William Dunn, Boston (April 1), preparing magnesia ; Elkanah Cobb, Georgetown, D, C. (April 39), making blankets; Robert U. Richards, Norfolk, Ct. (May 23), manufactnring boots and shoes with wooden pegs, screws, etc. ; E. Hazzard and Joseph White, Philadelphia (May 35), cutting screws ; James Howell, Philadelphia (June 11), rolling wire ; also to J. T, & Thomas Walden, New York (Oct. 6), and to John J. Staples, Flushing, N. Y. (Oct, 31), for drawing wire; B. Gordon, Philadelphia (June 26), a rolling press for edge tools ; Richard Marden, New York (Aug. 21), mannfactaring oil of vitriol ; William Edwards, Northampton, Mass., three patents, viz. (Oct. 19), one for tanning, and one for the roller for preparing leather, and (Dec. 80) one for tanning sole leather. These were all capital improvements of Mr. Edwards. The rolling machine, particularly, is still in use in nearly its original form, and gives to leather the finishing process, by which it acquires that smoothness of surface and solidity of testnre pecnliar to hammered leather. Congress authorized, January 2d, four ships of war, of seventy-four 1813 ^^°^ ^^^' ^'^ °* forty-four guns, and sis sloops of war, to be built, equipped, and commissioned, and as many sloops or armed vessels as the public service miglit require on the lakes, to be procured. ,y Google 190 EMPOUIUM OF ARTS— mease's ARCHIVES — COPPBE WORKS. [18IS equipped, and commisBioned. An appropnation of $100,000 was made for the erection of a public dockyard for the repair of public vessels. The President was also empowered, July 5th, to canse to be bnilt as many barges, not less than forty-seven feet long, capable of carrying heavy guns, as the service might require. A second series of the " Emporium of Arts and Sciences," commenced in May of the last year, under tlie coudnct of Dr. John Redman Cose^ Professor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, was begun, in February, to be managed by Dr. Thomas Cooper, Professor of Chemistry, lifatural Philosophy, and Mineralogy, in Dickinson College, Pennsylvania. It was devoted to the publication of practical papers on manufactures and the arts from the more scarce and voluminous among foreign publications, and of original essays, many of tliem by the editor. It was the means of diffusing much scientiic and practical information, particularly in relation to the chemical and metallurgic arts, at a time when it was needed to enable American manufactures to participate in the progress of science, then becoming a powerful auxiliary to practical knowledge in other countries. The prospectus of Professor Cooper advanced a mimber of strong arguments in favor of the encouragement of manufactures, as a means of supplying a home market for agriculture, and of lessening the dependence upon, and indebtedness to foreign manufactures. Protecting duties, to aid their introduction, and afford a reasonable safety to capital and industry, he regarded as expedient, a position which he appears afterward to have abandoned, when, as President of Columbia College, SouLh Carolina, he became one of the ablest champions of a free trade system. The Archives of Useful Knowledge, edited by Dr. James Mease, of Philadelphia, which completed its third volume this year, also performed a useful service as an instructor in science and the practical arts. There were at this date, as appears by petitions and communications addressed to Congress by Joseph Revere, of Boston, and Levi Hollings- wortb, of Maryland, asking for a duty on copper imported in sheets and bolts, three manufactories of sheet copper, bolts, rods, spikes, etc. ; those of the Messrs. Revere, which made about three tons per week, the Gun- powder Copper Works of Mr. HoUingswoilh, ten miles from Baitimore, and that, of Mr. Livingston, in New York. The last two were capable of making each about 100 tons per annum. They coald each double the amount of their product if it were waiTanted, The quantity of crude copper annually imported was about four hundred tons, clnefly from the western coast of South America, Bnenos Ayres, Caraccas, Mexico, and the Levant. An act was passed, February 35, imposing a dnty on iron wire im- ,y Google 1813] TROQKESe OF MANUFAOTUEES — WAK TAXES. 101 ported equal l,o that on iron, steel, or brass, and other munufactQroa of iron, Mr. Tench Cose completed. May 1, by order of the Secretary of tlic Treasm-y, and conformably to a resolution of Oougress, a digest of the ceusnsretnrns on the subject of mannfactuves in 1810. A careful estimale of all the facts witJiin his knowledge, convinced him that, notwithstanding an interrupted importatioD of certain raw materials, the several branclie.^ of manufactures bad advanced, since the autumn of 1810, at the full rat* of twenty per cent. The whole population, taken at 8,000,000 of persons, he estimated would produce in the current year an aggregate value of manufactures, exclusive of doubtful articles, of $200,000,000, or £45,000,000 sterling. The State of New York had partaken most largely in the increase, especially by her joint stock companies, and by reason of emigration from the Eastern States. The general result fornished a gratifying comparison with the product of English manufac- tures, which, in 1187, when the population of England aloue was about the same as that of the ITnited States at this time, or 8,500,000, were computed at $266,000,000. This state of manufactures had been in a great measure attained by the United States in the thirty years since the completion of its independence, and with ocly an incidental support from government, white England had been hundreds of years progressing under many forms of govei-nmental aid. A sample of sugar, made from the butternut or white walnut tree, by Jonathan Pearson and Moses P. Gray, of Epsom, N. H., was presented to the Ma.'isaohusetts Agricultural Society. The yield was at the rate of one and a quarter pounds from nine quarts of sap, or greater than that of the sugar maple. The trustees recommended a critical test of the sugar-producing qualities of the white walnut, sugar having be- came scarce and dear. Congress imposed, July 2i, the following internal duties to be paid during the war, and nntil the expiration of one year thereafter, viz : on all public and private carriages, annual rates varying from two to twenty dollars each, on all sugars refined in the United States, four cents a pound, with the privilege of drawbacks on exportation to the amount of $12 ; on sales at auction, one per cent., except on sales of ships or vessels, which was one quarter of one per cent. ; on stills or other imple- ments employed in distOling domestic materials, a change from nine cents per gallon on the capacity of the still, for every two weeiis, to one hundred and eight cents a year — half these rates when employed in distill- ing roots ; upon stills employed on foreign materials, the rate was from twenty-five cents per month to one hundred and thirty-five cents per annum for each gallon of the capacity. In all cases in which steam was em- ,y Google 192 SALT. DUTY AND MANUPACTTJRE^riTTSliCIRa. [1813 ployed, the rates were double. Dnties were also laid, August 2, on all bank and promissory notes, bills of exchange, etc. An iropost doty of twenty cents on the bushel of fifty-sis lbs. was laid, July 21, on all foreign salt ijnpoi-ted during the same period, and a bounty of twenty cents a barrel on picltled fish exported, together with an allowance of $2. 40 to $4 per ton, according to siae, to vessels engaged in the bank or cod Gsherie.s. This act was continued indefinitely in 1816, and while in force greatly promoted the manufacture of salt, which, since the dnty was taken off, in 180T, had sold in New York from fifty cents to one dollar a bnshel .for Turks island. The manufacture was much extended in Massachusetts, which state, after the repeal of the former duty, had exempted its salt works from taxation. The increased price of salt, occasioned by the war, and the inability to obtain it from the New York salines, led this year to the first manufacture of salt on the Cone- raangh and Kiskiminetas, in Western Pennsylvania. Mr. William John- ston succeeded in penetrating the solid rock, on the bank of the Cone- maugh, near the mouth of the Loyalhanna, where numerous salt springs indicated a supply, and at the depth of four hundred and fifty feet, struck an abundant fountain. Having erected furnaces, pans, and other apparatus, he was soon able to make about tiiirty bushels daily, which sold at a high price, and induced many others to engage in the business. The pumps were at first worked by horse power, and afterward by small steam engines. The salt works of Onondaga, N. Y., in 1810, consisted of 125 blocks, with 1,010 kettles, and produced 435,840 bushels of salt. The state was this year estimated to yield 100,000 bushels. Salina village contained eighty salt works or houses, and Liverpool, three miles below, thirty-five salt works, in addition to the middle works, and some detached ones.. Pittsburg, in addition to large quantities of ironmongery and coarse hardware, japanned and tinwares, white metal buttons, etc., made for the western country, contained at this time iive glass factories in the town, producing flint and green glass to the amount of $160,000 ; two large iron foundries (MeClurg's A Beelen's), which cast about six hundred tons a year, worth $54,000, and a small one for casting butt-hinges, carried on by Mr. Price ; an extensive edge tool and cutlery manufactory, by Brown, Barker & Butler ; a steara manufactory of shovels, spades, scythes, etc., by Poster & Murray ; one rolling mill, by C. Cowan, erected this year, with a capital of $100,000 ; a lock and coffee mill factory, commenced the I^t year hy James Patterson, an Englishman ; a factoi? for files and door handles, etc., by Updegvaff; two steam engine works, Stockhouse's and Rogers & Tustin's ; one steel furnace, by Tnper & McKowan ; a wool card- ing machine factory, by James Cnramins ; one woolen factory, by James ,y Google 1813] STEEBOTYHMO— LEAD PENCILS — IRON-^SILK. 103 Arthurs ; ouo flannel and blanket factory, by Goorgo Cochrane ; one cloth steam machino factory, by Isaac Wiekersham j two manufactories of stirrup irons and bridle bits ; one wheel iron factory, by Stevenson & Youard ; one wire mill, by Eiclibaum & Sous; one button factory, by llcubcn Keal ; one knitting needle factory, by Frithy & Pratt ; two silver platers, B. Kindrichs and Mr. Ayers; a morocco factory, by Scully & Graham ; one white lead factory, by Beelen ; a suspender factory, bj Wm. Gore ; one brass foundry ; three coopers ; a tronk factory, by I. M. Stevens ; a brash factory, Blair's ; six saddle factories ; two breweries ; a steam flax mill ; a ropewalk, by John Irwin & Co. ; eleven copper factories ; and three plane factories. The curriers' kuives, made in Philadelphia, were deelareij by the curriers to be equal to the best imported. The first Stereotyping in America was done this year in New York, by D. & G. Bruce, at their fonndry, William street, near Exchange Place, oud also by John Watts, who issued the Assembly of Divines' Catechism, believed to have been the first issue of the American press from stereotype plates. The Messrs. Bruce, in 1815, stereotyped the first Bible in America. A manufactory of blacklead Pencils, of excellent quality, was in opera- tion at Granville, Washington co., N. Y. The manufacture was commenced in B"ew York city, within four or five years after, at which date graphite, or Plumbago, was stated, by Professor Cleveland, to exist in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Ehodo Island, Connecticnt, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. The mountains of Essex and Clinton co., N. Y., were known to have nearly inexhaustible quantities, and Tieonderoga now maies many tons of black lead yearly. Essex county at this time had fifteen bloomeriea for making bar iron, besides several anchor shops, trip hammers, etc. Extensive iron works and a woolen factory were this year erected on the Au Sable, at Keese- ville, four miles west of Lake Champlain, by Richard and Oliver Keese and John W. Anderson. These and neighboring works in the Adirondac region, have produced iron of a superior quality, much of which has been made into nails, horse-shoes, edge-tools, machinery, and merchant iron direct from the ore. Tieonderoga at this time contained a broom manufactory, carried by water, by which one man made one hundred brooms daily. The town of Scipio, Cayuga county, produced about 2,500 skeins of sewing silk. The white mulberry was introduced there, by Samuel Chidsey, at its first settlement. During the war, about this time, he sold sewing silk to the amount of $600 in a year. The charter of the East India Company having expired, the trade with 13 ,y Google 194 COTTON IN INDIA AND TJ. S. — WOOLEN MANUFACTURES. [1813 British India was tlirown open to the public under certain restrictions. The cnltivation of cotton in that countiy, for exportation, had for many years been encouraged by the British public. In view of a rapture with the United States, in 1809, tliese efforts were renewed by the Society of Arts and other agencies, with such energy as to produce an exportation of thirty millions of pounds to England, but were again relaxed on the re- sumption of commerce with the United States. During the present year, American cleaning machines were introduced at Tiunivally, in the Carnotic, where a Mr. Hughes had succeeded. in producing Bourbon cotton, with more success than in Bengal. Experimental farms, established five years after by the government of Madras, demonstrated the possibility of raising cotton of fair quality on the Coromandel coast, over one hundred and fifty miles from the sea. The average price of cotton at its place of exportation in the United States was this year twelve cents per pound, including all kinds, and the quantity exported was about 19,400,000 lbs. The low price of material, and the high price of manufactured cotton, was favorable to the increase and profits of manufacturers. The manufacture of woolen cloths continued to engage a large share of attention, Many factories wore employed upon army and nayy cloths, blanliets, negro clotis, and other coarse fabrics, but the manufac- ture of broadcloths received an increased amount of attention. Mr. Bapp's colony, at Harmony, Pa., had, two years before, a flock of one thousand sheep, one-third of them merinos, and manufactured broad and narrow cloths, considered as good as any made in England. They could sell their best broadcloths, as fast as made, at ten dollars a yard. Tlie Society then consisted of eight hundred persons, and had increased, by extraordinary industry, its original stock, since 1804, from |20,000 to $220,000. An extensive broadcloth factory was this year erected at Walcottville, Ct., in which GoTernor Walcott of that state was a principal owner. Another manufactory of woolen cloths was established at Goshen, in the same county, by Louis M. Norton, and two associates, with a capital of $6,000, of which upward of one half was expended in its erection. They purchased wool at $1.50 per ponnd, and sold broadcloths, which, at the present day, would probably not bring over one dollar per yard, for eight to twelve dollars, one invoice of 1T8^ yards, having sold for the sumof $1,769,33, and another, of 255 yards, for $3,651. 15, or upwards of ten dollars a yard. Notwithstanding the high prices obtained for their cloth, this fittle factory did not long survive the peace, and in common with many others, succumbed to the immense influx of English cloths which followed. It settled up, with the loss of its capital and three times i.Google 1813] EEOABCLOTII IFACTORIES— CHELMSFORD. 196 as much more, IniSeed, the charge of extortion, afterward advanced against the manufacturers of this period, on account of the prices obtained for their manufactures, had probably little foundation in fact, the advance in the price of raw materials, labor and expenses, having been greater than in the price of cloth. Broadcloths rose the next year to fourteen dollars per yard, and during the war were as high as eighteen dollars a yard, but wool also advanced in the next year to three and four dollars a pound, and indigo to four dollars a pound. As the labor of mechanics was scarce because everywhere employed to the utmo'^t th t b 1 th t th I t g f p ht t d t tl th 1 t I tl d tl t ft lly tl h t th d d t m k t p fit tl tl m t J a 1 f It 1 1 by I tl h was t f d B t tl p ill { 11 I g 1 th g I P P ty g t Athwluftywblt GInd gthw adth I th d bj tl t fact th 1 g tly f t tl f th I tlybt d d bll Iptt fd bJtyfi and elegance of style. The coauty (Litchfield), m 1819, contained eight woolen and four cotton factories, fifty carding machines, and forty-six cloth dressing establishments. It was also the scat of an extensiTe iron manufacture, having thirty-nine forges, many of them large, beside various minor branches of industry. One of the earlieet broadcloth mills in Massachusetts was about this time erected by E. H. Derby, of Salem, wlio, two years before, shipped at Lisbon a flock of eleven hundred merino sheep, of the Montarco breed, of which two-thirds reached New York, and were sent to his farm at Ten Hills, near Boston. A company was incorporated for the manu- facture of woolens, at Billingham, Mass., with a capital of |iOO,000. The woolen manufactures of the country were still insufScient to meet the sudden demand for articles suitable for the army and navy, and the government was compelled, in the course of the year, to purchase of foreign manufacturers, chiefly British, at the cuixent high prices, naval and army cloths, blankets, etc., to the valne of ^593,01 6. Large quantities also found entrance into the country through clandestine channels. Cotton was this year manufactured by Pfiineas Whiting and Josiah Fletcher, in Chelmsford, Mass., the eastern part of which is now the city of Lowell. They erected, at a cost of about $3,000, a large wooden factory, on the Concord river, at Wamesit Fads, and live years after transferred the building and water privilege to Thomas Hurd, who erected a brick edifice, and converted both into a woolen factory, which run fifty power looms, and in 1826 was bnrned and rebuilt on a larger ,y Google I9G ORIQIN OP EOWEIIi — POWER-LOOM WEAVING. [1813 scale. In 1828 it became tlie property of tho Middlesex Company, and Fletelier, Whiting & Co, transferred their basicess to Northbridge, Worcester county. The most interesting event of this year was the incorporation, in February, of the Boston Manufacturing Company, and the comple- tion, late in the year, of a cotton manufactory at Waltham, Mass., with about seventeen hundred spindles, in which the successful use of the power loom and nil the operations for converting raw cotton into finialied cloth, were for the first time introdaced i tl' t y an 1 j obably in the world. Cotton mills in tl TJn t d fet t p t th t had been principally for spinning, the w a g b g d 1 wl in hand looms, and in England the po 1 m w « 1 p at establish- ments. This enterprise, from hhtl tt m ft na large scale in the United States dat t w ly d we learn from a pamphlet sent us by it tl tl I t H N tl 4ppleton, to the genius and and enor y ! T CL HEq To that portion of Chelmsford, wJiith h t ft d t f rrcd their operations, the name of Lowell was given by them after his death, as a fitting acknowledgement of his agency in the undertaking, Mr. Appleton, wbose loiig conuexioD with the cotton manufaetnre began here, was associated with the enterprise from the Qrst, and was an original stock- holder to the amount of $5,000. The stock of $400,000, only one-fourth of which was designed for immediate use, was principally taken by Mr. Lowell, Patrick Tracy Jackson, of Boston, an enterprising merchant, who relinquished trade to take the management of the concern, and the brothers of Mr. Jackson. The company purchased the water power of Eemis's paper mill at Waltham, and built the factoi? originally for the purpose of weaving cotton fabrics by the power loom. It was, however, deemed more profitable to do their own spinning, and the mill was started for that purpose. The power loom, already referred to as the invention of Mr. Lowell, was added in the following year, and worked quite successfully from the firat. The engineer department was entrusted to Mr Paul Moody, a machinist of acknowledged skill. The loom, which ^\as the principal featuie of this establishment, was found to differ ( onsiderably from English power looms. " The principal movement was bj a cam, revolving with an eccentric motion, which has since given place to the crank motion, now universally used ; some other minor improvements have fmce been introduced, mostly tending to give it mcicased speed " Tlie patent dressing machine of Horrocks, of Stock- poit, England, of which Mi Lowell had procured a drawing, was added r Loom and Origin of Jjowell, by Nuthun Appleton. — i.Google i.Google i.Google 1813] ORIGIN OF LOWELL— FIRST DOHESriCS. IflJ •s . necsjur, Mconpaniment of He power loom, .ncj rooelvri e^senl,,] improveiiienB, which more Itan donWed il, efflciencj. It is still m «» The .top motion for winding on the beams for dressing, also originated with this companj. Other Talnable improvements were made in the machmoiy, of which the most important was the double speeder to regulate the movements of the fly-frame in Suing the spool, for which Mr. Lowell performed the nicest mathematical calculations. This with other improved mechanism, was eonstrnoted by Mr. Moody, and patented in 1819, and the two following years. It gave rise to several suits at law for Infringement of the patent. The description of goods lir.t made by this company, at Waitham WM heavy unbleaihed sheetings of No. 14 yarn, thirty-seven inehe. wide, forty-four piolts to He inch, and in weight something less than three yards to the pound. They wore of the kind which has since formed the staple of American cotton maunfactures for domestic use and expor- ration. They were offered at the only shop for the sale of domestic goods then kept in Boston, that of Mr. Isaac Bowers, on OomUll, but though praised, they found no purchasers.' They were then sent to the store of B. C. Ward & Co. , importers of British goods, of which Mr. Appleton ™ the capitalist, and by them were offered at auction, through a Mr Forsaith, who sold them rapidly for somethin W t) t t h h they long continued to be sold. B. 0. Wi d ^ C b m th 11 ng ageots of the Company at the low comrais f p t wi I continued to be the established rate when la 1 b d 1 t h .hiv profitable. Mr. Lowell died in 1SH, at tl f f ty tw fl having introduced into the Waitham factory, f I I h II f m ing soul, aU the arrangements for the comp] t m n fs«t f tt n cloH in the same bnilding The system i t d d by 1 m n 1 d g careful provision for the moral character of tl p t 1 11 1 served in many of its details. His partners an 1 t w al m n of great talent and energy. A cotton mill was built this year at Plympt M s and tl t Enfield, which was sold, in IS21, to D. & A Sm th d h t b burned in 1836, and rebuilt, became, in 1852 tl p [ ty f th & f^ River Company, for the mannfactare of wool g 1 Th m nf tare of cotton and wool cards was also com d t E 6 U a I tinned until 1851, when it was removed to H iy k Q bb WI t Btoues" had been a principal article of export 1700 Th p kin ld, the last year, Ameiican goods to the value of $80,893. In the State of New York, a large amount of capital had, for a number of years past, been annually invested in turnpike roads, toil-bridges, water companies, banks, etc., through the medium of joint stock com- panies. Abont one hundred and eighty turnpike companies, exclusive of several whose charters had expired, had been incorporated previous to the middle of April of this year. This business having been found to be somewhat overdone, the circumstances of the country directed enterprise as strongly tonard corporate associations for manufacturing purposes. Among the objects, the manufacture of cotton and wool greatly predommafed The follo«mg charters were granted this year, under the geneiai manufictuiing law of 1811. To the Manlius Cotton and Woolen, Litchheld lion, Ulster, Stamford, Fishkill Woolen, Pine Grove Woolen, Whitestown Cotton and Woolen, Western WooJen and Linen, Paris Friendly Woolen and Cotton, Broome Glass, Schenando Cot- ton, Paris Farmer's Woolen, Broome County, New Tork Eagle, Verbank Woolen, Homer Cotton, Eeekman Cotton, Hanover Cotton, Salisbi Susquehanna Cotton and Woolen, Otsego Cotton, Glen's Falls, Burling- ton, Eagle Cotton, Elm Grove Woolen and Cotton, Ticonderoga Iron, and Wharton Creek Manufacturing Companies, Societies, and Associa- tions. ' Special charters were also given to the Flushing Manufactur- ing, the Urtica Whittlowi, the Otsego Card and Wire,' the Lake (!) A m nfaolory of wood screws nenb screws from iron in the bar. The oompflny t p t n this year near the Cohoes was inoorporated with adeqHoto cnpitel, Bndg Wotervliel, Albany couHty, and A bell foundry and braes works in tho town pp t« L ingbai^. A set of maohiner)', made brass cannon on contract for Ihe Slate t d by self-taueht meohanic, Wm. 0. nf Connerjticul, and a tonsidersble variety ? d driren by water power, was of other works, as plated wares, surveyor's led 6 d aw the wire, whLot hai been compasses, etc., of superior quality. — Spi^~ p ly mported, and tkus to furnish tho furd'a Qaaelleer, i.Google 1313] PATENTS— eCEEWS — TAOEINO CLOTH, lyg Chumpkin Ste.mboat, the Dutehess Comtj Marble, the Cmmdaignii Mechunics', the New Tork Commission, and the Alleghany Coal Com- panies. The following were inelnieil in a list of a hnndred and seventy-nine palenlii isaned this yeai-. To Stephen Dempsey, New Yo* (Feb. 4), for acetate of copper ; Geo. W. Robinson, Attieboro, Mass. (March n) for bra«i, copper, and composition nails ; Jacob Perkins, Sewbnryport' Mass. (Match 23), two patents, one for back Tanlt locks, and one for mannfactnring the shanks of screws. Kv. other patents were given tor cutting and making screws, two of them to Abel Stowell, Worcester Mass. (Feb. 4 and Jnly 16), for making and finisliing the heads of screws. The others were to Jacob Sloat, of Eamapo Cove, N. Y.^ (May 4) | John Ilames, Eichmond, Ta. (Dec. 30) ; and A. Barnham and T S. Barnnm, Sharon, Ct. (Dec. 31). J. Perkins received, in con- nection with a Murray, of Philadelphia, another patent (June 36) for an improvement' on Perkins' dies ; and another (June 39), for a copper and steel plate printing press. Three other patent! for printing presses were taken by Wiiham Elliot, New Tork (Feb. II) ; printing press and ink distributor, Zacb. Mills, Hartford, Ot. (Feb. 36), and Daniel Pisrson Sewbnrjport, Mass. (Jnly 16) 5 Daniel Pettebone, Philadelphia (May 6)' plane irons and scythes ; T. Horton and 0. Biddis, Miifotd, Pa (April 16), carding, spinning, and roping. This machine carded and spun wool at one operation, without making it into rolls, and at the rate of a pound in twenty-five miontes, with seventeen flyers, in its imperfect state, before it was patented. Thomas Blanchard, Sutton, Mass. (May 4), horizontal shearing machine ; William Shotweii and Arthur Kinder, of New York (July 23 and Nov. 4), for hair cloth, spun from the hair of neat cattle. The patentees had in operation at Eahwa_y, N. J., early in the ensuing year, a large factory for making coarse fabrics called Taurim cloth and carpets, from the hair of cows and oxen, with a small admixture of sheep's wool. Thoy had a capital of $400,000, and in the infancy of the business were capable of making five hundred yards of cloth daily. It was eontinued a number of years. Hea. Steele, Hudson, N. Y. (Sept 8), paper hangings with satin ground; John Warely, Albany, N. Y. (l)Eainapo,orPiatson'sWorhs, H mp d tl J d d t nearly eight stead, on the road lioni New Ikt bddp DteWrks twe miles Alb.n,,,,.,l,..d.tlhl. U„e.r Ig b lb I r s « miejeden. bloemary (of wbioh tbere were fi th b 1 I d f ty m n Nenrlv tvyeulv townnndandlwelveiolbooounty) U g fl j fte i I we o4in taben and sUlmg „,n and an ,»t.n 1 ,f , b M SI ..J b, J. H. works, wbiab in isin made on m li P f b w b l blished in 1708 pound, of na Is They belonged to J Q by J. G. Pierson. one ot . 0. (Dec. 1), raanafacturiQg gunpowder. The patentee claimed three important improyements, by which the risk, waste, and expense were diminished one half. They.consisted prioeipally in boiling the ingredients by steam, in the use of a wheel for incorporating them, and in a mode of granulating the powder* He offered to manu- facturers the right of nsing the first two, and to furnish the wheel for $1,000 for every one hundred pounds made in a day, none less than three hundred pounds. For the use of the grannlating machine, which he also put up, he demanded, for the first year the whole saving made by discontinuing the sifter, one half the saving for the second year, and one fourth for the third and fourth years. The American naval force on the Atlantic stations consisted, on 4th March, of thirty-three vessels, independent of gunboats, only twenty- seven of which were in actual service. The whole coast, from the Mississippi to Long Island, being in a state of rigorous blockade, according to the proclamation of Admiral Warren, at Halifax, in 16th November, 1813. The attention of the Coast and Harbor Committee of New Yorlv, and of the President of the United States, was drawn by Robert Folton to a model plan and specifications for the construction and armament of a floating steam battery or frigate of war, for harboT defence, in favor of which he obtained the certificates of many prominent nava! commanders. This destrnctive engine, to be called the Demologas, in addition to a powerful battery, and the means of discharging a vast column of hot water upon the decks of an enemy's vessel, was fitted with furnaces for heating, red hot, shot or balls of one hundred ibs., to be thrown by submarine guns into her hull, below the water line. On the 9th March, Congre^ appropriated $320,000 for building one or more such batteries, under the superintendanee of a sub-committee of five, with Mr. Fulton aa engineer. The keel was laid 20th June, and on 29th October the first steam vessel of war ever built, named Fulton the First, was safely launched from the shipyard of the contractors, Adam & Noah Brown, in New York. Her keel was one hundred and fifty-sis feet, breadth of beam fifty-six feet, depth twenty, diameter of wheel sixteen feet, and capacity 2,413 tons. The bulwarks of her main deck were fourteen feet ten inches thick, of solid timber, and pierced with thirty-two port-holes, for thirty-two pound guns. Her engine, of forty-eight inch bore, and sixty inch stroke, was put on board on the following May, previous to which time her ingenious projector had ceased to exist (Feb. 21), leaving i.Google 1814] HAVAL AEMAMBNTB— PKOGEEBS OF STEAM NAVIGATION. 201 also, unSnished on the stocks, an improved submaritie Tessol, which he was building under executive authority, and which noae of the mechanics were able to complete according to hia plans. The steam frigate Pnlton gave complete satisfaction, aad on her trial trip in July made sis and a quarter mUes an hour, and afterwai-d, in November, with her full armament, five and a half miles, drawing eleven feet of water. The peace having beea ratified in the mean time, she was made a receiving ship until June 4, "■ '"39, when she unaccountably blew up, killing and wounding a nnmber of Congress, on 20th November, ordered twenty additional vessels, of eight to sixteen guns, to be built or purchased. Of those ordered in the last year, three were built during this year, at Vergennes, Vt., wJienee the lake fleet of McDonough was fitted, and sailed in September. Of one of these ships, the Saratoga, one hundred and sixty feet long, twenty- eight guns, and five huudred tons, the timber was all standing in the forest on 2d March, the keel was laid on the 6th, and the vessel was launched on 11th April. The more peaceful fruits of the genius of Fulton and of onr naval architects were witnessed this year, in the first passage of a steam ferry boat between New York and Long Island, that of the Nassan, which cost $33,000 and commenced running on the first of May. Pulton also built at Pittsburg, for a company at New York, Philadelphia, and New Orleans, the steamboat Vesuvius, of 340 tons. She was intended for the Louisville and New Orleans trade, and sailed in the spring from Pittsburg, being the third boat built in the west. In July, with a cargo, she made one half the distance from New Orleans to Louisville in tea days, which was regarded as nearly a demonstration of the ability of loaded boats to stem the current of the largest rivers by steam. The Enterprise, of seventy-flve tons, also built this year at Brownsville, Pa. with an engine made at Bridgeton, under D. French's patent, took a load of ordnance to New Orleans, in December, and afterward made sis hundred and twenty-four miles in six and a half days. This vessel was the first that ever ascended from New Orleans as far as Louisville, which she reached, in May 1816, in twenty-five days. She was commanded by Captain Henry M. Shreve, the inventor of the steam snag boat, to whom the citizens of Louisville gave a public dinner on the occasion. To Captain Shreve the western people considered themselves most indebted, nest to Fulton, for the early establishment of steam navigation on their rivers, for liaving, in December of this year, on the first visit of tlie Enterprise to New Orieans, and snbsequently with the Washington brought to a legal test, the claim of Fulton and his partners to a monopoly of the use of steam propnlsion. Both boats were seized, as the ,y Google 202 BANKING MANIA — DI80EDEEED CUKIlENCr, [1814 captain desired, and the trial haying been carried up to tlie supreme bench, resulted in the oTertlirow of the exclusive preteDsions of the prosecutors. There was at tliis time but oue Bteamboat in Great Britain, the Cljde. The new Tessels built this year amounted to only 29,039 tons. The Embargo Act of December 1813 was repealed by Congress on 14th April. The high prices of manufactures, raw materials, labor, and real estate, at this time, were the result in part of the war, and the suspension of foreign trade. They were, however, still more a consequence of the speculative disposition which had prevailed for several years in the Middle States, and were stimulated at this time by the fiscal measures resorted to by the government to caiTy on the war, by means of heavy loans, and an immense use of treasury and bank issues, which became rapidly depreciated in value. After the failure of the United States Bank to obtain a renewal of its charter, public and private banking institutions, and even manufacturing and bridge building associations had been rapidly organized, in the expectation of creating wealth by the facile process of emitting paper notes, rather than from the slow pro- ceeds of industry and labor. So rife had this spirit become, that in PenJisylvania a. law was enacted, inMai-ch 1810, restraining incorporated associations from the issue of notes, or performing other functions of a bank, but without effectually checking the evil. The only corrective to oyer-issues of paper money by the banks, the return of the notes for pay- ment, was in a great measure remoped by the war, which put a stop to the annual exportation of specie for the China and India trade. The banks then entered upon a system of wholesale issues of worthless paper, and of credits to the government, and to individuals, far beyond the limited require- ments of the foreign trade. In New England, which was exempt from the rigors of the blockade, and carried on considerable foreign trade in neutral vessels, more stringent laws existed on the subject of banks, which preserved its currency from depreciation, aud caused a continual drain of specie from the Middle States, and from the South and West, which also participated in the prevalent infatuation. In Pennsylvania a bill passed both Houses, in the Session of 1812-13, for the incorporation of twenty-five banking institutions, with capitals amounting to over $9,500,000, and having been returned by the Governor, was reconsidered and lost. The application was renewed in this year, and forty-one banks, representing $11,500,000 of capital, were authorized by a large majority in the Legislature, and after having been also returned by the Governor, was finally passed by a two-third vote, on 1 9th March. Of these thirty-seven went into operation. On the 29th August, at which time specie bore a premium of fourteen to twenty per cent, and a principal ,y Google 18H^] HR8T LEHISH COAI. — SALTPBTIM, 203 bank in Philadelphia found its specie reduced, since tho 4th January, from $l,201,8ai to $14i,640, a general suspension of specie payments waa declared by the barks of that c'tj in which they were followed, on 1st September ly tl oso of Yew "i ork and Maryland. This suspension con- tinned nea Ij tl reo j ear dunng vhich the currency suffered still further discredit to a vast amouat w th a corresponding drain of specie, a general inflat on of i r ces the tter derangement of business, and muoli eyentu^l 1 &a to the commun ty The commissioners, which met at Ghent, in A ij,ust s ^ne J i treaty of peace and amity between England and Amer ca o i 24th Deceml er which was ratified by the President in Febrnary folio v ng The total value of domestc exports this year was only |6,782,0O0, andofarticleaoffnr g or„n$U5,169. Of the former, manufactures constituted t valne ot only Sill 000. The average annual value of domestic eipo t f the last five years was 130,618,196, or more than twelve per cent 1 elo v tl at of the preceding five, and a sixteenth below that of tho five years from lISo to 1T99. On the 9th of August the first ark load of twenty-four tons of Lehigh coal, from the Summit mines of Manch Chunk, was shipped by Messrs. Miner, Cist, and others, and reached Philadelphia oq the 15th, at ft cost of fourteen dollars per ton. With much difficulty families and smiths were prevailed upon to make the experiment of using it. Several persons bore public testimony this year to its superiority for welding gnu barrels, etc. A duty of twenty cents a gallon on all spirits distilled within the United States, whether from domestic or foreign materials, in stills or boilers, was imposed on 21st December, in addition to those laid by the act of 24th July 1813. Additions were also made to the licenses payable by the former act. The quantity of saltpetre made annually in Kentucky during the war, was upward of 400,000 lbs., and of gunpowder about 300,000 lbs. Saltpetre was obtained from the numerous limestone oaves, in which the earth was so strongly impregnated as tij yield often fifty pounds of nitre to every one hundred pounds of earth, and the latter, if returned after leeching, in a few years regained its former strength. The counties most productive in this article were Barren, Rockcastle, Montgomery, Knox, Bstle, "Warren, Cumberland, and Wayne, of which the last pro- duced from 50,000 to 10,000 lbs. a year. A contract was made this year to supply $20,000 worth from the Mammoth Cave in Edmonson county. The state produced, in 1810, 201,937 lbs. of saltpetre-, and Tennessee 162,426 lbs., Virginia 59,175, and Massachusetts 23,600, making nearly ,y Google 204 NEW HARMONY — ZAFESVILLE — WTTSBUEG. [1S14 half a million pounds of tome-made saltpetre, whict, with the capacity for increasing the product, and the number of powder mills, were supposed to be adequate sonrees of supply. A settieraent, called New Harmony, was this year made on the Wabash, fifty-foar miles below Tincennes, by George E.app, and the community of Harmonists, who sold out their laud and improvements in Butler county, Pa., for $100,000, with the view of cultivating the vine and raising merino sheep, under more favorable circumstance a. Upon their new purchase, held, like all their property, in common, and in the name of Mr. Rapp, they erected a beautiful village, an extensive cotton and woolen manufactory, a brew house, distillery, steam mill, etc., and cultivated the viae with considerable success. Their cloth, made of merino wool, was considered equal to any made in the country. The unheal thf nine ss of the climate, however, compelled them, at the expiration of ten years, to remove, and they purchased another large tract of land on the Ohio, at Economy, in Beaver county. Pa., where they once more renewed the scenes of industry and skill, which everywhere attended their labors. The property in Indiana was sold for $190,000, to Kobert Owen, the socialist. The Zanesville Oanal and Manufacturing Company, was this year incor- porated—witli banking privileges — for the construction of a canal and locks aronnd the falls of the Muskingum, at an estimated cost of $10,000 to $100,000, and for the manufacture of iron in all its branches, cotton, wool, hemp, flax, paper, etc., by the water power of the rapids at Zanes- ville. Four miles above the town, on the Licking river, were a furnace and forge, carried on pretty largely by Dillon & Son, which were probably the earliest in the state. The census of 1810 returned three furnaces, one iu Columbiana, one in Muskingum, and a furnace and forge in Trumbull, which together made 1,181 tons of pig, and fifty tons of bar iron. There were also twenty-four naileries. Coal was fonnd abundantly in several parts of the state. Large quantities of maple sugar were made in the state, amounting, in 1810, to over three millions of pounds. The town of Aurora made, in the spring of this year, seventeen tons. A cannon foundry, the beginning of the Port Pitt Iron Works, was this year established at Pittsburg, Pa., by Joseph McClurg, at which the first cannon wore made on contract for the fleet on Lake Erie, and for the defence of Now Orleans. The first guns were cast at the old Pittsburg foundry, corner Fifth and SmithSeld streets, commenced ten years before by McClurg, and they were finished at the new foundry, at the corner of Etna and O'Hara streets, where for several years the boring machinery was driven by horse power. There were then but three or four steam engines in the city or neighborhood. The works have con- i.Google 1814] EOYTUES— MILL SAWB— HARDWAKE— PLAX. 205 tinned tlio imnof.cturo of cannon lo tie present time, nnd lime prodneec] many of tlie lieaTieat columbiada in the world. Iron worlis were tUi year erected on French street, Baltimore, by Kobert and Alexander McKim, to bo drlTen by itoam power The pnce of solid castings at this time was abont five cents a pound, and Of hoDow ware sixty dollars a ton. Bar iron cost as high a. »150 the ton. A petition presented to Congress In March, by Elijah Waters & Co «nd others, inhabitants of Sntton, Millbnry, Oxford, and Dudley in Worcester county, Mas,., praying for a duty on imported scythes and mill saws, stated that the manufneture of scythes was a nourishing and increasing bnsiness in those towns, which, in 1810, had eleven shops in which they were made, nine of them in Sntton, and two in Oxford Seven othei-s had been erected since, some of which could make one thousand dozens of scythes annually. The business had increased in nearly an eiiual degree throughout the state, and probably through th. Northern Mates generally. Mill saws were also made to a considerable extent in that vicinity, and In otlier p.rls of the Tnion, and they believed the Union could be supplied with the domestic article, if the protection extended by the war was continued after its termination Mill saws mill irons, and scythes, were made at this time, somewhat .itensively' by 8. & A. Waters, at Amsterdam, in Montgomery county N Y The works were erected at a cost ot $6,000, and the .ales amounted annually to 88,000 ottlO,000, including about 6,000 grass scythes, all' of which bore a high repntation. The manufacture of steel, edge-tools, castings, iron ware, and sniidrj articles of hardware, had been already greatly extended and iinproved by the snepenslon of foreign trade. That of wire making was considered well established. $260, and »215 in the present. The high price of .11 materWs, except cotton, which was not above thirteen cente per pound during this year led to an extended cultivation of Hal in Washington county H T in which James Whiteside, of Cambridge, led the way, and was soon followed by others. Its cnUare was found proBt.Ue at the current price of eighteen and threo-qn.rter cents per pound. Washington and Eensselaer oonnlies, particularly the valley of the Hoosic, have ever since been the principal Jax region of the state, which in 1845 had 16 000 acre, m Sax, and prodneed 2,897,062 lbs. The cnilure was much pro- moted by the number of oil mills in the district, und th. profitable exportation of fiax-seed lo the linen districte of Ireland, whence the first cultivators in Cambridge were derived.' An incorporated linen f.otory was in operation at Schaghticoke. (1) Pitcli's Survey of WoBbinglou Conafy, i.Google -PATERSON, N. J, [18H The maimiactnie of taruaf,ssi iva commeiicel during the h ui piLsent year, in Albani hj Mr Jauiea OoQld whi soon after added that of stage coaches The husineis was also begun this year at Jiew Haven Ct., by Mr Biewstei whose eftorts to promote the moial and ititelleL taal character of his workmen by lectures dehveied to lliem by himself and by Professors Olmsted Sillimtn anl bhepherd oa stientific and mechanical subjects at his expense deserve mention no less than his eminence as a manuficturei Ihe bnsiness in all its branches has been ever since exteiiMielj conducted by these men or their repiesentatives and both the cities named and their neighborhood, hive long been principal leats of that busmen Chemical mannfactnres «hich leceived then first prominent establish ment in the United States during the pohfical troubles of this ppnod received considerable aid fiom the chemical and metallurgic still of Dr Erick Bollman a scientif! Dane, icsident in Philadelphia who intro duced Wfillaston s method of woilting crnde platinum into bars sheets and other firms seTTiceahle in the aits He succeeded in plating iron and coppei with that nietil of which there chanced to be in the count; a cousideiable ami cJieap supply for which theie was no demand He also prepared the silver coloied metallic lu&tre or glaze foi poretlain with the oxide and about this time made for Mr John Hairison an enterprising m nufactuier of oil of vitiioJ the first platinum still used in the country foi concentiating the acid This use of the metal had been only recently intiodnced in Euicpe The still weighed seren hundred ounces, and contained twentj five gallons and was in use about hfteenj eats We believe he afterward applied it to the manufacture of crucibles and plates, or slabs, for glass- workers. A glass mannfactory was this year incorporated in Keene, K. H., where it is still a principal business. The chief materials were abnndant in the town. The manufacturing business of Paterson, N. J., where little had been done, although several water privileges had been leased, sicce the failure of the first Company, and the destruction of their factory, in 1807, was about this time permanently revived by Mr. Roswell L. Colt, of Hartford, a son of the former superintendent of the Company's affairs. He purchased this year, at a reduced price, the principal shares, and reanimated the association. The admirable water power of the Passaic Falls at this place, was improved with much judgment by a dam, basin, guard-gates, and canals, supplying, on three separate planes of different elevation, the whole head and fall of twenty-two feet to mills on each side, without any inconvenience of hack water. The expense of the improvements, amounting to $40,000, and of keeping them in repair, was borne by the Company, and Paterson became, in a few years, one ,y Google 1814] GILMOTIR'S VOWEB, LOOM — COMPANIEa 20V of tbe principal manufactnring towns of the Union, With a short intermission after the peace, its progress has been uniform since that time. The co.nnty of Essex, S. J., contained, in May of this year, twenty cotton mills, and it was expected that before the first of September there wottld be 32,500 spindles in use, making 30,000 lbs. of yarn, which, eoDTerteii into cloth, would sell at forty cents a yard, giving a yearly valne of $1,612,000. Within fonr years after, the county had in opera- tion ten woolen factories, making cloth to tbe value of $650,000 per annnm. Paterson, at the same time, had five cotton factories, mounting 20,000 spindles. Mr. William Gilmour arrived in the TJnited States about this time from Glasgow, bringing with him patterns of the power loom and dressing machine, in nso in that country. He was invited to Smithfield, K. I., by Mr. John Slater, who wished to iia^e these vilnalle m whines con structed, fant was unable to obtain the consent of all h ^ paiinera He remained two or three ye\is et gaged in mechanLal hbors for the Company, during which time he inti Ddnced to the great advantage of the business, the hydrostatic piess of Bramah foi piessing clotl At the invitation of Judge Lyman of Piovidence he suhseqaently removed to that place, where the machines were constiiicted foi him ind others and from whom he received a compensation of fifteen hundied dollars Tbe price of cotton yarn which in 1810 was woith on an aveiage one dollar and twelve and a half cents per pound nas th s yeai worth less than one dollar, partly m c usequence of improvments in machmeiy Tbe second steam engine in Providence, one of twenty four horse power, by Evans, ivis this year erected by Messrs Whitney &, Hoppin in one of the buildings recently standing of the Providenct, Dyeing Bleaching, and Callendeiing Company It cost fll 000, a iai^e part of which was for trinsportation from Philadelpbii Tbe ardor with which manufacturing Ttas engaged m at this time was manifested hy the mcorpoiitisn this yeai liy the Geneiil Court of Massachusetts, of thirty companies, foi the m»nufaetuie of cottons woolens, glass, tiles wire and othei aiticlea About fifty compinies had been incorporated m that state since IbOb, principally for making cotton and woolen goods Among those chartered this yeir was tbe Bellingham Cotton and Woolen Factory on Chailes iivei with a capita! of $15,000, and the Hampden Cotton Manufacturing Company, and one consisting of B. & W. Jenks, Joseph Bucklin, and othera, who established at Jenksville, in Ludlow, Hampden connty, a manufactory of cotton warps, to be woven in families, with woolen filling, according to the freqnent practice of that day. The Company was not rcgalariy ,y Google •a08 FISHKIEL — lANCASTEE — IJ;XI(1GT0N. [ISU organized aecnrding to its charter until December, 1831, when, by the name of the Sprinf;;fleld Man nfii^tu ring Company, it commenced an extensiye iiiaEufacture of cotton, but failed, in July 1848, for a large amount. The first cotton mill in Franklin coanty was this year put in operation at Coleraine, by W. P. Wing. A woolen mill was built at Middlefield, Hampshire county, by William J). Blush, which was destroyed by lire in 1850. At Plympton, Plymouth county, a cotton and woolen factory was established, which mannfactured this year ahoot 15,000 pounds of wool.' At Fishkill, Dutchess county, N. Y., where a woolen company had been previously incorporated, the first cotton mill was this year erected by Peter A. Scheaok, Peter H. Schenck, and Henry Dowling. It. was the foundation of the Matteawan Manufacturing Company, for many years the lai-gest in the state. It was the only factory in the place until 1822, when the Messrs. Schenck, who had become sole owners, united with William B. Leonard, long favorably known as the agent of the Company, and erected another large manufactory, to which was added, ia 1833, an extensive machine shop, etc. The Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, established to promote the useful arts, difPase knowledge, and enlighten the human mind, commenced its proceedings at this time. The Manufacturing Company of Lancaster, Pa., went into operation this year, with a paid-up capital of |128,000, which was expended in buildings and machinery, and the manufacture of cotton yarn and cloth, until 1818, when its affairs were closed by the transfer of the whole to some of the parties interested, on payment of $3i,000 of borrowed notes. It had thns sunk the whole capital, and was a striking example of the disasters which overtook many, in consequence of the flood of foreign goods which came in after the peace. A large woolen manufactory, one hundred and twenty by forty feet, and five stories high, was bailt at Lexington, Ey., by James Prentiss & Co. It went into operation in 1816, and employed one hundred and fifty persons, but stopped during the financial troubles, about six years after. At the same place, whicli grew most rapidly at this time, a company was incorporated, in the winter of this year, with a capital of $50,000,' afterward increased,"to $75,000, for the mannfacturc of white lead. It was owned by Messrs. Samuel Trotter, Levy, and others, and made annually from 80,000 to 120,000 lbs., with facilities for making 200,000 lbs. Two hundred and seven patents, for new inventions, were issued this (1) Hollanil'a Western MiisEa.ehuEetts. ,y Google 1814] PATENTS — DIKBOT TAX. 209 year, among which were the following : to Daniel Poltibone, Pbilaaelphia (Feb. ij, for twisted screw anger for boring gmis; Charles Osgood, Salem, Mass. (Feb. 26), composition for black lead pencils; John McThorudike (Marcli 1), making paper from pelts ; Eb. Ford, Baltimore (April 14), a torpedo; Archibald Binney, Philadelphia (May 11), moulds for casting printers' types. This lever hand mould was in general use ifl the United States until saperseded by power machines, and enabled a workman to east six thousand in ten boura, or two thousand more than with the ring-tailed mould in use in Enrope (see A. D. 1811). Benja- min Porter, Salem, Mass. (May 18), a brick press, the first recorded; Joseph H. Deiby, Leominster, Mass. (May S6), cutting eombs at a single operation, and to several others for comb-making ; James Harrison, Boston (Aug. 22), time part of wooden clocks, and patents the same day to five othera for different parts of clocks; Moses L. Morse, Boston (Aug. 2a), for manufacturing pins of wire at one operation. This machine is said to have shown much mechanical genius, and was nsed to some extent, bat being too intricate or delicate, and remaining unim- proved in other hands, it fell into disuse, or was superseded by other ma- chines. Wra, F. Hill, New York (Oct. 15), a needle and pin machine; Samael BrowDiag, FraneonJa, N. H. (Nov. 26), a magnetic cylinder (or separating machine). This machine, for separating granular magnetic iron ore, and titaniferous iron sand from its gangae, by magnetic attrac- tion, was first patented, October 13,1810, and was renewed by act of Con- gress, March 3, 1831, having proved highly useful to iron manufacturers. Aug. Boulia, PiiiladeJphia (Dec. 21), a permanent color for calicos. For the support of government, and the discharge of the public debt. Congress, on 18th January, enacted, that after 15th April, the following 1815 ^°^^'""^' *^°*'^^ should be levied on articles manufactured in the United States for sale, viz : upon pig, bar, rolled, and slit iron one dollar per ton, on castings one dollar and fifty cents ; nails, brads, and' sprigs, other than wrought, one cent per pound ; wax candles, five cents ;., mould candles of tallow, etc., three cents; bats, caps, and bonnets, and umbrellas and parasols, above two dollars in value, eight per cent. ad< valorem ; paper, three per cent. ; playing and visiting cards, fifty per cent. ; saddles and bridles, six per cent. ; boots and bootees, exceeding fiyc dollars per pair in value, five per cent. ; beer, ale, and porter, six per cent. ; tobacco manufactured, cigars, and snuff, twenty per cent. ; leather, five per cent. The duties wiiich accrued from this source, during the carrent year, amounted to 1193,635, and the amount received up to 33d February following, when the act was repealed, was $951,769. Duties were at the same time laid upon household furniture, gold and silver watches, ,y Google 210 TREA'rY OF GHENT — EE1>BAL OP TONNAGE DUTIES. [1815 and (July STtli), on gold, silver, and plated wares, jewelry and pastework, all of which were repealed the nest year. On the lOtli February, the President, by special message, laid before Congress a copy of the treaty of peace and amity, between the United States and Great Britain, signed at Ghent, on 24th December, and since ratified by both parties. On this occasion Mr. Madison remarked, " The most liberal policy toward other nations, if met by corresponding dis- positions, will, in this respect (in relation to commerce), be found the most beneficial policy toward oarselves. But there is no subject that cau enter with greater force and merit into the deliberations of Congress thaa a consideration of the means to preserve and promote the manufactures which have sprung into existence, and attained an unparalleled maturity throngliout the United States, during the period of the European wars. This source of national independence and wealth I anxiously recom- mend therefore to the prompt and constant guardianship of Congress." In conformity with this recommendation, Congress, on 3d March, repealed the discriminating tonnage and other duties, in favor of such foreign nations as should abolish their countervailing duties, in favor of the United States. On the 3d July, a convention was held at London, by tlie terms of which it was agreed to equalize the dnfcies on tonnage and imports, so that the produce or manufaotnres of the one country could be imported into the other, in the ships of either, upon equal terms, and the same as those of the most favored nation. This treaty was reciprocal only so far 88 it related to the British territories in Europe, and the East Indies, and did not secure to the United States equal privileges in the British colonial trade in America. Congress, on the Ist March following, repealed all such parts of existing laws, laying duties on tonnage and imports, as were inconsistent with the provisions of the conventiun The treaty was renewed for ten years, on 20th October 1818, and again indefinitely on 6th August 182T. The earnest appeal of the executive, in behalf of manufactures, was soon after importunately urged by the manufaoturers, who saw the tem- porary protection they had enjoyed during the war suddenly withdrawn, and their heavy inyestments about to be engulphcd in a common ruin, by the renewal of foreign trade, under enlarged privileges. Congress at length responded to the call by a more decided measure of encoarage- ment than had yet been accorded to this branch of the national interests. The privations experienced dnriag the war had convinced many Ameri- can statesmen of the impolicy of withholding adequate protection to the manufacturing classes. Tlie reranrkahle spring given to mauuFactorera during the few years of non-intercourse and war, had clearly shown the ,y Google 1815] EESDLTS OF THE PEAOE — HEATY IMPORTATIONS. 211 capacity of the country for their most profitable ostension. The develop- ment they had already received in various new branches, and in the aggre- gate was quite remarkable, and their almost total suljversion, as iu former periods, through passive neglect, became a subject of just apprehension. From the peace of Paris, in 1163, to the adoption of the Constitution, was a period of twenty-sis years, characterized hj the Stamp Act, and various laws prohibitive of manufactures, a seven-years' war, counter- vailing commercial regulations, debt and embarrassed credits, during which the conntry laid the foundations of a diversified national industry, and considerably relaxed its dependence on foreign countries. From the organization of the new government to the second peace with Eng- land, was a like period of twenty-six years, in which occurred the several embargos and orders in council, twenty years of European and two and a half of American war, an enormous accumulation of debt and a reckless abuse of public and private credit, notwithstanding which, domestic manufactures had grown in a manner quite unexampled in the previous history of any country. They had at length taken a posi- tion as one of the principal sources of national prosperity. The great body of manufacturei-a, who had transfen-ed millions of capital from other pursuits to manufacturing establishments, had already become alarmed at the effects npon their interests of the revival of manufactures abroad, whioh would follow the general pacification of Europe, and of the unrestrained influx of British goods upon a peace with England. Immense cargoes of foreign manufactures were already crowding the portals of the narion before peace had thrown open the gates of com- merce, and several petitions had gone up to Congress to avert the danger which was impending. Many branches of the domestic industry were yet new and imperfectly established, and few of the more recent enterprises had yet reimbursed the heavy exjonses incidental to first un- dertakings on a large scale. Among the petitions presented to Con- gress eariy in the present year, was one from Thomas Gilpin and others, manufacturers of Philadelphia, on 25th July, against the introduction of goods subject to ad valorem duties, at one-fourth to one-half their real value, and asking a revision of the revenue laws, which they sug- gested might be found either in the substitution of specific for ad va- lorem duties, or in the establishment of a Board of Appraisers at each custom house, with power to decide on the value of merchandise entered. So great were the importations of foreign goods which immediately followed the peace, that during the first three quarters of the present year, their value amounted to upwards of eighty-three millions of dollars, and for the fiscal year next ensuing, amounted to one hundred and fifty- five and a quarter of millions, of which value, over one hundred millions' ,y Google 213 EKGLISH POLICY — AUCTION SALES. [1815 wortli paid ad Talorem duties, abont seven-tenths of tlie last named sums being in woolens and cottons. The duties that accrued during the present jear ffom imports, notwithstanding the uiider-yal nation, amounted to $36,306,022, a sum nearly pqual to the total average value of domestic produce, annually exported during the twelve years immedi- ately preceding the war, which was $3S 500 000 It was supposed to be an object woith large sacrifices on the part of Eng'lish manufacturers to breakdown the formidable rivalship of growing but immature manufactures in America by meana of heavy consign- ments of goods to be disposed of it anction and upon the most liberal credits, to the merchants. That this policy had, also, the approval of eminent British statesmen, was inferred from the reHiarkable language of Mr. Brougham in Parliament, soon after the peace, when he declared iii reference to the losses sustained by English manufacturers in these transactions, that " it was even worth while to iccav a loss upon the first exportations, in order by the glat to stifle in the cradle these rising mannfactures in the United States, which the war had forced into ea- istenee, contrary to the natural course of things," American merchants were in no wise averse to the encouragement of these excessive importationa, and were lured by the large profits and ample fortunes realized by the Brat cargoes — some of which were at once sold entire for clear profits of fifteen, twenty, and twenty-fire per cent., and in some cases as high as forty and fifty per cent, on large aale&— to engage in extensive transactions. The greatest life and activity were at once glvca to all the avenues of trade, the shipyards were set at work, the banks, already relieved from the payment of specie, disconnted most unsparingly, and thereby stimulated all classes to seek their fortunes in mercantile operations and the largest ventures.' The increased revenues from imports, and the activity imparted to eommeree, appeared to furnish evidence of nnusual prosperity, but were soon followed by a reversal of the flattering prospects. To a very large number of manufacturers, how- ever, the enormous importations which burthened the warehouses of the merchants, and soon after fell greatly in price, were fraught with the most (1) Tbreepaekige sales, wbicttookplttce These facts csMHt a Btale of Ihinga por. in Jnne, July and Augusl, 1815, on aoeonnl. tentoua of on approaching hurricane, wliich of one merchant, amounted to $1,515,174. soon buret with violenoe. As early 05 tha A single cargo was purchased for $300,0(10, ciose of 1315 ft lamentable change took divided into four notes eaoh Srs.UOO, all place, and goods oiperienoed a ruinous of wMohworo diacounled in different bania. fall. Goods at Pasamoro and Eirkbead's The purchaser Irjst 680,000 by the specula- auction storo. which sold in August and tion. The notes iasuod by one auctioneer, September at the enormons advance of and those rcooivod by him for goods sold, 200 to 330 per cent., sunk, in December, oxtant at ono time, and discounted at the down to 90, 100 and 125.— ISe Oisf-, bi/ lifferent banks, amounted ta $1,300,000. Jf. Care?/, p. 34. i.Google 1815] INTRODUCTION OH THE E0W3JI MOM. 213 disastrous consequences. Many were compelled to close their factories, iii wliieli their whole capitals were invested. Many others who ventured to continue, became in the end hopelesslj bankrupt. Large numbers of work- men were compelled to seek support in other pursuits, to which they were unaccustomed. The revival of the foreign demand for. raw cotton raised the price of uplands from thirteen cents in 181i to twenty cents in the present, and twenty-seven cents in the following year, and thereby still further reduced the profits of that branch, already nearly over- whelmed with British and India cottons, sold at or below cost in their own markets. Peculiar circumstances alone postponed for a time the more severe distresses which ultimately overtook nearly all classes. One of the principal agencies by which our manufactures — that of cotton ia particular — were enabled to survive the total ruin with which they were threatened, and eventually become thoroughly established, was the introduction of the power loom. Aided by that and other improved machines, the cotton manufacture of Great Britain had enabled her triumphantly to defend the liberties of Europe under the most onerous taxes throughout an exhausting war. Thus the mechanical combinations of a few ingenious minds became, in their results, more potent than the moat powerful armies guided by consummate skill, and enabled a people, without utter ruin to Important interests, to contravene t!ie plainest maxims of political economy. A power loom invented by K C, Lowell, which cost about $300, was already in operation at Waltham, by the aid of which the proprietor stated to Congress, in the following year, that they were making a profit of twenty-ive per cent,, and stood in no need of further protec- tion. The Scotch loom, of which patterns were brought to this coun- try during the last year by G-ilmour, was about ttiis time constructed, at a cost of only $70, for several of the manufacturers of Rhode Island, who made a liberal subscription to Gilmour for the use of his drawings and instructions. This engine, which was considered superior to the Wal- tham loom, was constructed in about sixty days, at Pawtucket, by David Wilkinson, who added some improvements of his own, and commenced making them for sale. It was put in the Lyman Factory at North Provi- dence. Its comparative cheapness enabled the small as well as large ma- nufacturers to dispense with the hand looms, which were soon after super- seded entirely for factory use, with a consequent increase of the cotton business, which without its aid would probably have been abandoned. The extent and value of some of the interests which were imperilled at this time, is derived from two reports of the Committee of Commerce and Manufactures made to Congress in 1816. The cotton manufacture of the United States employed this year ,y Google 2U COTTON AND WOOLEN STATISTICS — THE TARIFF. [1815 (1815) a Ciipital of $40,000,000; males employed from the age of seventeen and upward, 10,000; women and female cliiidren, 66,000; boys nnder seventeen years of age, 24,000 ; wages of 100,000 persons averaging $1.50 eacli, $15,000,000 ; cotton wool mannfaetnred, SO,000 bales, or 21,000,000 Iba. ; yards of cotton of various kinda, 81,000,000 ; cost, at an average of thirty cents per yard, $24,300,000. The woolen manufacture was supposed to have invested in build- ings, machinery, etc., $12,000,000; value of raw material consumed, n,000,000 ; increase of value by manufacturing, $12,000,000; making the value of woolen Roods manufactured annually, $1 9,000,000 ; numbei- of persons employed eonstantlj, 50,000, occasionally, 50,000; total 100,000. A memorial to Congress represented the cotton mannfactiire, within thirty miles of Providence, to employ, at the same time (Nov. 8), one hundred and forty mannfactories, containing in actual; operation 130,000 spindles ; bales of cotton ased annually, 29,000 ; yards of cotton goods of the kinds usually made, 27,840,000 ; the weaving of which, at eight cents per yard, amounted to $2,23'7,30O; total value of the cloth, $6,000,000 ; persons steadily employed, 26,000.^ In the city and neighborhood of Philadelphia, there were employed at this time, in the cotton branch, 2,335 persons ; in the woolen, 1,226 do. ; In iron castings, 1,152 do. ; in paper making, 950 ; in smitUery, 750 do. The manufactures of Pittsburg employed 1,960 persons, and amounted to the value of $2,617,833. Nearly every part of the country exhibited a corresponding degree of prosperity at the return of peace. In his annual message to Congress, on 5th December of this year, President Madison again nrged the propriety of encouraging manufac- turing in the following terms. " In adjusting the duties on imports, to the object of revenue, the influence of the tariff on manufactures will necessarily present itself for consideration. However wise the theory may be, which leaves to the sagacity and interest of individuals the application of their industry and resources, there are in this, as in other cases, exceptions to the general rule. Besides the condition which the ! and repre- Mr, Jolin Wi itei-man, in collootiDg Ibe a eGsameiitnnd: !talia ties, found tbe number i aber, and a, cotton tniilB, ' 'in and near Providanoe," assess tlie be as follows : In Bhode Island, niiitr.4ir lull spindle. mills, witb 7: >,67S apindloEj in Massacli eases of nn eetla, fifty-aer en millB, 45,650 spindles,- ffftshlngton. bnrteenniills, 1 3,886 spindle tition of tii6 (otnl, one bun dred and seventy cotton rail Hon. Jan.es and 134,214 apindles.^ilr. Sione'i Orips agouti and ^fPiMidcce i.Google 1815] MADISON'S VIEWS— NEW JEESEY. 215 tl t If il 1 1 1 d pt b) tl t p t h til t in y t t t 1 I t g m f t g t bl hm t i lly f th m pi t d k 1 th fc t y m y m 1 g th t th HI gt ffi tly 1 d d m p t p I ]y htt I i ty gih w th sa r d m t g j f ! mil tm ft g dtytl mad ra p d h b t d a y wh I J t fy th I 1 f tl t t! p t t t m tl d t th t p t h t ts w t t k t II I t ly d y t ly f ^ t 1 mptt fml dbt fdmtwith d f t 1 ra I I t th b h m p lly t tl d t th p bi p t ], r I ly I 1 1 T h w n 1 tl U t d St t f did f PI [ hj t t as 1 f 1 f t I y f tl p II d f t d th tl p m y t f d d 1 It !1 1 lit I mm d t f p t I m f t wl tl m t 1 f ti m t 1yd f m g It 1 q tl mi t d t th 1 1, t f d f t 1 1 1 ty dlpd g tlh tfltl Id Th p 1 1 wh h w p t d 1 I 1 th tt m f t f Mas 1 tt 1 El d 1 1 d k g a p h b t f tt f h p lly th f m b y d th CpfGdHp d asddt tl p tdtl td ptlljmbassdbythq tt flwp did tt m a f f t k d badly ft d f d d by th 1 f tl t 3 1 by th f th b t act f p 1 dy t p{ ra f iiltc p t It t t d tl t gl h p th P Ch 1 tt n d t N 1 I 16th J f m C 1 tt th ! d d b f ] p Itp t t d ly 1 d d t f p d I t d f th Am m k t II q tty ttl 1 g II ff t th y 1 I tl J, p f tw ty fi t yd 11 m k b t fl II f J d w th $1 200 000 i ht by I f g h p Th d ty b d 1 y Id d 1 ttl tl rs f b tl 1 t q 1 1 Th M h tt ml p t d D 1 13 t d tl r t t f ra 1 ty tt wh 1 t d d g th Th A lly 1 New Jersey was about the first legislative body which came to the relief of the manufacturers at this time. On the 15th October, acting upon the report of Mr. Dayton, from the committee to which was referred the petition of Charles Kinsey, and other cotton and woolea manufacturers, ,y Google 316 NEWARK — PKOVIDENCE — 8AC0 FALLS. [1815 it resolved to aboliali the tax upon spindles employed in the cotton manufactories. At Newark, in that state, a manufacturer of coaeli lace employed at this time about twenty hands. His supply of " floss silk" (raw silli freed from the natural gum), was obtained from Connecticut, and was found to be both iu strength and lostre " much superior to the best imported ailk." The silk of Connecticut had been previously made chiefly into sewings, and the raw silk nsed for coach lace, tassels, and fringe, had been principally imported at an average cost of six dollars per pound, which was increased by the war to thirty dollars per pound. From this time forward, large quantities of raw silk were also required for the manufacture of Tuscan braid for hats. The revival of commerce at this time caused unusual activity in ship- building, which had. been remarkably depressed throughout the war. The number of vessels, of all classes, constructed during the year, was 1,3U, and their united tonnage was 154,624, a greater amount than was built in any previous year, and more than five times that of the last year. The jewelry manufacture of Providence, R. I, employed at this time about ODe Iiundred and, seventy-five worlfmen, and the value of iea products for the year was $300,000. It was nearly abandoned during the next two years, but was revived in 1818. The extensive Orange Powder Works of Daniei Rogers, near New- burg, New York, went into operation about this date, and afterward became capable of making two huudred and fifty to five hundred thousand pounds of gunpowder annually. It occupied twenty-seven buildings in the various operations. The iaw of New Yorli, relative to the incorporation of manufacturing companies, enacted in 1811 (and continued by successive acts), was amended to include companies for manufacturing claj or earth for any uses whatever. It was extended the next year to include pins, and in the following, leather. At least one hundred and fifty millions of card tacks were made this year, at Abington, Mass., and sold in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and some in more distant places. An extensive iron factory, at the Saeo Falls, in Maine, was considered one of the most complete in the country. It included a rolling mill, and five superior nail machines, one of which, with the help of a boy of twelve or fifteen years of age, would make one hundred and fifty shingle nails, and a stronger one, one hundred of the largest nails in a minute. At the same place, in addition to a fulling mill and three grist mills, was a saw- mill, with eighteen saws, which cut 3G,000 feet of lioards every twenty- ,y Google 1815] HAVERHILL — CINOIMNATI FACTOKIES. SIT four houiu The water power was tlionglit safficlent for 2,000 mills aod factories throughout the year, and its subsequent manufacturing importance was confidently predicted.' At Hayerhill, Mass., considerable manafacturing was done. It con- tained two cotton and two woolen factories, and prodnced large quanti- ties of shoes and hats for exportation, horn combs, leather gloves, leather, etc., and employed constantly thirty men in the manufacture of plated ware for saddles and harness, previous to the tax upon that article.' At Cincinnati, Ohio, which, in June of this year, contained about 6,000 inhabitants, and 1,100 public buildings and dwellings, were foar cotton spinning establishments, most of them small, containing 1,200 spindles, moved by horse power. A large woolen mannfactory, owned by the Cincinnati Manufacturing Company, and calculated to make sixty yards of broadcloth daily, went into operation in the .winter of this year. It employed a steam engine of twenty horse- power. The town had produced handsome pieces of carpeting, diaper, plaid, denim, .and other cotton fabrics. Two extensive ropewalks made small cordage and spun yarn. The latter had been exported for several years, as had also fur bats. Ko wool hats were made there. There were sis tanneries, and a considerable mannfaotare of sho9S, boots, and saddlery. Many doer skins were dressed in alum, and leather gloves and brushes were made. A manufactory of cotton and woolen machinery, established in 1809, had since made twenty-three cotton spinning mules and throstles, carrying 3,300 spindles, seveuty-one roving and drawing heads, fourteen cotton, and ninety-oiie wool-carding machines, besides wool-spinning machinery to the amount of one hundred and thirty spindles, twisting machines, and cotton gins. Plated saddlery ware and carriage mountings of all kinds, every description of fashionable enchased jewelry and silver ware, awoi-ds, and dirks, mounted iu any form, fluted or gilt, and clocks of every kind, were among its manufactures. Stone and marble work, pottery, household furniture, carriages, plane stocks, weaver's reeds, turned and other wood work, were made. A manufactory of green and window glass, and hollow glassware, was about to go into operation, and to be followed in the ensuing summer by another for white flint glass. Clean white sand for glass-making abounded at the mouth of the Scioto, but clay for crucibles was obtained from Delaware. An extensive steam flour mill, with four pairs of six feet burr stones, and an engine of seventy horse-power, capable of manufacturing seven hundred baiTels of superior flour weekly, and a steam saw mill of the newest construction, with four e gates, each capable of sawing two hundred feet of board lis HiatoricBl Ool- (2) Ibid., vol. i, p. 121. ,y Google 213 WOAD AND MABDER — AMEaiCAN 3?L0T:GHS IN ENGLAND. £1815 in an hour, were among the recent enterprises of this rising town. The Ciiieinnati Manufactnving Company liad in operation a white lead faetory, the tiiird west of the mountains, the product of which was claimed to be superior to tlie imported, being free from whiting. The Company was about to add the manufacture of red lead. A sugar refinery was in course of election and there weie seveial distilleiies Two breweries consumed 80 000 bushels of bailey in the mmufactare of beer ale and porter. Tobacco and snnff pofc and peirl lihes soap of seyernl kinds, and candles nere made and expoited A mnstaid manuhctoiy and a mineral watPi fattoiy were in operation Two new paper offic;,s had an extra press eacli for book punting and hid issued since 1811 twehe different volumes of bound books iveiaging two bundled piges exch in addition to pamphlets Ihe pappr had been formerly obtiined trom Kentucky, but wa now supphed by mills in the state ' The land': lits and duelling houses in Ohio weie lalaed at $61,341,215 A manufactory of white flint hollow and othei glasbware, red lead and peariash wai, ccmraenced at "IVellbburg, m Wi-stein ■\ ir ginia, and produced glass of superior quality. In consequence of the high price of all imported drugs and djcstnffs, the trustees of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agricultnre offered premiums of $100 each for the greatest qnantities, not less than three hundred, and one thousand pounds respectively, of wostd and madder raised in the commonwealth, within two years, from 14th June 1814. The same snm was offered to the inventor of the most approved machine for threshing or separating grain (suitable for a medium farm), before June 1816, and seventy-five dollars for the best and cheapest machine for cutting straw or cornstalks, by horse-power, for fodder. Trials made in England, in August and November, of American, and the most approved English ploughs, proved the latter to be superior in simplicity, and equally effective with the best in use then. The American ploughs were made under the directions of Judge Peters, President of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, and combined the best principles and powers of those in use in America., with especial regard to simplicity of construction, and were sent to Robert Barclay, Esq., of Bury Hiil, near Dorking, where one of the trials took place. An American scythe and cradie, sent at the same time, proved superior in every respect, in the hands of an American cradler, to the Haiuault scythe, used by an espert hand.= The number of patents issued this year was one hundred and sixty- sis, among which were nine to citizens of Connecticut, for button making, (1) Di-ako'a Pietnre of Cincinnnti. promoting Agriculture, vol. i, p]i, 13, 160, (2) Memoirs of Philadelphia Socictj for 1G3. ,y Google 1815] 319 viz: L. Merien, N«w Hayeii (Jan. 4), for turnbg and polishing; William Lawrence, Meriden (April 12), a lathe pin for turning wire- ejed buttons ; John B. ColUns, Meriden (April 12), single jointed pewter monlds for wire-eyed buttons ; Anson Matthews, Southingtou (April 26), wooden moulds ; Ira Ives, Bristol (Aug. 1), three patents, viz : for a, holdfast while polishing, for settiug eyes of metal in the moulds, and for smoothing and rending the eye of metal ; Heman Matthews, Southington (Sept. 12), two patents for a machine for finishing, and for a machine for making wire neck buttons; Jacob Perkins, New bur jport (Jan. 16), catting cylindrical nails, and another (Nov. 1), for an improvement ou the foregoing; Sylvanus Tousley, Manlins, N. Y. (Feb. 1), east iron sleigh shoes on wrought iron rods ; Oliyer Evans, Philadelphia (Feb. 7), by special act of Congress, a renewal of his patent for steam engines, gi-anted February H, 180i ; S. Ely den burgh, and Hez. Healy, Worcester, Muss. (Feb. 20), a loom to go by water, steam, etc. ; F. C. Lowell, and P. T. Jackson, Boston (Feb. 23), a loom (power), see page 213; Thomas Biikewell, Pittsburg (March 3), manufacturing glass; George Stiles, Baltimore (April 4), a floating battery steam ship; Cadwalladev D. Colden, N. Y. (May 19 and again June 2), hydrostatic paradox, applied to move maehiiiery; Henry Tannei', Phlladelpliia (July 1), etching end pieces of bank notes ; John Eberts, Philadelpliia (Sept. 8), fall-top gig ; Lewis Enters and W. Zigler, Georgetown, B. 0. (Sept. 28), light from stone coal gas ; James Hale {Nov. 22), ardent spirits obtained from lime ; L. Merritt and 8. Rogers, New York (Dec. 21), relieving toothache by steam ; Jesse Sprague, Cape May, N. J. (Dec. 27), a wind saw mill. In consequence of the low price of cotton, and the higii price of sugar, during the war, increased attention had been given by the planters in Georgia and Louisiana to the cultivation of the sugar cane. The ^^^^ snccess of the business in the latter state was no longer regarded as doubtfui. Several improvements in the process of manufacture had been introduced, by which the quantity and the quality of the product had been increased Mi Doiosne m Fr ni,e had tanj^ht in 1811 the use of an m-vl chiicoal or bone dust foi diBchait,mg the coloi an 1 impurities m the place of ^ea;etabie cirbon use! since 1S05 and m 181-. Mr Ho^aid in England afteiuird the inventoi ot the vacuun pan hid mtijlutei as a supeiioi defecating agent a prepaiition of ilu^nina known as Howards tinmgs The iibbon cine an edilier lui hardier species than the Creole and Otaheite pjeviouslj cultivated was also introduced ib nt this time fiom Geoigia and became thenceforward the favorite i lant The sugar lands of Louisiana yielded from one to t^ h fe hcaJ ot one thou di d wc (,1 1 eich t tie ic c wlichsoll ,y Google 220 SUQAE GKOWINO — DUmBS. [I8IG for about $100 per hogshead. The crop, though uncertain, was on the whole considered more profitable than any other. A farm of one hundred and fifty acres employed abont fifty hands, and produced 150,000 lbs. of sugar, worth, at eight cents per pound, $12,000, an average of f2i0 for each hand. One hundred acres of rice, with the same labor, only yielded $4,000, and two hundred and fifty acres of cotton produced about 6,000 lbs., worth, at fifteen cents per pound, $9,fl00. Indigo had been nearly abandoned for many years, and yielded, with the same labor, at one dollar per pound, about $1,000, and tobacco only $5,400. Cattle mills were exclusively used at this time. The cost of a mill, capable of grinding three hundred gallons per hour, and delivering two tons, or more, of sagar daily, was about $1,000, and the pestles, buildings, draft beasts, etc., for an establishment to make two hundred hogsheads, was at least as much more. The total crop of Louisiana, at this time, was about 1,500 hogs- heads, which was increased in the next two years to 25,000 hogsheads. This industry had become sufficiently important to claim the patronage of government, and on 5th January, a memorial was communicated to Congress, from Bernard Merigny, and other sugar planters of Louisiana, setting forth the importance of the business to the Union, the great expense and hazards attending it, and praying that " the same sound policy which has hitherto invariably excited the General Government to protect the growiog manufactures of our country, and consequently made us, in many branches, completely independent of foreign nations, may he extended to the cultivation of the cane, and that the duties laid during the war on foreign sugar, rum, and molasses, be made permanent by law." By the tariff subsequently enacted, they were left in the enjoy- ment of three cents duty on sugar, a reduction of two cents from the double war duties. The manufacture of Refined Sugar in the Eastern and Middle States, kept pace with the increase of population, and Congress, on the 1st February, continued, without limitation, the act of 20th July, 1813, imposing an internal duty of four cents on all sugars refined, and allowing a drawback of the duty, upon its exportation to a foreign country, in quantities of not less than five dollars' worth. In addition to the draw- back, an allowance of four cents was allowed, April 30th, on every pound of sugar refined from foreign sugars, when exported as above. The quantity refined this year amounted to about 6,000,000 lbs., worth $1,000,000, and duties accrued thereon to the amount of $141,335, being nearly double the amount of duties in the previous year. A large number of memorials and petitions were presented, early in the first session of the fourteenth Congress, by those interested in the manufacture, especially of cotton and wool, and also of glass, white lead, ,y Google 1816] SEFFERSON KJlVrSES niS OFINIOS, 221 copiieras, and chemicals of different kinda, olive oil and indigo, sngar, caiidlea, etc., and the breeders of merino sheep, praying for the prohibi- tion of, or increased duties on, foreign manufactures, whereby their own might be protected from the rninous competition to which they were then subject. The general interest awakened at this time, on the subject of legisla- tive protection to manufactures, caused the opinions of public men, and particularly of Mr. Jefferson, as the head of a large political party, to be much canvassed. His views, as expressed in the Notes on Virginia, in 1785, were employed with effect, by the opponents of protection. In answer to a letter from Benjamin Austin, of Boston; on the subject, he stated in his reply, dated Jan. 9, that his opinions in view of the altered circumstances of the country and the policy of foreign nations, were as follows ; " We have experienced what we did not then believe, that there exists both profligacy and power enough to exclude us from the field of inter- change with other nations ; that to be independent for the comforts of life, we must fabricate them ourselves. We mud iioio place the manu- facturer by the side of the agriculturist. The former question is sup- pressed or rather assumes a new form. The grand inquiry now ia, shall we make our own comforts, or go withont them at the will of a foreign nation ? He, therefore, who is now against domestic manufactures, must be for reducing us, either to a dependence on that nation, or to be clothed in skins, and live like wild beasts in dens and caverns -—I am proud to say I am not one of these. Experience !,u,3 muj^u,: i„b, that manufactures are now as necessary to our independence as to our com- fort; and if those who quote me as of a different opinion, will keep paoe with me, in purchasing nothing foreign, when an equivalent of domestic fabric can be obtained without regard to price, it will not be our fault if we do not have a supply at home equal to our demand, and wrest that weapon of distress from the hand which has so long wantonly wielded it." The public debt of the United States, contracted chiefly by loans for the support of the war, having increased since the 1st January 1813, from 145,865,010 to $123,016,315, additional measures became necessary to support the public credit. On the 5th February, the act laying double duties on imports during the war, was continued in force until 30th June ; after which time an addition of forty-two per cent, to the duties then existing, was to be levied until a new tariff of duties should be es- tablished by law. On the 13th February, Mr. Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury, in obedi- ence to a resolution of the House, of 23d February 1815, transmitted to Congress an elaborate report, on the subject of a general tariff of duties. ,y Google 223 DALLAS'S ttBPORT 0^f MANUI'ACTUIIES. [1816 compreliending a view of its incidents upon the peace ostablisliment, a atatement of tie generaL pi'iaciples for reforming it, including the means of enforcement and a schedule of articles, with the rates of duty proposed for the consideration of Congress. The annual revenue demanded for the service of government, was stated to be, in ronnd numbers, abont twenty-four millions, of which the Committee of Ways and Means proposed to raise by direct taxes upon lands, houses, and slaves, and by internal duties upon stills, stamps, re- fined sugar, carriages, licenses, sales at aaction, and from sales of pablic lands, the sum of |6,925,000, leaving |11,075,000 to be raised by custom duties. This it was proposed to raise, by an addition of about forty-twO per cent, upon the product of the single duties, in force on 1st July \812, estimated at about $13,000,000. The Secretary set forth the claims to protection of American Mann- faetnres, which owed their existence, particularly those which had been introduced during the restrictive system and the war, ezclusively to the capital, sJfil!, enterprise and industry of private citizens. Their preser- vation from the ruin to which they woald be exposed bj foreign compe- tition, became " a consideration of general policy, to be resolved by a recollection of past embarrassments, by the certainty of an iocreased difBculty of reinstating, upon any emergency, the manufactares which should be allowed to perish and pass away, and by a just sense of the influence of domestic manufactures upon the wealth, power, and inde- pendence of the government." Prom the imperfect information he was able to obtain, the Secretary made the following classification of American Manufactures. First. — Those which were firmly and permanently established, and which wholly or almost wholly supplied the demand for domestic use and consamption. They embraced the following articles^eabi net -ware and all manufactures of wood ; carriages of all descriptions; cables and cordage ; hats of wool, fur, leather, chip or straw, and straw bonnets ; iron castings, fire and side arms, cannon, muskets, pistols ; window glass; leather and all manufactures of leather, including saddles, bridles, and harness ; paper of every description, blank books ; printing types. , SecoJirf.— Manufactures which, being recently or partially established, do not at present supply the demand for domestic use and consumption ; bnt which, with proper cultivation, are capable of being matured to the whole extent of the demand. These embraced cotton goods of the coarser kinds ; woolen goods of the coarser kinds generally, and some of the finer kinds; metal buttons, plated wares, iron manufactures of the larger kinds, shovels, spades, axes, hoes, scythes, etc., nails large and ,y Google 1816] BALIAS'S TAEIFF BILL. 2'iS am ill je^te tin, copppv and brass manufactures; alum, copperas; sp lits 1 e alp and puiter. T/ 11 I — Manufaetnres which were so slightly cultivated, ag to leave the dernand of the country wholly, or almost wholly, dependent upon foreign sources for a supply. These comprised cotton manufactures of the fiaer 1 mda muslins, nankeens, chintzes, stained and printed cottona of all descriptions ; linen of ail descriptions, linen cambrics, lawns ; hempen cloths sail cloth, Russian and German linens ; silk goods of all desciiptions, woolen goods of many descriptions, worsted goods of all kinds Btnffs eamhlets, blankets, carpets, and carpeting ; hosiery of all descripticns mclnding Itnit or woven gloves; hardware and iron- mongery, excepting the large articles, cutlery, pins and needles ; china ware, earthenware, porceJain; glass of all descriptions except window glass and phials. Duties amounyng, wholly or nearly, to a prohibition of similar articles imported, it was conceived might be laid upon the first class, and a well directed legislative patronage would not only preserve the second class, but speedily raise them to the condition of the first class. The cost to the consumer would, in the first case, be kept down by competition, and in the second would not be necessarily increased. The inconvenienoe would be but temporary, while the future advantages to the nation would be great, and particulariy to the agriculturist, who would thereby find a ready market in his own neighborhood for his cotton, wool, and produce. Upon the third class, tlie rate of duty could be adjusted simply with reference to revenue. The tariff of duties proposed by Mr. Dallas, in accordance with these general principles, was from ten to thirty-three and one-third, and in one case forty per cent, higher on all the principal articles of manufacture, forty-four in number,-than the rates finally adopted. On cotton goods, which by th^ old tariff paid twelve and a half per cent., Mr. Dallas pro- posed thirty -three and a half, which was reduced to twenty -five per cent. On china, pottery, glass (other than window), it was reduced from thirty to twenty per cent., and hammered bar and bolt iron from seventy-five cents to forty-five cents per hundredweight. On the same day that the Secretary's report was sent in, Mr. Newton, of Virginia, from the Committee of Commerce and Manufactures, to whom had been referred the memorials of the manufacturers of cotton wool, also made a report, from which we have presented, on a previous page, some statistics of that industry. It stated the consumption of cotton to have increased from five hundred bales, in the year 1800, to ninety thousand bales in 1815, the ,y Google 224 OOTIOtf' MANUPAOTtlllES IN PEML. [1816 capital employed to amount to forty millions of dollars, and the value of the product to be twenty-four millions.' An increase of the duties on imports was urged in a lengthy and forcible argument, in favor of the general policy of protection to manufactures. "The American manufacturers," say the committee, "have good reasons for their apprehensions — they have much at stalie. They have a large capital employed and are feelingly alive for its fate. Should the National Government not afford them protection, the dangers which invest and threaten them will destroy ail their hopes, and will close their prospects of utility to their country. A reasonable encouragement will sustain aud keep them erect ; but, if they fall, they fall never to rise again. " The foreign manufacturers aud merchants know this ; and will redouble with renovated zeal the stroke to prostrate them. They also know, that should the American manufacturing establishments fall, their mouldering piles — ^the visibleruins of a legislative breath — will warm all who shall tread in the same footsteps of their doom, the inevitable destiny of their establish- ments. ... Do not the suggestions of wisdom plainly show, that the security, the peace, and the happiness of the nation, depend on opening and enlarging all our resources, and drawing from them whatever shall be re- quired for public use or private accomodation? The Committee, from the views whieli they have taken, consider the situation of manufacturing establishments to be perilous. Some have deceased and others have suspended business. A libera) encouragement will put them again into operation with increased powers ; but should it be withhold they will be prostrated. Thousands will bo reduced to want and wretchedness. A capital of near sixty millions of dollars will become inactive, the greater part of which will be a dead loss to the manufacturers. Our improvi- (1) In rcfererioolothoromnrkablBgrowa standing the heaTj tns Isyicd on foreign f th tt m f tute ua developed in ootton gooda. That tlia failure of those at- th p t, y Dtelligent writer in temple, however, ivns nof occssioned by El b g d t have used tbs follow, any defect la the plan or general oondoct 1 g g Tb great extent of the of the establislimeiits, we know from a gen. tt n man f t the United States, tleman who visited the principal cotton t t d th p d g report^ is more like works in America, in IBlfl. Ho found the li tth g s of tlia parties had^ machinery in many of them of exeallent contsmplatBdtlian what had been actually oonatruction, and those who had the ohnrgo achieved. Indeed it would have been Im- of them were men who had bean bred io possible, even in a country with an exten- this conntry, and who wore possessed of sive population and established mnaufac. both skill and judgment. But tlie ciroum- tnring habits, to have reared, in the time, a stances in the state of America whioh we mannfaetare of the magnitude they man- hare meuHoned, were so adrerse to the tion. But whatevei' proaparity it hod at- nature of the undertaking as to render sue. taiued, was put on end to by the reatoration eosa in the opinion of those parsons iuipos- of peace with Engia,iid, and this aotvtith- slble." ,y Google 181G] TT W MIN MAN 225 d Wdtftl q TlPwjl f g tl and p p ty w 11 n tli d t feth h b th G m t 1 t t mi A 1 ty 1 t I I t t tl q y d w d 1 by th C mm tt t p t t th A tt m f t d 11 d ty f f ty fifty ]. t I I g 1 t f tl 1 f th 3 t t w Id t th q t m t W th th m h J 1 dy t 1 1 I g t 1 st 500 000 J dl th tt m f t Id 1 i ly th U t 1 St t th b t ty m 11 y d f I th lij Tl t d h fly f g hmpldbdtk tp hL htg htg d Itf aj,dlt dth ttft Tthtgml f m J N 12 w Id th b g t tj th t N w T k t hh| tij ull tbftldtl m llhdl Id f th ty th t tl ty fi t Of th p dl th p t y f w ff t lly t w k 1 f th w S h t M hra ta Idaayt pi pfith Thw mftyf tfl dltfcHd d SttbgtFkft ML d q d d ty h h th l P 1 f th d thy m— Ejfmft p tthtyp p } d f ht h dth— d th 1 q d d ty f th ty tpq ydf h ttwtythp d \ dth ty t f 1 tm ai C mmtt 6th M h p t d th m m 1 d 1 1 1 f th 1 fact Th b h mpl y d p t 1 f tw 1 m II f d 11 d h ! d th I h 1 p 1 g j,dtthlf t 11 fdll Ej £,1 th f g p t f t th tt m f t pil 1 th 1 1 f t th d tl C m tt f It b d t d th ra j t t th ft fw 1 W th th p pi d bj t b f t d t th tit t f m 1 t L th 0th F i- y f tl fi 1 1 m dd d t If t th 1 t f t fi I 11 p t d by (1) Messrs. Arthur W. Magill and Wm. pfobsbly mnie 75,000 yard of norrnw and Ygung, whose estimaWs ware nocapted by 26,000 yaria of broaJcIo hs As ma y as the Cominittee, stated, in a letter lo the 500,000 yardfl were supposed to be mada ohairman, that the manufaetnra of woelen annually in fam 1 os The manufacture cloths, in Connoctient alone, then employed was capable of an no eo 6 thr ugh ut the Iweaty-fivo establishments, and 1,200 per- Union, of Hventj fi e to th ty [ er aeut. Their capital nas $450,000, and (hey 15 ,y Google 226 CLAY, -WEBSTEE, AND OALHOUN. [1816 Ml I f S th C 1 Ch m f tt t m tt F ^^ j a d M w th a p ma y t th t, t f i t man ft th f tt a d w 1 b g j t bj t f 1 pi a aipl d t t f ad pt 1 t n w th 1 w p I tt t X !nd th a 1 w 1 did tt q tt 11 t th p J 1 f th Am tt ? w Th d t f th in a b dt M F C L w 11 f M ach tt ad y fM as Lwd dJCCIl th tl 1 t t f S th C 1 w I tl d ftl !.ll m g t! p pi fl t t pp tlj th n tt t 1 ty f th m h h w p t J hy M D 11a. ; 1 w 1 t ally I It haa 1 wh d 1 t tl i th gentlemen, il th 8 thern States, th lit pporters of t a y p ion of the fte d 1 eoTered in th t J rt n w d ft f J t tl degree of p t t J d th t asi p t 1 g t dtl L,\ the tariff; b t f, 1 IT th 1 p ty 1 ty f the measure ftt th t pa t 1 e s M 7 g d d tl f tl f th OovBrnment as 15 th pptfmft tdby restrictive n dtlwalwhhhlt gt tt, been the dpi ftl tyl gtltp dApt fthe com- m Idldlt t hhhlffUfmtl ausea that t d 1 t d m f t w f It th 1 entitled to b IdfmU ybtb ijtfn industry wh h h i th n 1 ^ th b m t il disposed to 1 t tl d t t h t d d t w rap t ble with the bj t h h 11 dp d t 1 h M CI y t t y the sense of the House as to the extent to which it was willing to go in protecting domestic manufactures, moved to amend the bill by increasing the duty on imported cottons from twenty-five to thirty -three and one-third per cent. — afterward reduced to thirty— -and advocated a thorough and decided protection hy ample duties, as did also Mr. Ingham, of Penn- Bylvania, who stated that not less than one hundred millions were believed to have been invested in manufaetures witiiin the lost eight or ten years ; all of which was endangered by the accumulated amount, cheapened cost, and improved qnality of foreign mannractures. Tlie commercial interests were well defended by Mr. Smith, of Mnrjland, and Daniel Webster, then a representative from New Hampshire, both of whom favored moderate protection. Mr. Webster, who considered perma- ,y Google 181G] THE TARTFI' — DUTY OS IRON, 22T nemy ratliei thin a i igh fluty, desirable, proposed a maximum diitj en cottuns f tliiitj per cent., to be reduced after two years to twenty five and in tno more to twenty per cent. He endeaYored to ftyert the sndden de=(tiuctiou of the India trade, which was stated to employ foity ships ca[ able of carrying one thonsand bales, of eighteen hundred yarls each or a total of seventy-two million yards of cloth, worth neatly six and a luif millions of dollars, which value, with ths eighteen million pounds of cotton consumed in its manufacture, was so much taken from the industry of the United States. Under the minimum provision of the bill, by which cotton cloths (except nankeens from China), the original cost of which, at the place whence imported, was le.sa than twenty-five cents the square yard, were to be deemed to have cost twenty-five cents, and to pay duty accordingly, the trade in India cottons was intended to be arrested. Mr. Pickering, of Massachusetts, who did not believe the existing manufactures required a duty of twenty- flve per cent,, for two years, moved in Committee of the Whole to strike out that clause, but found few supporters. Afterward, before the House, he moved to amend it by a return to the old double duties, and during the discussion, Mr. Randolph, who was disposed to encourage none bot hoaseliold or family manufaetnres, again moved to strike oat the minimum proviso. This drew from Mr. Calhoun an earnest defence of the principle of protection, upon grounds of prudence and national policy, as well as of justice to manufacturers, which had originated in the public necessity of the times. The bill was then carried by a vote of eighty-eight to fifty-four, and was approved on the 27th. Mr. Wright, of Maryland, proposed to exclude the votes of members interested in cotton manufafltares. The duty on woolen manufactures, except blankets, rags, and worsted or stuff goods, wai fixed at twenty-five per cent, ad valorem for three years, from 30th June, and on cotton cloths, twist yarn, or thread, at twenty-five per cent., for the same time, after which, cottons were to pay twenty per cent, ad valorem. The minimum valuation of cotton cloths was, in effect, a specific duty of six and a quarter oents a yard, and was also applied to unbleached and uncolored cotton, twist yarn or thread, costing less than sixty cents a pound, and to bleached or colored yam, costing less than seventy-five cents per pound. By this act a discrimination was first made between hammered and rolled bar iron, which, under the permanent duties, had paid alike fifteen per cent., and double rates during the war. On hammered iron, chiefly made in Russia and Sweden, a duty of sevenfy-five cents per cwt was proposed, but was reduced, on motion of Mr. Webster, to forty- five cents, or nine dollars per ton, equivalent to about thirteen per i.Google 328 AD VALOREM AND SPECIFIC BUTIES. [1816 cent, upon its first cost.' On rolled iron, wliiL-h was made in England, by the new and cheaper process, at about half the price of the former, the duty was one dollar and fifty cents per cwt., or tliirty dollars per ton, equal to about eighty-five per cent, on its cost. This difference was the subject of remonstrance by Great Britain, as a departure from the provisions of the Convention of July S, 1815. The principal foreign manufactures and prodncts were admitted at ■the following ad valorem rates, calculated on the net cost at the place whence imported, exclusive of packages, commissions, and exchanges, with the usual twenty and ten per cent, additional, viz : At seven and a half per cent,, ad valorem, saltpetre, jewelry, watches, gold and silver wares, laces, etc. ; at fifteen per cent., gold leaf, and articles otherwise free ; at twenty per cent., hempen, or sail cloth (except Eassia, German, and Holland linen and duck), cotton and wool stockings, types, brass, copper, iron, steel, pewter, lead and tin wares, brass wire, cutlery, pins, needles, buttons and moulds, buckles, gilt, plated and japanned wares, cannon, muskets, fire and side arms, Prussian blue, china, earthen, stone and porcelain wares, glass, other than window, and black quart bottles ; at twenty-five per cent, cotton and woolen goods ; at thirty per cent., umbrellas, parasols, and parts thereof, bonnets and caps, artificial flowers and millinery, hats and caps of all kinds, painted floor cloths, mats, salad oil, mustard, pickles, sweetmeats, wafers, cabinet wares, and all manufactures of wood, carriages and parts thereof, leather and manufactures of leather, paper, pasteboard, paper hangings, blank books, parchment vellum, brushes, canes, whips, and ready made clothing. The following speciSe duties were laid, viz : on ale, beer, and porter bottled, fifteen cents, unbottled, ten cents a gallon ; alum and copperas, one dollar a cwt. ; blacli glass bottles, one dollar and forty-four cents per gross; window glass from eight by ten and under to ten by twelve in size, one dollar and fifty cents to three dollars and twenty-five cents per hundred square feet ; boots, one dollar and fifty cents ; shoes and slippers of silk, thirty cents, of leather, twenty-five cents, childrens', fifteen cents per pair ; tallow, whiting, and Paris white, oohre dry (in oil one and a half cents) ; lead in pigs, bars, or sheets, one cent ; spikes, shot of lead, two cents ; bristles, tarred cordage and cables, tallow candles, cotton, chocolate, red and white lead, nails, soap, brown sugar, etc., three (!) The oxcisa ooUectBd npon iron mmla nearly aa much iron ae nli Iha otbers. Yot if, all the slatos, betwoon IBtb April, 1815, t«o rspretonlativoa frim ttat state YOted ana tic 22d Februtiry, 1816, amnunted to for n reduction of the duty, whilo Messrs. EB1,90.^, of which P™najl™i.ia paid Calhoun and Maynard, from South Carolina, $27,941, showing that slata to have made yoted for the tiiglior tatfl. i.Google 1816] EPPEOSS op THE TAEIPP. 229 cents ; white clayed or powdered sngar, untarred cordage, yarns, twines, packthread and sieves, copper and composition rods, bolts, spikes or nails, four cents ; coffee, glue, iron or steel wire, not exceeding No. 18, five cents ; wire over No. 18, nine cents ; wax and spermaceti candles, six cents ; gunpowder, eight cents ; cheese, nine cents ; lump sugar and manufactured tobacco, ten cents ; loaf sugar, sugar candy, and snnff, twelve cents ; indigo, fifteen cents a pound ; coal, five cents the heaped bushel; salt, twenty cents a bushel; spirits from grain, forty-two to seventy-five cents, and from other materials, thirty-eight to seventy cents, according to proof; molass fi f tw ty fi t t dollar a gallon ; anchors, roll 1 1 d b It d II d fifty cents, hammered iron, forty fi ts h t d d I p two dollars and fifty cents p wt E n d b tw d II one dollar and twenty-five t H II 1 tw d U d filty 1 per piece ; segars, two dolla d fifty t p th 1 , t a. , twelve to sixty-eight cents per pound ; olive and spermaceti oils, twenty-five cents, whale and other flah oils, fifteen cents a gallon. This tariff, though falling far short of the measure of protection, which the more ardent friends of manufactures felt themselves entitled to, was accepted as an advance upon the permanent duties to which they were about to return. Although, upon the whole, as much calculated to benefit the farming and planting interests, which had opposed it, as the manufacturing, it doubtless averted the speedy ruin, which would otherwise have overtaken several branches, and probably destroyed the cotton manufacture altogether. The benefits expected from it increased very greatly, however, the competition in manufactures, and with the decline in prices that soon followed, as a result of improved machinery, and increased enterprise abroad, and the resumption of specie payments, brought the severest distress upon the manufacturing classes. The immediate effect of its operation upon the accumulated supplies of foreign manufactures, which began to flood the country after the peace, was to replenish the public treasury, of which the receipts from customs during the year amounted to $36,306,814, or seventy-three per cent, above the .estimate, and more than double the maximum before the embargo, when it reached $16,363,550, in I80T. The total amount of ad valorem duties, at twenty-five per cent., chiefly on cottons and woolens, paid in 1815 and 1816, was $28,826,419. The foreign imports retained for consumption were double the value of domestic exports, which were greater than that of any previous year, by nearly fifty per cent. The total imports exceeded one hundred and forty-seven millions in Financial embarrassment to importers and manufacturers was the ,y Google 230 UNITED STATES BAHK — BATINOS INSTITUTIONS. [181S inevitable conseqaence, and was only partially alleviated by the opera- tions of the new United States Bank, created witli a view to restore the curreney. That institntion was chartered on the 10th April, for twenty years, and was opened early in the ensuing year, with a capital of thirl y- five millions (of which seven millions were held by the United States), in Bhares of one hundred dollars, bearing five percent, interest, with twenty- five branches in the different states. The resumption of specie payments was thereby forced upon tlie other banks, and a general improvement of the cuiTency resnlted, although the sudden curtailment of their heavy issues produced much commercial distress during a few subsequent years. The Bank of England, which had not paid specie since lt97, also partially resumed, in December, by paying specie for one and two pound notes. The greatest distress, however, prevailed in England as a con- sequence of the general peace in Europe, which was more immediately disastrous to her than to the United States. Kiots, and the destruction of machinery, were particularly I'ife throughout this year. As a means of alleyiating the present and prospective distress of the laboring classes, arising out of the instability of manufactures, the first savings institutions in this country were organized toward the close of this year. The "Saving Fund Society," of Philadelphia, Andrew Bajard, President, was opened for business December 2d, and the "Provident Institution for Savings," at Boston, was incorporated on the 13th. The latter, "intended to encourage industry and prudence in the poorer classes, and to induce them to save and lay by something of their earnings for a period of life when they will be less able to earn a support," received deposits as low as one dollar, and paid interest when .they amounted to five dollars. The " Bank of Savings," in the city of New York, was formed under the auspices of the Society for the Pre- vention of Pauperism, in public meeting on 35th November. It was incorporated in March 1819, and received its first deposits, to the amount of $3,80T, from eighty depositors, in sums of two dollars to three hundred dollars, on 3d July following.' Tlie dangers which appeared to threaten the national industry induced the American Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Manufactures, to issue at New York, on 31st December, an address to the people of the United States, inviting them promptly to establish throughout the Union, Societies for correspondence with them and with each other, (1) On thoUtJsnnnry.lSSB, there were Savings Bank in Biillimore, was formed fiftj-seyen BflyingB Binis in the sinte, and eiirly in 1818, und incorporated at the next Blsteen in (lie oiiy of New York; the latter aesalonof the Aeaerobly. It received, during bnving on depoeit S3«,3(l4,4ie, snd reaoHrcea the nest three yoars, deposits to the amount to 0,0 Yiiluo of $S8,T57,8fiO. The first of nearly 360,000. ,y Google 1816] GAS LIGHT — TELEGEAJa — BTEAM PAPER MILL. 231 and upon manufacturei^, agi'icultarista, merchants, men of science, soldiers, anil women every where to unite in upbuilding American Manufactures. The Colombian Institute, for the promotion of Arts and Sciences, was instituted this year at Washington. It was merged in the Rational Institute on the expiration of its charter in 1830. An interesting event of this year, was the introduction, in several different places, of the system of illumination by Gas Light. Lewis Enters and Wilham Zeigler, of Georgetown, D. C, in February, memoralized Congress for its aid and patronage in caiTjing into execu- tion a discovery which they had lately made of producing light from the gas of stone coal, for which they had already received a patent. In Baltimore a company was formed, composed of Rembrandt Peale, Wm. Lorman, James Mosher, Robert 0. Levy, irnd Wm. Gwynn, who ob- tained a charter to fn 1 tl city and individuals with gas light. They erected wo k n tl uth-west corner of North and Saratoga sti-eets, and were th fl t n tl United States to carry into operation the improved m d f Hum nat ng towns. The corporation of New York, also, during tl y t k measures for introducing gas light. Gas was introduc d nt a a 11 ear Cincinnati, by Mr, William Green, and it waff also proposed to light the streets of the dtj with it. On the 25th November, the New Theatre at Philadelphia was illuminated with gas lights under the direction of Dr. Kngler, being the first theatre on the continent illuminated in that manner. A proposition was also made this year by Dr. John Rodman Ooxe, professor of chemistry in the TlniTersity of Pennsylvania, to establish aii Electric Telegraph and to mike signals at a distance by the decomposi- tion of water and metallic salts, whereby a change of color would be produced.' The manufacture of chemicals, paints, medicines, etc., was commenced at Baltimore, by Messrs. Howard Sims and Isaac Tyson, who erected a laboratory on Pratt street. They afterward removed it to Washington Avenue, and were incorporated in 1823. They became extensive manu- facturers of copperas, and of chroraate of potash, chrome yellow, and other chromic pigments from the chroraate of iron at Bare Hills, Mary- land, and in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The first Steam Paper mill in the TJnited States, went into operation at Pittsburg, with an engine of sixteen borse power, on the principle of Evans's. It employed forty persons, and consumed ten thousand bushels (I) Thompaon's Annals of Philosophy, vol. 7, p. 162. ,y Google 232 STEAMBOATS — PACKilT AKD WAR SHIPS. [1816 of coal, and one hundred and tivontj thousand pounds of rags, anrl made $30,000 worth of paper annnally. Five steamboats were built this year on the western rivers, of wliich the Vesta, oiie hundred tons, mas the first ever built at Cincinnati, A small boat was built at Eendersonville, Ky. Tlie Washington, of foiir hundred tons, constructed at Wheeling, with an engine made at BrownsTille, was the first boat with her boilers above deck instead of in the hold, and was also tlie first to prove, by making a round trip from Louisville to New Orleans and back in forty-five days, the fitness of steamboats for the as- fiending trade. The increase of steamboats from this time was rapid. Shipbuilding was revived at Marietta, by the formation, in March, of a large commercial and exporting company at that place. The first steamboat on Late Ontario, was built this year at Sackett's Harbor. She was named the " Ontario," and made her first trip in April of the ensuing year. Commercial intercourse with Europe was greatly facilitated by the com- mencement this year of the first line of Packet ships. Three ships of three hundred to four hundred tons, to sail on stated days abont once a month, were put on the route by Jeremiah Thompson and Isaac Wright, and others. By an act of Congress of 35tb April, Congress appropriated one million dollars annually for eight years, for the general increase of the navy. Nine sliips of not less than seventy-four guns each, and twelve of forty-four guns, including one seventy-four and three forty-fonr gnn ships previously ordered, were to be built, and the engines and imper- ishable materials for three steam batteries were to be purchased. Under this act large contracts were made for timber and other materials, including 2,300 bolts of American canvas for about $49,100; eighty tons of lead for $10,398 ; 500 tons of iron for $52,558, and a steam engine of one hundred horse-power for $30,000. The Washington, of two thousand tons, one of the seventy-four gun aliips referred to, was built at Portsmouth, N, H., and was the first TJnited States ship of the line ever launched. She sailed May 8th, from Boston, under Commodore Chauneey, for Annapolis, to take out Mr. Pinckney as ambassador to Naples. The mannfacture of Cotton Sail Duck, commenced in 180S by Mr. Bemis, near Boston, had been greatly increased on account of the scarcity of foreign sail cloth, and the amount required for privateers and merchant vessels, which raised the price of No. 1 duck to nearly one dollar a yard. It was made of Sea Island Cotton, costing then twenty to twenty-five cents a pound. During the first year of the war tho manufacturers' sales were increased in Boston, and the article introduced to the southern marltets; the article after 1812 being transported to ,y Google 1816] COTTON DUOK— POWER LOOMS — PATENTS. 333 Baltimore, Alexandria, and Richmond, on Ms own teams, wHcli, after an espeilition of several months, returned with flour, tobacco, and other southern products; in 1812-13 his sales in Baltimore, by one .house, were about $20,000; and by another, in the last and present year, over $21,000. He adopted this year the use of the Power Loom, which, with other improvements, reduced the price in the next fifteen years to thirty-fire cents a yard, the manufacture having been commenced by others in the mean time.' The eucouragement given to woolen manufacturers by the tariff of this year, in which they were mentioned for the first time, prompted new enterprises in that branch. In addition to the Maryland Soap and Candle Factory, on a large scale, and the Warreu Cotton Factory at Great Ganpowder FaUs, incorporated this year in Maryland, an exten- sive woolen factory went into operation near Baltimore, and another at the Little Falls of the Potoma«. In Ohio and neighboring parts of the west, where an improved quality of wool was now produced, woolen factories were increasing. At Steubenville, Ohio, a steam woolen factory, in addition to cotton, paper, and other factories, was in operation, owned by B. Wells & Co., and another large woolen mill, established by Thomas Roach, near Kendall, ia Stark County.' A new American Power Loom, to be worked by ateam or water- power was invented and pat in operation in Boston, this year, by Mr. E. Savage. It was of simple coustruetion, and was adapted for weaving woolen cloths three yards wide, and the largest cotton sheets without a Beam, fine shirtings, etc. A patent was granted July 25th, to Cyrus Shepherd and J. Thorpe, of Taunton, Mass., for an upright power loom which was already in operation in the woolen mill of Mr. Shepherd, at that place. The same parties were also granted, October 14, a patent for a socket bobbin- winder, which was considered the best winding machine in use. It is related by the late Mr. Appleton, that while bargaining with Mr. Shep- herd for the right of using the winders on a large scale, it occniTed to Mr. Lowell or Mr. Moody, of the Waltham Factory, that he could spin the cops direct npon the bobbin, which cut short the negotiation and resulted in the last great improvement in connection with the power loom, that of spinning the filling directly on the cops without the process of wind- ing. Mr. Moody took a patent (March 9) for winding spool yam. (1) Third Annual Repor tofBoEtonBoftrd the inoming, washed, uorded, and spun into ofTr.ida for 1857. yar Q of eighleoQ outs to the ponnd, wove, (2) At Richard Brown' dje .d, filled, dried, shorn and Bade into a HoIUdaya Cove, Va.. four miles ftoui Stan. t and norn in the space of Inentj-fonc benTlllc, the wool was alio tEftoniashcoi.m hov ira. i.Google 234 , AND PAPEE MACHINES, [1516 Jeptha A. WilkinsoD, of Otsego, M". Y., patented (July 3) a mnchine for making loom reeds. This valuable machine, invented in 1813, was first successfully pnt in operation in the manufactory of Sliarp, Roberts & Co., Dean's Gate, Manchester, England. In 1833, the inventor re- tnrned and estahliKlied a manafactory of reeds in Providence E,. I, which, with the machine, he sold the same year to Arnold Wilkinson, by whom the machine was mnch improved. The factory has been since owned and much extended by Gorham & Angell, W. S. Humphreys & Co., and Frederick Miller, the present or recent owner. Patents were taken out by Jos. and Stinson Demund, N. J. (Jan. IT), for making ardent spirits from corn and corn cobs; Daniel French, Bridgeport, Pa. (April 23), turning buttons; John Morton, Southing! ton, Ct. (June 13), wooden mould buttons; Joseph Derby, Worcester, Mass. (April 30), stamping engravings on horn, etc. ; Hez. Eelby, Brook- lyn, N. T. (May 11), extracting turpentine by steam ; Nathan Weston, Reading, Mass. (May 24), cemented hats; David Beard, Guilfordi N. C. (May 28), blocking hats; Eli Terry, Litchfield, Conu. (June 13)' thirty-hour wooden clocks; Jesse Keed, Hanover, Mass. (August 1)', making tacks. The inventor, a sou of Ezekiel Reed, for whom the iuvention of cut nails and tacks has been claimed, had, at this time, six machines in operation at Pembroke, with one of whicli a single liaud had made 60,000 in a day. Six others then building, were sold, with the riglit, to EJiflha Hobart, of Abington, for $11,000. They comileted the tack at one operation. George Ellicott, Baltimore (Sept. 20), rolling bar iron edgeways ; David Thacher, Tuckerton, N. J. (Oct. 34), plan for erecting salt works ; Benjamin Hanks, Albany, N. Y. (Nov. 4), mould- ing and casting bells ; Peter L. Lannay, Baltimore (Dec. 4)', elastic water-proof leather ; John Adarason, Boston (Dec. 13), floating dry docks. This patent was renewed by act of Congress, March 3, 1831 ; Jacob Perkins and Thomas Gilpin, Philadelphia (Dec. 18), water marks in paper, and Thomas Gilpin (Dec. 34), making paper. This patent was for the first cylinder machine made or operated in this country. The patentee, who, in addition to estensive paper manufactures, had, during the war, erected large cotton and woolen factories on the Brandywine, after the peace, resolved to suspend the cotton works and to increase his paper manufacture. By the aid of all published dravviugs and works on the subject, and much skill in drawing as well as mathematical, mechanical and other scientific knowledge, he constructed a machine differing somewhat from those in use in Europe, and in February of the ensuing year, Poulson's "Daily Advertiser," in Philadelphia, was printed on paper cat from a continuous sheet made on his machine. A new edition of Lavoisne's Historical and Genealogical Atlas, was about ,y Google 1816] FINANCIAL AND MANUFACTDEINS DISTEESS. 235 two years after put to press by M. Ca.rey & Sons, on paper made on Ma machines ; and samples (one of them writing paper of superior quality) taken from a sheet 1,000 feet long and twenty-seven inches wide, were deposited by the Messrs. Gilpins with the American Philo- sophical Society in Philadelphia, The machine did the work of ten paper vats. The dangers which had for some time been seen by pruileiit men to overhang the business of the country from an inflated and depreciated IftlV P'^P" currency and other monetary causes, but espeeially from the enormous importations of foreign manufactures, began already to weigh heavily npon the mannfactnring and laboring classes. By a resolution of Congress, paper money was not receivable for goveroment dues after 20th February of this year, on which day the New York branch of the XTnited States Bank went into full operation. On the same day the other banks of New York, Philadelphia, Trenton, Baltimore, and Richmond recommenced paying specie, and were followed, on 20th March, by the Bank of Pittsburg and by other private banks in the Middle, Western, and Soathern States. The amount of paper in cir- culation was little reduced, however, nor had the ban'king mania been abated. When it reached its height in the following spring, about two hundred local banks had been projected in different parts of the Union. The drain of specie, to pay the heavy balance against tlie country for im- poits continued to embaiiaas trade and sDOnfo ledtlie banks to contract, andmanj of them tobieik involving in immense depreciation of property and entailing binkrnptcy upon many mdiuduals and companies. The diatiesf, of the manufactureii — many of whom, particularly the cotton maiinfaetuiers of Ehode Island an 1 other parts of New England, had, dniing the last year entirely suspended operations — was made knovin during the second session sf the fourteenth Congress, by upward of foity memotials from ten difterent states presented to that body between the 16th December and the 28th February Of these petitions, twenty two weie upon the subject of bai iron and iron manufactures, prmcipilly in New Toik New Jereey and Penn ylvatiia, with several from Connect] ut Boston Kentucky and Yermont The cotton and woolen manufacturers of Rhode Island and Connecti- cut, and the umbrella manufacturers of Massachusetts and New York, and the lead manufacturers of Illinois, each sent a memorial. Others were presented on the subject of manufactures generally, viz. : two from Berkshire, Mass., five from New York, two from Oneida county, and one each from New Jersey, Pittsburg, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, These memorials, to which were attached names of the highest re- ,y Google 2^^ MEMORIALS TO C0N0KE8S. [1817 Bpectability, though forcible in argument and pathetic in their appeals, and in many inatances snpported by agents at Washington, were all referred, without reading, to the Committee on Commerce and Manufac tnrea, and few of them were evei reported upon The Pittsburg memorial placed the prostrate c mdition if mannlactnres resultmg ftom unlimited importations and the inadeqaaey of the taiifi m a stron„ light and was printed for the use of members The Oneida (N. Y.) memorialists sttted that that county cintained a greater number of cotton and woolen mannlactoiies than anj in the state, and that 1600,000 was investe I in them In spite of the utmost efforts of their proprietors, more thai thiee fourths of them remained closed, some of their owneis harmg been wholly ruined and others struggling under the greatest embarrassments They could not belieye that the Legislature of the Union w c uld remain an indifferent spectator of the widespread ruin of their fellow citizens, and look on and see a great branch of industry, of the utmost importance in every community prostrated under cireumstances fatal to all future attempts at revival' without a farther effort for relief" ' The distress exhibited in these memorials was common to the mann- faoturinj; portions of the Union. The rapreseiitatlons of the numorial- ists, numbering many thousands, met with httle more attention from the Senate than the House Permission was successively granted them, on motion of a member of the committee to whom they were referred to "withdraw their papers » A bill for the rehef of the iron mastera was however, lepoited in Febi nary, but was never called up for a third reading! The farming, planting, and shipping interests were as yet exempt from the!,e emhairassments, in consequence of the failure of two succes- sive corn ciops in Europe, and the increased demand for cotton upon the lesumption of manufactures after the general peace. Cotton, which had been down to twelve cents a pound, sold, during the last and present years, for about twenty-seven cents a pound. Flour rose from $9 50 a barrel in 1814, to tlii.60 in 1816, and to fourteen dollars in February of the present year, in Philadelphia, and was exported to the value of $ir,750,O0O. The price of tobacco also increased from seventy-four dollars per hogshead In 1814 to »185 in 1816, and an exportation of 63,365 hogsheads during the present year averaged $148. The agri- cnltnrists, particularly of the South, were greatly enriched by their crops. Although they enjoyed, under tlie recent tariff, that ample pro- tection which they were reluctant to gi'ant the manufacturers, their own prosperity was not of long continuance, and they soon expetienoed the value of a home market for their produce. The measures which principally affected the agricnltural classes, were i.Google 1811] FROTEOnOM — NAVIGATION AOT. 231 tlie exclusion of American flour from British ports after JN'overnber of this year, and the increased importations into that country of raw cotton from India, ander the stininlus of high prices, induced by the rapid increase of the manufacture, which impaired the profits of the American planter. The importation of ladia cotton into England, had increased from 8,535 bags in 1802 to 117,454 bags in this year, and reached 247,604 in the nest. The imports of cotton from America in 1802, were 107,494 bags, and this year 198,917, and in the nest year was 205,881. The cotton from Brazil had more than trebled in the same time, and in the nezt five years American Uplands declined in price to nine and ten pence a pound. The importance of fostering domestic manufactures as a snpport to the agriculture of the country, and as a national object, was referred to in the first iimugnral address of President Monroe, as well as on subsequent occasions daring his administration. They required the "systematic and fostering care of the government," and we onght not to be depen- dent upon other countries for supplies or capita), having abundant raw materials that would be enhanced in value by creating a domestic market. J'olloiviag the example of his predecessor, the President wore on this occasion, . a suit of American cloth from a Pawtucket maniifaotory. Four fifths of the Legislature of Connecticut, were also, at this time, clothed in domestic fabrics ; and at the close of its session, that body, by reaolntion, recommended the use of American fabrics by the people of the state, and declared the extension of cotton and woolen establish- ments to be connected with the best interests of the state. A joint committee of tlie New York Legislature, reported that the manufacturing policy of Gfreat Britain was exclusive and calculated to crush Aroerioan manufactures, involving immense suffering to the poor. It was resolved to move Congress to grant snpport and protection, and all officials of the government were recommended to wear home manufactures. Among the acts of the National Legislature at this session, was one approved March 1st, which was the first bearing properly the cliaractor of a Navigation act, limiting importations to the vessels of the country in which the goods were produced, restricting the bounty to fishing vessels to crews of the United States, and excluding all but American vessels from the coasting trade. A discriminating tonnage duty, of two dollars per ton, was also laid on 3d Marcli, and, as a couutervailiug measure, the importation of plaster of Paris from Nova Scotia, was prohibited. Four townships, each six miles square (92,160 acres), of vacant public land in Alabama— now Green and Marengo counties— were ,y Google 233 ASSOCIATIONS TO PItOMOTE ISDTISTRT. [1817 granted to Charles Yillar and Iiis associates, to enconras^e the cultiva- tion of the vine and olive by French emigrants, wlio, ten years later, had 271 acres nnder cultiration with vines, and about 388 olive trees. The experiment did not, however, succeed. In aid of efforts made to sustain manufactures, the " Deiaivare Society for promoting American Manufactnres," was established at Wilmington, Febrnai^ 15, and the "Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Public Economy," at Philadelphia, May 13. The Delaware Society soon after issued a circular, calling for such statistics and observations upon practical economy as, aided by the voice of the people, might in- fluence Congress in favor of American industry. Abont the aame time, the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of National Industry, composed of ten inflnential members, was formed in that city. Its object was to advocate the protection of national in- dustry in general, but more particularly for manufactnres perishing for w»nt of protection. It exerted considerable influence upon the public mind during' the next few years, chiefly through a series of published addresses, most of them from the pen of Matthew Carey, who, in this connection, first appeai-ed as the ardent and uncomptomising advocate of protection, and for several years labored in behalf of the manufac- turer with a zeal and a disinterestedness seldom equalled. These societies, the " Metropoiitan Society" of Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria, and others with similar objects in Baltimore, Lancaster, Rome and other places in New York, Middletown, Hartford, Litchfield, and elsewliere in New England, New Jersey, and the Western States, were organized early in this year, mainly through the efforts of the American Society for the Encouragement of American Manufactnres, in New York, of which D. D. Tomkins, "Vice President of United States, was president. It had published and circulated five thousand copies of an address to the people, and sent delegates to Washington, who held meetings in dilFerent places to excite a general interest in the subject. On llth July, the American Society held a meeting and elected Presi- dent Monroe, and Messrs. Adams and Jefferson, members of the Society, and were honored with the attendance of the President, then returning from a tour tO the East, who commended highly the objects of the Society. In April, the Generiil Manufacturing Law of the State of New York, was so amended, chiefly through the agency of Gideon Lee, as to enable the manufacturers of Morocco and other Leather to become incor- porated under the act, with capitals not exceeding $60,000, to be located only in Greene and Delaware counties. Under this law, the " New York Tannery" was organized in May, by ,y Google 1811] HEMLOCK lEATHEE — ERIi: CANAL — SALT, 239 an enterprising company, and under tlie auperintendcnec of William Edwards and Son a tinnoiy calculated for five thousand hides — the fli-st wholly under covei in the United States — was erected at Hunter, in Greene Conntj, on the Sohohaiie kill, twenty miles west of the Hudson, and in the midst of tlie hemlock foiests of the Catskill Mountains, having twelve hundred acres of land attached. The first leather was sent tn market from this legion in the autumn of the next year. In 1833, the Messrs, Edwards, aided by Jacob Lorillard, whose came is associated with those of Edwaids, Lee and Pratt, as one of the founders of the leather trade in the United States, purchased the real estate of the Company, which had been unsuccessful, and greatly enlarged the business and added new improveraents in machinery. Other large tanneries had been erected in tlie mean time, and thenceforward the Catskill region became the principal source of leather for the New York market, pre- vionsly supplied with hemlock leather from Connecticut, Massachnsett=;, and Vermont, and with oak-tanned leather from the Middle States of the Union. On the 15th April, the Legislature of New York passed an act of the highest importance, creating a fund for the construction of the Erie, Ohamplaii) and Hudson Canal, the commencement of its stupeodouH system of internal improvements. A report of the commissioners, under an act of ihe previous year, estimated the cost at 15,152,138, but the actual cost amounted to |S,40I,394. The judicions system of finance embodied in the act, and in the main embraced in the celebrated memorial drawn up by De Witt Clinton, and presented with more than one hundred thousand signatures to the Legislatnre, in 1816, included a duty on goods sold at auction, and raised the duty on salt made in the state from three to twelve and a half cents a bushel, pledging the revenues from these sources for the payment of the canal debt, which was efl'ected in about nineteen yeai-s. Ground was first broken for this great work, at Rome, on the 4th July, and it was completed on 26th October, 1836. The United Sutes Salines, twenty-six miles below the month of the Wabash, recently leased by government to Messre. Wilkins & Morri- son, of Lexington, yielded at this time, about three hundred thousand bushels annually, and supplied the settlements of Illinois and Indiana at from fifty to seventy-five cents a bushel. Some beds of rock salt had been lately discovered on a fork of the Canadian, one of the head waters of the Arkansas river, between the latter and tlie Red river, Postle- thwaites, and some other salt works on the Sabine and Red rivers, furnished that part of the country with salt at one to two dollars a barrel, from salt Hprings. Considerable salt was made at variouB salines i.Google 240 STEAMBOATS — EKaiNES — PAPEE — PATENTa [18U throughout tlie west, but those of Kentncty and upon the Conemaugh and Kenhawa ware by far the most productive. Eight steamboats were built, this year, on the western rivers. On the 2d Angast, the General Pike, Captain Jacob Reed, a low pressai'e boat, bnilt at Lonisville, arrived at St. Louis, being the first tliat ever ascended the Mississippi to that placce. The first steamboat or vessel of any kind ever built in Alabama, was this year constructed at St. Stephens, by Messrs. Browa & Bell, natives of Darien, Conn., who had learned the business in New York, to which city they returned, in 1819, to con- ductfor many years an eztenaive business, in the ship-yard of their former employers, at the foot of Stanton street, A manufactory of steam and firo engines, mill machinery, brass and copper castings, etc., but chiefly of engines for steamboats, was established in Cincinnati. It employed two air and one cnpola furnace, fifteen smith's forges, with the requisite raaehinery, one hundred men, and a capital of |80,000, and manufactured products to the market value of $130,000, but was compelled entirely to suspend operations dui-ing the pressure of 1820-31. Another machine factory, established the next year, suffered great depression from the same cause; as did also manufac- turers of brasg-wort, wooden eiooJts, glas,?, printing presses, etc., etc. Within the last and present years, an nnnsnal number of manufacturing establishments, in different parts of the country, were destroyed by fire. On the 9th of August, a storm of wind and rain, of uncommon violence, caused an immense destruction of mill-dams, mills, factories, forges, bridges, etc., upoa the Atlantic seaboard, particularly in Philadelphia, Baltimore and their vicinities. The Fly-frame was this year introduced into England, from the TJnited States, and was afterward patented there by J. C. Dyer, an American. Thomas Amies, of the Dove Paper Mills, Lower Merion, Montgomery county, Pa., eight miles from Philadelphia, produced a sample of paper, thirty-sis by twenty-six inches, weighing one hundred and forty pounds, and valned at $125 per ream, believed to be superior to any ever made in the TJnited States. It was made from the finest linen rags, and the moulds and felts were of the best kind. The patents issued this year numbered one hundred and seventy-three, or seventy more than the average of the twenty-seven years since the organization of the office. The list included the following : Benjamin and John Tyler, Claremont, N. H. (Feb. 1), manufacturing scythes; Genet Troost, Philadelphia (March 3), alum from lignite ; John L. Sullivan, Boston (March 24), propelling boats by the application of condensed air; Joseph Webb, New York (May 3), rotary dry dock; ,y Google 1817] SCUEWS — TACK MACHINE — ARMS. 241 Phineaa Bow and Daniel Treadwell, Boston (Aug. 8), mannfactaring screws. Tliis was for a machine to be operated by steam, water, or horse power, whicli, from a coil of wire, cut, headed, grooved, polished, and finished wood screws, at the rate of ten in a minute, and requiring no manual power except to coil on a reel, and applj one end of the wire. Jean B. Aveilhe, New York (Ang. 28), a sugar mill ; Samuel Rogers and Thomas Blanchard, Boston (Oct. 3), a brad and tack machine. This machine was invented by Blanchard in 1806, at the age of eighteen, and several times improved by him while acquiring the means to introduce it. The material was put into a tube or hopper, and was delivered in the form of tacks, with heads and points more perfect than could be made by hand, at the rate of five hundred in a minute. A half ounce weight would balance a thousand. He sold the patent, for $5,000, to a company, who went extensively Into the manufactnre. W. R. Eagles- ton, Baliraore (Oct. i), setting natural and artificial teeth; George P. Hagner, Philadelphia (Oct. 13), manufactuiing verdigris, and another of same date, for making white lead ; Francis Hall, Charlestown, Mass. (Nov. 28), a lint loom; Moses Hall, Charlestown, Mass. (Dec. 31), dyeing and polishing morocco. The number and species of arms made ami repaired at the national armories, and the expenditures upon the works, from their establishment 1818 *** ^^^ *'"'^ °^ *^* ^^^ ^^"''' ^^''^ ^ follows, via : Muskets made ** ° at Springfield Armory, from 1795 to 181T, 128,559; repaired, 45,800; carbines made, 1,303; total expenditure, $1,820,123. At Harper's Perry Armory, from 1198 to ISIT, muskets made, 82,72T; repaired, 5,379 ; rifles made, 11,870 ; pistols made, 4,100 ; expenditures, $1,858,398. The average cost, including transportation, etc., of each musket at Springfield, was $13.56 ; at Harper's Perry, |14.25." An act of Congress, concerning navigation, approved AprilJgth, closed the United States ports against British vessels, coming from or touching at British colonial ports, from which TTnited States vessels were excluded. The owners, or consignees of British vessels, taking on board produce or manufactores of the United States, were to give bond in double the value of such merchandise, not to land it in British colooial ports, from which American vessels were excluded. By an act of Parliament, and order in Council, of 8th and 3Tth May, the ports of HaHFax, Nova Scotia, and St. John, New Brunswick, were, in consequence, opened to American vessels. On the 20th April, Congress repealed the discriminating tonnage, and other doties, so far as related to the Netherlands, and on 24th July, the (1) Sejliort, m. 16 ,y Google 242 ACTS OF CONGRESS — DUTIES — IRON. [1S18 Presiclent by proclamation extended the principle of eqail ty of trade to the free Hansettic city of Biemen which had abohshed its counter Tailing and diBcnmmitiiig duties By an act of the sifoe date the foUowing mcieaaed duties iiPie to he levied, after the 30th June in lieu of the existing lates On articles manTifacturfd wholly or principally from copper and on mItci plited saddlery, coach ind harness fnimtnie twenty hve per cent ad valorem , on cat ghss thirty per cent , on tacks biads ind "prigs, not exceed ing fiixteen ounces to the thousand, fi\e cents per thousand, other tacks, etc., the same as nails; on brown Russia sheetings, one dollar and sixty cents ; white ditto, two dollars and fifty cenis per piece. At the solicitation of the iron masters of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, who, through Mr. William Milnor, represented the prostrate condition of their manufacture. Congress also enacted, April 20th, the following increased duties, in place of those previously levied on iron and its manufactures, and upon alnm. On pig iron, fifty cents, on iron castings, . seventy-five cents per cwt. ; on nails, fonr cents, spikes, three cents, and anchors, three cents, a pound ; on alum, two doUare per cwt.; on iron io bars and bolts, not mannfaetiired by rolling, seventy-five cents per cwt., leaving itstiji charged with only ore half tiie duty payable enrolled (English) iron. The collection laws were also amended to prevent numerous frauds. Hammered bariron, which, in I8U, was $125 to $115 a ton in the seaports of the United States, was at this time sold for $90 to $100, but in Pittsburg, was worth $190 to $200, and in Cincinnati, $200 to $220, Castings and hollow-ware in the latter place, were worth $120 to $130.' The duty was raised, by the above act, from nine to fifteen dollars per ton, and enabled many of the iron works which had been nearly rained by the large importations the last two or three yeara, to resume the mani^acture. In about twelve years the price of bar iron in the (1) At, ZaneEville, Ohio, whero Mr. Dillon Seiidn^ce i« Iho Umied Slates. There were tad n large irou forge, foundry, Bnd saw other furnaces and forges in Iiicliing and and flour mills, ordijuiryoasOngs -were made Adama counties, and other parte of Ohio, for Sl20 per ton, and for maehinery eight Western Vlrsinja, and KflDtnoky, and air- oents a pound. The hest Swedish bar iron fonndries at Staubenville and olher plaoes. (hammerBd) Bold for $11.50, Juniata burs On King's oreelt, eight miles from thslatter, at$ll, and Dillon's at tl 2.60 per ewt. The in Brooke county, Va„ a forgo and nirnaoe Zanesville, was$10percwt., and from Now iromverestill imported from the Juniatannd Orleans to Shippingsport by steamboat, and Lnnrel Hill regions, in Pennsylvania, which thence by boata to Zaneavilte, SB.50 perewt. Iiad eitenaiye iron works in the rioinitiel The wages of laborers was $100 to $120 ofBedford,ana OonnelsHUo. Astoalmflnn. per annum and found. Coals delivei'ed, factory bad been in sneceastal operation at Bight oenfB por bnshel.— PoJfal/'i Yenv's Brownstiiie, for soTOral years. ,y Google 1818] STfiA.MBOATS — silltman's jotjknai, 243 Atlantic cities, fell to seTenty-fwe or eighty-five dollars, and in tlie western cities above named, to about iifty dollars below the price at this time, or to $100 and $110. The qaantitj of bar and bolt iron imported for the year ending 30th June, was, of rolled iron, 42.312 cwt., and of hammered, 463,193 cwt. ; and the exports in the year ending September 30th, were, of cut and rolled 24,430 cwt., hammered 9,902 cwt. An iron fonndry at Cincinnati employed, at this time, eighty hands, and was engaged in malting engines and iron works for seven steamboats. ■ The whole number of stcamljoats constructed this year on the western waters, principally on the Ohio, was abont thirty, and their success having been fnlly established, the bnsiness thenceforward rapidly in- creased ; Cincinnati and Pittsburg taking a lead in it. About twenty- seven steamboats, with an aggregate tonnage of near four thousand tons, traded with New Orleans from the upper and adjacent country. The Post-office Department was about to employ steamboats to carry the mails on the Ohio and Mississippi. John Alien, Esq., of PhiMel- phia, was granted, by the Emperor of Austria, the exclusive privilege for fifteen years, of carrying passengers and merchandise from Trieste to Venice by steam. In the harbor of New Yovlt, steamboats were suc- cessfully employed in towing large and heavily laden ships into port, at the rate of fonr miles an hour, against wind and tide. On the 38th May, the iirst Lake Erie steamboat, called after an Indian chief "Walk in the Water," was launched at Black Rock, on the Niagara river, near Buffalo, and on 23d August sailed, under Captain Fish, for Detroit, In the next two years she made three trips to Mackinaw with troops and stores, and in July following, with two hundred passengers and a large cargo went to Mackinaw and Green Bay, in Wisconsin, being the first steamer that Boated on Lake, Michigan. She was wrecked near Buffalo, in Nov. 1822. The number of Manufacturing Companies established in the State ot New York, up to June of this year, under the general act of that state, was one hundred and twenty-nine, with a capital of $7,142,500, in ad- dition to many large individual establishments. In July of this year the " American Journal of Science and Arts" was established, to be issued in fonr quarterly numbers, of not less than two hundred pages each with illustrations. It was the iirst journal in the United States which embraced in its plan the entire circle of the Physi- cal Sciences and their applications to the arts. Under the editorship of Professors B. Silliman, B. Silliman, Jr., Dana, and other able collators, ,y Google 24i mechanics' exhibition— imports and Bspoass. [1818 it has continued to the present time, a valuable vehicle of sound liigwledge on these subjects. On the 4th July, the " Association of Mechanics of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts," held their lirst public exhibition of premium articles. In making the awards, preference was given — other things being equal — first to apprentices and next to journeymen before master mechanics. The Society had existed twenty-three years, and been incorporated twelve years. Two years after, the Apprentices' Library, in Boston, was established under its supervision. The imports, this year, were still very heavy, amounting to $131,150,000, of which over $102,250,000 in value was retained for consumption. The value of domestic exports, though greater than in any other year previous to 1833, only discharged $T3,85i,431 of the indebtedness. The drain of specie was therefore very great, and the ports of Boston and Salem are said to have exported five millions of specie within twelve months. The increase in the value of the exports, consisted largely of cotton, of which a greater quantity and value was exported than in any previous year, amounting to nearly 192,500,000 lbs., worth, as cotton then sold, |31,S34,258, or more than forty-two per cent, of the whole domestic exports. The average price of all kinds of cotton at the place of shipment, was tbirty-fonr cents, and in Liverpool, about twenty pence sterling, from which it soon after declined, notwithstanding the rapid increase of the mannfacture in Europe and America.^ The returns of exports for the year, included the first from Alabama, to the value of $95,851 ; and those of Sooth Carolina, Georgia and Louisiana, were largely increased, being in the last two greatly in excess of any previous year, and probably due, in a great measure, to the in- creased production of cotton and sugar. The States of Mississippi and Louisiana sold cotton to the value of two millions of dollars in New Orleans, which this year increased its trade more than one-fifth. The parish of Rapides alone produced crops which, at the current price of cotton, sold for $400,000. The price of lands and the incomes of planters were in consequence greatly augmented, many of the latter realizing $30,000, and in some instances |80,000, and even $120,000 per annum from the produce of their estates. Even laborers had been known, during the last winter, to make each $100 per diem with eight (1) Ths qnantity of cotton niannfactnrod mimnfaoturBct 105,000,000 jarda of ootion in EDgland this year, was tibout ir2,()OO,O0O cloth, valued at five million pounde sterliDg. pounds, an inoreaSB of forty-seven pet cant. The declared Talne of cotton mannfaoturos in one year, and of nearly a hundi'ed per exported from England, was fB9,5flO,000.— cent, in two years. The city at Glasgow U. S. Treaiury Report 1B35-36, ,y Google 1813] COTTON — aOUTHEBN TACTOItlES — MERINO SHEEP. 245 or ten mules, in dragging cotton a few hundred yards from the river to the warehouses, at tlie rate of one dollar por bale. Manj cotton mills, in Great Britain, were at this time adapted or built expressly to conanme the cheaper cotton of Bengal and Surat, which conaequentlj interfered greatly with the inferior qnalitics of Up- land, from the United States. The exportation of cotton from India dui-ing the first bix months of this year, was one hundred thousand bales in excess of the whole amount exported in the previous twelve months, and its consumption in England was iiicreaseil twenty-six thousand bales, while that of Amei-ican cotton was decreased twelve thousand bales. The price of cotton began therefore to decline rapidly toward the end of the year, and many shippers during the next ten or twelve months sostained heavy losses, computed in the aggregate at four millions of dulJai-s to the mercantile classes, and at six millions in the incomes of the planters, a necessary conbequence of the heavy importa- tions of cotton from all parts of the world. The first Cotton Factoiy in North Carolina, was established this year, at the Falls of Tar, or Pamlico river, in Edgecombe county, which was followed in 182a, by another near Lincolnton, on the Catawba. The former employed, in 1820, about twenty hands, and two hundred and eighty-eight bpindles, and consnmed eighteen thonsand pounds of cotton. The first annual message of President Monroe, in December of last year, spoke of the preservation of mannfactures — which depended on due encouragement— as connected with the high interests of the nation. His second message, on 11th November of this year, referred to the pro- visions of the act of 20th April, amending the collection laws, as having secured to them all the relief to be derived from the protecting duties laid on imports, under which several brandies had assumed greater ac- tivity, and others would probably revive and ultimately triumph over all obstacles. It suggested, however, the expediency of granting further protection. The first Merino Sheep in Illinois — which was this year admitted as a state — were introduced into Edwards county, by Mr. George PJowers, an English gentleman, who, with Mr. Morris Birkbeek and a large number of their countrymen, formed a settlement at Albion, Mr. Flowers for many years bred improved stocks of sheep with much suc- cess, from twelve of the finest wooled merinos, selected by himself, from the royal flocks of Spain, and from those belonging to the monks of Paula and other Spanish convents.' Several hundred merinos were (IJ Hnira HuteB on the "VTostsrn Slataa. ,y Google 24G FLANNELS JEWELKY — "WINE — SALT— CaEMICALS. [1818 takeD, during .the last year, to Meadville, Pennsylvania, by Judge GriCQth, of Nqw Jersey, and H, J. Huidelioper, agent of the Holland Land Company, and became the source of many fine flocks in Crawford county. Flannels were at this time made at Chelmsford (Lowell), Mass., by Winthrop Howe, and satinets by Thomas Hard. Gunpowder was also made there by Moses Hale. Four years later, the gunpowder mills of Tileston, Whipple, and Hale, were on a large scale with a stamping mill of forty pestles, capable of making from three to four thousand casks, of twenty-five pounds each, per annum. The proprietors had nearly com- pleted a much larger factory near the former, on the Concord river- Their manufacture was known &s "Boston Gunpowder." A Springfield, Mass., paper advertised for sale, one thousand yards of " Straw Carpeting," from four to six quarters wide, and at twenty- eight, thirty-seven, and forty-two cents a yard. The manufacture of Jewelry in Providence, E. I., which had been nearly abandoned in the last two years, was revived this year, and in two more years reached double its former product, or $600,000 per annum. Dr. Dyer, of Providence, planted about forty acres of land, near the city, with currant bushes, for the manufacture of currant Wine. It became profitable, and in a few years was e.xpected to yield two hundi'ed pipes of wholesome and pleasant wine. At Vevay, Indiana, nearly five thousand gallons of wine, which sold at one dollar a gallon, was made this year. Each family had a small vineyard attached to its farm,^ The New England Glass Company, was incorporated and established at East Cambridge (Leehmere's Point), one of the most extensive Flint Glass manufactories in the country. Two flint furnaces and .twenty-four glass-entting mills, operated by steam, and a red-lead furnace, capable of making two tons of red lead per week, enabled them to prodace every variety of fine, plain, mould, and the richest cut glass, as Grecian lamps, chandeliers for churches, vases, antique and transparent lamps, etc., for domestic supply, and exportation to the West Indies and South America, Virginia coal, New Orleans lead, Delaware sand, and other native materials, were used. The capital was about $80,000, and the annual product 165,000. Salt works on a large scale, were erected at Lewistown, Delaware, to manufacture salt by solar evaporation. The manufacture of copperas, alum, oil of vitriol, aquafortis, salts, soap, etc., was carried on at Stoubenville, Ohio, by a Mr. Gibbs, from Scotland. (1) Cobbctt'sYeur'sBeeiaenoe, etc. ,y Google 1818} KESTUOKY PACTOHIEB — PATENTS. 217 A large Sugar Ecflnerj was put in operation ia May, at Louisville, Kj., by Malta & Jacobson, which made about three hundred loares of five pounds each, or fifteen hundred pounds of refined sugar every twenty-foar hours. The largest Soap and Candle factory in the western oonntry, was at Louisville. It was owned by Peterson & Co., and pro- duced twelve thousSnd pounds of soap per week, and one thousand pounds of candles daily, and had a capital of |20,000. Chewing tobacco, snuff, and segars, were made to the value of $8,000 per annum.' A manufactory of Cloths, superfine and coarse Flannels, Blankets and Paper, at Lexington, Ky., said to be the largest and best supplied with machinery of any in the TJnited States, was this year compelled to sus- pend operations on account of foreign importations. Its capital was $150,000, and it employed two hundred men, consuming one hundred thousand pounds of wool and one hundred tons of rags, the yearly pro- duet of which was $iOO,000. Of eight manufactories of cotton bagging, at the same place, only one was in operation in 1830, in which year there were in the county, five manufactories of cotton yam, two of cassiraeres, cassinets, cloths, etc., twelve of cordage, twine, and bagging, and one of cordage and sail duck j nearly all of which had either ceased operations or greatly reduced their business. There were otiier manu- factories of cotton and wool, paper, gunpowder, soap and candles, red and white lead, etc. ; bells and other brass and iron castings ; beer, etc. in Lexington and vicinity. The valne of the rags collected in the United States for the use of paper makers, was estimated at $900,000 per annum. Patents. — To Jeremiah Black, Northumberland, Pa. (Jan. 17), an Archimedean screw; Eb. Jenks, Colebrook, Conu. (Jan. 28), converting iron partially into steel; Cyrus Jacksou, Otsego, N, Y. {Feb. 11), auger for boring square holes ; W. S. Langworthy, Ballston, N. Y. (Feb. 28), and Lynus North, Otsego, N. Y. (May 28), metallic combs;' D. Pettibone, Philadelphia (April 10), machine for cutting combs ; another to same (Aug. 11), for manufacturing combs ; Sylvester Nash, Harper's Ferry, Ta. (April 11), Seth Yonngs, Hartford, Conn., (May 1), and Asa Waters, Middleburg, Mass. (Dec .19), each forturning gun barrels ; also to D. Dana and A. Holmead, Canton, Mass, (Aug. 24) for lathes for turning gun barrels ; Cyrus Eastman, Hillsborough, N. h! (April 16), rolling metallic tubes; Adam Ram age, Philadelphia (May 23), printing pre^es;' A. Wheeler, Concord, Mass. (Juno 10), dis- (1) MoMartrie's Sketobes of Louievilie. toga connty two jeora later, and the aptide (2) A manufactory of brosa oomta made was in mneh dsniaDd. from brass wire was in operatiuii in Sara- (3) A patont Laud prosa, called tho Co- ,y Google 248 PATENTS — FINANCIAI, DISTILESS. [1818 charging a gnu seven or more times ; John B. Breithler, H"ew Orleans, La. (Jane 13), machine for grinding sugar cane ; Samuel Rogers, Bridgewater, Mass. (June 24), foiling mill for sheet iron ; Abraham L. Pennock and J". Sellers, Philadelphia (July 6), two patents, one for Lose or leather tubes and one for mail bags. The first of these patents was an important improrenjent in fire apparatns, which had been eight or ten years in use, and consisted in making the hose of sole-leather by overlapping aud riveting with copper or iron rivets, instead of sewing, and since esclusively practiced. Riveted hose was irst introduced by the Philadelphia Hose Company, for whom it was executed by Messrs, Sellers, Pennock & Morris, No. 231 Market street, whose successors still carry on the business. The male and female connecting screw aud swivel joint for connecting different sections of hose, was the invention of Jacob Perkins, who introduced it with the rivetted hose into England in 1819, George F. Valentine, Albany, N. Y. (Aug. 26), crystallizing tin ; Edmund Warren, New York (Aug. 27), a loom. This improved loom, which was qnite simple in construction, and cost only ten dollars, wound the clotli on the beam as it was woven, and the yarn was taken by the same process. It could be extended to weave any breadth, and a peraon accostomed to it could weave sixty yards a day. The patentee subsequently took oat seven patents for threshing machines. Lewia Tiales, New Orleans, La, (Oct. 29), a cotton inspecting machine ; Aaron M. Peaseley, Boston, Mass. (Nov, 11), organs; David Melldlle, New- port, R. L (Nov, 13), argand lamps. The embarrassments which had been pressing heavily upon the mann- faeturing classes since the peace — chiefly in consequence of the unchecked 1Q10 ioiportation of foreign goods, and the vitiated state of the lolif national currency — culminated this year in the severest snfi'erings of a large portion of the community, which became inrolved in financial distress. Importations having been for several years, and still continuing greatly in excess of the exportations, according to the immutable laws of trade, the balance had to be paid principally in solid money, of which, lambisn Fress, Tras this year iDtroi England in an improved form, George Cljmor of Ponnajlmnia, ventor. In the sljle of finish anc nore much in lie fsfur. The 1 press uf Mr, Rum age wa sprobiiblyiinlmpr Dvement upon IheScolchp rosB, invented by hi Mr. Ru6hve a oC Edinburgh, o here about thifl time by the patentee. It was ma=h e isteemed for fine ' ivork, but was Boon after superseded by the 1 introdnotion of rollers fo r which it was not . adapted. i.Google 1819] COMMERCIAL REVULBION — FALL IN TRICES. 249 the augiiei tuJ tiile with India and Cluni ' had absorbed a Hrge pro portion Ihe Link of the United fetatea had been eomj elle 1 to import spei-ie in the hist sixteen months of its opeiations to the amount of over seven ai d a qniiter railbons at a cost of mort, than a half a million of dollaia The exportation of specie duiing the same period was uppo ed tc hive exceeded the impoitati n by the bin! 3 ind mdiviiuals J he metallic cur e icy lemainin^ m the coiintiy insteal of enterit g into cucuUtion had since the resnmption of specie payments in 1811 remained in the vaults of the banks until drawn )ut dt a prpmium for espoitation The paper cnrrency had at tl e sime time been violently tyntncted liom an aggregate in 1815 and I8IP of one hindied and ten mill tns to tbout foitj five milluns at this time — a lednction of fitti nine pei ceit — thereby leducing puces and checking entei prises Cicated b} lis pienona undue e'ipansion While the banks weie thus contiactmg their discounts the piincipal Amenein staples began toward the close of the last year to decline rapillyfiom the high pi ce they had coramtided for a number of years m foreign raaikets The reluctioii in the puce of cotton and breadstuffs boon leachud fifty p^i cent and the lossei therebj sustained rendered additional loan, ueies ary to the meichaiit it a timt when it was must difficult to obtiiu thein The result WIS most disastrous botli to the merchant and the agncultunst But u^on the manufacturer — oveibome ly untquil comietiticn with his foreign iiTal and suffeiing equally «ith the me chant anl farmer from the inibihty of all class.es to purchiae — the change fell with crushing weight Thf ptice of raw cotton continupd to iecline with consideral le nnif irmity from this time for vard for at least i quirter of a cent my riour had also gradually fallen off fiom its high pnce of ten to fif teen dollars a biuel in 181T to five 01 sii in the picbet t year in do mestie potts and tobacco frjm $l.is m 1S11 to $110 n this yeai and $15 lu 1823 A Iikf depiecntion m ther ciops o^eatly diminished the po«ei of a lai^e poition of the population to pniLhise mannfacturc! 01 even to disci ai^e obhgations alre^y contiacted m iiitic patiou of their revenues 4. general paialysis now fell upon all branches of in dustry The di tiess becime more generil and severe tl an had ever beei kno n d 1 ut httle aUeviatioa was eJ.penenced for several years to one The baife suffered fiom lack f lecio BanliuitL sever (1) Th* importHtion of apeols into fhe probably not more than one-Lalf ihe iotal ,y Google 250 S R O KQ PER ES. km p w ddw h dn mpd Id w dpdl" ddn dhd h F dwh w dM w d fl h g a whwn amk Tff mm wm EdI Nw'ik nw Tm pr ii m h p w ( h nd !i ra h n p m h d d ddd h dT IdphdP ffdm dWn g PP h d T h ff P p d h p m Lg pd g dpp d mmw dC mh from ike a^-ornto of 1814 and 1816 h t $2 617,833. Iq 1819 the hoada num tmtnbor uf nerpons euiployad, from 1 4 t be a ly B72, and the value of their 2,137 i in their weekly wogea, from $58 10 m fnolures was S8S2,0(10. In the steam to $ia,S22i and It tbeir annaa! ear y from $3,033,f09 to $6fl6,7J4. lb t 1 f m 10 lo 24, and the value of their work loss of trogos wae therefore $2,366 966 p f m$i(IO,000 to 840,600. In glM! "orka unnum ; and supposing the materml q I d g! putting tho hands were redneed to tliBir wages, the loas of product fr 169 to 40, and the product from dustrj in a single distriot, not fort m 1 $ 5 000 to $35,060 ; the reduction in flint In diameter, woa $T,333,3?0. In th gl 1 no having been STS.OOO. In the roanufaetiire the bands were reduo I f m m f ture of oolton, wire, umbrellas. a,325,inl8lB,tol49iinboofepnna g,f m y 11 w q eeiiBware, pipes, and linen, there 241 tnlTO; in the potteries, from ]32t 7 was 1 nger a single hand employed. In the woolen branch, from 1226 to 260 (2) Th actions for debt in the Pennsjl- iron eaetingB, ftom 1162 to 62; i p p rta this year were 11,637, and the hanging and cotds, from 18B to S2, I th mb f judgments confesaed was 10,326, paper mannfactoro in Ihoir Tiei t h 1 of half as many more before hands were rsijucod from 950, in 1S16 t J The imprisonments for debt in ITS, and their annual wages from S347 060 th ty nd county of Philadelphia wore to $45,90a ; the annual produotio f 1868 iJ6U,001) toS136,000. Aoommittee f I i.Google 1819] PKOTECno — ITS. 251 of tlie state, complaining t -he lasfcatrnggles of dissolution, estates were s; agriculture was de- clining, internal trade was < aormant, and thou- sands were idle. "The wants and calamitiss of irpnaition radionl in its oliarftOtar, and vigorous in dio m£ ,etj man sees and faela to the vergo of deatrue. that th tien, a- ndthal ; nothing sliort of tures I lan affi )rd any r elief. Th( stands apont way, nor will Oenfir In Ehode Island, New York, and other manufactnring districts, similar reductions of labor, and sacriiices of mills and property for a fraction of their original cost, were quite common, many establishments being entirely broken up. The question of protection to the manufacturing interests began ouce more to be agitated as indispensable, and numerous appeals were made from various quarters to Congress for its interposition. Many able advocates appeared in behalf of legislative measures, considered of vital importance to a class threatened with total rain, and among the most able was Matthew Carey, of Philadelphia. The duties on imports were already as high as Congress deemed it prudent to go. But the Secretary of the Treasury, on 8th February, in conformity with a resolution of the House of 20th April last, reported on the propriety of laying specific duties upon articles then charged ad valorem, and proposed a schedule of snch articles, with specific rates attached, greatly higher than the existing ad valorem duties. Acts were passed on 3d March, altering the duties on certain wines and the bounties to fishing vessels ; also for the more eifectual suppres- sion of the slave trade and of piracy. In consequence of a resolution of inquiry of December last, it was announced to the Senate by the Committee on Military Affaii-s, that by a regulation of the proper department, preference was now given to domestic manufactures in clothiug the army, when they were to be had on reasonable terms, rendering a law on the subject unnecessary. About the 24th May, the steamship Savannah, of 380 tons, the first that ever crossed the Atlantic, left Savannah, Gfeorgia, for Liverpool, where she arrived ou 30th June. Having consumed all her coal in ten or twelve days, the remainder of the voyage was made under canvas. She was built hj Croker & Fickett, Corlears Hook, K Y., and com- manded by Captain Moses Rogers, who had been in command of Pulton's boat, the " Clermont," and of the Phcenix, on the Delaware. She pro- ,y Google 252 WESTERN STEAMBOATS — AMEBIOiN lITHOaKAPHT. [1819 eeeded to St. Petersburg,'' taking in Lord Lyndock t &to 1 1 1e ! o presented the captain a silver teakettle, with an inscrij t on xpre s Te f his pioneer character, and in October returned to Savinnal n twenty two days nnder sail. She subsequeatly ran as a sailing packet 1 etween New York and Savannah, until lost in 1822. On the 19th May, the steamboat Independence, Capta n ticlson 1 u 16 at Pittsburg in the last year, arrived at Franklin (Bnonsl ck) on the Missouri, in seven sailing days from St. Loais, with fioar ingi w! sky iron castings, etc., having be&n the first to stem the current of that river. Thirty-fouv steamers were bnilt on the western rivers during the year, one of which, the Western Engineer, built near Pittsburg, under the direction of Major Long of the United States Topographical Engineers, for the expedition to the Rocky Mountains, was the first that ever reached Council Bluft's, G50 miles above St. Louis. The Analectic Magazine for July (vol. 24, p. 61), contained the first published specimen of American lithographic printing, an art of recent introduction from, Germany into England, where two silver medals were this year awarded by the Society of Arts for specimens on German and English stone. The design and execution of the print, from the drawing to tlie impression, were tlie work of Mr. B. Otis of Philadelphia, at the suggestion of Dr. Samuel Brown of Alabama and Judge Cooper. It was executed upon a stone from Munich — the birthplace of the art — presented to the American Philosophical Society by Mr. Thomas Dobson. Mr. Otis had also executed specimens of hthography, upon lithographic stone procured by Doctors Erown and Cooper, and Mr, Clifford, through Dr. Blight, from a limestone quarry, near Dicks river, Ky. Specimens of white litliogiaphic stone were about this time deposited in the Troy Lyceum by Isaac McOonike, Esq., who found it alternating with compact limestone m Indiana.* The lithographic art was introduced, in an improved form, in New York, in 1822, by Bamett & DooHttle, who had received legulai instruction in Paris.' A Society for the Encouia^ement of American Manufactures and Domestic Economy, established conformably to a resolution of the citizens of Baltimore in February, was incorporated daring the year as the Maryland Economical Association. The Society of Tammany, or Columbia.n Order, in New York, of which Clarkson Crolius was grand sachem, appointed a committee on the subject of National Economy and Domestic Manufactures, and to report an address to all members of the order throughout the Union. This (2) SillimiHi's Journal, oh. 4, p. 170. ,y Google 1819] REMEDIES— -WALTIIAM COMPANY — MANArONK. 253 was adopted on 4th October, and circulated through the public prints, esplainiug the causes and suggestiog remedies for the national calamities. Resolutions were pis ed pledgit g the me ubprs to pracfce frugality and to difcontiiiue the importation and use m their families of eyery article of fjreign manufacture which e;un be reasonably tubstituted bj Amen can manufactures and recommending the same couise to til their fi lends The nniyerml iDtereat attaLened on the subject by the«e and simibr orgamzalions throughout thp countiy and the numerous memoiiils in preparatun asking of the LegisUture an amendment of the tariff in duced the sixteenth CDngiess on the Stli DeteQiber immediatel> after assembling for the fiiit time to institute a standing Committee of Manu factures to fake chaige of the accumulated bisiness of what had now become one of the caidinal interests of the nation Mea-^rs Miller and Hutchins cf PioTidente proposed to pul li',h a periodical devoted to Domestii Manufactare=! to bo calle 1 The Monu factureis Jonrnil The. price of Domestic Cottons, of the kind irst made at Waltham, Mass., was at this time twenty-one eents a yard, or nine cents below the price in ISlg. The Waltham Company, on account of its large capital and machinery, was enaUeil to withstand the financial pressure which carried away many of the cotton and woolen manufactures of New Eng- land, aad was supposed to be unfavorable to an increase of duties. Several of its proprietors, in the midst of general depression, wei-o look- ing for a suitable locality for a more extended business, which was soon after found in the water power of Lowell. The first mill on the canal in the manufactnring borough of Manaynnk, now in the city of Philadelphia, was built this year, by Capt. John Towers, and commenced running on 10th November. The lirat manu- facturing in the place, waa done by Isaac Baird. The first mill, since known as the "Yellow Mill," was afterward owned by a Mr. Eising, and still later by Mr. Joseph Ripka, to whose enterprise the growth of the place is principally due.' The second factory was erected by Charles Y. Hagner, and the third by Mark Richards. (I) Mr. Ripka, a native of Anstrian Sila- the mannfnctore of his "Eouen Casaimercs," Kia,, vns, in ISH, the proprietor of a small an Article of pantaloon stuffs, was greatly tx. coHon and silk factory at Lyons, and was at tended, tliongh lie wna still oonGned to hnnd- fhis time rnnning a few htimi-loonis in Ken- loom weaving. Having opencdawarehonse sington, in the manufnclnre of euttonades. in Front street, tlieproBts of his uionufaoture ThB aaperior quality and style of hia goods enabled him, soon after, to fit up power made them popular, and soon after, in order looms on tho Pennypack, near HoloieEburg, to meet the inoreafing demand, te removed and in 1S28, he built hia first miU at Mnnn- to larger premises on Poplor streot, when yunli, vvliLth then contained tan fustories of ,y Google 251 ro.f;c!!LAr>f_L!:AD mixing— patents. [3819 The Legislature of New York appropriated $20,000 for the procw- tion of Agricultare and Family Domestic Manufactures, to be equally divided "among the County Agricultural Societies, and expended in two years. It also enacted a general law for the incorporation of Agricul- tural Societies, for wliich a new one was substituted in 18il. Similar appropriations to the aboTe were made by the New Hampshire Assem- bly, in 1818. The manufacture of Porcelain, of fine quality, from domestic materials, was commenced in New York, by Dr. H. Mead. General Cass, accompanied by Mr. H. E. Schoolcraft, visited, this year, the copper mines of the Ontonagon and the southern shore of Lake Superior west to the Mississippi, including the Lead region of Missouri. Mr. Schoolcraft found forty-five lead mines at work in Missouri, thirty -nine of which were in Washington county. They were estimated to produce three million pounds of lead, and to employ eleven hundred hands. Mine a Burton and Potosi Diggings together, pro- duced, between I7S8 and 1816, 9,630,000 lbs. or half a million annually. The marshals, in 1820, reported four stone furnaces in Crawford county, Michigan, with a capital of $4,600, making bar lead at $i.50 per cwt., which found ready sales at south. On the 10th November, Mr. Constant A. Andrews, of Pennsylvania, in connection with Messrs. Owens and Dixon, put in operation a saw milJ, " not ranch inferior to any in the X7nited States," upon Black river, a branch of the Mississippi, between Prairie du Ghien and Lake Pekiii, and about thirty miles east of the lake. It was probably the first in Wisconsin, and was erected hy consent of the Sioux Indians, but wan Boon after burned, it is supposed, by the Winnebagoes. Jacob Perkins, late of Philadelphia, took out a patent in England (Oct. 11), for "Machinery applicable to Engraving; transferring en- graved or other work from the surface of one piece of metal to that of another;" (transferring difficult engravings for the production of bank notes.)' Among the United States patents granted this year were the follow- ing : To James Barron, U. S. N., Norfolk, Ta. (Jan. 12), for corks for different liinils. employi ag sis hundred and sand persona. The value of bis mannfao- thirty-ei:^ bands. Dsri ■HK the nest fifteen turea exceeded one million dollars annnnlly. m twenty years, lie boo ttniB tbe proprietor and included Canton Flannel, which naa ei> of fiva faotorios at Mai layunfc beside teae. tonsively made and imprOTed by him on i(« ments, one in Surthoi ■n Liberties, one at first introduslion. IJie agencies extended ChandievsviUs, Deiawt LEC, and of n large to all the principal oifies. factory nnd printworkB on llie Pennypock, (1) Hewlon'a London Journal, roL !, p. employing, together, IH elve hundred hands. 159. »nd giving support to i irobablj three thou- i.Google ^819] IWPORTAKT PATENTS. 255 bottles ; to the same (Feb. 20), for an air pump for extracting foni air from ships. For a cut and description of this ship ventilator of Com- modore Barron, to whom both the above patents irere renewed by spe- cial acts of Congress in 1833, and also for a plan, submitted bj him to the Secretai7 of tiie Navy, for constrncting vessels so as to prevent decay, see Portfolio for November, 1826. He took out seven or eight different patents, including one for constructing ships. To Samuel Morej, Oxford, N. H. (Jan. 19), for shooting with steam; John L. WelJs, Hartford (Feb. 8), a printing press. This was the first in Tirhich long levers were introduced end-wise with success. Borgia Alli- son and William Elliott, Washington, D. 0. (Feb. 20), printing by means of rollers ; Silas Mason, Norfolk, Mass. (Feb. 30), manufactur- ing hats. This was for a cardinj^ machine, which produced the hat in its conical form at one operation. Francis Guy, Baltimore, Md, (Feb. 23), paper carpet; William Sheldon, Springfield, Mass. '(Feb. 26), tanning with bark of chestnut trees, and John Lansing, Jr., Albany, N. Y. (April 30), tanning in hemlock; William Garret, New Lisbon, N. T. (Feb. 2t), manufacturing emovy ; A. W. Foster and J. Hugus, Gi-ecnsburg and Hempford, Pa. (April 26). converting rectili- near into rotaij motion ; Robert Gra,ye.s, Boston, Mass. (April 10), for. cordage. . Tliis patent cordage, for which two other patents were granted in the following years, was extensively manufactured in Boston by Winslow, Lewis & Co., wiio used Graves's machinery, worked by horses, and in 1831, employed one hundred men and boys, and sold J46 tons of patent cordage, for ^180,000. James Wiseheart, Wayne county, Ind. (May 25), making sngar from wheat, rye, Ac, ; William E. Clark- Bon, Jr., New York (June 26), velocipedes ; Richard Bury, Albany, N. Y. (Aug. 31), glass strings for pianofortes ; Daniel Pettibone, Boston, Mass. (Aug. 21), welding cast steel to iron; Jethro Wood, Poplar Kidge, N. Y. (Sept. 1), a plough. This was for the cast iron plough, which was the foundation of many subsequent improvements, and the patent was renewed by act of Congress, in 1834. Thomas Blanchard, Middlebary, Mass. (Sept. 6), turning gun slocks; Daniel Gilletl, SpringSeld, Mass. (Sept. 15), preparing cotton seed for food; Cyrng Hawes, Bennington, Vt (Dec. 15), carpenters' squares ;' B. Croasdale, Byberry, Pa. (Dec. 21), machine for making brus.hes of broom corn; also, to Shadrach H. Weed, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (Feb. 3), for broom making. ifnpturB of oarpa, nters- niente in the yill.ige mnds from twelya t. e United SliUea, n-ns flfteca thouinnd annuully, havine nearlj nring Mnl3J21ivoesl»l ■'Ahh- (?<... «/ VI. i.Googie CHAPTER IT. ANNALS OF MANUFACTCRl EviDEHOE of the general and increasing embavrassmeiita of every branch of industry continued to press itself ufion the attention of the National IRin ^n'iS'''''''^L^g'^l^'^'^''^s- Immediately npoii the assembling of the sixteenth Congress, at its first session in December, memorials and petitions began to ponr in from various bodies of manufacturere and others in different sections of tlie country, ascribing tiie pecuniary distress of the times to tiie immoderate use of foreign commodities, and complaining of the inadequacy of the general Tariff and existing revenue laws to afford suitable protection to the native industry against ihe Clim- bined efforts of cheap production, fl'audulent invoices, protracted cred- its and unlimited sales at anction, whereby the country had been deluged with foreign merchandise, to the ruin alike of tlie farmer, the importer, and tlie mannfacturer. A Convention of the Friends of National Industrj', composed of delegates from nine states, viz. : Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Ohio, who assembled in New York on the 27th August of the last year, to take into consideration the prostrate condition of manufactures, and to petition Congress — presented a memorial on the 20th December, in which the following measures were recommended as likely to remote the existing embarrassments of the country, and to restore life and vigor to the almost expiring manufactures. These were — to abolish credits on impost duties — to impose a restrictive duty on sales at auction, and to alter and increase the duties on imported goods. The practice allowed by law of giving one to two years' credits on imposts upon East- India and China goods, and the perversion of tlie system of auction sales from its original intention, it was conceived, exerted a most injurious sflect upon the fair American trader, upon the mannfa«turer and the community in general, by encouraging specula- tion, and flooding the markets with cheap but worthless fabrics of silk, woolen, cotton, and other materials, manufactured in the East Indies (256} ,y Google 1890] MEMOETALS ON THS TARIFF. 25T and in Europe expressly for ancli sales, and whiub, by tlieir liigh finish, coBcealecl their flimsj textnre until they reached the consumer. It appeared, from the returns of the auctioneers themselves, that the sales of foreign goods at auction, in the city of New York alone, amounted, in the year 1818, to fourteen milliona of dollars, and tlie quantity annually sold in the same way in the "United States could not, it was believed, be less than thirty millions in value, a large part of which was on foreign account. Increased duties were asked for upon a number of leading articles, and the great disparity between the Ame- rican and British tariffs upon several important articles of manufacture was shown, the United States ranging from seven and a half to thirty, and the British from forty-one and a half to seven hundred and fifty-lSve per cent, ad valorem. A memorial to the same effect, from the Ame- rican Society of the city of New York, for the encouragement of do- mestic manufactures, presented April 24, prayed that the importation of cotton goods be restricted by law, to sach only as were wholly ma- nufactured from cotton grown in the United States. Memorials were also sent in from the manufacturers of paper, books, leather, et«., and from the inhabitants of different states and cities, urging suitable pro- tection to manufactures, a change from ad valorem to specific duties, and other inodifieatioiis of the revenue laws. Opposition to any pro- posed change was made by the agricultural and mercantile interests in various places, among which the Agricultural Society of Fredericks- burg, Va., and the United Agricultural Societies of Prince George, Susses, Suri7, Petersburg, Brunswick, Dinwiddle, and Isle of Wight, in the same state, whose secretary was Mr. Edward EulBn, were the first to denounce, in memorials presented on the 3d and ITth January, any increase of duties as a tax upon the agriculturists, who were the principal consumers. A lengthy and able memorial, believed to be written by Judge Story, was also presented, January 31, from the merchants of Salem, Mass., whose India trade had been destroyed by the minimum duty on coarse cottons, against an increase of duties on imports, or any change of the revenue system in relation to credits and drawbacks. These remon- strances produced an elaborate memorial from the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of American Manufactures, drawn up by Mr. Carey, and a second appeal from the New York Society, the latter of which stated that twelve thousand packages of goods, on which the duties were estimated at one million dollars, had been sold at auction in that city between the Ist of January and 15th of April, — the duties thereon had become so much active capital, loaned by the Government to foreign manufacturers, or their agents in this country, to aid them by ,y Google 258 PETITIONS — CENStIS AND NATIQATION ACTS. [1820 Biict operations in crushing the enterprise and industry of the nation. The Chamber of Commerce of New York and Philadelphia also opposed a change in the system of credits for duties, and the former likewise a tax on auction sales. The merchants of Baltimore were part, in favor of a cash system, and another part opposed any change in the revenue laws. The Legislature of New York, on 1st February, adopted resolutions to request its senators and representatives in Congress, to use their in- fluence in obtaining such a revision and regulation of the tariff, as should reduce the importations and effectually protect manufactures, and also recommending all members of the Legislature, officers of government, their representatives in Congress, and citizens generally, to clothe them- selves in fabrics of home manufacture, and to promote their introduction into general use in preference to foreign manufactures. Notwithstanding the numerous petitions for a revision of the tariff, signed by at least thirty thousand persons, the views of the merchants and plantei-s prevailed. A bill introduced by Mr. Baldwin, from the Committee on Manufactures, proposing a moderate increase in the duties, although it passed the House by a vote of ninety to sixty-nine on 28th April, was afterward lost in the Senate, where the vote stood twenty to twenty-one. The period of general relief was thereby post- poned for another four years. On the nth March, Congress passed an act making provision for taking the fourth census of the population, the numeration to commence on the first Monday in August The tenth section provided for taking, at the same time, under the directions of the Secretary of the Treasury, an account of the manufacturing establishments and manufactures, for which extra service the marshals were to receive twenty per cent, addi- tional compensation. A supplement to the Navigation Act of 18th April, 1818, waa ap- proved May 15th, by which TJnited States ports were closed, after 30th September, to all British vessels arriving from colonial porta on the continent or in the West Indies, not included in the former act, and requiring the owner, consignee, or agent of British vessels, on taking in cargoes of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the TTnitecl States, to give bond not to land the same in any of the British possessions described in either act, provided that the convention of 1815 was not infringed by the prohibition. No importations from any such British possessions were to be permitted after the above date. The suffering produced in the West India Cofonies by these retalia- tory acts, gave rise to an appeal to Parliament, which resnlted in tlie opening of the West India ports to American vessels, and consequent relief to the mercantile and agricultural interests of the United States. ,y Google 1S30] WINE — apprentices' IIBRARIES" On llie tliird of May, the first permanent Committee of AgricnRure was appointfid by Congress to have charge of that branch of industry. Among the petitions presented early m the session, was unc from Mr. John Adluiii, of the District of Colurabn calhng the attention of Con- gress to tlie fact that he had succeeded m milling viine of suppiior quality from native grapes. Mr Adiara nas one of the most zealous of the early promoters of the wine manufacture in this country, and es])e- cially in recommending the Catiwba grape, but did not sucrced m making good wine on a large scale, partly m i-nnseqnence of the v, aut of the means which he at this time solicited The General Assembly of Pennsylvania passed, March etii, " An Act for the promotion of Agriculture and Domestic Manufactures," anthori- zing the incorporation of companies for these objects, by the Governor of the Commonwealth. The Apprentices' Library, founded by voluntary contributions in Philadelphia, during the last year, and the Boston Apprentices' Library, commenced on 32d February, of the present year, under the supervision of the Massaehneetts Charitable Mechanics' Association, were the first of that nseful class of institntions established in this country, if not in the world. The Mercantile Library of Boston, was also founded on llth March of this year, and the Apprentices' Library of Cincinnati, during the ensuing year. The raannfacture of Chain Cables was about this date commenced at Boston, by Cotton & Hill, who, for thirty years, wore the only success- ful manufacturers of cables, in which they established a reputation at home and abroad. They were, however, ultimately compelled to abandon the business on account of the low price of English chains of inferior quality, but resumed it again in 1856. Heavy Anchors were forged at South Canaan, Litchfield county, Connecticut, from the superior iron of that neighborhood, by the Hunt Brothers ; who, during the year, made two, of eight and nine thousand pounds' weight respectively, for the seventy-four gun ship Franklin. Screws of the largest kinds for powerful machineiy, were also made and cnt by water power in their establishment. Anchors were made at twelve and a half cents a pound, in or near Baltimore, but were under- sold by imported anchors of inferior English iron, which had already caused a suspension of the business. Thirty Iron Works had been built in Pennsylvania during the last ten years, of which fourteen were charcoal bla.st furnaces, and sixteen bloomeries. The business labored under great depression on account of the limited demand, and a decline in the price of bar iron from $140 to $80 and ^100 per ton, since 1818, chiefly occasioned by importations of ,y Google 2G0 laON WOKKS — COAL — BOOKS. [IS20 iron and iron-wares, and the g^eneral prostration of all kinds of business. In Washiugfiott county, Maryland, an iron works consisting of two forges, and slitting mill, with a capital of $100,000, which had been in profitable operation for sixty years, was about to ceaso operations for want of demand. Pig iron sold for thirty dollars, and castings for seventy-five dollars per ton. In East Tennessee, wMch had between thirty and forty forges and furnaces, twelve of thera in Carter county, and in other places remote from foreign competition, bar iron continued in good demand at ten to twelve and a half cents a pound. The first regular commencement of the Anthracite Coal Trade of Pennsylvania, was made this year, by the shipment from the southern Anthracite region at Mauch Chunk, on the Lehigh, of three hundred and twenty-five tons or sixteen thousand bushels, to Philadelphia. It was sent by artificial navigation, opened by the Lehigh Navigation Com- pany, and was mined by the Lehigh Coal Company, both of which were organized in July, 1818, and this year merged in one association, called the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, which was incorporated in 1832, and has since greatly developed the mineral riches of that region and improved the transportation. The coat was delivered at the doors of purchasers at $8.50 per ton. About seventy thousand bushels of Btooe coal were mined in Alleghany county, Maryland, this year, at a cost of six and a quarter cents a bushel ; a part of which was sent down the Potomac in boats. A steam ship, called the "Robert Pulton," of one thousand tons, was built this year at Now York, for Messrs. Dunham & Lynch, by tho eminent naval architect, Henry Eekford, who, during the late war, had constructed, with incredible dispatch, and to the entire satisfaction of the Government, a fleet upon the lakes, and had established the repu- tation of New York merchant ships, as equal to any in the country. The Fulton was intended for the New York and New Orleans trade, and attained a speed of nine miles an hour, which was regarded by the distinguished inventor, whose name she bore, as the maximum speed of steamboats, and was not surpassed for many years. The speculation was ruinous, however, to her owners, and the vessel having been sold, afterward became the fastest sloop of wav (under sail) in the Brazilian The total value of the Book Publishing business of tho United States, this year, was estimated, by the late 8. G-. Goodrich (Peter Parley), at $3,500,000, viz. : of school books, $150,000, classical, $250,000, theologieoJ, |I50,000, law, §200,000, medical, $150,000, all others. $1,000,000. The relative proportions of British and American books consumed, was stated to be, of American thirty, and of British seventy ,y Google 1820] PAPER MIIXS — POTATO BTAKCH — SILK — CLOTHS. 261 per cent, of tbo wiiolc. Dnring the next thirty years, the proportions were reversed, the American forming seventy and the British thirty per cent, of the whole. Of seventy paper mills in fall operation in Pennsylvania aud Delaware, at the close of the war, containing' ninety-five vats, which cost about half a milliou dollars, and employed nine hundred and fifty persons, producing paper to the value of $800,000 per anuum, but seventeen vats were at worli at this time, producing $13S,000 worth per annum. The number of hands had been reduced seven hundred and fifty-five, and the product $624,000, by the importation of paper, chiefly of low price, from the south of Europe. The manufacturers of these states, and of Baltimore, asked for a doty of twenty-five per cent, on foreign papers.' The whole annual value of the manufacture in the United States, was estimated at an average of three millions of dollars, the materials and labor at two millions, and the number of persons employed at five thousand. Congress, at this time, used English paper, although the Messrs. Gilpin, who employed near half a million capital in the manufac- ture, on the Brandjwine, offered paper, allowed to be equally good, at twenty-five per cent, less price.' The mannfaeture of starch from potatoes, for wliicli a patent was granted, in 1S02, to John Biddis, of Temisylvania, had been recently estahlished in Hillsborongh county, N. H, The demand was principally for the cotton manufactories, which contained, in that county, excluBive of cotton and woolen factories, over fonr thousand spindles, and upward of fifty power-looms, employed on shirtings, tickings, cheeks, ginghams, yarn, etc. Many of these were idle at this time, or greatly depressed in consequence of a decline in the. price of yarn of about fifty percent., since 1812-13. A manufactory of Testings, Worsted, and Silk cloths, recently esta- in Providence, R I., was said to be tho only one of the kind in the United States. An infant manufactory of worsted stuffs, in Bristol county, calculated to run sis hundred to eight hundred spindles, but having only seventy-two in operation, had, however, produced ve stings of fine texture, and many other kinds of worsted and fine cloths, which had exceeded expectation. Six establishments in Litchfield county. Conn., made 11,450 brass and wooden clocks, valued at $T5,400, nearly the whole of which resulted from the industry and ingenuity employed on them. The returns of the marshals represented a manufactory of Prnssian bine; from leather shavings, to the valne of $4,500 annually, in Rensselaer (1) Memociala to Congress. (2) Munaoll's Chronologj oEpapor, etc. ,y Google 262 PETJS6IAM BLUE— IBOM BAILING SALT, [1820 county, N. Y., and one of bulled and pearled Barlej to tlie value of $5,000 in Newcastle countj, Dei., as probablj the only establishments of the kind in the "United States.* The manufactures of Albany and Yicinity were quite numerous, that of ale aud strong beer being, next to flour, the most valuable, employing four breweries, which made to the value of $64,000 per ananm, and were prosperous. The manufactories af the city and county of New York, enlbraced, among many others, two of oil of vitriol and chemical drugs in great variety ; one of chrome and other eoloi-s, of red and wbite lead, of black lead-pencils and crayons, fancy transparent and perfumed soaps, patent floor cloths, types, etc., which had been several years in operation. The manufacture of Iron Railing and House work, and of Needles and Pish hooks, imported in an unflnished state, and jjrepared for market at from one to twenty dollars a thousand, were among those of recent introduction. The Salt manufacture of the United States emjtiloyed, in Massaclmsetts, a capital of abont $777,000, which yielded a prodact of $95,000 ; and seventy-nine establishments in the town of Salina, New York, upon land leased by individuals from the state, of which the product, inspected by the Government supennteiident, for the year ending Nov. 7, was 664,T76 bushels. On this a tax of one Ehilling a bushel was paid toward the canai fund. In Genesee county, about 83,000 bushels were made. In Kanawha, Va., twenty-three saltmaking establishments, with a capita! of 1696,000, and eighteen hundred and twenty kettles, etc., made salt at seventy-five cents to one dollar a bushel, bnt sufl'ered by competition with foreign salt, bronght from New Orleans in steamboats. Kentucky had upward of sisteen hundred kettles employed, and made salt worth ahout $190,000 per annum, and in New Hanover eoonty, N. C, salt was made by solar heat to the value of $13,350. About $33,000 was invested in the fame business in western Penn'iylvanu aud smillei amounts id othpr plates The population of the United States in Augntt is retumed by the fourth ceisns was 9 638 181 having increased 83 13 pei cent in tea yens The active poj ulation was di tiibuted as follows number engaged in l^iicnltuie 2 075 3b3 in MinulicturBS 34^1663 in Cora merce including t-ountry shop keepers 72 558 The returns on the subject ot manafu-tures although the schedules furm bed weie moie comprehensive than on foimer occtsiions and (1) The s an Hue Ee o tal Eeaajs publ ahed a ijno by ed and the pr esa dea Dr John Pponin TO a obo I al atnlont— ses Mea 1 0 aea Arch OB TOI i.Google 1820] STATI(>TICa (JF rylLRTII c 2fi3 embraced iieailj the same objects of inqairy aa at present, were ex- ceedmgij dcfeUive partly on accuant of the inatleqnato compensation allowed the ennmeiatois and partly from the inability or reinctance of manufactuiers to give the details of their bnsinees. A digest of tlie aLLOunts OQ this subject which «i lesolution of Congress, approved March 30, 1^22, aothouzed the SeLietaiy of State to have made and published l^aI, tonnd up in ita completion, to be so imperfect an exhibit of this blanch of the nationil industry, that the Secretary was only constiained by the impei'ktive nature of the requnitun to permit its publication ind the House of Representatives hid neaily resolved to suppress the n hole document, and tabled a resolution pioviding foi the dibtiibution of the books The digest, however when studied m detad furnishes much useful mfoimatinn lespecting the existing state of individual establi'ihraents and branches of industry and shows the natuie and extent of the embai rassments undei which the mtnuf'ujtuieis Kboied jt this time Although some branches of industij particnlaily that ut cotton and otheis fwoiably situated, were tolerably prospeious, and there were indications of geneial improvement, large losses were reported as having been experienced within a few years. In all parts of the TJnjonj machinery and flsed capital, to a large amount, were either lying idle, or were employed at a very meagre profit, in the hope of a favorable change. The products and the profits of manufactures had, in general, been greatly reduced, and much property had changed hands at ruinous Bacriflces. The decrease in the aggregate value of manufactures retnmed, aa compared with the census of 1810, was in part caused by the omission of all mannfactures strictly domestic or household, in the fourth census, and which were included in the third. From a report based on these rclnrns made by the Secretary of State, in September, 1824, in obedience to a resolution of the Senate, we take the following : Maine, $J24,648 S4S9,S08 New Hampahirfl, 749,884 893 0G5 S 2,455,000 Maasaohu=,ette, 3,144 S16 1,542,325 21,049,0Wi Eliode Island, 878,568 a 107,222 Oonneeticat, 2,429,204 5,144,625 5,540,000 Vermont, 784,349 691,157 New Tork, 4,'?44,387 7,774,041 18,^04,00(1 New J'-iSLS 'H<>,41<> 1,735,41^ 3,300,000 i.Google COTTON— PATENTS — BLANCUAED S LATHE. [18£0 Penraylvania, Delaware, Mar/laod Colambia Difltriot,.. Virginia, Horth Carolina South Carolina, GleorRift Louisiana,.. T«nneasee,. Ktmtuuk^, . 163,046 45 200 473,686 876 608 48,760 33 035 142,602 160,419 34,500 41S45 60 831 Indiana, lilinois,.,, Missouri,' Micliigan Territory,... Arkansas Territory,., Total, 832,271,884 846,837 SbG The following table shows, probably, a nearer appioximition fo tbe actual condition of the cotton manufacture than is furnished by the general aggregates. It exhibits an increase of one hundred and seveuty- s X per cent., in the whole amount of cotton consumed and of tKO I ndrpd and thirteen percent, in tbe number of spindles given m Mr. iallat f, Report, in 1810, but a decrease of about one hundred and seTentT i er cent, in the amount of cotton consumed in 1815, according to the eport of a Committee of C StBtes. Pounds □fCntton Kumberot stales. Poi-Ldfl of Coli™ Number of iunuaily Spun. Spindles. AdMaully Sp™ mMm S"'"? ^^.S™ 3.070 Pennsylvania, 1,062,753 13 776 New Hampshire, .. 413,100 13,013 Delaware 423,800 13 784 Massaohusetts, 1,611,796 30,304 Maryland 849 000 20 245 Rhode Island, 1,914,230 63,372 Virginia, 3 000 ' ' Connectiont 897,335 29,826 Horth Carolina,... 18 OOo' 288 Vermont, 117,250 3,278 South Carolina 46,440 588 New York, 1,412,495 33,160 Kentucky, SB0,9S1.... 8 097 Hew Jersey, 648,600 18,124 Ohio 81,360 1,680 Total, 9,945,609 250,572 Letters patent were gianted for the following objects, among others : to Thomas Bljnchaid, Middlebury, Mass. (Jan. 20), for a machine for turning gun stocks Thn, was for the celebrated lathe, afterward adapted to turning nregulai forma in general, as shoe-lasts, spokes, hat, tackle and wig blocks, etc , foi nhich nses he was granted, by special act of Congress, in June, IbM ani again m 1848, a renewal of his ,y Google 1820] PATENTS CIRCTJLAR SAW POWEK LOOM, 265 piitcnt, which has jost expired (Jan. 1862), the author still living.' A, Woolworth, Waterbury county, also took a patent (Juno 15), for tuming gun stocks ; I. Kendall, Lincoln, Mass. (Jan. 28), preparing oxymuriate of lime (bleaching powder) ; A. Buffum and J. Kelly, West- field, R. I. (Feb. IT), water-proof elastic hats; Robert Eastman and J. Jaquith, Brunswick, Me. (March 16), circular saw for clapboards, etc.- Tills " improved rotary sawing machine" was the first application of the circular saw to the dressing of timber of large size, ami the manufac- ture therefrom of staves, heading, clapboards, etc. One machine was capable of cutting two thousand feet of pine timber per diem. It was in general use throughout >few England in 1822.' The patent was renewed by act of Congress, for seven years, in March, 1835. Henry and Jacob Day, New York (April 4), improvement in locks; Harvey Hackley, New York (April 21), brewing by steam ; Shalor Ives, Chili- cothe, Ohio (May 17), machine for spinning candle-wick; Duncan Wright, Medway, Mass. (Aug. 31), drying cloth by steam rollers; Wiiliam Gilmour, Smithfield, K. I. (Oct. 28), improvement in the Power Loom. The Scotch power loom was first introduced into Rhode Island three or four years before by the patentee. Thomas Rowell, Hartford, Vt. (Nov. 34), making wooden pegs; Jonathan Fish, Medway, Mass. (Dec. 1), for five different improvements on the doable speeder for spiimiiig cotton, and one for a combination of these improvements in the double speeder ; also to Paul Moody, of Waltham (Dec. 20), for double speeder for roping cotton ; George P. Digges, Albermarle, Va. (Dee. 16), making oil from cotton seed; Thomas J. Bond, Baltimore (Dec. 21), iron boats. Improvements in propelling boats and vessels were patented by scveial peibons Ml Jacob Perkins, of Austin Friars, London, late of Philadelphia, and foruieily of Mewburyport, Mass., was this year awarded, by the London Hocicty of Arts, two large silver medals, for his methods of |1) This maoliin e, tbe laen of which was riting a lathe, previously Woiernment Armory at Q gun barrels complete he rBioived, during the first 1 patent for tbe lathe, more ih whioh had, in the mean time, 1. in different parts of the Union, »" fifty of eon erected in violation BiiggbStedwbiloopf eonrt Tinted roi tht Spiingfield to tu. fromendtoend ivasimmeJiatalymtroduoed of his right, for turning lutts, Bpokes, into t le nntional gnn factories at Harper's handles, etc. Ha confiequBully oppliad for Fu-rry and SpnngHeld where the inventnr and obtained a renewal of the patent, as WHS employed for Ave jeara Ho there above stated, covering its apphoatiou 1o originated other improvementa, and thirteen Irregular forms in general. For an interest- different marhini-E, afterward ganerslly ing account of the origin of this sad other alopted in the raanHfaotura and stocking inventions of Ihe ingenious author, see of Ere arms Tha Qtvommenl allowance Howe's Mmoh-> of the 3I<„1 Emiiif»t ill- the t^s 0 arinori a, was the only coinpensDtloii (2) Sillimau's JoHrnal, vol. v., p 151. ,y Google 26G PERKINS'S II^VENTIOSS— BAMK KOTES. [1820 wm d tit m dthhidfhp df i t {, h lt8l gldmdlf 1 i h\ I mi d t m il V t 1 1 m d 1 f m tl 1 f f y w t 1 1 ft m back w t Th tt k f th S ty w 1 tdtPkPm IHll ttti ty fpllt t ]tfth Sd g 2^ I f It plj p f g p rt 1 ly th 71 t tb p t f f g y Th m t p t g t tli g * '7 1 1] fb tt Ithpdt fbkt & I f gyig Uttdwkjg 1 d tb ft f p t d 1 bi> tb w tc by Pk nithlfd b tf, dhl gtlplf f d tl 1 f t f g t f d m It 1 1) p d p tt 1 T d f th t 1 1 th t 1 by M A Sj f 0 t t mp d b p m f tU t t g th th t fth tl t f M P L. b m d II t) f d th th tj gl th 1 f th fe tj 1 t I th th ty th 1 m f IS 1 1 g g Id it f I mtthwm I titgt f hhM Perki s e d ft tl k f th & ty d al ft t m t f t g tb t m f h 1 t ly th by th tb d Ilj I t d f b h 1 w w d 1 wth tl V 1 g 11 II 0 tth tmt dgdtbil 1 1 wth th k 1 f tl h I a th f d m t 1 by L tl (/ ( th tl 1 1 d t ht 1 t th li 1 a^ 11 d th i ; ( 1 th 1 g th 1 t p t t th 1 1 d wl the vessel was in a proper trim for sailing. The failure of the tariff bill, in the early part of Iho last year, was followed, in the nest session, by several remonstrauces against a renewal of the measure or any farther extension of the restrictive system, as destructiTe to revenue and to the interests of agriculture and eom- meree. The merchants and citizens of Petersburg, Va. ; the commercial and agricultural citizens of Maine — recently admitted as a state ; a conven- tion of delegates representing the merchants and others interested in commerce, assembled at Philadelphia ; the citizens of Charleston, S.^ 0. ; the delegates of the United Agricultural Societies of Virginia, in a (1) Messrs. Murray, Fairmim & Co,, of engrnving, in pnrt esoentod by very oostly Philiidelphia, ossoomteB of the London firm, maeliinery, nnd of nnriralled eipalleQCe. prodnoed in this, or early in tto following Thoy were in nil respects equal to the year, benutiful Bpacimens of bank notes, ppeoimena eseouled in London. allowing ail tho improvement! in the iirt of i.Google 1821] THE TARIIP AND AUOTION BILLS. 2( I 1 tl 1 tl B, a k Ag Itu 1 S t) f Y g lly I f I tl m 1 Th p p d f d t 1 th wh 1 J t m f b t I m m p hib t y d t th tm t t 1 g t 1 m t th f 1 f t d f th h ra f ft d p t 1 with t d 1 1 tv 1 t 1 t mb th p bl fl d p m t m gl S 1 t 1 1 1 th ff ts t gth m yf th b ffwft ggl lit ttth p f y th 1 I 1 t d t m I t th t 1 my t th ft fth B lea y t m Tl m t f m f t by 1 1 t te f I 1 as U fit 1 J T! t I p tt d g t d ty It t t p th 1 t f tl J t m t th mm ty h 1 t t 1 1} t tl ft t th m 11 f h tl an t w Im t 1 ly th m d m f 1 f h (, 1 wl tl f h t 1 wl tf t t mpt 1 f d ty by th L 1 t P tt 1 1 d 1 f th H Ly th h 1 f ts f B 1 fast, Maine, and by the merchauts and othera of Richmond, Virginia, the former attributing to the tariff and cash payment bills repealed at the last session, a porpose to abolish the system of (Jebentures and draw- backs, and depicting their ruinous effects upon coramerce ; and the latter imputing to the advocates of mannfactnres, less of a desire to promote internal manufactures than of enmity to foreign commerce and naviga- tion, which it was their design in these bills to assail and eventnally to destroy. These petitions were the subject of a report presented early in the session, by Mr. Baldwin, from the Committee of Manufactures, dis- claiming any such objects in the bills or in their framers, and strongly rebuking misrepresentations and imputations so improper and nnnsual in reference to acts of the National Legislatnre. The same Committee, on the 15th January, reported a new bill and accompanied it by a report of more than ordinary length and ability, in which the subjects of the varions memorials, just referred to, were elabo- rately discussed, and the views of the Committee fully and freely stated. An opposite view of this important question was also presented, at considerable length, on the 3d Febi-uary, by the newly created Committee of Agdculture, to whom the second memorial of the United Agricultural Societies of Virginia had been referred. The bill received some amendments, but was not called up for a third reading, either in consequence of its late introduction, or the strength of the opposition, a motion made four days before the close of the session, to go into consideration of the tariff and auction bills, having been negatived by a vote of sixty-two to fifty-three. ,y Google 268 MR. CAEEY— COTTON — ORIOIN OP LOWKLL. [1821 It does not appear that any great effort waa made 1) tlie manu- facturers generally to secnre the passage of an act supi o ed to be ex- clusively for their benefit, although Mr. Carey w th h b s il activity, issued, during the year, an address to the farme s of the XT ted States, showing their interests to be involved in a change of i ol y and also a review of a pamphlet on the tariff by Mr. Cambreleng, a prominent mer- chant and member of Congress, from New York, whose representations of the general prosperity of the country, and of the effects of a protecting system, were singulariy at variance with the report of the Committee. For these and other services, the citizens of Wilmington, Del, in public meeting, voted Mr. Carey a piece of plate of the value of one hundred and eighty or two hundred dollars, subscribed by employers and operatives, which was presented in April, vrith an inscription expressive of their gratitude.' The cotton crop of the "United States, accoi'ding to oificial tables, waa this year about thirteen millions of pounds in excess of any previous year, and amounted to one hundred and eighty millions of pounds, being 28.5 per cent, of the whole quantity grown throughout the world, which was estimated to be six hundred and thirty millions of pounds. The quantity exported was one hundred and twenty-four millions of pounds, worth twenty millions of dollars, at the average price of sixteen centa per pound. The quaatity manufactured in the United States was estimated at twenty millions of pounds.' The cotton manufacture, offered at this time the most eligible invest- ments of capital, and the success of the Waltham Manufacturing Com- pany, which was the most extensive in the Union, and was said to have divided twelve per cent, upon its capital, during a period of general de- pression, induced others to engage in it. Messrs. P. T. Jaeltson and Na- than Appleton, principal owners in the Waltham factory, having instituted inquiries for a suitable water power, with the design of introducing the manufacture and printing of Calicoes ob large scale, were directed to the Pawtucltet Palls, in East Chelmsford, now Lowell, which they visited in September. In connection with Mr. Kirk Boot, they made, during the next month, the first purchase of lands, on the present site of Lowell, fl-om the Pawtucket Canal Company, and other proprietors of the territory, which then contained less than two hundred inhabitants. Articles of association were signed on 1st December, and an act of incor- poration was obtained on 5th February, 1822, under the name of The Merrimac Manufacturing Company, with a capital stock of six hundred shares, ovpned as follows : N. Apploton and P. T. Jacksou, each one (1) "A tribate of grotiludo to Matthew the frionda of National Industry, in Wil- Ciiray, Esq., m Approbation of his writings mirgton, Do)., and its vicinity, Ajiril, lS2i." on Political Economy, presented by soma of (2) Secretary Woodbury's Report. ,y Google 1821] LOWBEL — B0MER8W0ETH — rHILADBLPHIA. 269 hundred and eighty shares ; Kirk Boot and John W. Boot, each ninety Bhares ; Paul Moody, sixty shares. The following persons were per- mitted, at the next meeting, to subscribe to the amount of ninety-five shares, viz : Dudley A. Tyng, Warren Button, Timothy Wiggin, William Appleton, Eben. Appleton, Thomas W. Clark, D. Webster, Benjamin Gorham, Nathaniel Bowditch. The original shareholders also sold one hundred and fifty shares to the Boston Manufacturing Company, at an advance of ten per cent. Mr. Boot was elected treasurer and agent, and acted in the latter capacity until Ms death, in 1831. The corporation, early in the ensniEg spring, proceeded to make additional purchases, toward acquiring control of the entire power of the Mci-rimac at that place, and to enlarge and extend the canal and locks sutQciently for fifty mill powers, at a cost of $120,000. They arranged, with the Waltham Company, for the transfer, for the sum of $15,000, of the patterns and patent rights of machinery, and of the services of Mr. Moody, and erected the first mill, a church, etc. The first wheel was started in September, 1823, and the capital was, the same year, increased to 11,300,000. In 1825, the first dividend of one hundred and sixty par share was made, at which time three additional mills were built, and five hundred dollars were appropriated for a library, and operations were commenced by the Hamilton Mannfaetnring Company. The originsil Company has continued, with few intermissions, to divide about twelve per cent, annually, to the present time. The Company com- menced print works on a lar^e scale, in 1823, but were anticipated by establishments at Taunton, Mass., and Dover, JS". H. The Great Talis Manufacturing Company was incorporated this year, by the States of Maine and New Hampshire, with a capital of $400,000, to erect works on the Sahnon Falls, or Piscataqua river, which divides tlie states. Tlio mills were built at Great Palls, now the beautiful manufacturing town of Somersworth, on the New Hampsliire side, then containing only one house and a saw mill. Within ten years from this date, the place contained about two thousand inhabitants, and four large cotton mills, with 31,000 spindles, and a woolen mill, said to be the largest in America, two hundred and twenty feet long, six stories high, and having machinery for making 120,000 to 130,000 yards of line broadcloth yearly, and a large carpet factory attached, capable of making 150,000 yards of best ingrain carpeting. About four thousand looms were put in operation, in Philadelphia, in the first six months of this year, chiefly for weaving cotton goods. Calicoes of firm and fine texture were made and printed in Philadelphia, and sold as low as the poorer qualities of British calicoes. Preparations were made to carry on the business extensively, both by water and steam ,y Google 2T0 ■WOOLEN MIILS — CAEPETS — CIIEMICALS — STRAW TLAIT. [1821 power. Domestic cottons had, at this time, in a great measure superseded the coarse plain cottons from abroad. Mouey continued to be invested in woolen manufactures, and con- siderable quantities of Spanish wool were imported from Bilboa, and met with ready sale, the domestic supply of wool being then, as now, inadequate to the demand. Mr. Macauley, the proprietor of a manufactory of woolen carpet, patent floor cloth, and oil cloth, which last were now made in different parts of the Union, contracted to supply a large quantity of ingrain carpet- ing, of his own make, to the uew State House at Harrisburg. The Wolcott Woolen Manufactory, at South Bridge, Massachusetts, was incorporated, with a capital of $14i,000, for the manufacture of broad- cloths and cassimeres, with thirty-two looms and other machinery valued at $40,000, bat sunk, during the next ive years, upward of $23,000. Boston was, at this time, the market for large supplies of domestic cloths, which were sought after, and the demand, for wool was increasing. A manufacturer of power looms, who made about seventy per week, was unable to supply the demand. An extensive steam mill was erected at Bath, in the State of Maine. The Copperas works, at Strafford, Vermont, produced about one hundred tons per annum, by the labor of four men. A manufactory of Alum was in successful operation at Salem, Massachusetts, and sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) was also made there, of superior quality, presenting crystals of extreme beauty. The fifth annual message of President Monroe, read December 3d, held out tho encouraging prospect, that, under the protection given to domestic manufactures by existing laws, the United States would become, at no distant period, & manufacturing country on a large scale. The resources of the country, in raw materials, food, mechanical skill, and improvements calculated to lessen the demand and cost for labor, would, under present duties, make our industry equal to any demand which, under a fair competition, could be made upon it. In pro- portion to our resources, and independence of foreign powers, would be the stability of the public happiness, and, with the increase of domestic manufactures and the demand for raw materials, the mutual dependence of the several parts of the Union, and the strength of the Union itself, would be proportionately augmented. Miss Sophia Woodhouse (afterward Mrs. Wells), the daughter of a farmer residing at Weathersfield, Conn., in the early part of this year, sent, to the London Society of Arts, samples, in their raw, bleached, and manufactured states, of a new material for Straw Plait, consisting of a ,y Google 1821] STEAW BONNETS — PATENTS. 3T1 Bonnet made in imitation of Leghorn, and dried specimens oftlie graaa from wliicli it was made, popularly known there as Ucklemoth, a species of (poa pretensis), spear grass, or smootli stalked meadow grass, growing spontaneously in tliat port of the country. The Weathersfteld bonnet was pronounced, by the principal dealers in London, superior in fineness and beauty of color to the best Leghorn, and the cultivation or importation of the straw was recommended as a means of supplying raw material of superior quality. The Society, at its next session, Toted the large silver medal, and twenty guineas, to Miss Woodhonse, on conditions which would put the Society in possession of some of the seed, and the process of bleaching, which were sent by her with a description of the whole treatment of the culm, and a certificate that' she was the original inventor of the art.* A patent was granted, in the "United States, Dec. 35, to Garden Wells and Sophia Welis, of Weathersford, for making hats and bonnets of grass, iu the manner above mentioned. The Misses Burnap, of Merrimac, M". H., also claimed, not far from this time, the first discovery, in that region, of the manufacture of Leghorn bonnets. A grass bonnet of their manufacture sold this year, in Boston, at auction, for fifty dollars. In consequence of the high price of Leghorn hats and bonnets at this time, the manufacture had been commeneed in a number of places, and many specimens riralled, if they did not surpass the Italian. The importation of common straw hats had been long stopped by the domestic manufacture in Massachusetts, Con- necticut, and elsewhere. Premiums as high as twenty dollars each were offered in New York for the finest specimens of bonnets, and the com- plete establishment of the business, it was thought, would soon be a saving of two millions of dollars annually to the country, and furnish an article for exportation. Patents.— Paul Moody, Boston (Jan. IT), for frames for spinning cotton ; to the same (Feb. 19), two patents for roping or spinning cotton, one being the double speeder. These and other improvements of Mr. Moody were introduced into the new factories at Walthara and LowelJ, and aided in establishing the cotton manufacture in the United States, upon ai! improved and permanent basis. John Brown, Providence, R, I. (Jan. 23), for spinning and roping cotton and wool by hand ; the samo (Aug. 11), for a vertical spinner; G-eorge J. Newbury,. New York (Feb. 1), printing with metallic and colored powder (bronzing) ; A. 0. Stansbury, New York (April T), and Samuel Rust, New York (May 13), improvements in the printing press. Mr. Rust's invention was known as the Washington press, which for some time was made by Rust &. (I) Traiip. Soc. Arts, vol. 40., rp. 217-222. ,y Google 372 BAIL CL'OTH — HAIL-IVATS — BUTIES. [1 831 Turncy, afterward by Messrs. U. Hoe & Co., of Wew Yovl;, by whom tlioy were greatly improved. Five different improvements in tte cast iron plongli were patented by inliabitants of New York State. Minus Ward, Columbia, S. 0. (March 22), improvement in steam engines. Tiiia was for an alternating or rotary engine, wliieli enabled the piston rod to describe a rotary motion npon its extreme end, when tnming a wheel. Eoss Winans, New York (Jane 26), fulling cloth by steam ; Josiah Chapman, Frantford, Pa. (July 9), sail duck loom. Sail cloth, made by the improved method of the patentee, at Frankford, was tried on the boxer, in 1815, by Captain Porter, and was found snperior to English or Russian, having twice the durability in hard service. James Richards, Paterson, N. J. (Ang. 10), sail cloth loom ; Isaiah Jennings, New York (Sept. 22), repeating rifles ; John Cook, Fayetteville, N. C. (Oct. 12), machine for packing cotton; Charles Williams, Boston, improve- ment in railways. The patentee, in a comrannication to the Richmond Whig, dated Fluvanna county, "Virginia, December 13, 1845, claimed to have invented, in 181T, a wooden railway, to remove dirt, and during this and the following year to have planned a small engine, in Boston, to use steam, and therefore to have been the first to apply steam to rail- roads, the first locomotive of Stephens having been copied from liia invention. ' The seventeenth Congress was memorialized during its first session, by Mr. Jefferson, the rector, and the visitors of the University of Virginia, 1S22 ^"^ ^^ *^^ trustees of the Transylvania University, for a repeal of the duty on books Imported into the United States, as being an obstruction to the progress of science, literature, and general improvement. The Senate Committee on Finance, on 8th January, made a report adverse to the prayer of the trustees, because, by the tariff of April, 1816, philosophical apparatus, instruments, books, maps, statues, and other articles imported for the use of any society incorporated for philo. aophical or literary purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or by order and for the use of any seminary of learning, were exempt from duty. The interests of authors, publishers, paper and type.makera, and of the revenue, forbade an exception, principally for the benefit of professional gentlemen or scholars of wealth and leisure, who might wisli to obtain rare or elegant and expensive editions of foreign authors. On ordinary or cheap editions of English works for general circulation, the export bounty of three pence per ponnd weight, allowed in Great Britain, nearly balanced the American import duty of fifteen per cent. (1) .?ep Merchiint's Magaiino, vol. I-l, p. 249. ,y Google . TAEIFE BILL — COTTOS CILOP. 273 ad valorem. It was, moreover, clesirable that we should have Ameri- can editions, adapted to our exigencies and tastes and less productive of foreign infiueoce. -The subject of Protection to manafaetures, which had strongly agitated the country for four or five j«ars, was, on the following day, once more brought up in the House by a bill reported so late in the Session, that, after having been twice read and amended, the Honse, by a vote of sixty-two to fifty-three, refused to go into committee for the final consideration of that and the Auction Bill, and a new one was reported to the next Congress. Mr. Baldwin's bill proposed a very t'ODsiderable increase in the rates of duty, and the substitution of speciBe rates on a large number of articles. The Senate Committee on Commerce and Manufactures, instructed to inquire into the expediency of prohibiting the importation of foreign distilled spirits, reported toward the close of the session, that although agrienlture and manufaetnreB, and in a short time the revenue, would he benefited by the prohibition, its immediate effects would be injurious to the commercial interests of the United States, and would diminish the revenue, before an excise system conld be brought into operation. They recommended, in preference, a gradual increase of duties to the extent of prohibition, for wbich purpose a bill must originate in the Honse as a revenue measure, Mr. Baldwin's taiitf bill proposed to raise the duties on cottons and woolens, only eight and one third, and on iron, steel, copper, brass, and lead, five per cent., making them thirty-three and one third per cent, on the former and twenty-five on the latter. The cotton crop of the United States amounted, this year, to 210,000,000 pounds or thirty millions of pounds more than that of 1821. T!ie quantity exported was about 144,T00,000 pouiids, or nearly twenty millions of pounds more than in the last year. The heavy importationsof the two years caused a reduction of the price in Eng- land, to an average, on the whole year, of eight and a quarter cents per pound. Some prime lots, which early in the season cost, in Charleston, eighteen and a half cents, sold in November for eight and a half pence,, eqnivalent, with exchange at eleven per cent,, to tivelve and a half cents it pound. The average price of Upland cotton, toward the end of August, was as low as six and a half pence in Liverpool, or about nine and a quarter cents with exchange as above. The loss to shippers of cotton, was from twenty-five to thirty-three per cent., and was estimated to amount, on the exports of the whole year, to between four and five millions of dollars. The first cotton from Egypt was received at Liver- pool the ensuing year. The cotton culture was Brst commenced, this year, in Texas, by 18 ,y Google 214: TEXAS COTTON — DUCK— WALT HAM. [1822 Cnlonel Jsired K. Groee, in the bottoms of the Brazns (Ip Pios, where the first coluDj from the United States was planted in the last year, by Genera! Stephen F. Austin, the father-in-law of Col. Groce. On thu plantation "of the latter the first cotton gin in Austin's Colony, and the second in the state, was erected in 1825, the first having been bnilt by Mr. John Cartwright, of the Iledlands^ The most extensile Cotton pressing and Tobacco warehouse, at this lime, in New Orleans, was that of Mr. V. Rillieux, and was furnished with three presses, with steam, water, and horse powers, and a lire engine. It was capable of containing eleven hundred and fifty bales of cotton, and cost $150,000, The manufacture of Cotton Sail Duck was commenced in February of this year, at Patterson, N. J., by Mr. John Colt, who employed hand looms, and made it wholly of double and twisted yarn, without starch or dressing. In March, 1824, up to which time he had made only about five hnndred pieces, Mr. Colt introduced the power loom, which had been used for several years by Mr. Bemis, the original manufacturer of the article. The business was from that time rapidly improved and extended by Mr. Colt, who, in 1831, made 460,000 yards, ffllich quantity he has since more thun donbled. His sail duck ha.s alwayH been in high repnte. Two duck factories at Paterson, in 1823, owned by Mr. Colt and Mr. Travers, with fourteen hundred and thirty- three spindles and one hundred hand looms, consumed upward of a ton of flax daily, and in a great measure supplied the United States Navy with canvas. There were, at the same time, twelve cotton mills, with 17,124 spindles ^nd one hundred and sixty-five power looms ; three ex- tensive woolen factories; three machine factories, one of which, Good- win, llogers & Co., was said to be the most extensive and complete in the "United States, employing sixty-six hands ; throe extensive bleach greens ; two brass and iron foundries, saw and grist mills, paper mill, rolling and slitting mill, nail factory, and reed factory. During the same year, cotton duck began to be made in Baltimore, by Charles Crook Jr. and Brother, who made from forty to sixty bolts per week, thirty-six yards in length by twenty inches wide, weighing forty pounds to the bolt. It was fifty per cent, stronger than required by the standard of the navy board, bat the mannfacturers were ruined by the enterprise, although it has since become a prosperous manufacture in Baltimore. The cotton manufactory at Waltham, Mass., made, at this time, thirty- five thonsand yards of cloth weekly, or about 1,820,000 yards in a year. It employed about five hundred operatives, nearly all of thorn Ameri- (l) Do Bow's Review, toI. li„ p. li. ,y Google 1823] DOMESTICS — ESCRAVED CYLINDEKS — STEAM — COAI. 275 cans. The sheetings and sbirtiags, or dot t tl 3 b g t be called, a quality of goods which originated w tl tl f t y 1 coming quite popular in a!] pai-tsof the Un d f g m kt Considerable quantities were already export d y ly t h ti A where they were in much demand, Negro 1 tl f tt d w 1 also an American fabric, were fast supersod B t h I th as 1 1 of clothing for slaves. The first cotton mill at Lowell commenc d th m f t f 1 this year, and propositions were made forth t f df t y The second cotton mill in North Carolina, w t d t L It Messrs. David H. Mason and Matthew W B Id m f t f imjiroved bookbinders' tools, in Philadelpl mm I 1 t tl date, the first engraving of Cylinders for c ! p t g th Tl d States. The establishment of print works If, 1 t T t and Pall River and Lowell, Mass., Dover, N H t E it m CI biaville, N, Y,, and elsewhere, within a few \ g tl m [ p ous bnsinesK, in which their nnraerons imp m ts 1 1 d th m t compete snccessfully with foreign artists. Th t d m f tnre of tools and machinery adapted to th m f wh h jiatented this year, led to the constrnction f 1 P ' g 1 drying and calendering machines, for cott Ik P P 1 J d seal presses, engravers' machines, stationary g d macl y general, which was carried on at 14 Mine t t Th b soon followed by the construction of locom t f 1 d f ! h Mr. Baldwin was one of the first, as he is w f th m t t sive bailders in the United States. Steam power was this year first introdnc I th '^ g m ft of Lonisiana, which produced, at this time, I t tl ty th d h g iieads, and in the next ten years, increased 1 1 ty tl 1 b g heads. The first Steam Sngar mills and ei g 1 fly mp t d by Gordon & Forstall, and cost about $13 OOJ Th f t mid not become genera! until our own foundrie h 1 d d ti 1 t five or six thousand dollars. The Bituminous Coal Basin of Richmond, Ch t h Id T ^ taining the oldest wrought collieries in Am d f m y y th only domestic source for that species of fuel pi 1 tl y f portation, forty-eight thousand tons, whicl d 18 3 t 142,000 tons; from which the supply an ily uecl ed t t fi thousand tons in 1842. The Iron Manufacture of the United Sftw mhp ttlt this time. The importation of all kinds of th > f G t Britain, was 15,000tons, againstS.OOOtons th 1 ty Th h gli t ,y Google 2T6 IRON WORItS AND CASTINOS — FLANNELS — RUBBER CLOTH. [1822 price of Ijar iron in tlie United States, from Juue, 1820, to July, 1824, was forty-sis dollars, and the average aboat forty-two dollars per ton. Am th k p -at t B d V m t One f th d b) M P F 11 m d tl ty t f b iron 11\ d 1 y i q 1 ty f li I d t b bett d t gh th th tnp t d f E gl ] M C t worl tly 1 t it m d t f tl m Cast g d t b tl b t th t y m d by 1 t th am t f b d d t lly i 1 d d C t ^ L gl ton mi d C ki g St p t t d t! t y 1 h pop I th t th d m d m 1 d d th pi Ij Th fi t t s&f 1 f C d t P p tl Tin t 1 St t as ra d b t th t m tl vi f th I m t Wat W k t Ph I d Ipb Tb y w t t5 t ty ill t f t t I gtb d t t tw ty t h d met p tl il f 1 d by M W Ik g f tl N Kiv wt k Ldwl t ti.p sac f I Ab 1 30 000 f t f p p d th t f tb 1 joi t f p 1 t t I db Id d tl S 1 jJkil t was t d d t 8 945 p t d 11 185 m f d 401 p t I th th ty Blttb pp f th IdPll ft Hnid w md d dd gthy lyTh Ski f Ke 1 k by 1 1 d bj b If S mp! f wb t FI 1 d tl f t f If Ik Id Cb 1 t f ni y d d w d 1 q 1 1 tl b t Wei h a 1 Wtpflthmdbyd I th ptlm (CO 1 1) 1 m t th fac f t I f 1 th 1 y m of tb If d th p g t b tw 11 rs 1 g b t tl tira t b d Gl ^ by M M I t h h t f tl pro II bb b fi t 1 g b t th t t t m poit d t th IT t 1 St t Th 1 Id t t p y t tt mi t d tl y f i H b £, th (3) m Biiinturg, in 1791, is an nctount of ths and foreWtJ. Tho first patent for ita appli- innnner of obtoinias "°'l nianufaoture of ention in tie aria in Bnglnnd, whs given, einslic gum, or oaoulohouc— tben only used we believe, tn Cbarlas Bagnnelle Fleetwood, fur erasing pencil mniLs, whence it deriTBd in 1S24, "For o. liqnid and oonipositlon foe thG name of India Kubbar— and suggested rendoriog leather watcr-proef," (by dissoly- ,y Google 1823] PHINTIKa AND PAPER MAKI_VG— SHOT— BUTTONS. 2Tt United States, was the completion at Pliiladelphia, daring this year, of an Amei-icaii edition of Rees's Cyclopedia, rev is ed, corrected, enlarged and adai t d t t! ' t j It f ty 1 m q t w th sixaddit I ] m f (] t t tUTl gUy fi h 1 g "'Ss- It d tl t t g 30 000 m f p p d w tl largest h k t! E gl h 1 g f. ^•"^ P P I' P t I b k 11 1 t d t m m i-ialize C g g t d t f th d ty mp rt d b k stated th t tl 1 1 f b k m ft 1 ]\j Ph [ d 1 phia iva d Ijy m th ra II f I 11 } y article us d th i ss m 1 1 1 An extensive paper mill on Bronx river. New York, was destroyed by fire, with its machinery and stock, and one of the large paper mills of the Gilpins, on the Brandywine, was carried away by a flood of great violence, reducing to a mass of rubs the first cylinder paper machine constructed in this country, the invention and improvement of which had cost Mr. Gilpin years of labor and expense. A company was incorporated for the erection of a Shot Tower, in Baltimore, on the west side of North Gay street. It was 160 feet high, and baiit by Jacob Wolfe, under the direction of Col. Joseph Jamieson, president of the company. Mr. Oreswick, of New York, contracted to supply the United States Wavy with Brass Buttons, which he strnck oiF at the rate of nearly two dozen in a minute by a newly invented stamping machine, said to be the only one in America, In nine years, since the enrolment and license of the fii-st steamboat employed in trade on the Mississippi, there were eighty-nine boats enrolled at the port of New Orleans, with an aggregate admeasure- ment esceeding 18,000 tons. The whole number built on the Western waters, np to the end of this year, was 108, of which number ten were built this year, and seven in the last. Patents.— A. C. Baker and M. F. Biddle, Albany, N, Y (Feb. 1), transferring impressions from paper to wood ; C. M. Graham, New York (March 9), artificial teeth, the first for that object ; Wm.' Hall Boston (March 33), and Joseph Hastings, Cambridge, Mass. (Aug.' 14), making isinglass or icthyocolla. This manufacture was thought to have been brought to great perfection by Mr. Hall, his isinglass being considered far superior to any imported. Robert Moore, Rowan county, N. C. (March 19), a mode of delaying buds from blossoming- George Murray, (March 23), and James Puglia, (Aug. 13), both of Philadelphia, making banknotes; Reuben Hyde, Winchester, Mass. (April 19), machine for making pdes for fencing; B and J ,y Google 2T8 PATENTS THRESHER — PERCUSSION CAPS. [18'23 Tyler, and J. B. Andrews, Windsor, Vt. (April 33), a thresbing ma- chine. Tliis mill, invented two or tbree years before, was moved by two hovses, and with a drivei- and four men would thresli and clean about twenty-five bushels of wheat in an hour ; water and steam power conld be used, and it would thresh cloverseed, rice or coffee, with e<^nal Buccess. John Ames, Springfield, Mass. (May 14), machine for making paper ; Joshua Shaw, Philadelphia, (June 19), improvement in percus- sion guns;' John Rogers, Washington, D. C. {June 24), marine rail- way. This invention of Capt. Rodgera, President of the Navy Board, was the snbjeet of a special message to Congress from the President, accompanied by a letter and description of tlie "inclined plane" dock and fixtures for hauling up ships, with estimates of cost, etc., and the committee to whom the documents were refeiTed, reported a resolution to appropriate $50,000 for a dock, wharves, etc., at the Navy Yard, Washington. Eli Terry, Plymouth, Conn. (May 26), wooden wheel clocks; Moses Pennoek, East Marlborough, Pa. (June 26), horse Lay- rake ; James McDonald, New York (Aug. 31), flas and hemp machine. This machine, for breaking and cleaning unrotted hemp or flax by one , horse power, with a man and three boys to attend it, would clean from 1,600 to 2,000 lbs. in a day, yielding 400 to 500 Jbs. when bleached. By attaching another machine, and adding another man and boy, it could clean with the same power 800 to 1000 lbs. of bleached fibre, at a cost of $5 per diem. Peter Force, Washington, D. C. (Aug. 22), printing paper hangings; N. Wright, Onondaga, N. Y. (Oct. 3), machinery for cooper's work. A cooper's ware factory employing this patent machinery, and a capital of $3,000 and six hands, was in opera- (1) The invention of the peioussion loak The invention of percussion Are aims h»3 iindoflphosbeeniiaoribedtoMf,Shaw,aome been claimed by different persons. The of wliosB patented improveoienla in peroua- London Society of Arts, in 1813, voled Mr. siouguBs,pi3tolB,an(icannon,includinglhfl Collmson HiJI, of Mnry-le-bone, a silver wafer pvin,ar for percussion cannon, were medai for a perouBsion gun lock, described tested and approved by the United States in the 36th volume of the Transoctions for Eoverninent,fromwbiehiiereeeivedtl8,flOB that year, and in'182fi, prese.ited the gold nut ef $29,000 granted him by Congreas, in Vuloan medal to Capt, T. Dickinson, of Iha 1S4S, for the use of his patents, although ha Boynl Navy, for the application of percuB- is said te have been entitled te, or olaimed aion powder by means of caps, te naval ttrCflOO Hewasamanefgreatingenuity, ordnance.— See Trana., vol. 43, p. 109, etc. and a native of Lineelnshire, England, Hapoleon III. has also conferred a pension whence became to Philadelphia, in IBIT, of sia thonsond franes upon Capt. Delvigne, bringing with him, as a present io the as the inventor of the peroussien lock. The Pennsjhania Hospital, fi-om bis friend flrst use of fulminating powder in guuB Benjamin ^Yest, the American painfer, Ihe adapted to its use, has also been ascribed to artist's great piotnre of " Christ Healing the M. Berlnger, in Kranoe. Siek." He died at Burlington, N. J., in ,y Google 1823 ^ 1S22] PATENTS — aEVISIOS OF TAUIFF. 279 tiuii at Onondaga, and was said to give a net profit of forty per cent, at wbolesale prices, oa tlie capital every time it was turned over, whicli could be done several times in the year. B. Heald, Norridgework, Me. (Dec. 4), maeliine for sliearing cloth. HealiJ & Howard's patent cioth shearing machines were calcnlated to shear two pieces at one operation, and were made in Philadelpbia, in 1828, by Benj. P. Pomroy. Chi-isto- pber Cornelius, PMladeiphia (Dec. 38), light-house lamps. Cornelius's Lamps for burning lard were on the solar principle of the Argand lamp, and were of great illuminating power, as shown by tests made under direction of the Treasury Department. The subject of a revision of the tariff, with a view to the protection of domestic industry, continued to be one of paramount interest to the whole country. The sixth annual message of President Monroe to Congress, on 3d December last, adverted to tbe subject in these terms : " Satisfied I am, whatever may be the abstract doctrine in favor of unrestricted commerce (provided all nations would concur in it, and it was not likely to be interi-upted by war, which has never oc- curred and cannot be expected), that there are other strong reasons applicable to our situation, and relations with other countries, which impose oa us obligations to cherish our manufactures." On the 9th January, Mr. Tod, of PennsyWania, from the Committee on Manufactures, to whom this passage of the executive speech had been referred, along with sundry memorials, reported a bill for the more effectual encouragement and protection of certain domestic manufac- tures, which was read twice and committed to tlie Committee of tlie Wliole on the State of the TTnion. It proposed to add five per cent, to the existing duties on woolen goods, making them thirty per cent, ad valorem, and estimating them at the minimum price of eighty cents per square yard, except blankets, flannels, and worsted or stuff goods, making the duty virtually prohibitory on all coarse woolens, but the most necessary ones. The duty on cottons was left as before, but a minimum price of thirty-five cents per square yard on checked and strijiei! cloths, was proposed in part with the view of preventing foreign manufacturers from defrauding and discrediting American factories, by palming off worthless counterfeits of American cottons. On silk, linen, and hempen goods, the duty was increased to twenty-five per cent., and the minimum valuation of twenty-five cents a yard on the last two was established as on cottons. On Leghorn and silk hats au increase of one third was pro- posed, making the duly forty per cent., with a minimum price of one dollar. On hammered- bar iron an addition of five dollars per ton was proposed, leaving rolled iron as before. On lead, hemp, nails, glass, ,y Google 230 tod's tariit bill discussed. [1823 iiiiJ Qiaay other ai-ticles, an increase of duties, and cliange from ad valorem to specific rates were contemplated by the bill. It was called up on 29th Jaimarj, and Mr. Tod, in explaining its principles, stated the amount paid or due to foreign nations for munufac- Inrea of wool, cotton, linen, hemp, iron, lead, glass and earthenware imported in the last two jeare, was $55,453,951 (of which woolens lormed oTer $19,000,000, and and cottons nearly 111,750,000). The annual average was S'JT, '726,91 5, esclnsivo of all re-exportations, and exceeded, by aboTe $8,000,000, the yearly expenses of the governnient aad the interest of the national debt. While such was the state of the import trade, foreign nations refused to reciprocate by taking American flour and provisions on like terms, in part payment The grain-producing capacities of the country had been increased by new accessions of territory and internal improvements, from lour to sixfold since 1790; bat the annual exports of flour, beef, and poik, etc , weie only about equal to the average of the five years frora 1190 94 As tu the oft-repeated objection that duties on foreign manu- lactuies enhanced the price to the consumer, a sufficient answer wa.'j furnished in the case of coai-se cottons.. These were supplied better and cheaper, by our own workmen, than the imported g;oods ; yet these were the only articles legally protected by a prohibitory dnty, like those of other nations. These were, moreover, the very articles, the duty on which had constantly been made, by the adversaries of protection, the iheme of complaint is an instance of pernicious and oppressive legisla- tion, as in the Salem memorial, and that of the United Agricultural Societies of Virginia. The bill had not, therefore, been framed solely nor chiefly for the benefit of the manufacturer. If protection now enabled the poor man and the farmer to obtain coarse cottons at a price, considering the quality, one half (he would say one third) that formerly paid for the impoite3 article — as it was notonous he could do — the same effect might be expected to follow the exclusion ot other aiticles with the fuither advant^e of having constant employment foi hia finiilv or a market for his produce if hving near a factoty Mi Hohombe, fiom New Jeisey, who ably supported the bill, remarked thit the manufactunna; question was veiy different ftom what it was tun yeirs beloie It was no longei whether we could m mnficture any article as profitibl) as we could purchase it, bat whcthei bj additional protection we could not sell profitably abioad as well as supply the domestic maiket The bill was strongly opposed by most of the membei'' from the planting distncts and by several fiom the commercial and manufactnring towns of the north ; among whom, were prominent Messrs. Cambreleng, ,y Google 18333 TONNAGE LAWS — NATIONAL FOTJNDGY-— STEAMBOATS. 23l of New York, Tatnall, of Georgia, Gorhani, of Massaclmsetts, Durfee, of llhode Island, and otliers, some of whom nsed very strong laiigaage and even tbreateiied or counselled resistance. It was supported with enernry by Messrs. Tod, Holcombe, of New Jersey, Mallary, of Termont, Eaatis, of Massaclmsetts, and many otliers. Haying been warmly debated for several days Mr Tod oa 14th February made a motion, with a iiuw of having the bill bioueht dueetly befoFe the Hoase for fanal action which pro diiLcd much excitement , ifter which it was laid t^ide foi othei bu'iine •> j,nd was not agim considered dunng the se&sion The revenue Kws were amended by an act appioved Maich 1 decieeing th'it no goods imported, subject to id valorem dutits should be admitted to entry nnless the true invoice was pioduced e^ceptm^ ^ooda fiom 1 ftieck By an act of the same date United States ports were opened to British vessels fiom colonial poits m Ameiica On the third Match the act of 16th Mij 1820 imposm" a tonnage duty on Ftench ships was repealed iiid a discriminating dnfj of two dolluih and seventy five cents pei ton on Trench goods impoited on riencli bottoms was laid and after t«o jearswastobe diminished one fourth annually An act of the bame date to establish a National Toundiy on the "nestein wfters appiopiiated $5 000 for the employment of cngineeia Bud olheis uidet the direction of the Piesident to esamine and teport, on the most suitable bite the cost ot election etc Ihe repoit of the commissioneis made at tlie next session, m con- foiraity with the last mentioned act described three lucalitiei on the wateis of western Pennsylvania and made the following estimate of the coat of steam power etc , at Pittsburg for auch an establishment one of tin piopoaed sites being near that town The total aunml tost foi four Bteamwiioines woiking thiee hunilied and thirteen dijs would amount, fui one bundled and siitj bushels coil pei diem g classes,' {I J Hole's Priia Essfty on Llterivrj, Soien- he approointod. The " Jlethnnics" clas; tiflo and Mflchanioa' Inatllutiona, London, tlio Audarsonian UniversLtj, eafiiWiahed ISaS. London MDaliantos' Journtil, vol. 4, the year 1800, by Dr. BIrkbeek, untl, ai pp. 232-240. The London Instilulo, though 1804, oonduotod bj Dr. Andrew Ore, h not slriotly tha first institution of its class, nbout July of tliia year (1823), organi has the merit of having Qrst caused thiiui tu into the Glosj^nw Median ics' Institute, i t lilt tl g th h 1 f tth tt t L 1 Mg 0 t 1 11 th 1 ;htl J i bjM B gh m d th t tjtl I tt t tGlas phy miat y i.Google ^8S THE FBASKrJN INSTITUTE — PEHKINS' STEAJI ENGINE. [1823 Iq November, 1822, a similar measare foi- tlie promotion of the Mechanic Arts was discussed, but flnally abandoned, by a number of gentlemen in Philadelphia, bat was revived by others dnring tliia year. On the 9tli December, a meeting was held in the liall of the American Phaosophical Society, when bpth of the previous propositions were con- sidered and so combined as to result in the estahJishmect of an iustitn- tion, which was incorporated on the 20th March, 18-24, as tlje " Frunlihn Institute, of the State of Pennsylvania." Its constitution, framed by a committee appointed at the meeting above named, slates Ihe objects of the association to be " For the Promotion and Encouragement of Manu- factuves and the Mechanic and "Useful Arts, by the establisliment of popular lectures on the sciences connected with them ; by t!ie foundation of a library, reading room, and a cabinet of models and minerals ; by offering premiums on all subjects deemed worthy of encouragement ; by examining all new inventions submitted to tliem, and by such other means as they may deem expedient." Much sensation was created in the scientific and manufacturing world, both in England and the United States, by au improved steam engine, in nse in the establishment of Mr. Jacob Pericins, in London, for which letters patent were sealed to him in that country, lOth December, 1822, and for other applications of the principle, in November and Decembei- of this year. It combined, with great simplicity of construction and economy in the cost, weight of metal, space and quantity of water and fiiel required, which adapted it for navigation purposes—a great increase of power. A cylinder two inches in diameter, eighteen inches long, with a. stroke of only twelve inches, gave the power of ten horses, at an expense of only eighteen hundred and forty-eight cubic inches of water, and two bushels of coal daily. No new principle was claimed, but a. new application of known principles, and these were also made applicable, daring this year, to boOers of the old construction, and the heat was at the "Liverpool Mec&onios' Itietilnte and forinatbn of nny opsoointion of mechanics Apprentices' Libinry" waa establiahed the for mentnl instruction in Eu^o^e, n pnblic- Bitme month, hoth of irhieh had, howOTor, spirited gentleman of New York, fftroral>ly been preceded hj tlie Edinbnrg School of known for his scientific and litornrj pnhli. Arts (now the Walt Institation), founded io cations and as a publio lecturer, is said In April, 1821, hj Mr. Leonard Horner, A have resolved to attempt to anile tie meohanieal inBtitotion had been formed as nicehanies uf that eitj into an inslilulion fur onrly as 1817, in London, and otbers the the promotion of the mechanic aria, by Ice- same year in Slasgow, Liverpool, find Ilnd- lures and othpr jadiciona moans. Betneen dington, but none of them ollraclod general July of this year and May, 1S24, no less attention until the London Inftitule was than thiHy-three Mechanics' Institutes established, from ithich the hintory of itere eslahlished in Great Britain and else. Mechanics' Institutes Is usually dated. It where. is proper to remark, thai previous to the i.Google ^323] PATENTS— TINNED PIPES— BTEEL. 289 the same time made to, return to tlie boiler, and perforin its serviee tlie second time. 'J'iie iraprovementa related chiefly to the boiler or generator, and were alao claimed by Mr. James Scott, of ProTidence, R. I., and by others in Kew York and Baltimore. It was regarded in England as one of the greatest improvements of the age. Patents— Lncy Burnap, Merrimac, N. H., Feb. 16, for weaving straw and grass for hats and bonnets ; Wm. Enapp, Miiford, N. Y°, April 5, mode of extracting tannin ; 1), Roe, C. F. Kellogg, and J. W.' Gazley, Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 3, mode of procuring tannin by the pyroligneous acid ; and Horace H. Hayden, Baltimore, Nov. 26, pyro- ligneoas oil and acid for tanning; Thomas Bwbank, N. Y., May 9, manafacturing and plating lead pipes with tin, for stills, and May 30th,' maimfactnring tinned slieet lead. Tliis, we believe, was the first appli- cation in this country of tin as a lining or coating to metallic tubes and plates. Adam Eamage, Philadelphia, May 19, printing press for proofs j Amos Miner, Elbridge, N. Y., Jnly 9, machinery for making window sash. This machinery bad been several years in operation in Onondaga county, and the product was rising in demand. Henry Western, Philadelphia, July 23, improvement in the machine for making pins;^ ArehibaM Smith, Rhinebeck, N. Y., Aug. SO, converting measured rectilinear motion into rotary ; James Delliba, Watervliet, N. Y., Sept. 28, improvement in crucibles; B. L. Losey, Kew Brunswick, N. J., K"ov. 20, converting iron partially into steel (antedated Dec. 30, 1831). A cutler and surgical instrument maker, of New York, early the nest year, testified to having used two samples of New Brunswick patent steel, made by S. Seymour & Co., one of bloomery iron, of Morris & Co. , of which he made penknife blades, the other from Swedish iron, of wJiich he made a razor, and found both superior to any English blistered BteeL For coarser kinds of edged tools, either was little inferior to cast steel. John Conant, Brandon, Vt., Dee. 1 3, improvement in stoves for cooking. President Monroe, in his seventh annual message, delivered to the eighteenth Congress, at its first session on 2d December, 1823, once 1824 '"*"''' ^'^^^''■'^'^ *° *^'^ subject of manufactures, and declared that his views, as stated in his previous message, remained unchanged, and were confirmed by the state of those foreign nations, with which the (I) Mr. H. WhitlemorB hud in opsrotion, the timrk wire, and jequired only one mnn in New York, a small pin mnohina, of to keep it in molion. In London they vera Amariimn invealioQ, whioli ho hnd so im. only ahla, at that time, to make fourtean prOTed that it would make, head and point, pin? in a minuto, and (hey were Ibbs per- airty Eoiiii headed pins in n tninule, from fealty made. 19 ,y Google 290 monkok's views — the new tabii'F. [1834 Uuited States held the most intimate political and commercial relations. He recommended " a review of tlie tariff for tie purpose of affording such additional protection to those articles wliich we are prepared to manufacture, or which are more immediately connected with the defence and independence of the cmmtry." In relation to the general progress of the country, he adds, " If we compare the general condition of our "Union with its actual state at the close of our revolution, the history of the world furnishes no example of a progress in improvement, in all the important circumstances which constitute the happiness of a nation, which bears any resemblance to it." Kot with standing the unexampled progress of the United States in all the essential elements of the public welfare, as adverted to in the exeen- tive message, many professed at this time to discover evidences of a general impairment of the great sources of national prosperity, since the peace of 1815, and of the threatened overthrow of some important branches of American industry. Tlie manufactures of the country were believed to have been long undergoing a slow disintegration from the effects of foreign rivalry. The public finances had been so far impaired as twice to compel a resort to loans, during a period of profound peace, in order to meet the ordinary demands upon the Treasury, The agrieul- tu e and tomme ce of the Union were already suffering from causes wh I had dr ed up the sources of public and private revenue. Tie CO vet on, which had long been gaining strength, that the d fry of tl e country was inadequately protected against the superior adva t ^os encouragements, and arts of the foreign manufacturer, by the con ae 1 emulations of the United States, and which had produced severil neffectuai attempts to procure a revision of the tariff act of 1816, resulted dur ng this session, in the passage of a new law, which extended, to several 1 inches of manufacture, a more decided measure of protection tl an a y 1 efo e e lacted. Tl e n easn e vas pressed upon the attention of Congress by an u ual umle of memorials and petitions, from various sections and 1 te ests in the country. It was also the subject of numerous remon- Bt ani*es t 1 me norials, from the commercial classes, and from the cotton ani s "Av y ow ng interests, which were opposed to any change in the tl ff or to any further legislative encouragement to manufactures. He olut o s of the General Assemblies of Pennsylvania and Ohio were also read m favoi of further aid by Congress to domestic manufactures. The total value of dutiable imports, during the last four years, was $2e4,9G2,45T, and the duties which accrued thereon amounted to $90,430,612, being an average of thirty-five per cent. The new tarilT, enacted this year, raised the average rate of duty to forty and a half ,y Google 1824] NEW TARIFF ACT — ITS PROYISIONS. 291 per cent., on a total importation, during' the next fiiur y&vi, of $301,558,885, on whicli duties were paid to tlie amount of 1121,631,913. The new bill, to amend tlie Ecyeral acts imposing duties on imports, wliicli was introduced by Mr, Tod, cbairman of the Committee on Manufactures, on the 9th January, was taken up in Committee of tSie Whole ou the State of the Union, on the lOth February, and its objects and principles explained by Mr. Tod. The duties proposed were to be laid upon two distinct classes of articles, one embracing silks, linens, cutlery, spices, and others of iese importance, which were by no means necessaries, and did not interfere with any home production or manufac- ture for which the country was prepared. Most of these were charged with the rates recommended by the Secretary of the Treasury, and chiefly for revenue, and to, supply the deficiency oi'casioned by cheeking the excessive importation of other articles. But the important duties in the bill were for the purpose of protection, and included those upon iron, hemp, lead, glass, wool, and woolen goods. As to the details of the bill, it was not proposed to change the duty on cottons, except that the minimnm valuation was raised from twenty- five to thirty-five cents the square yard, in order to protect fabrics two or three grades finer than was nowdone. The protection was already effectual on the three lowest grades of cotton, which would never be imported. On cotton bagging, a specific fluty of six cents a square yard was pro- posed, intended to be protective and prohibitory, for the benefit of Kentucky and the Western States, which consumed large amounts of cotton already protected by three cents a pound. This duty was strongly resisted by the members from the cotton states, who regarded it as a tax of over $200,000 per annum upon the cotton growers, who used some four million yards annually, for the benefit of a few hundred work- men in Kentucky. The duty was consequently reduced to three and three-quarter cents a yard. Upon all manufactures of wool, a duty of thirty per centum ad valorem, and, after 30th June, 1825, thirty-three and one third per cent., with minimum valuations of forty and eighty cents respectively, npon milled and unmilled goods, excepting blankets and stuff goods. The rate was, however, reduced to twenty-five cents per square yard, on goods costing less than thirty-three and one third cents per square yard, and after June 30th, ia25, thirty-three and one third per cent, on those costing more than that. The encouragement of wool growing being an object of the bill, that article was charged with twenty-five per cent, ad valorem when costing over ten cents a pound, to be raised to thirty, forty, and fifty per cent., which was to bo the permanent rate after June, 1821. These rates were reduced to twenty, twenty-five, and thirty per cent., which last was to ,y Google 292 clay's, WEBSTER'S, AND BUOHAHAN'S VIEWS. [1824 he the dttty, after June, 1836, upon ajl wool costing over ten cents a pound at the place whence imported, aJid fifteen per cent, on wool costing lees than ten cents. On Leghorn, straw, and chip or grass hats and bonnets, and braid or plat, fifty per cent. On hammered iron, $1.12 per one hundred and twelve pounds, reduced to ninety cents or eighteen dollars per ton, rolled iron being left as before. On window glass, from three to four dollars per hundred feet, according to size, and on block glass bottles, from two to three dollars per gross ; on hemp two cents a ponnd, redaeed to thirty-five dollars per ton, ad valorem ; on pig lead the duty was raised from one to two cents a pound, and on red and white lead from three to four cents; on ahm, the duty was increased from one to two dollars and fifly cents a hundredweight ; on copperas, from one to two dollars ; on oil vitriol and refined ^nlphate, the duty was changed from seven and a half per cent to three cents a pound ; Epsom salts three cents, Glaubers salts two cents a pound. The increase of duties on these and other chemicals, was followed by a remarkable re- duction of the prico, within a few years, and by the firm establishment of the manufacture of most of thera. The l)ill was the subject of a protracted debate, and received the able anppiirt of Mr. Clay, Speaker of the House, who, on the .^Ist March, in reply to Mr. Barbonr, of Virginia, and other opponents, spoke between four and five hours, and on the following day concluded a brilliant and elaborate argument in favor of protection. He described the prostrate condition of every branch of domestic indnstry, and the snffering of every class of the community, tracing the canses in the foreign policy of the Government. He enunciated his belief that the true remedy was to be found m the abandonment of that policy and the adoption of "a genuine American Sj--tem" of cncoungement to domestic industry, m imitation of the prevailing policy of othei nations, nhich had always promoted then pioaperity and doprpssed our own Mr 15nchanin, of Pennsylvania, spoke on the same side, chiefly in refeience to the ship- ping, tonnage, and iron interests Their views weie ablj combated by Mr. Webstei, who lepresented the commercial and 'ihipping interests, and opposed high duties on hemp ind non and some othei provisions of the bill Ho quite dissented from the Speaker's opinion, as to the general condition of the countiy, which he consideied one of extiior- dinary prospenty, with the exception of diminished prues and profits, and some pecuniary embarrassments, in the payment of debts contracted when prices were Ingli, attributable to other causes than a diminution of exports Measis Randolph, of Tiiginia, McDuffie, Tucker, and Hamilton, of South Carolina, and others fiom the cotton state?, denounced the whole svstcm ot proteition, and argued that foieigu ,y Google 1834] TOKNAOE DUTIES THE FKANKLIN INSTITUTE. 233 mSions would uo longer take tlieir supplies of ootlon it we did not t.lie tli.it manufactures. It was also opposed bj Mr. Foote, of Conneotleut, aud others, and well defended bj Mr. Holcombe, of Ke» Jersey, Mallory, of Counectiout, and othcra who spoke on the same side. The Committee of Agriculture reported in favor of the bill, which, with some amendments, passed the House on the 16th April, by a vote of one hundred and seven to one hundred and two. Having been considerably modiiled in the Senate, the House, after a Commlllce of Conference, rather than lose the bill altogether, concurred in most of the amend- ments and reductions, and it Jnally passed on 1 9th May, by a vote of one hundred and twenty-five to sisty-six, and was approved on the 22d. An act was also approved, January Jth, suspending the discriminating duties of tonnage and import, so far as they related to the vessels, pro- duce, or manufactures of the Netherlands, Prussia, Hanseatie cities, Norway, Sardinia, and Russia, so long as United States vessels were exempt from like discriminatloBS in their ports ; and authorizing the President to proclaim reciprocal exemption from such duties, on evidence that any foreign nation had abolished its discriminating duties on goods and vessels of the United States. An act of May 26, allowed to vessels in the cod fishery, lost or wrecked on their return to the United States, the same bounty as If they had returned to port. The Franklin Institute, of Pennsylvania, incorporated March 30th commeneed, on 28tb April, the first course of instruetiou in meehanicai science in the United States, by a lecture delivered at the Philadelphia Academy, on north Fourth street. The first course was attended by twenty-seven Junior students, the second by one liundred and twenty-six, and the third by one hundred and eighty. On the 2d Jane, a letter from the Secretary was read to the members of the London Mechanicsi Institute, announeing its formation, with objects kindred to those of tho London Institution. Soon after Its formation, "a regular system of lectures was adopted, four professorships created, namely, of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and Mineralogy, Architecture and Mechanics. One evening in each week was set apart for lectures on miseellaneous subjects. A library, a mineralogical eoUeetlon, a museum, and a cabinet of models were commeneed. An exhibition of manufactures was held, at which premiums were awarded." The first annual exhihitlon of the products of domestic industry, took place on the 18th and two following days In October, when gold, silver, and bronze medals were adjudged for the best articles, and proved serviceable by exciting competition. The Eensselaer Institute was this year established and endowed at Troy, New York, by Hon. Stephen Tan Benssdaer, for the Instrnetion i.Google 2<14 PIAllTJG S'HIOT.. — PKIfT TVOPT'^ — FL V-JNELS. [1824 of \r\ tb; men in tie apjlicaton of inithematical science to citiI engmeeting and m natural science In July a school waa established at Baltimore for the instructioa of pool g rls in the vauoas brinches of iti iw plaiting, from the simple pKit to the finished bonnet It was 'ed within two jeais^^embiaced five steam engine and finishing shops, with 126 hands ; tour iron toundries, hfty-four hands ; eleven soap and candle factories, forty-eight hands (making 451,000 pounds of soap and 333,000 pounds of candles); ten tanner and currier shops, sixty-six hands; thirteen cabinet furniture shops, 104 hands; four ropewallis, tbirty-one hands ; two breweries, eighteen hands ; seven batters' shops, ninety-five hands ; twenty-nine boot and shoe shops, 25T hands ; two wall paper factories, nine hands ; six chair factories, thirty-eight hands; one type foundry, twenty-three hands; one clock factory, eighteen hands ; three plough factories, eleven hands, two woolen and cotton factories, six hands ; two cab factories, six hands ; one chemical labora- tory; one paper mill, forty hands; fourteen brickyards, 210 bands (10,000,000 of bricks) ; one white lead factory, eight bands ; three steamboat yards, two hundred hands ; nine printing establishments, and numerous other factories and machine shops, whose aggregate manufac- tures amounted to the value of $1,850,000. The Printing-offices issued during the year, in addition to about one hundred and seventy-live thousand newspapers, nearly two hundred thousand copies of pamphlets, almanacs, school and other books, etc. The whole number of steamboats that had been built there since 1816, was fifty-seven, whose total tonnage was 10,047 tons, of which seventeen boats, with a tonnage of 3,139, were constructed the present year. There were, at this time, 143 steamboats, carrying about twenty-four ,y Google 1826] nasT railway — electric teleoraph — patent leather. 3H thousand tous, ranning upon the western waters. Of these, forty-eight were built at Cineiimati, thirty-five at Pittsburg, ten at New Albany, seven at Marietta, five at Loaisville, four at New York, and tlie others at different pJa^es on the Ohio, the engines for which were nearly all furnished by Cincinnati and Pittsburg. The imports of Cincinnati for the year, amounted to $3,538,590, and tlie exports to $1,063,560.' The 'first Railroad constructed in America, was bnilt this year from the granite quarries of Quincy, Mass., to tide water ou the Nepouset river, a distance of three miles, having a single track and one inclined plane 2T5 feet in length. Pine rails were laid and covered with oaken rails, and these with iron plates three eighths of an inch thick. It was used only for transportation of granite. On the 8th January following, the Mauch Chunk railroad, nine miles in length, for the transportation of coal frora the Summit mines to the landing on the Lehigh, was com- menced and finished in about three months at a cost of $3,500 per mile. Both roads went into operation iu 182T, and were the commence- ment of railroad enterprises in the United States. The Hudson and Mohawk railroad, between Albany and Schenectady, was also chartered this year, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in February of the nest year." An Electric Telegraph was erected on Long Island, in New York, by Mr. HaiTison Gray Dyer, who used frietional electricity and dyed marks on chemically prepared paper, by means of electric sparks. Patent or Japanned Leather, was about this time made in Newark, N. J., by Mr. Seth Boyden, an ingenious citizen, who obtained letters patent for several improvements iu manufactures. He erected a factory for making Patent leather, which he was probably the first in the United States to make. Mr. David Crockett commenced the business a few years after. The first manufacture of Palm Leaf Hats in this country, was com- menced this year in Massachusetts. The material was imported from Cuba and was made up chiefly by young girls. The manufacture in 1831, reached the number of two milfions, nearly one half of which were made in "Worcester county. Thoy are still somewhat estensively made in Shatesbury and many other towns, and form a large item in the export trade of Boston. The manufacture of Axes and other edge tools, was commenced at Hartford, Conn., by the brothers Collins, under the style of " Collins (1) Drake and Mansfield's "Cmoinnnli in 1825, was ths flrat pnsEenoer railroad over 1S2B," 84-86, U-n. built to the extent of twenty-fiTO miles. It (2) The StocktoH and Dadiagton Rail- used edge rails, ond em ployed loco mo tires, road in EnglaoiJ, opened on 3fith September, Ktationary enHiima and horses. ,y Google 312 COLLINS AXES — SWORDS — PATENTS, [1826 & Co.," still retained on their celebrated wares. Tliey wore tlie first to supply the markets of this country with east steel axes, ready ground for use. The manufactory was soon after removed to its present locality, on the Farraington river, where it has since been carried on extensively, under e, charter, by the " Collius Company," with labor- saving macliioery, much of which was invented, patented aad constructed, by themselves. Their axes soon altogether superseded the foreign article. At the Exhibition of the Franklin Institute this year, there was a pair of seissors, of Philadelphia manufacture, which weighed only one fifth of a grain, showing the improved dexterity of her mechanics. A Lace dress was made in Pawtucket, R. I., which took there & preoiium of ten dollai-s, and was afterwards purchased by the President of the TJaited States, showing the progi'ess of the finer manufactures. The total capital employed in manufactures was estimated at 1156,500,000, of which, 130,000,000 wa,s given to Pennsylvania, $28,000,000 to New York, and $26,000,000 to Massachosetts. It included eveiy species of manufacture, except food, in which the capital was estimated at |300,000,000. At MiddletowD, Coon., where Swords of fine quality had been made for many years, Mr. Nathan Star made several, considered almost equal in temper to the famous " Damascus Blades. " They were presented to Generals Jackson, Gaines, Johnson, and Commodore Hill. Patents. — David H. Mason, Philadelphia, January 26, ornamental rolls and stamps for bookbinders ; John S. Gustin, New York, February 23, power loom for weaving wire ; Daniel Treadwell, Boston, March 3, power printing press— this press was about this time in operation in the ofBce of the "National Intelligencer," and was considered by the pro- prietors, Messrs. Gales & Seaton, one of the most valuable discoveries ever conferred npon the art. It was said to be the only press on the cylindrical principle, adapted to book printing, which it executed in the most beautiful manner. Wm. Iloyt, BrookvUle, Indiana, Marcli 3, east- steel triangular bells ; Jessie Dclavo, New York, March "I, wrought iron fireproof chests ; E. Nott, Schenectedy, N. Y., three patents, March 23, June 21, and December 29, for the evolution and management of heat, which was the subject of five subsequent patents by the same person, and covered the construction of Nott's highly popular and beautiful stoves. Benjamin Bull, New York, June 20, machine for weighing canal boats ; W. Hunt & W. Hoskins, Martinsburg, N. Y., June 22, machine for spinning flax and hemp. This machine, invented by the late Walter Hunt, whose patented and other inventions and im- provements were very numerous, was the result of numerous experiraonts ,y Google 1826] JflAX MACHINE — EVE'B ENGINE— LI TIIOMrEirTEE.. 313 made to revolutionize the flax mannfacture, as tliat of cotton had been by laboi'-saving machiuery, and came nearest to the object of any iutro. duced up to that time. John M. Brookings, Wiscasset, Maine, June 23, and several others, machines for moulding and pressing bricks ; Henry Bostwick, New Tort, August 2, representing genealogy and chronology by lines ; Joseph Eve, London, England, August 16, im- provement in steam engines. Eve's steam engine, for which he obtained a patent in 1818, while a resident of Georgia, excited consideralile inter- est in England for its novelty, having no parts in common with ordinary engines, " no cylinder, piston, valve cock, fly wheel, craut, condenser, or reciprocating parts whatever." It was rotary and high pressure, and was impelled by the direct impalse of the steam acting on surfaces at right angles with the motion, securing its whole power under favorable circumstances. D. Collinga & J. D. Galup, Wilkesbarre, Pa., October 12, generating steam by Anthracite ; Wm, Q. Berry, and J. T, Osborn, Cincinnati, Oliio, November 26, a locomotive steam saw mill ; Isaiah Lukens, Philadelphia, December 30, improvement in the lithon- tripter. A patent was granted in England on 15th September, 1S25, to Mr. Lukens, machinist, of Adams street, Adelphia, Connty of Mid- dlesex, "for his new invented surgioal instrument, for destroying the stone in the bladder without cutting, which he denominates lithon- tripter." This valuable surgical instniment appears to have been the invention of an American. In the expectation that a permanent system of adequate protection to domestic industry, would be engrafted upon the national policy, and in 1R9? consequence of the tariff of 1824, which raised the duties upon woolen goods from twenty-five up to thirty-three and one third per cent, a large amount of capital had, during a number of years past, been attracted to the Woolen Manufacture. Enterprise had been still farther invited into that and other branches of manufacture on account of the depressed state of the foreign commerce, and of agriculture resulting from the low price of American staples in the markets of Europe, to which may also be added a general improvement in the financial condition of the world. The augmentation of the duty on imported woolens, was, however, immediately followed in Great Britain by a reduction of the duty upon foreign wool from sis pence to one penny per pound (and soon after to one halfpenny), for the acknowl- edged purpose of enabling the British woolen manufacturer to send his goods into the United States at a reduced cost. Aa a consequence of the combined foreign and domestic competition, increased in the former case by the great improvements in machinery, the low price of wool in i.Google [1821 tl m 1 ft g 1 th tit d bJ t t 1 th tl d fl by 1 h tb r w 1 d Th intfptalplyd Imft 11 d til p f t m 1! t fifty m 111 f 1 11 th p t J A pdg hltkpl thmlthp 1 1 th p 1 t f 1 h h f d dy I 1 tl ft w 1 1 B t by th f Ih w raft th p f th m 11 wh t t th t m th t d t 1 m g 1 th f m f U m If th t 1 m t mkfcfhwl hi Itff tth mtmthti d pdffgmkttlpltsll m 1 1 t p t th t t! C g t t d f th m fact d f f d ff t t f th TJ k t t p t t th I bl t ts f m t t 1 th dt pi tmktfthph d M I 1 d t f th I by f li ff With f g th m f t f W 1 d t th y th b fit t d d by tl t f 1824 ! wh h h d d I tl t 1 m f t d m f e tto ,, uidei the mmiiaam duties of 1816, whereby foreign low-priced cottons were wholly excluded, and a greatly superior article was supplied by our manufacturers at about one half the former price, Mr, Mallorj of Vermont, from the- Com- mittee on Mannfactnres, reported on the 10th January, a bill having especial reference to the protection of that branch. The bill left the rate of duties unchanged on woolen manufactures, bat all manufac- tures of wool, except worsted stuff goods and blankets, whose actual Talue at the place whence imported was less than forty cents, between forty cents and $2.50, or between $2.50 and f4 per square yard respeetiTely, were to be deemed and taken to haye cost those prices. AH unmann- factured wool then chargeable with a duty of thirty per cent, ad valorem, was to pay thirty-five per cent, during the fii-st year, and after 1st Jnne, 183T, forty per cent, ad valorem, with a miniranm valuation of forty cents per pound on wool costing between ten and forty cents. Having been taken np in Committee of the Whole, on 17th January, Mr. Mallory advocated its passage as alike demanded by the prostrate condition of the manufacture and as a benefit to the ngricnltural interests. He esti- mated the capital employed in the woolen branch to be at least forty millions, giiing employment to sixty thousand persons, and the capital ,y Google 1827] WOOLENS BILL — HAKSISBDRO CONVBNTIOK. 315 devoted to wool growing at as much moie The nambei of -iliepp was estimated at fifteen to siiteea millions Ibe pr ncipd,! eiuses of the present depiession wl!i;,h the bill sought to lemore weio the era. ion of duties under the al Talorem system by means of foicign agents iPsidm^ ill the couutij to nhom unflnished goods weio consgnel at t low valuation, ^nd finished by foreign woiLmen in then emploj in this country; the inegulaiitj of the niuket m consequence of sadden influxes of foitioU gooda , the credits on duties , s-iles at audion , and the practice ot the mannfactnrei alwajs to sell his surplus stocl in this conntry, rathei than depres'. his own market when compelle I to sell at reduced puces The bii! was opposed by Mr Cambielen^ of Nev York, who declared that it was an attempt to levy a Inty of two hundred per cent., disguised nndci the minimum rule as one of thirty thiee and one third pei cent onlj ind that it would be in cffeU entiiely pro hibitory of coarse noolen gctda m ich needed by the p ore r classes for the benefit cf manufactiiers who wcie suffenng only from a reaaion of trade, the rtanlt of their own over speculation ind production After I'urther opposition from Mr. Buchanan of Pennaylvama, who favored protection as in 1824, bat was opposed to this bill, and from Messrs. Mitchell, Hamilton, Prajton, and McDuffle of South Carolina, Archer of Virginia, and others, and having received the advocacy of Messrs. Tristram Barges of Bhode Island, Dwight and Davis of Massachusetts, Stewart and Ingham of Pennsylvania, and many others, the bill in an amended form passed the Ilouse on the 10th February, by a vote of one hundred and six to ninety-five. It failed, however, to become a law, having on the 28th, on motion of Mr. Hayne, been laid on the table in the Senate, by the casting vote of the Vice President, chiefly in conse- quence of iis late introduction and want of time to discuss it. The failure of the Woolens bill was immediately followed by efforts on the part of mannfactarers, to secure, by combined and systematic action, an early attention at the next session of Congress to the important interests which appeared to be consigned to inevitable rain. A con- vention of delegates from the friends of domestic industry in thirteen New England and Middle States, assembled at Earrisburg, Pa., on the 30th July, when the subject was fully discussed. A memorial drawn up by C. J. IiigersoU, was presented and adopted, and having been laid before the nest Congress, with the draft of a bill containing a higher schedule of duties, resulted in the passage of a new Tariff act, giving a greater measure of protection to the manufacturing interests, although an increase of duties was opposed by an elaborate and able report of a committee of citizens of Boston, published November 30, of this year. On the 6tli of August, a Convention of Commerce between Great ,y Google 316 SALT — COAL— JIECHANICS' raSTITITTE. [I82T Britain and tlie TTnited States was signed at London, whereby tlie pro- visions of the commercial treaty of July 3, 1815, which had been con- tinaed for ten years by the conyention of 20th October, 1818, were again continued and extended indefinitely. A remonstrance from Massachusetts against a bill for the repeal of the duty on foreign Salt, which passed the Senate on 6th February, stated tliat the manufactories were numerous along the sea coast of that State, and employed upward of one thousand persons, producing annually six hundred thousand bushels of the best salt. In Barnstable County alone, there were fifteen million feet of vats, worth $1,300,000. The duty of twenty cents a bnshel, imposed iu 1813, had revived and extended the manufacture, and within three years past the domestic and foreign competition had reduced the price about thirty per cent. It had been as high as sixty cents a bnshel, but was now sold for thirty-three or thirty-five cents, which was less than it could be afforded. The total salt manufacture of the Union was estimated at i,151,182 bushels, of which about one fourth, or 1,104,452 bushels, was made in New York, and 929,848 in "Virginia. The general introduction, about this date, of grates and furnaces for barning Anthracite eoa], considerably increased the coal trade of Penn- sylvania, which was still more promoted by the completion in the spring of this year, of the Maach Chunk raiJroad and the use of rail cara drawn by mules in the "drifts" of the coal mines. The General Mining Association, sole lessees from the creditors of the Dukeof York, of the immense bituminous coalfields of Nova Scotia, at the same time commenced operations at Sydney, in Cape Breton where coal Jiad been mined on a small scale for sixty years — and at the Albion mines in Pictou. The Boston Mechanics'. Institute was incorporated June 15, for the pro- motion of science and the useful arts by lectures and other means, A course of lectures was commenced three weeis after its organization, and a second course in November, and it numbered among its early lectnrei-s such men as Messrs. George B. Emerson, Professors Farrar and Webster, Daniel Treadwell, Edward Everett, Dr. John Ware, I)r. Bigelow, and others. On June 25, there were in Philadelphia and its vi inity one hundred and four warping mills at work, sufficient to employ foiti to fifty weavers each, or forty-five hundred in all, over two hundied dyers three thousand spoolers, two thousand bobbin winders. Weavei'* dyers and warpers, could average five dollars per week in wages and spoileis fifty cents to one dollar and a half, and bobbin winders one dollai and found The mauafactnring establishments were over fli'ty, at an average rentil of one hundred and eighty dollars; the houses occupied by wetvera ,y Google 182T] PHITuiDBLPelA — PATERBOK — COTTON TRADE. Sll about fifteen liundred, at sixty to eighty dollars ; indigo used weekly, twenty-two hundred pounds ; flour used as sizing, thirty to forty pounds ; the goods produced daily were eighty-one thousand yards, at aa average value of sixteen cents a yard. The whole wages of operatises amounted to $1,410,000 per annum ; rents to $114,000 ; indigo at two dollars per pound, $328,800 ; fiour for sizing to $9,100; and the goods manufac- tured to 24,300,000 yards, worth at sixteen cents, $3,888,000, and requiring, at four yards to the pound, 6,015,000 pounds, or 20,250 bales of cotton, equal to sixty-nine bales per diem, and worth at ten cents, $601,500 per annum. The goods were ginghams, checks, bedtickings, and stripes, which were exported in large quantities, to supply as well the Eastern and Western as the Southern States, many being sent to Boston by every packet.' The City of Paterson, JJ. J., had become, in consequence of its mann* factures, a place of 6,336 inhabitants, with seven houses of public worship, seventeen schools, a philosophical society, fifteen cotton factories, employing 25,998 spindles, and two duck factories, with 1,644 spindles, besides extensive machine shops and iron works. Its manufactories employed 1,453 handa, whose annual wages were $321,123. They con- sumed SIX thousand bales, or 1,843,100 ponuds of cotton, 620,000 pounds of flax, 1,630,000 pounds of cotton yarn, and 430,000 pounds of linen yarn weie spun, besides 630,000 yards of linen and duck, and 3,354,500 yards oi cotton cloth. New factories were in progress of erection.' The first importation of United States Cotton into Genoa was made this year by the house of Antonio & Andrea Ponti, proprietors of the oldest and largest cotton mill in Lombardy, established in 1810. It was purchased in New Orleans by a member of that house, one of whom afterward resided eleven years in the United States, and greatly increased the exportation of American cotton to the Mediterranean. The total consumption of Cotton in the United States was estimated at 103,483 bales. The demand for American domestic cottons in Brazil, was considerably affected by imitations of them made in Manchester, and offered there at lower prices, although they could be made as cheaply ia the United States as the same quality could be produced iu that city. The progress of the cotton and woolen manufacture iu the United States was a subject of some anxiety in England, and the Leeds Mercury about this date, stated tliat the Americans had even succeeded in applying the power loom to the woolen manufacture, "in which the English have hitherto failed," During this, or the following year, subscriptions to the requisite amount 1) HuMrd'a Regiater of Pennsylvania, (2| Gordon's Gaze 1 tear. Montgomery on ,y Google 21S LACE— CAEPETS — LITHOGRAPIia. [1827 were made, for the estabiislinient of the first Tirginia cotton factory, at- Petersbnrg, where ample power was afforded by the falls of the Appo- mattox. Two large cotton mills were afterward erected at Matoaca, ou the Borth bank of the river, fonr miles above Petersbnrg. A company for the manufacture of cotton and woolen cloths, and linens, was also about this time projected by the people of Fredericksburg and Falmouth. The value of Flannels, made by three mills in the vicinity of Newbury- port, Massachusetts, for one year, was estimated at $684,000. The number of incorporated manufaetnring companies in Massa- chusetts, at this time, was one hundred and sixty-one, with capitals varying from $20,000 to $650,000. The whole amount of capital was $21,465,000. The Bobinet factory at Ipswich, wliich had employed eight hundred young women in lace work, was compelled to discontinue operations, on account of the British manufacturers having so much improved their machinery as to undersell them. A new Net factory was, however, about ( started at that place. A Lace school at Newport, R. I., also 3 about five hundred young women. In Windham and Tolland counties, in Connecticut, the following quantities of Silk were made this year : Mansfield, 2430 pounds ; Chaplin, 650 pounds; Ashfield, 500 pounds ; Hampton, 461 pounds; Coventry, 350 pounds; total, 4,29T pounds, worth four dollars per pound. It was made in several other towns, from which there were no tn Two attempts made, during the last and present years, by th M Terhoeven, near Philadelphia, to rear two crops of worms ii an proved failures, although two crops had been produced at BethI h m n 1825, by Messrs. Weiss & Youngman. The Messrs. Terhoeven 1 tl about this time invented a simple and ingenious machine fi d g silk from the cocoons, and for doubling and twisting at the same time operations believed to have never before been united in the same machine. It gave perfect satisfaction, and the inventors were awarded a medal and twenty dollars, from the fund left by John Scott, of Edinbargli, to the corporation of Philadelphia, for the distdbntion of premiums "to ingenious men and women, who make useful inventions and improve- ments. ™ A mantiFactory of Ingrain or Kiddoi-minister carpets and shawls, was carried on at Tariffville, Connecticut, by an incorporated company, under the direction of H, K. Knight ; some of its productions were considered elegant, and four years after, it employed a capital of $123,000 and ninety- five male weavers. The first Lithographic establishment in the United States was this (1) Rash's Manui.1, pp. 20, .^9, 178. ,y Google 1831] LITHOGUAl'IIT—OHINA— HELLS— cum MACHINES. 319 year established at Boston, by Wra. S. Pendleton, who imported artists and materials from England, and produced portraits, music titles, and other beautifal specimens of the art, with great facility and correct- A large maaufactory of American China or Porcelain was in snc- cessful operation at Philadelphia. It was owned by William Ellis Tncter, whose warehouse was at 40 North Fifth street, and who was believed to be the only person who had bronght the domestic manufac- ture of China to any considerable degree of perfection. A company of English artificers, this year, established the same business near Pittsburg, where snitable clay was found. A porcelain factory at Jersey City, near New York, was also said to bo doing weil. It employed one hundred persons and $200,000 capital. A glass factory, of the same siae, was in operation there, and a carpet factory, making twenty-five hundred yards weekly. Stained glass of fine finish and design, was also made in considerable quantity in the vicinity of New York, Glass decanters of great beauty and solidity were made at Wellshurg, Va., where white, flint, and green glass wares, within a few years, rivalled the foreign. The first Bell made from blistered bar steel, or cast steel, melted, waj manufactured this year at the works of the New York Steel Manufac- turing Company, in New York city, under the superintendence of a gentleman from Baltimore, who was said to have a patent. It was equal in sound to composition bells, and could be made as light as they at a cost of twenty to twenty-five cents per pound. The West Troy belt foundry, of A. Meneelej's Sons, was established about this time. Orders were this year received from Prance and England, for some of the card making machines, invented by Mr. Whittemore of Cambridge. The English machinists are said to have been unable to put them (I) This entsrpriso appaara to iave been Mr. Bwett. Mr, Pondleton soon nfler lefi, immeainlolj Bnecossful, and having passed and aet up tho first lithogi^aphic iiouso in tliiMnglidiffer6nttand3,woarocent]rownad New Xork, and the fourth in tie Union- »nd«OBaQetodl)ye.W.ChnndlerABrothor, whila la Philadelphia, tlie bnainesa was Bt 204 WaahingtOQ street The second continaed bj 0. J. Childs and H. Inman, lithogropliio BstaMishinont was the neit the latter also a painter of great merit, lu jear attempted nt Philadelphia by Kennedy abont tnn jeara, Mr. Lehman took (he place & Laeas, but for want of practieai printers, of Mr. Inman, and Childa A Lehman con- soon oeased, and was followed, near the ducted it until 1834, when P. 9. Duval,. Game time, by the Ihird eslabliahment, their pri t ded Mr. Cbllds, under started in the same city by Messrs, John th fl ra f L h A Duval, and in 183(i Pendleton, Keavney 4 Childa, who em- th f m t d 1 aving Mr. Duval aolo ployed as draughtsmen the late lUmbrandt p p t f th busiueaa, whieh ho hat Peala, the smineat portrait painter, and s d { d ,y Google 820 PATENTS -OOEDAOE MACHINES. [ISST together when tLej arrivecl, and the persons ordering tliem were obliged to send to Boston for an American machinist. Mr. Richardson, of Baltimore, this year constructed a steam flouring mill, on the American plan, for the Netherlands. Patents.— Isaac Tjson, Baltimore, February 15, making copperas; John Sitton, Pendleton, S. C, February 15, and Cyrus W. Beach, Schoharie, N. T., March 1 6, wheelwrights' assistant ; William A. Hart, Fredonia, N. Y., Feb. 20, Marrel Dayis, Mayyille, N. Y., July 10, and Joseph Shattuek, Jefferson county, Ohio, Noy. 10, all for porcnssion gun locks, and John Ambler, jr., Hew Berlin, N. Y., Oct. 16, lever percussion lock; David Myerle, Philadelphia, March 3, machinery for laying ropes ; Robert Groves, Brooklyn, N. Y., July 25, making cordage. [Messrs. Tiers & Myerie, of Pbiladelpliia, purchased afterward the patent of Mr. Groves, originally taken out seven years before, and estab- lished a large factory for the manufacture of cordage on a new principle ■ the threads being placed on different revolving spools, passed through perforated cast-iron plates, and then through a cast-iron tube of suitable diameter for any sized rope. D. Myerie & Co., also established a large steam rope factory at "Wheeling, Ya., and another, fourteen huudred feet ioug hytwentj-Sve wii^e, at LouisvilJe, and others, we believe, at Cincinnati and St. Louis. Hia machinery was also used at Pittsburg and elsewhere, and was a valuable mprovement. ] Oliver Ames, Easton, Mass., March 5* making shovels ; Lemuel Hedge, Windsor, Tt., June 20, engine for dividing scales, which was adapted for stamping Gunter's scales ; Denison Olmsted, New Haven, Ct., July 21, making gas light from cotton seed ; Simeon Brown, N. Y., Jnly 31, removing buildings with chimnies, furniture, etc. ; Horace Baker, North Salem, N. Y., August 30, loom for weaving figured goods; John Robinson, Pittsburg, Pa., Nov. 14, glass kn«b3 pressed at one operation; John MeClintic, Chambersburg, Pa., Oct. 8, mortising and tenoning machine : this, though not the earliest patent, il regarded as the first practical contrivance of the kind, and the parent of the foot mortising machine for wood, since universally adopted in workshops, and the subject of numerous patented improvements. Charles Miner, Lynn, Ct., Oct. 12, and Nov. 16, raising ships, etc., by cradle screw ; David H. Masou and M. W. Baldwin, Philadelphia, October 30, biting figures on steel cylinders for printing calicoes ; Nathaniel Bishop,' Danbury, Ct, Nov. 1^, rolSing the backs of tortoise shell combs. Jacob Perkins patented in England, March 22, a steam engine and tubular boilers. The excitement which had for several years agitated the whole country on the sui.joct of legislative protection to domestic manufac- ,y Google I.OKIBS OS THE -WOOLEN FAOTOKIES, tares, receiTed intensity in consequence of the organized effort of the manufacturers to influence Congvesa, through the Harriabarg Con- 1828 '^°*'™ ^^^^ '" "^"'y °^ *^^ ^^^* y*^""' following the defeat of the Woolens Bill in the Senate. The hostility of the planting interests of the South, to an increase of duties on imports, with a Yiew to encouraging manufactures, as being sectional, oppressive to them- selves, and likely to produce retaliating discriminations against their great staples, in addition to its being a tax npon the consumer, had gathered strength at each attempt to remodel the tariff since 1816. An increasing degree of asperity was manifested in the South, on the subject of protection, and amid the severe denunciations, and counteracting efforts, which were fast making the question of prohibitory and protec- tive duties a principal issae between the great politieaJ parties of the country, the twentieth Congress assembled in its first session on 8d December of the last year. The continued distress of the woolen mann- facturera, who had been fast sinking under foreign competition, or with very few exceptions had barely sustained themselves in the hope of some permanent measures for their relief, and the equally depressed condition of the irou interests, produced, on the 3Ist December, a resolution of the House, empowering the Committee on Manufactures " to send for and examine persons on oatli, concerning the present condition of manufac- tures, and to report the minutes of such examination to the Honse," preparatory to a revision of the tariff. I were issued and numerous witnesses were examined relative to iron, wool, woolens, steel paper, glass, hemp, flax, sail duck, shirts, and cotton cloth.' {]) On th9 BDbjeot of wool and woolens. piaees in 1827, with improving sales; Wm. the following proprietors aiid rBpraaeiita- W. Tonng, Bfanclynine, Del., ooairoenced livea of leading eatabliahmBnta, wars ex- 1313, capital SlOO,000, bine eassimeres and amined by the oommittee, rii.: Simon A, coarse wool satinatts, losing business siaee Dexter, of the Orialcany Mimufaoturing 1825; William K. Diokorson, Steuben villa. Company, Whitesboro', H. T., eommoneed to seren-quarter broadcloths and aome flmi- Hon. A. Tnfta, of Tufts' Mannfac luring nels : losses in three years about 38,000 ; A. Compnny, Dudley, Mass., oomraaneed IS34, Sohenek, Glonham Company, Matteawan, capital $40,000 : loss, exdusive of interest. H. Y., incorporated 1824, capital $91,531, In eigbtoen monlhs, Si,000; Col. Jamas broadelotha : lost in 1826-T, S5,500, and in Shepherd, of Shepherd Woolen Manufaotur- 1825-.0, $l,r95; made also, maobine^ in last year to amount of thirty or fbrty thou- ing Oompany, Northampton, Mass, (the lar- gest in the United States), cnpital $130,000, sand dollars, which was a profitable bnsi- made broadeloths and cassinierea: lost in ness; James Woloott, Jr., of Woloott Woolen two years about $30,000; IV lu. Phillips, Manufactory, South Eridgewater, Mass., of PhiKipsbnrg Factory, WalkiU, N. Y., ineorporaled seven years before, capital CapitaJ $20,000, broadcioth; Abraham Mait- tl26,000, broadcloths, principally indigo. land, Andover, Mass., oapital S42,000, blues, stock depreciated fifty per cent. ; losi flannels altogefhor, to omoonl of 3,200 in 1320 $33,095, cscluaivo of interest on i.Google 332 WOOLEN Mir.T.a [1824 The Committee, acting upon the evidence thus obtained, made a report, of which six thonsand copies were printed, and accompanied it by a bill drawn up bj Mr. Silas Wnght of New York, and framed witli especial regard to the protection of the woolen manufacturer, wool grower, and farmer, and the prodncer and manufacturer of iron, by encouraging the consumption of domestic materiala in preference to foreign, and giving to both the command of the home market. Mr. Mailory, chairman of the committee, through whom the bill was reported and called up iu Cm A la these footurios the a^ragalA amount tj-flve cents. [Ila j>rioe has depreciated of wool oonaumed was 716,56B Iba. It waa since 1852, tnenty-flve to thirty-three and etatfld that pnrohnsers generally ppefBired one third per cent., owing to the depressed of the dyes of blue eloths, the otiiers teiDg seventy-five now selling for 6ftj to fifty-five. It was Btill fifty to aeventy-flve per cent. sgainit Amurican cloths b; foreigners was higher than in England. A lot sold in New equal to twentj-five per sent, agninat the York in Oclober last for sBventy-sii cents. marufaelare. Xbe manDfaotnrera oonai whi^h cost in London two shillings and one dei-ed that they conld make cloths as pence or forty-sii cents, and a lot pnr- cheaply ns the English, wool being cf the cliaac I in IBoGton at £lty cents was valued same quality and prioe. More fern Je labor in London at twenty-threo and one half and maehinerywere need here than in Bug cent' Wool, costing twenty to seventy-five cents, was about half Iho price of the plain woolens was of American manufacture cloth There was no wool more suitable and the whole amount was c t m^tcd at for blanketa thnn Bativo wool, but its prioe $50,000,01)0 nonuiilj Small estahl h had always been too high.] m=iita iind me 1 iim canta! ansncrc 1 better i.Google 1828] THE TABirF OF 1828. 323 the detaiSa of tlie bill, especially the daty on certaia kinds of wool, as positively injurious to the manufacturer and of no advautage to the farmer. The bill ^iropoaed to increase the duty on hammered iron, from $18 to $23.44, and on rolled iron from $30 to |37 per ton, making the first equal to about Bixty-seven per cent, and the latter one hundred and twenty-one per cent. ; on pig iron, from fifty to sixty-two and a half cents per cwt., and increased the duty on wire one cent per pound, on hard- ware ten per cent, and on steel from one to one dollar and a half per cwt. Upon wool and woolens, which were the great interests regarded by the hill, as suffering most from the low price of foreign wool, auction sales, credits for duties, and various defects of the revenue system, the following duties were proposed ; on unmannfactnred wool, seven cents per pound (reduced to four cents),with an addition of forty per cent, and an annual increase of five per cent., until it reached fifty per cent. ad valorem. Manufactures of wool (except carpets, blankets, worsted stuff goods, bombazines, hosiery, raits, gloves, caps, and bindings), the actual value of which, at the place whence imported, was not over fifty cents, were to pay sixteen cents the square yard — changed to an ad valorem duty of forty per cent, until 30th June, 1829, and forty-five per cent, thereafter on a miniraum valuatioa of fifty cents. On woolens valued between fifty cents and one dollar per square yard, a duty of forty cents ; on those between one dollar and two dollars and a half per yard, one dollar. Those costing between two and a half and four dollars, were to be taken to have cost four dollars and pay forty per cent, ad valorem. Woolen blankets having nuts, etc., thirty-five per cent. These rates were finally changed to a uniform duty of forty per cent., until 30th June, 1829, and forty-five per cent, thereafter, on the first three classes, with minimum valuations respectively, of one, two, two and a half, and four dollB.rs the square yard ; and woolens costing over four dollars per yard, were to pay forty-five per cent, before and fifty per cent after the above date; ready-madeclothing fifty per cent. ; Brussels, Turkey, and Wilton carpets and carpetings, seventy cents ; Venetian and ingrain carpetings, forty cents; other carpeting, thirty-two cents; patent floor cloth, fifty cents a yard, etc. On unmanufactured hemp and flax, forty- five dollars per ton, and five dollars per ton additional per annum, until it reached sixty cents ; and sail duck nine cents the square yard, to which was added four and a half cents the square yard on collon bagging, and after June 1829, five cents. On molasses, ten cents per gallon, and on distilled spirits, ten cents in addition to the existing duty, altered to fifteen cents. The bill having been thus amended and discussed, passed the House on the 2lBt April, by a vote of one hundred and five to ninety-fonr, and was sent to the Senate, where it received farther amend- ,y Google 324 THE NEW TAWPP. [182S ments, wUioh wero agreed to by the House. Mr. Benton proposed an annually increasing dnty on indigo until it reached one dollar per pound. It was advocated by others but opposed by Mr, Hayne of South Carolina, who was unwilling that the South should participate in the American system, and the duty was fixed at an increase of five cents the first year, and ten cents annually afterward up to a, maximum duty of fifty cents a pound. A duty of thirty per cent., and after June 1829, an additional duty of five per cent, on all silks beyond the Cape of Good Hope, and of twenty per cent, on other manufactures of silk, was added to the bill. Duties of fonr to nine dollars per ton on roofing slates, and of thirty- tliree and one third per cent, on school slates, were also added by this bill, and the minimum value of cottons was raised to thirty-five cents the square yard. Hnder the minimum principle, which was now applied generally to woolen manufaetares, the five several grades of woolens paid respectively, at the rate per yard of fourteen, twenty-two and a half, forty-five, one hundred and twelve and a half, and one hundred and eighty cents per yard. But the increased duties upon woolens which gave to this measure the name of the High Tariff, were materially modified in their effect by the high duty on wool, which, as originally reported, would have effectu- ally counteracted its benefits to the manufacturers of coarse wool — an article extensively imported but not produced in the country. The act, which was to go into immediate effect after the 30th day of June, notwithstanding strong remonstrances from the Legislature of South Carolina and from unofScial sources, and various efforts to defeat it, finally passed the House on the 15th May, when the last of the Senate's amendments waa agreed to by a vote of one hundred and twenty- two to sixty, and it became a law on the lUth.' It was the first act regarded by the manufacturers as really protective of their interests, and greatly promoted the growth of certain branches.' Ifo protection was asked for manufactures of glass, paper, or iron, except hammered bar iron. On the 5th January Mr. Rush, Secretary of the Treasury, in obedience to a resolution of the House of 39th December, 1825, made a report accompanied by & manual prepared under his direction in con- formity with the resolution of llth May, 1826, on the growth and (1) Under the tariff of 1824, in part re- States. At publio meetings, resolatii pealed bj this act, the total impurlationg in abstain from the use of every thinf fuur years amounted to S3(11,6S8,S85, and dueed in tho tariff states, and even the duties to tl2I,e37,M2, an average of forty and a quarter i^ec oentuno. (2) The passage of this act produced passed in Baldwin oounty. Seorgia Eiueli dissotlsfaction and tbreata of retalia- Barnwell district, South Carolina, nnd tion both in Hngland and tlio Southera excitement vras manifested olscwliero. i.Google 1828J MOaUH MCLnOATJLIS — MANAYUNK. S25 maiiufactiire of silk, of which reporte the Senate ordered six thousaud copies to ho printed.' The manual was a yaluable digest of information Hpoa the history and management of silk worms, and the manufacture of silk with plates of the most approved macliincry. It contributed to the general interest at this time awakened on the subject of silk culture, and to the diffusion of correct knowledge in relation to it. The Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of the Culture of the Mulberry and the raising of silk worms, offered on 2d April the following premiums to promote the objects for which it was organized, viz. ; sixty dollars for the greatest quantity of sewing silk of the best quality, pro- duced within the state, from cocoons raised therein by one family, not less than twenty pounds, and smaller sums of forty and. twenty-five dollars for the next greatest quantity not less than fifteen and ten pounds ; premiums of fifty and thirty dollars for the greatest quantities of cocoons not less than one hundred and fifty pounds; fifty dollars for the largest lot of white mulberry trees, not less than four buadred, within twelve miles of the city, and sums of thirty and twenty dollars for smaller lots. The culture of the mnlberry was this year commenced at Economy, in Pennsylvania, by Mr. George Rapp and his associates, whose experiments Witll the white Italian mulberry and ilie morus mnlticauiis, and in the manufacture of silk, were among the most successful in the conntry. On the 11th June of this year, the Congress of Peru "considering that new states ought to encourage, above all, their own manufactures and industry," decreed that within ten months from Europe, and eight months from the states of America (Feb. 11, 1829), ail articles then paying ninety per cent, duties shoald be totally prohibited. These articles em- braced American bleached and unbleached cottons, hats, shoes, soap, tobacco, etc. ; and the prohibition was also extended to flour, butter, rice, and some other articles. In consequence of a revolution in the fol- lowing year, the decree was annulled by the new administration on June 15, 1829. The largest wool sale in the United States up to this date, took place in Boston on lOth June, at the hall over the new market house, when Messrs. Coolidge, Poor, and Head, offered 1536 bales of Saxony, Spanish, and other foreign and American wool, amounting to four hundred thousand pounds, valued at from two to three hundred thousand dollars. The manufacturing borough of Manayunk, Pennsylvania, contained at this time, ten mills in operation and in course of erection, including Richards' rolling and nail mills. The former employed 63S persons, and (1) Ssnolo Document, No. US, 2llth Con- translalion of tha worI< of M. Da Labrousse gross, Jat Session. Wm. A. Vornon, Esq. on tho cultivation of MuiberrJ trooa, Hifh »f Rhode Island, pubiislied this je^ir a viloaljk notes by tUe translator. ,y Google nnfacttiTes of flour, drogs, saw grinijiug and polishing, cardiug and filling of cloth, cotton and woolen goods, jjapcr, etc., nearly all of which had grown up within six years. Le:sington, Kentnck;, contained ten manufactories of cotton bagging and bale rope, in which five hundred persona were employed, of whom not over two per cent, were white. There were in other parts of the state as many more. The annual produce was nearly one milHon yards of cotton bagging and two million pounds of bale rope, beside large qnantitiea of twine and yams. There were also ten cotton manufac- tories. The Fayette factory, near the town, spun weekly, between four and five thousand dozens of cotton, and had recently put up looms to make about fifty pieces of mnslin, thirty yards each, per week. Mr, James Weir's cotton factory worked up about two hundred and fifty bales of cotton annnally. There were three woolen factories. The Lexington white lead factory made annually from eighty to one hundred thousand pounds of white and ten thousand pounds of red lead. The stock was abont sis thousand dollars, and the dividends about eight per cent, per annum. This city had numerous other establishments, as grist mills, breweries of beer and porter, paper mills, ropewalks, dis- tillei'ies, foundriea, nail works, eta. Abont two thousand tona of hemp were an nn ally -raised in tJie vicinity, and the culture had greatly increased of late. The Covington Cotton Factory, at Covington, in the same state, opposite Cincinnati, was built this year, at a cost of sixty-six thousand do Hare. One or more cotton spinning mills were in operation at Tincennes, Indiana, owned by Messrs. Reynolds &, Bonner, and H. J). Wheeler. Notwithstanding the hostility of the South to the tariff act, several cotton manufactories were projected within a few months, and others were about to go into operation — one at Augusta, two at Milledgeville, and another at Indian Springs in Georgia. The Petersburg Vii^inian contained an essay in favor of their estabhshment at that place, and efforts were made to establish cotton and woolen factories at Fredericks- burg in that state. Two more of the large manufacturing companies of Lowell, Massachn- setts, were this year incorporated, and commenced operations, viz.; the Appleton Company, and the Lowell Manufacturing Company. The Lowell Bank was also chartered. A charter was granted in Connecticut to the " Norwich Water Power Company," with a capital of forty thousand doHara, for the construction of works to bring into use the immense and previously unoccupied water power of the Shetuckef, below its junction with the Quinelang, at ,y Google 1828] 8EA ISLAND COTTON. 321 Worwieli. A substantial stone dam, 280 feet in length, and a canal, were bnilt, which furaiehed power for sixty thousand spindles. Within four or five years five large factories were erected, the largest, that of the Thames Company for the manufacture of cott-on cloths, being one of the finest in New England. Colonel Breethaupt, agent of a manufacturing company in South Carolina, visited the New England factories in October, and in proof of the snperior character of the machinery made there, stated that the agent of au extensive cotton factory, about to be established in Prussia, after visiting England, gave the preference to American machinery, and ordered at one factory $100,000 worth. The shops, he said, were filled with orders.' Considerable excitement existed at this time in South Carolina, growing oat of the improvement in the texture of Sea Island cotton. Kiasay Burden, sen., of St. John's Colleton, in 1804 or 1805, had pro- dncod a " packet" of cotton, worth in the English market twenty-five cents a pound more than any other Kind. He had since assiduously employed his botanical knowledge, in effecting further improvemeuts in the staple, the method remaining undiscovered by others. In 1826 he sold his first fall crop of sixty bags for one hundred and ten cents per pound. In the following March, Mr. Whitemarsh B. Seabrook read, before the Agricultural Soc