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THE
CYCLOPADIA;
OR,
Universal Dictionary
OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, AND LITERATURE.
VOL. XXVI.
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THE
CYCLOPA DIA;
UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY
OF
Arts, Sctinees, and Literature,
| \ \
BY
ABRAHAM REKS, D.D. F.B.S. F.L.S. S. Amer. Soe. |
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
EMINENT PROFESSIONAL GENTLEMEN.
ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS,
BY THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ARTISTS.
$$$ exp ——___- IN THIRTY-NINE VOLUMES. VOL. XXVI.
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LONDON: PrintTED ror LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, & BROWN, ParTernoster-Row,
F.C. AND J. RIVINGTON, A. STRAHAN, PAYNE AND FOSS, SCATCHERD AND LETTERMAN, J. CUTHELL, CLARKE AND SONS, LACKINGTON HUGHES HARDING MAVOR AND JONES, J. AND A. ARCH, CADELL AND DAVIES, S. BAGSTER, J. MAWMAN, JAMES BLACK AND SON, BLACK KINGSBURY FPARBURY AND ALLEN, R. SCHOLEY, J. BOOTH, J. BOOKER, SUTTABY EVANCE AND FOX, BALDWIN CRADOCK AND JOY, SHERWOOD NEELY AND JONES, R. SAUNDERS, HURST ROBINSON AND COs, J. DICKINSON, J. PATERSON, E. WHITESIDE, WILSON AND SONS, AND BRODIE AND DOWDING,
1819.
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OR, A NEW
UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY
OF Pe
ARTS and SCIENCES.
P
A labial confonant, formed by a flight compreffion of the anterior part of the lips, and retaining an uni- form found, and the fifteenth letter in the Englifh alphabet.
When the P is followed with an H in the fame word, it has the found of an F; thus PAilofophy is pronounced Filofophy : and this is generally the cafe im words derived from the Greek. °
P and B are fo like each other, that Quintilian decfares, that in the word odtinust, his reafon required him to put a 4, but that his ears could hear nothing but a p, optinuit : hence in ancient infcriptions, and old gloffaries, it appears, that thefe two letters have often been confounded. .
Several nations {till pronounce one for the other, the Welth and Germans particularly, who fay, ponum vinum for bonum vinum.
Plutarch obferves, it was ufual for thofe of Delphi to fay Botley for Troclesy, Bixpoy for TbXpoy 5 and among the Latins, as often as an s followed, the 6 was changed into ap, as Seribo, fcripfi. in
P is fometimes mute before ¢, as accompt ; but in modern orthography it is ufually omitted.
P, in Mufic, is the mitial of piano, foft, for which it flands ; and pp, by abridgment, for pianiffimo, very foft.
P. M. among Afironomers, is frequently uled for po/? mert-
diem, or afternoon ; and fometimes for poff’ mane, after the
morning, i. e. after midnight.
P was alfo ufed among the ancients as a numeral ietter, .
fignifying the fame with the G, viz. a hundred ; according to the verfe of Ugutio. }
- * P fimilem cum G numerum monftratur habere.’’
Though Baronius thi:ks, it rather ftood for “feven.
When a dath was added a-top of P, it ftood for four hundred thoufand.
St. Jerom obferves, on Daniel, that the Hebrews had no P; but that the “ph ferved them inftead of it; adding,
VoL. XXVI. "
Strahan and Prefton, New-ftreet Sqnare, London;
| Eds:
that there is but one word in the whole bible read with a P, viz. apadno. The Greek x fignified 80. The Latins ufed P as an abbreviature. Thus P. ftood*for. Publius, pondo, &c. in 5S. P.Q. R. or Senatus populufque Romanus, for populus; R. P. denoted refpublica ; P. C. patres conferipti; PR.S. pretoris fententia, &c. On the French coins, P denotes
thofe that were itruck at Dijon.
P. in Medicinal Prefcription, is’ ufed- for pugil, or the eighth part of a handful.
P. 4. fignifies paries equales, equal parts of any ingre- dient: otherwife denoted by 4 or ana. ;
PP. fignify pulvis patrum, i. e. Jefuit’s powder, or the cortex Peruvianus in powder; which ts fo called, becaufe firfi brought inte Europe by thofe fathers; and p. p. ¢. pre- paratus, prepared. : :
PA, in Geography, a town of Thibet, 450 miles E. of Laffa. N. lat. 28 18’. E. long. 98°34’.
PAA, a town of the ifland of Ceram, and capital of a diftri& abounding in fago. _ ,
PAAKOLA, a town of Swedén, in the government of Ulea ; fix miles N. of Kemi.
PAALAVANKA,-a town of Hindooftan, in Gol- conda; 30 miles N.W. of Damapetta.- ;
PAARDEBERG, or the Horfe Mountain, fo called from the number of wild horfes or zebras, that formerly fre- quented it, a mountain of the Drakenftein diftrit, in Southern Africa, which is a continuation of Paarl mountain to the northward. The produce of the farms is chiefly confined to. wheat, which, witha {prinkling of manure, or acouple of years’ reft, or by fallowing, will yield from 15 to 20 fold. They cultivate, alfo, barley and pulfe, but have few horfes or cattle beyond what is neceflary for the purpofes of huf- bandry. dae’
PAARL, a village in the diftna of Drakenftein, in Southern Africa, fituated at the foot of a hill that fhuts an
B t
PAs
the valley of Drakenftein on the weft fide. It confifts of about 30 habitations, difpofed ina line, but fo far detached from each other, with intermediate orchards, gardens, and vineyards, as to forma {treet from half a mile to a mile in length. About the middle of this ftreet, on the eaft fide, ftands the church, a neat oGagonal building, covered with thatch ; and at the upper end is a parfonage-houfe, with garden, vineyard, and frnit groves; and a large tract of very fine land. The village is overhung by blocks of granite, the paarl, andthe diamond. Barrow’'s Africa, vol. ii.
PAATIS, a town of Sweden, in the government of Abo; ro miles N. of Abo. :
PAATPASSER, a {mall circar of Bengal, watered by the Ganges, between Dacca and Boofnah.
PAAVOLA, atown of Sweden, in the government of Ulea; 20 miles E. of Brahefted. ; ;
PAAW, Peter, in Biography, a phyfician and anatomitt, was born at Amfterdam in 1564. When he had finifhed his {cholaftic education, he was fent to Leyden at the age of fixteen, where he attended the medical courfes for the {pace of four years, and thence proceeded to Paris for farther im- provement. He afterwards commenced his travels for the purpofe of vifiting other celebrated {chools; and after {pending fome time in Denmark, and at Roftock, where he received the degree of door in 1587, he repaired to Padua, and attended the diffections of Fabricius ab Aqua- pendente. Paaw was naturally of a grave and ferious dif- pofition, and poffeffed an acute and retentive memory, and was therefore well able to profit by thefe advantages of edu- eation; and accordingly his great acquirements were foon acknowledged, on his return to Leyden, by an appoint- ment to a medical profefforfhip in that univerfity in 1589. His whole ambition was centered in the profpeé of fup- porting the dignity and utility of this profefforfhip, and he obtained the approbation and efteem both of the public and his colleagues. He died, univerfally regretted, in Augutt 1617, at the age of fifty-four. Anatomy and botany were the departments which he moft ardently cultivated, and Leyden owes to him the eftablifliment of its botanic garden.
Paaw left the following works: 1. ‘“¢ Tra€tatus de Ex- ercitiis, La@iciniis, et Bellariis.”’ Roft. 2. “ Note in Galenum, de cibis boni et mali fucci,”’ ibid. Thefe two pieces appear to have been his inaugural exercifes. 3. “ Hor- tus publicus Academiz Lugduno-Batave, ejus Ichnogra- phia, defcriptio, ufus, &c.’’ Lugd. Bat. 1601. 4. “ Pri- mitiz Anatomice de humani corporis offibus,”’ ibid. 1615. s- * Succenturiatus Anatomicus, continens Commentaria in Hippocratem de Capitis Vulneribus. Addite funt An- notationes in aliquot Capita Libri 8vi. C. Celfi,”” ibid. 1616. 6. ‘* Note et Commentarii in Epitomen Anatomicum An- dree Vefalii,” ibid. 1616. The following appeared after his death: 7. “ De Valvula Inteftini Epiftole duz,’’ Op- penheim, 1619, together with the firft century of the Epiftles of Fabricius Hildanus. 8. “ De Pefte Traétatus, cum Henrici Florentii additamentis."" Lug. Bat. 1636. g. “ Anatomice Obfervationes fele&tiores.” Hafniz, 1657, inferted in the third and fourth centuries of the anatomical and medical hiltories of T. Bartholin. He alfo left in MS. a * Methodus Anatomica,’’ which was in the library of M. de Vick of Amfterdam. Eloy Dict. Hift. de la Med.
PABBAY, or Papay, in Geography, one of the Bifhop’s iflands, among the Hebrides. N. lat. 56° so’. W. long. 7° 32'.—Alfo, one of the {mall Hebrides, near the W. coalt of Lewis. N. lat. 58° 11'. W. long. 6° 59'.—Alfo, one of the weftern iflands of Scotland, about nine miles in circumference, and five miles N. from North Uift. N. lat. 57° 55'. W. long. 7° 12!.
RY &
PABIANICE, a town of the duchy of Warfaw ; 32 miles E.N.E. of Siradia.
PABLO, Szt., a lake in the jurifdiGtion of Otabalo, in the province of Quito, three leagues in length, and about half a league broad. Its waters are difcharged into Rio Blanco.—Alio, a town of Mexico, in New Navarre; 170 miles W. of Cafa Grande.—Alfo, a town of New Mexico; 70 miles E. of Sumas.—Alfo, a town of South America, in the province of Moxas; 140 miles N.W. of Trinidad.—Alfo, a town of Mexico, in the province of New Bifcay ; 130 miles S.W. of Pairal.—Alfo, a town of Mexico, in the province of Veraguas; 22 miles S.W. of Remedios.
PABNEIKIRCHEN, a town of Auftria; four miles N.W. of Grein. ;
PABO, in Biography, a Britith prince and warrior, who flourifhed in the fifth century, was defeated and fought refuge in Wales, where he was hofpitably entertained by the king, who gave him lands. From the army he entered into the church, and by his devotions acquired the chara@ter and title of a faint. He founded a church in Mona, An- glefea, where his monument with an infcription is faid ftill to exift. Owen’s Camb. Biog.
PABOON, in Geography, an ifland of Africa, in the river Gambia, nine miles long, belonging to the kingdom of Yani.
PABOS, in Botany. See CAamini.
PABOU, in Geography, a town of Canada, on the N. coaft of Chaleur bay ; 20 miles S.W. of cape Goope.
PABULUM is fometimes ufed among naturalifts for fuel, or that part in combuftible bodies which the fire im- mediately feeds on, or is {upported by.
PazsuLumM of Plants, in Agriculture, a term applied to that fubftance which novrifhes them. See Foop of PLantTs. PACA, the Spotted Cavy, in Zoology. See Cavia Paca.
PACAJES, or Pacaxzs, in Geography, a town of Peru, and capital of a jurifdi€tion in the diocefe of La Paz, con- taining fome rich filver mines, which are not much wrought. Here are alfo emeralds. The air is variable, fometimes cold, fometimes hot, and occafionally temperate. The paf- tures are good: and its principal fource of commerce and wealth is cattle ; 80 miles S.W. of La Paz. ~PACALITA, a feaft held among the ancient Romans, in honour of the goddefs Pax, Peace.
Alnhelmus, de Laud. Virgin. {peaking of the impure feftivals and ceremonies of the heathens, calls one of them Penalia ; which paflage Gronovius charges as faulty, alleg- ing, that there was no feaft of that name, but that it fhould have been Pacalia, or perhaps Palilia.
The ancients, who perfonified, and even dbified every thing, were not forgetful of Peace: fhe had an altar at Rome, and a ftately temple ; and religious rites -were- paid her with great folemnity.
PACAMARES, in Geography, a diftri& of Peru, where the air is temperate, and which is faid to abound with gold.— Alfo, an Indian nation occupying the banks of Amazon river.
PACATIANUS, Titus Jutrus Martinus, in Bio- graphy, an ufurper, who excited the Gauls to revolt in his favour, in the reign of the emperor Philip; but he was de- feated and put to death in the year 249 by the troops which raifed Decius to the throne. There are medals of Pacatianus ftill exifting. Moreri.
PACATUS, Lartixus Drepanius, whe flourifhed in the fourth century, was a native of Drepanum, in Aqui- tania, and celebrated as a poet and orator. He was in habits of intimacy with Aufonius, who confulted him on his own writings, and has addreffed feveral pieces pre ae
en
PAG
When Theodofius the Great vifited Rome in the year 388, after the defeat of Maximus, Pacatus was deputed from Gaul to congratulate him on his vi€tory. On this occa- fion he pronounced a panegyrical oration before the em- eror and fenate, which is extant, and in the courfe of which he faid, if the elder Brutus could be permitted to revifit the earth, the ftern republican would abjure, at the feet of Theodofius, his hatred of kings, and ingenuoufly confefs that fuch a monarch was the moft faithful guardian of the happicefs and dignity of the Roman people. ‘ Yet,’ fays the hiftorian of Rome, ‘ the piercing eye of the founder of the republic mult have difcerned two effential imperfections, which might, perhaps, have abated his re- cent love of defpotifm. The virtuous mind of Theodofius was often relaxed by indolence, and it was fometimes in- flamed by paffion :’? fee ‘THEoposius. Pacatus was after- wards created a proconful, and in 393 was appointed fuper- intendant of the imperial domain. ‘The orator Symmachus addreffed feveral letters to him, and Sidonius Apollinaris mentioned him with applaufe. He was probably a Pagan. None of his poems remain; his panegyric on Theodofius was printed in 1651, feparately, and it is contained in the « Panegyrici Veteres.”’ It is reckoned eloquent for the age in which it was written, ‘* more characterized by force of expreffion and imagination than by talte and purity of ftyie, and, in its beft paflages, bearing fome refemblance to the manner of Tacitus.’’ Moreri. Gibbon. PACAUDIERE, La, in Geography, a town of France, in the department of the Loire, and chief place of a can- ton, in the diftri€t of Roanne; 12 miles N.W. of Roanne. The place contains 1426, and the canton 7326 inhabitants, on a territory of 245 kiliometres, in eight communes. PACCHIEROTTI, Gasparo, in Biography, one of the moft fcientific, expreffive, and finifhed fingers, which Italy ever produced, was born in the Roman ftate, and began his career in 1770, at Palermo in Sicily, where he continued during 1771. In 1772, he was the principal finger in the great theatre of San Carlo at Naples, with the De Amicis. In 1773, at Bologna; in 1774, at Naples again. In 1775, at Milan, with the Taiber; in 1776, at Forli; in 1777, at Genoa and Milan ; and in 1778, at Lucca and Turin, previoufly to his arrival in England, where his reputation had penetrated a contiderable time, and where _fignor Piozzi, who had -heard him at Milan, fung feveral airs after his manner, in a ftyle that excited great ideas of his pathetic powers. The travels of captain Brydone had likewife contributed to raife public expe@ation ; indeed our own was excited fo much, that we eagerly attended the firft general rehearfal, in which, though he fung /otto voce, under a bad cold in extreme fevere weather, and did not feem to exert himfelf, our pleafure was {uch as we had never before experienced. ‘The natural tone of his voice was fo interefting, fweet, and pathetic, that when he had a meffa di voce, or lorg note to fwell, we never wifhed him to change it, or to do any thing but fwell, diminifh, or pro- long it in whatever way he pleafed, to the utmoft limits of his lungs. A great compafs of voice downwards, with an afcent up toB 6, andfometimes to C inalt, withan unbounded fancy, anda power not only of executing the moft refined and difficult paffages of other fingers, but of inventing new embellifhments, which, as far as our mufical veading and experience extended, had never then been on paper, made him, during his long refidence here, a new finger every time we heard him. If the different degrees of {weetnefs in mufical tones to the ear might be compared to the effects of different flavours on the palate, it would perhaps convey our idea of its perfection, by faying that it is as fuperior to
PA CG
the generality of vocal {weetuefs, as that of the pine apple is, not only to other fruits, but to fugar or treacle. Many voices, though clear and well in tune, are yet infipid and uninteretting, for want of piquancy and flavour. The voice of Pacchierotti, when at its beft, was the dolce piccante. A. more perfect fhake on fhort notice, and in every degree of velocity, we never heard. His execution of rapid divifions was fo true and diftiné, that, with a loud and vulgar- toned voice, he would have been admired as a bravura finger ; but the natural tone, and, if we'may fo call it, fentimental expreffion and charaéter of his voice, is fuch, as to make many hearers lament his condefcending to rival the lark, or ever, even in pathetic fongs, quitting fimplicity in order to change or embellifh a paflage in the moit new, artful, or ingenious manner poffible. But to lovers and judges of mufic, who conftantly attend the opera, it feems defirable that the performers, during the run of a mufical drama, fhould have the power of ftimulating attention to an air often repeated, .by a variety of new graces and ornaments, which, in fome meafure, renovate a fong every time it is performed; yet, though Pacchierotti poflefled this power far beyond any finger we had heard, the public, frequently poifoned by the fhafts of envious profeffors, and perhaps dilettante, was always more inclined to cenfure than duly commend this talent; for which we can no otherways acéount, unlefs this feeming injuftice ftill proceeded from the wifhes of an audience to hear more of the {weet tones of his na- tural voice, undifturbed by art or {cience.
That Pacchierotti’s feeling and fenfibility are uncommon, is not only difcoverable by his voice and performance, but countenance, in which, through a benign and benevolent general expreffion, there is a conftant play of features, which manifefts the fudden workings and agitations of his foul. He isan enthufiaft in his art, and feels the merit of a compofition and performance with true Italian energy. Nice and faftidious in criticiling himfelf, he confequently does not gratify frivolous and doubtful claims upon his ad- miration or applaufe; but to real and intrinfic merit, we never met with more candour, or heard more judicious and zealous panegyric beftowed from one profeffor to another.
To hearers not accuftomed to the refinements of flinging, his extemporaneous flights and divifions were fo new, that they at firft were doubtful whether to blame or commend. But as the true criterion of merit in the arts, is to improve on examination, all perfons of knowledge and feeling con- {tantly experienced encreafing pleafure at each performance, however frequent the opportunitics may have been of grati- fying their wifh to hear him.
He is not gifted with a very robuft conftitution, nor was his cheft proof againft the rude and fudden attacks of our climate; fo that though he was never obliged by in- difpofition to be abfent from the ftage when his duty called him thither, above once or twice during four years refidence among us, yet his voice was fometimes affected by flight colds, from which the ftouteft natives are not exempt; but when he was quite in order and obedient to his will, there was a perfection fo exquifite in tone, talte, knowledge, fen- fibility, and expreffion, that our conceptions in the art could not imagine it poffible to be furpafled.
The low notes of his voice were fo full and flexible, that in private, among his particular friends and admirers, we have often heard him fing Anfani’s and David’s tenor fongs in their original pitch, in a mott perfect and admirable man- ner, going down fometimes as low as B b on the fecond line in the bafe.
It appears that in his youth, when his cheit was ftrong,
while ftimulated by a love of perfection and a determination B2 to
PAC
to execute every conquerable difficulty, he ftudied with fuch unremitting diligence and affiduity as have enabled him to execute, at fight, in all clefs, and in every ftyle of compolition, the moft difficult fongs that have been com- pofed, with fuch facility, precifion, and expreffion, as if he had long perufed and prepared them for public perform- ance. This we have often feen him do in original fcores, that it was impoffible for him ever to have feen before. He was the only modern finger that of late years we had found able to enter into the ityle of compofers and per- formers of paft times; but being an excellent mimic, he feems never to have heard a finger of great abilities without remembering the particular traits, inflexions, tone of voice, and expreflions, which rendered him or her famous. Though he feemed to have a particular zeal for the fuccefs of his friend Bertoni’s compofition at the opera; yet we never perceived a want of ardour in his performance of Sacchini’s mufic, particularly in * Rinaldo,” where he fung with as much energy, tafte, and expreffion, as ever it was poffible for him to manifeft on any occafion. And in concerts he treated the audience with a greater variety of matters, in the fongs he fele€ted, than any finger of our time had ever done. At the Haymarket he was ufually obliged to lower his performance, particularly duets, to the level of a firft woman of very moderate abilities: we except madame Le Brun, who was however fo cold and inftrumental in her’ manner of finging, that they did not well accord together. We know there were,many frequerters of concerts, who called themfelves lovers of mufic and judges of finging, and yet difliked both his voice and manner, and did not fcruple to fay, that he had never fung a note in tune during his refidence in this country; which was fuch an infult upon the ears and feelings of his admirers, that they, in revenge, flatly denied their claims to fuperior knowledge, talte, or experience in fuch matters.
Almoft every great finger unites himfelf in intereft and friendfhip with fome particular compofer, who writes to his peculiar compafs of voice, talents, and ftyle of finging. Thus Manzoli and Pefcetti, Guarducci and Sacchini, Mil- lico and Gluck, the Agujari and Colla, and Pacchierotti and Bertoni, were clofely conneéted.
In the fummer of 1779, Pacchierotti returned to Italy for a year, when he was fucceeded by Roncaglio, but re- turned again in 1780, and remained here till after the Com- memoration, in 1784. '
The airs in which the natural fweetnefs of his voice, talte, expreflion, and general powers of pleafing, feem to have made the deepett impreflion, were, ‘¢ Mifero pargo- letto,”” by Monza, in Demofoonte; ‘+ Non temer,” by Bertoni, in the fame opera; “ Dolce {peme,” by Sacchini, in Rinaldo; and “ Ti feguiro fedele,”? in Olimpiade, by Paefiello. .
After retiring from England, Pacchierotti feldom fung in public, except at Venice, in which itate, at Padua, he efta- blifhed himfelf in an elegant houfe, wholly fitted up with Englith furniture, and an excellent library of well-chofen Englifh books, of which he was very fond, and was able to read with fluency and’tafte.
During the Revolution he was much haraffed and plun- dered both by the French and Auftrians; and, we fear, was a great lofer by the breaking of the bank of Venice, and by other failures where he had invefted or lent his property. He is, however, faid ftill to retain the low notes of his voice, which is funk into a full and rich counter-tenor, and in which he {till fings to his friends with more ftrength and firmnefs than ever.
PACCHIONI, Ayrtonio, a learned phyfician and ana-
PAC
tomift, was born at Reggio in 1664. His early education he obtained in his native place, but he repaired to Rome for the purpofe of completing his medical ftudies, and attended the celebrated Malpighi, who fubfequently introduced him into practice at Tivoli, where he refided fix years, and ob- tained confiderable reputation. He was therefore invited to return to Rome, where he obtained the friendfhip of Lancifi, who united him as an affociate with himfelf in the work which he was profecuting, an explanation of the plates of Euttachius. Pacchioni, from his conne¢tien with thefe two able anatomifts, was led into fimilar purfuits, and now de- voted himfelf to anatomical refearches; occupying much of his time in diffeGion, particularly in the examination of the membranes of the brain. His firit work, which obtained fome temporary celebrity, was entitled «* De Dure Matris Fabrica et Ufu Difquifitio Anatomica,” Rome, 1701; but his obfervations were not confirmed by other anatomifts. In this treatile, he advanced an opinion concerning the mufcular and contraétile nature of the dura mater, which he fuppofed,, by meaus of its conneétion with the tentoria, to act by al- ternate compreffion upon the brain and cerebellum. This dofiriae, however, was confuted by Baglivi, Fantoni, and fome other anatomifts. His fecond publication was upon a fimilar fubje@, and entitled ‘ Differtatio Epiftolaris de Glandulis conglobatis Durz Meningis humane, indeque ortis. Lymphaticis ad Piam Meningem produétis, ad clariff. Virum Lucam Schroeckium,’? Romz, 1705. The ailerted dif- covery of glands in the neighbourhood of the longitudinal finus, involved him in controverfies with other anatomifts, which produced other publications of hisown. Inhis ‘ Dif- fertationes bine ad f{peGtatiffimum Virum Joannem Fanto- num datz, &c.’’ Rome, 1713, he defended this hypothefis of the glandular ftru€@ture of thofe parts; and in his ‘* Dif- fertationes Phyfico-Anatomice de Dura Meninge humana, novis experimentis et lucubrationibus au€tz et illuftrate,’”” ibid, 1721, he publifhed his final notions on his favourite fubje&, and continued to maintain the mufcular nature and ation of the dura mater. Although his opinions have not been received by later anatomi{ts, they were f{upported with ingenuity, and the inveftigations, to which the controverly led, contributed to a more accurate knowledge of the parts concerned. Pacchioni died at Rome in 1726. He was a member of the academies of Bologna and Sienna, and of the Society Nature Curioforum. An edition of all his — works, with figures, was publifhed at Rome, in 4to., in 1741; in which, among other additions, were the following papers, viz. ** Epiftola ad Ludovicum Tefti de novis circa folidorum et fluidorum Vim in viventibus, ac Dure Me- ningis Stru€turam et Ufum Obfervationibus ;’’ ‘* Vefican- tum damna in Multis Morbis;’’ and ‘ Prolapfi Cordis Hiftoria.” Eloy Di&. Hift. Gen. Biog.
PaccuHioni Glandule, in Anatomy, {mall white and rounded bodies, conne&ted with the membranes of the brain, and named after an Italian anatomift, who defcribed and deli- neated them. Bichat calls them. granulationes cerebrales. See Brain, and Nervous Sy/em.
PACCIAUDI, Paoto Mania, in Biography, an hif- torian and antiquary, was born at Turin in the early part of the eighteenth century. He entered into the order of Theatines, and became librarian to Philip, duke of Parma. He died in 1785. He had paffeda ftudious and retired life, almoft entirely occupied in the duties of his ftation. His principal works are, “De cultu S. Joannis Bapt. Antiqui- tates Chriftianz,"’ 1755; ‘* Monumenta Peloponnefiaca,” in two vols. gto. ; ** Memorie de Gran Maeftri dell ordine Gerofolimitano,” three vols. 4to. ; and feveral differtations on particular objets of antiquity.
PACE,
PAC
PACE, or Paice, Ricwarp, a learned prieft and con- fiderable ftatefman, who floucifhed in the fixteenth century, was probably born at or near the city of Winchefter, about the year 1482. He was educated at the expence of Thomas Langton, the bifhop of that diocefe, who employed him in early life as an amanuenfis. His proficiency in learning, and his genius for mufic, recommended him ftrongly to his patron, who determined to afford him the beft advantages in his power, for the acquirement and cultivation of literature. With this view he fent him to the univerfity of Padua, at that time the mofl famous feminary of literature in Europe, with a handfome allowance to defray hisexpences. Here he was aflifted in his ftudies by Cuthbert Tonftall, afterwards bifhop of Durham, and William Latimer. On his return to England he entered himfelf of Queen’s college, Oxford, of which his patron, bifhop Langton, who was now dead, had been provoft. He was almoft immediately taken into the fervice of Dr. Bainbridge, the new provoft, who was foon promoted to the archbifhopric of York, and afterwards being made a cardinal, Pace accompanied him to Italy. In this land of affaffination Bainbridge was poifoned by a priett, out of revenge for having received a blow from him in the moment of paffion. Of the manner of the cardinal’s death, of the circumitances attending it, and the meafures taken to difcover thofe concerned in it, Pace tranfmitted an account to king Henry VIII. Upon his return home he was fent for to court, where his talents and accomplifhments recom- mended him fo powerfully to the king, that he appointed him fecretary of {tate, and employed him in feveral important negociations. His political charaéter did not prevent him from entering into holy orders ; andin the year 1514 he was made prebendary of the cathedral of York, and afterwards an archdeacon. In 1515, Henry VIII. being alarmed at the progrefs which the arms of Francis I., king of France, were making in Italy, fent the archdeacon on an embaffy to the court of Vienna, for the purpofe of engaging the emperor Maximilian to attempt the expulfion of the French from the duchy of Milan. Having fucceeded in his miffion, he next went into Switzerland, where he induced fome of the cantons to furnifh Maximilian with troops. In the year 1519, upon the death of the emperor, when the kings of France and Spain declared themfelves candidates for the im- perial throne, Henry determined to become their competitor, and fent Pace his ambaflador into Germany, to watch over his interefts at the diet of the empire. His fervices on this occafion, though not fuccefsful, were rewarded, in the fame year, with the deanery of St. Paul’s, London, as fucceffor to Dr. Colet, and very foon after he was made dean of Exeter. In1521 he was prefented to a prebendal {tall in the church of Sarum, and onthe death of pope Leo X.,.in the fame year, cardinal Wolfey fent him with proper in- ftructions to Rome, for the exprefs purpofe of endeavouring to obtain for the cardinal the papal chair. The ele€tion had, however, taken place before he could arrive at Rome, and Adrian, bifhop of Tortofa, had been chofen pope. On the death of Adrian, in 1523, Pace was employed a fecond time to negociate on Wolfey’s behalf, but with no better fuccefs than before. Unable to obtain the grand objeét of his ambition, the cardinal employed Pace in foliciting from the pope an enlargement of his powerg as his holinefs’s legate, which he obtained. After this he was fent ambaflador to Venice, where he acquitted himfelf with much talent ; but notwithftanding the abilities by which he fuftained his cha- racter as ambaflador, Wolfey conceived a prejudice again{t him, of which he experienced the dire effeis. . For two years he received no inftruétions relative to the objet of his appointment, nor any remittances for the fupport of his ex-
RAG
pences, notwith{tanding the almoft inceffant applications which he made to England. At the fame time intelligence was imparted to him, that the cardinal, who had been his friend, had become inveterately hoftile to his interefts, This ufage had fuch an effeét upon Pace, that he fell fick and loft his intelleéts. Information of his condition having been brought to the king, he inftantly gave direétions for his re- turn heme, where he was fo carefully attended by phyficians, at the king’s command, that his faculties and health were fo far reftored, as to be able to dire& his attention to literary purfuits, Soon after this, Pace was introduced to the prefence of the king, who exprefled much fatisfaétion and pleafure at his recovery, and admitted him to a private audience, in which he took the opportunity of remonftrating againft the cardinal’s unjuft treatment. Wolfey was called upon by the king to vindicate himfelf againft this charge : this he found no difficulty in performing, and in his turn at- tacked the complainant with fuch vigour, as to get him fent to the Tower, where he was detained a prifoner for the {pace of two years, till he was at length difcharged by the king’s command. The rigour of this treatment was more than Pace could fuftain ; he was again bereaved of his fenfes, and never re- covered the ufe of them, except at fhort intervals, when he was able to read and to enjoy the converfation of his friends. He refigned his church preferments a little before his death, and retiring to Stepney, he died in 1532, before he had completed his fiftieth year. He had paffed an ative life, and devoted all his leifure from public bufinefs to ftudy, the fruit of which he publifhed in feveral learned works. Of thefe the firft was entitled “« De Frutu qui ex Doétrina percipitur Liber ;”? which was written while Mr. Pace was at Conftance, and in the courfe of which the author took an opportunity of in- veighing again{t drumkennefs, a vice very general at that place. The inhabitants confidered the attack as levelled againft themfelves, and an anfwer was written, apologizing for themfelves, and their cuftoms in drinking. Pace’s next printed work was ‘‘ Oratio Pace nuperrime compofita et Feedere percuffo inter Henricum Angliz Regem, et Fran- corum Regem Chriftianiffimumin /Ede Pauli Londini habita.”’ He was author alfo of * De lapfu Hebraicorum Interpre- tum ;?? of « Epiftles,”’ and of feveral other pieces ; and of fome tranflations, one of which was a fermon of Fifher, bifhop of Rochefter, of which he gave a Latin verfion, which had been preached on the day when the writings of Luther were publicly burnt. Pace was held in high efleem by the learned men of his time. Erafmus denominates him ‘‘ utriufque lite- rature calentiflimus,’”? and addrefled to him more letters than tg any one of his correfpondents. He had an extraordinary facility in learning languages, and not only fpoke feveral modern tongues, but under{tood the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, and Arabic. Erafmus was attached to him on ac- count of his candour, the mildnefs of his temper, and his literary acquirements, and could never forgive the perfons who had been the caufe of his misfortunes.
Pace, Paffus, Step, 3 meafure taken from the fpace be- tween the two feet of a man in walking.
The ordinary pace of a man is two feet and a half ; though many reckon ita yard ; the geometrical or German pace, called alfo the greater pace, is five feet.
The ancient Roman and modern Italic mile confifts of a thoufand paces, mille pafus. ‘The French league is 3000 paces, and the German 4000.
Pace of the Horfe, in the Manege, a term fignifying the particular manner of his going on the road, or when at work. It is alfo applied to the ftep or progreffion of other animals of different kinds. The moft common paces, and thofe which are natural to the horfe, are the walk, the trot, Ate
the
eg &
lop. There is likewife another pace which is acquired by horfes, called the amble, but which in fome appears to be almoft natural to them. In fome cafes it is not un- common for horfes to mix their different paces, and by this means to go in a fort of fhuflle betwixt the walk, trot, amble, and gallop; but horfes which make ufe of this kind of motion are rarely of any great utility or value to their owners.
This bad mode in the progreffion of the horfe may pro- ceed from different circumftances, as habit, a fretful difpo- fition; and perhaps, in fome inftances, from debility in the back or loins, as well as in the legs or other parts.
Where the horfe has a good and proper pace, he moves with fteadinefs in thefe feveral modes of progreffion without mixing them in any degree whatever.
Paces, in Surgery. See ‘Tooru-Drawing.
PACHA. See Basuaw.
PACHACAMA, or Pacuacamac, in Geography, a pleafant and-fruitful valley in the audience and jurifdic- tion of Lima, about 12 miles S. from Lima, and celebrated before the conqweft of Peru, on account of a famous temple dedicated to the creator of the univerfe, called by the Incas «¢ Pachacamac.”” ;
PACHACAMAG, in Mythology, the name which the idolaters of Peru gave to the Sovereign Being whom they worfhipped, together with the fun and other imaginary dei- ties. The principal temple of this deity was fituated in the valley above-mentioned, and was founded by the Incas of Peru. This idol was held in the greateft veneration: and it is faid that their kings and priefts entered this temple with their backs towards this altar, and came out again without daring to turn about. Pizarro derived great riches from the temple of Pachacamac, to the amount of 920,000 ducats, although 400 Indians had taken away as much as they could carry, and the Spanith foldiers had pillaged it before hecame. The ruins that ftill remain furnifh a very high no- tion of its magnificence. ;
PACHAMACLI, in Geography, a town of European Turkey, in Romania; 40 miles S. of Filippopoli.
PACHAMAMA, in Mythology, the name of a Peruvian goddefs.
PACHEA, in ease ee a {mall ifland in the bay of Panama. ‘Thisis one of the Pearl or King’s iflands, low and woody, about 12 leagues from Panama.
PACHECO, Joun pr, in Biography, marquis Villena, the favourite and prime minifter of Henry IV., king of Caf- tile. By his infinuating manners and talents he obtained fo great an authority, that he difpofed, at pleafure, of all places in thekingdom. Lewis XI. of France corrupted him bya penfion, and he perfidioufly betrayed his matfter’s interefts in the peace of 1443, by agreeing to many articles prejudicial to the kingdom of Caltile. Henry, having difcovered his treachery, reproached him with it, which fo provoked Pa- checo, that he a@tually confpired againft the power of his fovereign, and proclaimed prince Alphonfus king of Cattile in 1465. Shortly after this, Alphonfus difpleafed his minif- ter, and fell a victim to his treachery. Pacheco caufed the young king to be poifoned, and was reconciled to Henry, who continued him in his authority and favour till his death, in 1473.
Pacueco, Francisco, a painter, who owes his cele- brity more to the ingenuity and talents of his {cholars Cano and Velafquez, and to his theory and writing, than to his fuperiority as an artift. He was the pupil of Luis Fernandez, but though partial to the great ftyle, does not appear to have ftudied it in Italy. With fufficient cor- reGinefs of outline, judgment in compofition, dignity of
the
PAG
charaéters, propriety of coftume, obfervance of chiaro- {curo, and perfpeGtive, Pacheco difpleafes by want of co- lour, timidity of execution, and drynefs of ftyle. Seville poffeffes the beft of his hiftoric performances ; of his nume- rous portraits, thofe of his wife and Miguel Cervantes were the moft praifed. As aman of literature, he pofleffes confi- derable erudition ; and wit and humour as a writer of epi- grams. Fufeli’s Pilkington.
PACHELBET. At the latter end of the laft century there were feveral famous organitts of this name in Germany: of thefe, John of Nuremburg, born 1651, is faid to have been the firft who introduced the overture ftyle into Germany. He was fucceffively organift of the principal cities of the empire, and greatly improved both vocal and inftrumental church mufic, by his numerous compofitions ; all which were {till held in great efteem, according to Walther, in 1732, when he publifhed his dictionary.
PACHEQUE, in Geography, a {mall iland on the S.W. fide of the bay of Panama, on the coaft of the N. Pacific Ocean, and one of the beautiful iflands within the femicir- cular bay from Panama'to point Mala. ‘Thefe iflands yield wood, water, fruit, fowls, hogs, &c., and afford excelient harbour for fhipping. '
PACHERRY, a town of Meckley; go miles S.S.E. of Munnypour.
PACHETE, acircar of Bengal, bounded on the N. by Currackdeagh, on the E. by Bursan and Biflanpour, on the S. by Midnapour, and on the W. by Sillee, Tamar, and Ramgur; about 70 miles long and from 12 to 40 broad. The capital is Rogonatpour. It derives its name from a fort, fix miles N.E. from the capital. :
PACHTI, or Paci-Houroc, a town of Thibet; 70 miles S.E. of Hami. k
PACHICA, a town of Peru, in the government of Buenos Ayres, feated on this coaft, S. lat. 22°.
PACHIRA, in Botany, Aublet’s name for the Cayenne tree which the French call Cacao_fauvage, or Wild Chocolate. Nothing is to be difcovered of its etymology or meaning. See CarocinEA, which is indubitably the fame plant.
Pacuira, in Geography, atown of Peru, in the diocefe of ‘Truxillo ; fix miles N- of Payta.
PACHITEA, a river of South America, which joins the Maranon at 8° 26, and is efteemed the moit beautiful of allits tributary ftreams. It rifes in 10° 46’, firft running E , then N., and in the early part of its progrefs it is called the Pozuzu, efpecially at its confluence with the Mayro, where it forms a noted haven, from which there is an open naviga- tion to the Maranon. Rilke,
PACHODECARHOMBIS, in Natural Hiflory, the name of a genus of foffils, of the clafs of the felenite.
The word is derived from the Greek rexu:, thick, Sexe, ten, and fouSo:, a rhombus, and expreffes a thick rhomboidal body, compofed of ten planes. ‘ ~F
The charaéters of this genus are, that the felenite of it confifts of ten planes; but as the top and bottom in the lep- todecarhombes, or moit common kind of the felenite; are broader and larger planes than any of the ret, the great thick- nefs of this genus, on the contrary, makes its four longer planes in all the bodies of it, meeting in an obtufe angle from its fides, its largeft planes. Of this genus there are four {pecies
PACHOMIUS, in Biography, a faint in the calendars of the Greek and Latin churches, who flourifhed in the fourth century, was a native of Thebais or Upper Egypt, and born of Gentile parents, who brought him up in their relizion. Wher he was twenty years of age, he was forced
to bear arms in the war of Conitantine againft Maxentius, by which
P AC
which means he had the firft opportunity of meeting with any Chriftians who fhewed him hofpitality and kindnefs, and to whofe faith he avowed himfelf a convert, as foon as he was re- lieved from military fervice. He immediatly began to praétife all the aufterities of that fuperftition of which St, Anthony had lately proved himfelf the parent. He now formed the defign of eftablifhing a community of perfons fubject to the fame rules of an afcetic life, and fixed his abode at Tabenna in Upper Egypt, onthe banks of the Nile, where he built a monattery, and eftablifhed rules of difcipline, which it was reported had been dictated to him by an angel. Ina fhort time the fame of his fanctity drew to him fuch numbers of difciples, that his houfe overflowed, and he was obliged to ere&t new ones, from time to time, till the Upper Thebais was almoft filled with monafteries of his order. He died in the year 350, or, according to others, in 360. In his life, writ- ten by an ancient Greek author, and tranflated into Latin by Dennis le Petit, many miracles are afcribed to him ; and in Benedi& of Aniana’s “ Codex Regularum,”’ there are preferved eleven of his ‘‘ Letters,’’ written with great fim-
‘plicity, and addreffed to the fuperiors of the monatteries
founded by him. Inthe life already referred to, are preferved the rules of difcipline, pretended to have been divinely com- municated to him, and inthe fourth volume of the * Bibl. Patr.”’ a larger collection of rules, concerning the diet, the habits, the employments, and the difcipline of monks, which is faid to have been tranflated from Pachomius’ original in the Egyptian language into the Greek, and from Greek, into Latin by St. Jerome. Moreri. :
PACHORE, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, in the circar of Gohud; 10 miles N.N.E. of Ahar.
PACHUCO, a town of Mexico, famous for the filver mines in its vicinity. It is faid, that of thefe there are not lefs than 1600. One of them, called Trinity, is fuppofed to be as rich as any in Mexico; 45 miles N.N.E. of Mexico. N. lat. 20° 45'. W.long. 100° 42!.
PACHUNTICA, formed of raxuw, I incraffate, a term ufed by fome medical writers to exprefs incraflating medicines.
PACHYMER, or Pacuymerus, Grorer, in Biogra- phy, a Greek hiftorian, was born at Nicea, of a Conftan- tinopolitan family, in the middle of the 13th century. He entered into the church, and was likewife employed in offices of importance in the ftate under Michael Paleologus and Andronicus. At the age of nineteen he accompanied the former, when he took poffeffion of Conftantinople in 1261. He died in the year 1310. He was author of a valuable portion of the hiltory of the Eaft, which is inferted in the collection of the Byzantine hiltorians, and was publifhed at Rome in 1669. It confifted of thirteen books, and con- tained an account of the reign of Michael, and that of An- dronicus, down to his twenty-third year. The ftyle is faid to be harfh and obfcure, yet it is not wholly deficient in eloquence, and the author difplays a more free and en- lightened fpirit than moft of his countrymen. This hiftory was tranflated into French by the prefident Coufin. To Pachymer is attributed a paraphrafe on the epiftles of Dionyfius the Areopagite, and a treatife on the proceffion of the Holy Ghott; a compendium of the Ariftotelian philofophy was publifhed from his MS. at Oxford in 1666. Moreri.
PACHYSANDRA, in Botany, a genus of Michaux, was thus named from va xv<, thick or clum/fy, and ene, a man, in allufion to the thicknefs of the ftamens. Michaux Boreali- Amer. v. 2. 177. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 4. 339.—Clafs and order, Monocecia Tetrandria. Nat. Ord, Tricocce, Linn, Eu- phorbia, Jufl.
Pat,
Gen, Ch. Male, Cal. Perianth of three oval, concaves upright leaves, one of them external, and rather the {malleft- Cor. Petals two, oval, concave, rather larger than the calyx: Stam. Filaments four, ereét, thrice as long as the petals, very thick, compreffed, and fomewhat club-fhaped; anthers incumbent, oblong, of two cells, finally curved.
Female, Cal. Perianth of three clofe-prefféd, oblong, acute leaves, one of them external. Cor. Petals four, oval, {maller than in the male, clofely prefled to the germen, Pi. Germen fuperior, rather globofe, with three furrows ; ftyles
. three, recurved, with a ee icaea furrow above ; ftigmas
linear, flattifh. Peric. Capfule nearly globular, three-lobed, crowned with three fpreading horns from the permanent ftyles, of three cells. Seeds two in each cell, oblong, {mooth, pendulous from the fummit of the cell.
Eff. Ch. Male, Calyx of three leaves. Stamens thrice as long as the petals.
Female, Calyx of three leaves. Petals four. three. Capfule with three horns, and three cells. two in each cell,
1. P. procumbens. Michaux v. 2. 178. t. 45.—Gathered by Michaux on the weftern fide of the Alleghany mountains in North America. The root is fibrous and perennial. Stem herbaceous, procumbent in the lower part, then afcend- ing, round, {mooth, leafy above, about a fpan high, fearcely branched. eaves alternate, ftalked, ovate, about two inches long, {mooth, veiny, and ribbed ; entire at the bafe, bluntly and broadly toothed in the upper part. Spike fimple, folitary ? from the bafe of the ftem, ereét, rather lax, two inches long, compofed of about two female flowers, and four times as. many male ones above them. Corolla finely fringed. Cap/ule fomewhat downy.—Michaux remarks, that the character of this genus is almoft the fame as that of Buxus, but the habit totally different. We have prefumed to alter his defcription a little with the Buxus before us, in order to compare and contra{t them, as well as we could without examining his plant.
PACIAN, in Biography, a faint in the Roman calendar, and bifhop of Barcelona in the fourth century, was defcended from a noble Spanifh family, and flourifhed towards the clofe of the fourth century. He had been a married man previoufly to his entering the religious community of which he was a member. He died at an advanced age, leaving behind him a fon, named Flavius Dexter, who was the per- fon to whom Jerome infcribed his catalogue, and at whofe re- queft it was drawn up. Pacian wrote many books, among which, one was entitled * Cervus,’? or The Stag, a fatirical piece, written againft the Pagans, and abounding, it is faid, in wit and eloquence; but no part of it has reached modern times. There are ftill extant, attributed to Pacian, ‘* Three Letters to Sempronian, a Novatian,’? which are prabably the treatifes mentioned by Jerome; alfo “ An Exhortation to Repentance,” and ** A Difcourfe concerning Baptifm,”’ ad- drefled to the Catechumens. They were edited by John de Tilly, at Paris, in 1538; by Paul Manutius, at Rome, in 1564, and they are inferted in the fourth volume of the Bibl, Patrum. A more corre edition of the whole, ex- cepting the “ Difcourfe on Baptifm,”’ collated with a MS. of the year 800, was afterwards given by cardinal d’ Aguirre, in the fecond volume of the Spanifh Councils, illuftrated with numerous learned notes. The writings of Pacian are panegyrized by Dupin: “ His exhortations,” fays the ec- clefiattical hiltorian, “are lively and perfuafive ; his thoughts well weighed; his proofs folid; his manner of writing pleafant; his ftyle elegant, and the periods fhort. In a word, thefe little tracts may pafs for matter-pieces in their
kind, and the two exhortations, or difcourfes, may be looked upon
Petals two.
Styles Seeds
PAS
upon as perfe& models of popular preaching.’’ Dupin. Lardner, vol. iv. 8vo. edit. 1788.
PACIFIC, peaceful, or free from troubles, tumults, &c.
Paciric ge is a denomination given to that period in which our Saviour was born, on aecount of the general peace which then prevailed through the Roman empire.
Pacrric Letters, Litere Pacifica, in the Ancient Church, was a denomination given to all forts of letters tettimonial, given by the bifhop or chorepifcopus to their prieits, when they had occafion to travel abroad; certifying that the bearer was a Catholic, and in communion with the church.
The life of pope Sixtus I. taken from the pontifical of pope Damafus, mentions that pope as the firfl who in- troduced thofe letters called Formate, Canonice, Commen- datitie, Communicatorie, Ecclefiaftice, S Pacifice.
Paciric Ocean, or South Sea, in Geography, that vaft ocean which feparates Afia from America : itis called Pacific, from the moderate weather which the firft mariners, who failed in it, met with, between the tropics ; and it was called the South Sta, becaufe the Spaniards crofled the Ifthmus of Darien from north to fouth. It is properly the weftern ocean, with regard to America.
Gevgraphers call the South fea, Mare Pacificum, the Pacific Ocean, as being lefs infefted with itorms than the Atlantic. Mr. Frezier affirms, it does not deferve that ap- pellation; and that he has feen as violent tempefts therein as in any other fea: but Magellan happening to have a very favourable wind, and not meeting with any thing to ruffle him, when he firft traverfed this vaft ocean, in 1520, gave it the name which it has retained ever fince. Maty, however, adds, that the wind is fo regular there, that the veffels would frequently go from Acapulco tothe Philippine iflands, with- out fhifting a fail.
This ocean fills the grandeft concavity of the globe, oc- eupying nearly half of its furface from the eaftern fhores of New Holland to the weftern coaft of America; and it is diverfified with feveral groups of iflands, whieh feem, as it were, the fummits of vat mountains emerging from the waves. Separately confidered, thisimmenfe concavity receives but few rivers; the chief being the Amur from Tartary, and the Hoan- ho and Kian-ku from China, while the principal American rivers run towards the eaft. This ocean, confidered as the boundary of the Ruffian empire, wafhes the fhores of the goverament of Irkut{k, from T{chukotfkoy Nofs, or Cook’s Straits, to the frontiers of China; or, in other words, from the south of the river Aimakan, that is, from 65° to 45° N. lat. It is divided into two great parts. That lymg eallwards from Kamtthacka, between Siberia and America, is eminently ftyled the Eaftern, or the Pacific ocean; that on the W. fide from Kamtfhatka, between Siberia, the Chinefe Mongoley, and the Kurilly iflands, is called the fea of Okhotfk. From the different places it touches, it affumes different names: e¢. g. from the place where the river Anadyr falls into it, it is called the fea of Anadyr; about Kamtfhatka, the fea of Kamtfhatka; and the bay between the diftridts of Okhotfk and Kamtfhatka, is called the fea of Okhotfk, the upper part of which is termed Penjinfkoye mare, that is, the Penjinfkian fea, as it approaches the mouth of the river Penjina.
PACIFICA TION, the a& of reftoring or re-eftablifhing the public peace and tranquillity.
The word is applied to many ordinances of the kings of France, defigned to pacify the troubles that occurred in the kingdom, with regard to religion, during the 16th cen- tury, and particularly appropriated to the periods put to the religious broils raifed in France in the year 1598, by the
10
PAC
edi& of Nantz; and the civil commotions, between the Englifh and Scots, ending in 1638.
PACIFICATOR is commonly underftood in the fame fenfe with mediator ; viz. one who endeavours to reconcile princes or powers at variance.
Wicquefort makes a difference between mediator and paci- ficator. The peace being concluded between France and England in 1621, the inftruments on each fide were put in the hands of certain ambafladors, who had been employed as pacificators, not as mediators, to be kept till {uch time as the ratification had been exchanged. Pifa, the duke of Tufcany’s ambaflador at Madrid, was
never efteemed a mediator, though the French ambafladors _
allowed him to be prefent at the conferences held with the commiffioners of Spain, to at as a pacificator of the dif- ferences between them. The grand duke had not offered his mediation, nor would France have accepted it. Wic- quefort, part ii. fe&. 11. i
Paciricators, in Church Hiffery, a name given to thofe who, in the fixth century, followed the Henoticum of Zeno.
PACIFICUS, in Mythology, an epithet of Jupiter, fyno- nimous with Salamines among the Syrians, derived from the Hebrew “ Salman,” which generally fignifies pacatus fuit.
Pacrricus Maximus, in Biography, a Latin poet, was born at Afcoli, of anoble family, in 1409: the time of his death is not known, but his poems were priated at Florence in 1489, under the title of «* Heccateligiam five Elegiz :’’ this edition is now very fcarce. That of Parma, with his other works, in r6g1, is purged of many licen- tions paffages that occur in the former. He mentions the venereal difeafe in his poems before the difcovery of the new world by Columbus.
PACINISCO, in Geography, a town of Naples, in La- vora; 11 miles E.S.E. of Sofa.
PACIO, Gruxio, in Biography, a diftinguifhed jurift and philofopher, was born at Vicenza in the year 1550. From an early age he was diltinguifhed for his proficiency in let- ters, and being deftined for the ftudy of the law, he was fent to Padua, where he ftudied under the ableft mafters that could be obtained. On his return to Vicenza, his pro- penfity to enquiry led him to perufe the writings of the Reformers, for which he was accufed to the bifhop, who gave orders for his apprehenfion. He accordingly took refuge at Geneva, where, being deltitute of other means of fupport, he opened a fchool for children. In 1578 he was chofen profeffor of jurifprudence in that city. He married a lady of Lucca, who was alfo a refugee, by whom he had ten children. In 1585 he was invited to a profeflor- fhip at Heidelberg, and on his acceptance of that office he delivered an oration, ‘¢ De juris civilis difficuitate ac do- cendi Methodo,’’ which he afterwards printed, figning him- felf Beriga, from a country-houfe belonging to his family. He remained at Heidelberg till 1595, when he quitted it for Sedan, where the duke of Bouillon had eftablifhed a new academy. In this he held the logical chair till the war broke out, which obliged him to return to Geneva. Soon after he was elected principal of the college of Nifmes, thence he removed to the profefforfhip of civil law at Mont- pelier, where he had as a demeitic pupil the celebrated Peirefe. It was the great obje& of the pupil to brin back his matter to the Catholic faith ; and for this purpole he wifhed to fix him, with a large ittpend, at the univeriity of Aix. But Pacio’s wife, more zealous than himfelf for the new principles, could not be brought to refide in a Catholic city. At length, however, he refufed a flattering invitation from the univerfity of Leyden, becaufe he had
again become a Catholic. In 1616 he removed to Valence in
So the archbifhop of
PAC
in Dauphiné, where he occupied the chair of the celebrated Cujas, with a very high falary. About the year 1619, he publifhed a work concerning the dominion of the Adriatic fea, on account of which he was honoured by the republic of Venice with the order of St. Mark; it alfo procured him a preffing invitation to a profeflorfhip at Padua, which he accepted for a very fhort time; after this, in 1621, he returned to Valence, where he continued his profeffional labours till his death, in 1635. ‘The works of this writer are numerous, and chiefly on legal or philofophical topics, in both of which fciences he was profoundly verfed. He publifhed new and accurate verfions of feveral of Ariftotle’s works, which have ranked as models of tranflations. The great honours and emoluments which he received, and the contelts which fubfifted among the moft famous univer- fities to obtain poffeflion of him, {ufficieatly prove that he was one of the molt confiderable {cholars of that period. The titles of his moft important works are, ‘¢ De Con- tractibus ;”” ‘ Synopfis Juris ;”? ‘* De Jure Maris Adria- tici ;”? ‘¢ Corpus Juris Civilis.”” He wrote a treatife on arithmetic at the age of thirteen.
PACK, in Commerce, denotes a quantity of goods, made up in loads, or bales, for carriage. A pack of wool isa horfe’s load, containing feventeen ftone and two pounds, or 240 pounds weight. See Woot.
PACKAGE, a duty fet and rated in a table taken of goods and merchandifes ; and all goods not fpecified in the table are to pay for package duties, after the rate of one penny in the pound, according as they are valued in the book of rates.
PACKERS are really, what their title expreffes, packers as well as preffers of all forts of bale goods (intended for exportation), for the great trading companies and merchants, for which they are anfwerable, if they fhould happen to re-
-ceive any damage through bad package ; befides this, feveral of them are confiderable dealers.
PACKERSFIELD, in Geography, a townfhip of New Hampfhire, Chefhire county, E. of Keene, on the head branches of A thuelot river, containing 977 inhabitants; 86 miles W. of Port{mouth.
PACKET, or Packet-soat, a veflel appointed by government to carry the mails of letters, packets, and ex- preffes, from one kingdom to another, by fea, in the moft expeditious manner. Thus, the packet-boats under the direétion of the poft-mafter-general of Great Britain carry the mails from Dover to Calais, in time of peace ; from Fal- mouthto Lifbon, Gibraltar, Malta, the Welt Indies, and Ame- rica; from Harwich to Helvoetfluys, or Gottenburgh and Heligoland; from Weymouth to Guernfey and Jerfey ; from Parkgate and Holyhead to Dublin; and from Milford to Waterford. See Post.
PACK-HORSE, in Agriculture, fuch a horfe as is em- ployed in carrying heavy loads on the back in the manner of a pack.
For this ufe, horfes fhould be clofe, well made, and ftrong.
PACKMOTE Bay, in Geography, a bay on the eatt coat of the ifland of Martinico.
PACO Caarinaa, in Botany, a coniferous f{pecies of Brafilian canna. Margr.
There is a fecond fpecies of this plant, which is diftin- guifhed by the {weetnefs of its leaves underneath, and by its red flowers; and a third fpecies, known by its ceruleous tetrapetalous flowers. Ray.
Paco Seroca, Marg. pifo, a fpecies of Brafilian canna, which bears its fruit in clufters at the bottom of the ftalk. The frefh leaves, as well as the ftalk and fruit, before it is ripe, being rubbed, give a fmell like ginger, which is
Voi. XXVI.
RA-€
very grateful, and therefore ferves inflead of {pices, are alfo ufed in hot-baths. Ray.
PACOLET, in Geography, a {mall river of America, in South Carolina, which unites with Broad river, 30 miles above Tyger river, and 24 S. of North Carolina line. On this river are the famous Pacolet {prings; 17 miles above its confluence with Broad river.
PACORUS, in Biography, fon of Orodes, king of Par- thia, fignalized himfelf by the defeat of Craffus, whofe army he nearly cut to pieces, in the year 53 B.C., and whom he made prifoner. He took Syria from the Romans, {upported the republican party of Pompey, and that of the murderers of Julius. After ravaging Syria and Judea, Ventidius defeated him, and Pacorus was flain in battle in the year 39 B. C.
PACOS, in Zoology. See CamELUS Paco.
PACOURIA, in Botany, a genusin Aublet, t. 105, who names it thus from the Caribean appellation Pacouri-rana, Juffieu retains it, Gens 148, exprefling a doubt of its being diftin& from Ambelania of the fame author, t. 104. Both are united by Schreber and Willdenow, under the name of Witiucuser ; fee that article. , PACOURII, De Laet. a vaft tree growing in the ifland of Maragnan, belonging to Brafil; it bears leaves like thofe’ of the apple-tree, a white flower, and a fruit of the bignefs of two filts. The rind or peel of this fruit, which is about an inch thick, being boiled or preferved in {ugar, is reckoned adelicacy. Ray.
PACOURINA, one of Aublet’s unexplained names. See Haynea.
PACQUING, in Ornithology, a name given by the peo- ple of the Philippine iflands, to a {mall bird of the {parrow kind, but very beautifully variegated. It feeds on the feeds of grafs.
PACK-RAG Day, in Rural Economy, a provincial term, fignifying the day after Martinmas-day, the time of changing farm-fervants.
PACK-SADDLE, a faddle adapted to the carriage of heavy packs or burdens.
PACK-WAY, in Rural Economy, a provincial word, fignifying a bridle-road, or horfe-path.
PACT, Pacrum, or Paéion, in Law, a covenant or convention between two or more parties.
Ulpian derives the word from the Latin verb pacifci, to bargain, agree, contra: others, with more probability, from paco, I appeafe, or- pacify : or from pango, I fix, eftablifp.
The civil lawyers, after Ulpian, define the word pact, the confent of two or more parties to the fame thing. ‘ Duo- rum aut plurium in idem confenfus,’’ lib. iii. fe@. 2. ff. de pails.
There are two {pecies of conventions, viz. the pad, and contrad. A pac againft good manners, againft public or natural equity, is null. Ittsa maximin law, Ex nudo patto non oritur lex.
PACTA Convent, in Poland, are the articles agreed on between the king and the republic, and which they mu- tually oblige each other to obferve.
Thefe {tipulations were introduced after the demife of Si- gifmund Auguftus, in 1572, when all title to the crown, from hereditary right, was formally abrogated, and abfolute freedom of eleétion eftablifhed. At this era a charter of immunities was drawn up ata general diet, to be ratified by the new fovereign before his eleion. The groundwork of this charter, termed in the Polifh law “ paéta conventa,”’ was the whole,body of privileges obtained from Lonis and his fucceffors, with thefe additions: 1. The king to be eledtive, and his fucceffor never to be appointed during his ae
2. e
They
PAD
2. The diets to be aflembled every two years: 3. Every noble or gentleman in the whole realm to have a vote in the diet of election: 4. Should the king infringe the laws and privileges of the nation, his fubjeéts were abfolved from their oaths of allegiance. From this period, the ‘* pacta conventa,”’ occa- fionally enlarged, have been confirmed by every fovereign at his coronation.
PACTOLUS, in Ancient Geography, a river of Afia, which had its rife on mount Emolus, in Lydia, watered the plain adjoining to Sardis, traverfed that town, and ran into the Hermus, which difcharged itfelf into the gulf of Smyrna. This river is faid to have contained a quantity of gold. As to the fable related concerning it, we refer to Minas. The kings of Perfia obtained poffeffion of the Paétolus and its treafures, by Cyrus’s conqueft of Lydia. Xerxes Te drew gold from the Paétolus, and this valuable metal was furnifhed by it in the time of Herodotus: but it afterwards failed long before the time of Strabo. The gold of the PaGolus was derived from the mines of mount Emolus ; and when thefe were exhaufted, the fupply of the river was difcontinued. This river was, according to Varro and Chryfoftom, the chief fource of the wealth of Creefus.
PACUVIUS, Marcus, in Biography, a Latin tragic poet, was a native of Brundufium, and is faid to have been the fifter’s fon of Ennius. He flourifhed about the year 154 B.C., and is renowned as the friend and guelt of C. Le- lius. In the rude ftate of the Roman theatre, he obtained a high reputation ; and his tragedy of Oreftes is mentioned by Cicero in his «* De Amicitia,” as having been heard with thunders of applaufe. He was the author of fome fatires, and had a talent for painting. In advanced life he retired from Rome to Tarentum, where he died, having nearly reached his ninetieth year. The fragments of his work, which ftill remain, have been publifhed in the ** Corpus Poe- tarum Latinorum” of Mattaire. Moreri.
PACY, in Geography, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the Eure, and chief place of a canton, in the dif- tri& of Evreux, feated on the Eure, and formerly furround- ed with walls ; 11 miles E. of Evreux. The place contains 1750, and the canton 9930 inhabitants, on a territory of 165 kiliometres, in 32 communes.
PACZANOW, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Sandomirz ; 28 miles E.S.E. of Sandomirz.
PAD, in Rural Economy, a term applied to a fort of ftuffed cufhion, a foot-path, and alfo to an eafy paced horfe.
Pap-Saddle. See Sapp e.
PADA, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, in the circar of Gangpour ; 30 miles E. of Gangpour. N. lat. 21° 58/. E. long, 84° 39’.
PADANG, a fea-port town on the W. coaft of the ifland of Sumatra. This was the principal fettlement of the Dutch, who eftablifhed themfelves here becaufe it was in - the vicinity of Menaycabow, the richeft feat of gold ; and it was under the government of a diref&tor andcouncil. The fort is fituated within 4o yards of the north bank of the river, and isof a fquare form, having four baftions of ftone, and walls about nine feet high. On the fouth fide of the river are high mountains, which extend to the fea-coatft. The water is very good ; and both cattle and fruit are plen- tiful and cheap. Padang, before its capture by the Englifh, in 1781, ufed to draw to itfelf about a third part of the whole quantity of gold procured at the feveral ports on the W. coait of Sumatra, which has been eftimated at about 10,000 ounces annually. In this place there has been a confiderable manufacture of filagree. (See Frmicrane.) S.lat. o° go’. E. long. 99° 48’.
PAD
PApANG, a {mall ifland in the Eaft Indian fea, near the W. coaft of Bornea. S. lat. 0° 33’. E. long. 109° z1/.
PapanG-Goochie, a river of Sumatra, which divides the Lampoon country, or a portion of the fouthern extreme of the ifland, from Paffumnah, near the fea-coaft.
PADASJOKI, a town of Sweden, in Tavaftland; 36 miles N.E. of Tavafthus.
PADATO, a town of Mexico, in the province of Cu- liacan; 40 miles N.W. of Culiacan. . PADBERG, a town with a citadel, in the kingdom of
Weltphalia ; 5 miles E. of Brilon.
PADDA,,or Rice-sirp, in Ornithology. See Loxta Oryzivora.
Pappa. See Rice.
PADDINGTON, in Geography, a parifh and village in the hundred of Offulfton, and county of Middlefex, Bipiaia, is fituated at the north-weftern extremity of London. The parifh, which extends about two miles in length, is bounded by Kenfington, St. Margaret's, Weltmintter, and St, George’s, Hanover-fquare, on the fouth ; by Wilfdon on the north ; by Mary-le-Bone on the eafl; and by Kenfington, and a detached part of Chelfea, on the weft. According to a fur- vey, its area comprifes 1197 acres, 3 roods, and 30 perches, of which about one hundred acres are laid out as garden- ground, and the remainder is occupied by houfes, and ap- propriated to pafturage.
The village of Paddington ftands about a mile to the north of Tyburn turnpike. Like moit of the other villages conneGted with the metropolis, it has increafed greatly in ex- tent of late years, and, fince the opening of the canal in 1801, has become a place of confiderable commercial im- portance. This canal, which derives its mame from the parifh, branches off from the Grand JunGtion canal near Norwood, and pafling through the parifhes of Ealing, Nor- thall, Greenford, Perivale, Harrow, Aton, Fulham, Twy- ford, and Wilfdon, as well as the detached parts of Chelfea and Kenfington, terminates at this village in a large bafin, on the fides of which are convenient wharfs and warehoufes, belonging to the Paddington canal company. The advantages of this cut muft be obvious to every one at all acquainted with the inland navigation of this country. By entering the Grand Junétion canal, it affords to Paddington, dire¢tly or indire€tly, a. navigable communication with almoft every trading or manufa€turing town in the kingdom. The New, or Regent’s canal, which is to conneét the Paddington canal with the river Lea, and confequently with the Thames be- low London, is now in rapid progrefs of execution; and this may likewife be regarded as a meafure which promifes much commercial benefit, not only to the capital but to the country at large.
Paddington manor in ancient times conftituted part of the poffeffions of Weltminfter Abbey ; at the diffolution it was annexed to the bifhopric of Weltminfter; and when that fee was abolifhed, foon after its eftablifhment, Edward VI. transferred it to Ridley, bifhop of London, and his fuccef- fors, along with the advowfon of the church, which is fup- pefed to have firft become parochial about the fame time. The church, fince that period, has been twice erected ;_ firft by fir Jefeph Sheldon, leffee of the manor, little more than a century ago, and again in 1791, by the parifh, under the authority of an act of parliament. It is a {quare building, with a proje@ing wing on each fide, and a portico of the Doric order, fronting the fouth. Several perfons of note lie buried, both in the church and in the furrounding ceme- tery, among whom are John-Henry, marquis of Lanf- down, Dr. Geddes, and the celebrated ftatuary Banks. In Lyffon-Green is a fmall chapel of eafe, called the « Bentinck-
chapel 5"
PAD
chapel ;'? and clofe to the Mary-le-Bone turnpike is another place of worfhip, erected within the laft few months, and denominated the “ Paddington chapel.’’
In this parifh are the hamlets of Bay{water, and Tyburn. Contiguous to the former are large public tea-gardens, for- merly appropriated as phyfic-gardens by the late fr John Hill. Here is alfo the Queen’s Lying-in hofpital, originally inftituted in 1752, in St. George’s Row, near ‘Tyburn turn- pike, but removed hither in 1791. It is an excellent efta- blifhment, and is much indebted for its prefent profperity to the ative exertions of their royal highneffes the dukes of Suffex and Cambridge. Tyburn is noted for having been the place of execution for the malefactors of London and Middlefex, till the year 1783. Here were lkewife nine of the city conduits, and a banquetting-houfe, belonging to the lord mayor, which was demolifhed in 1737. None of the conduits now remain, but there is a large relervoir newly con- ftru€ted, at a fhort dittance to the weltward of the canal bafin, whence a confiderable divifion of the weft end of the town is fupplied with water.
Paddington parifh, according to the late parliamentary returns of 1811, contains 935 houfes, and a population of 4609 perfons. A charity-fchool, eftablifhed here in 1802, for thirty boys and the fame number of girls, is fupported by voluntary contributions ; and there are feveral alms-houfes for the accommodation of the poor, the gifts of various be- nefaétors. Lyfons’s Environs of London, &c. vol. in. edit. 1795- Supplement by the fame author, 4to. 1811.
PADDLE, aterm ufed for a {mall fluice ; fuch are thofe that fill and empty the locks of a canal. See Lock.
Pappte-hole is the crooked arch ee (Plate V. Canals, Jig. 36.) which gives a paflage for the water from the up- per pound to fill the lock.
Papvte Weirs. See Lock-Weirs.
Papper, a fort of oar ufed by the natives of Africa, America, and fome of the iflandsin the South Sea. They are made of light wood of various fhapes, but mottly fhorter and broader in the blade than our oars, and inftead of rowing with them horizontally lke an oar, they manage them very dextroufly, in a perpendicular manner, either for rowing or fteering.
Pappter, in Glafs-makmg, a name of an inftrument with which the workman ftirs about the faad and afhes in the calcar.
PAnpie-Staf, in Agriculture, an implement ufed by ploughmen to free the fhare from ftubble, earth, clay, &c. which impede its action.
PADDOCK, or Pappock Courfe, a piece of ground, generally taken out of a park, ordinarily a mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad, encompaffed with pales or a wall, for the exhibiting of races with greyhounds, for wagers, plates, or the like.
At one end of the paddock was a little houfe, where the dogs were to be entered; and whence they were flipped ; near which were pens to enclofe two or three deer for the {port.
The deer, when turned loofe, ran all along by the pale ; and the fpeGtators were placed on the other fide,
Along the courfe were feveral pofts; viz. the law-pott, “160 yards from the dog-houfe and pens; the quarter of a mile poft ; half-mile poft; and pinching poft; befide the ditch, a place made to receive the deer, and preferve them from farther purfuit. Near the ditch were placed judges, or triers. For further particulars, fee the article CouRsING.
Pappock, in Agriculture, a {mall field or inclofure. alfo fignifies a large toad.
PADENS, in Commerce, a fort of bitter almonds from Per-
It
RiAAD
fia, which are ufed at Surat for money, about 60 of which pafs for one pice.
PADEPATNAM, in Geography, a town of Hindoo- ftan, in the Carnatic ; 35 miles S.S.E. of Tanjore.
PADER, a river of Weftphalia, which rifes near Pader- born, and about three miles from the town is joined by two other ftreams, and forms the Lippe.
PADERBORN, acity of Weftphalia, and capital of a bifhopric of the fame name. The bifhopric or principality is bounded on the N. by the county of Lippe, on the E. by Heffe and Calenberg, on the S. by the duchy of Weltpha- lia and the principality of Waldeck, and on the W. by the counties of Reitberg and Lippe, in the duchy of Welt- phalia; its greatelt length being about 44 miles, and its greatelt breadth 36. The greateft part of it is fertile, and produces a good breed of cattle; but fome part of itis an extenfive heath. It has fome good iron-mines, falt and medi- cinal {prings, and feveral rivers that abound in fifh: the principal of which are the Wefer, Dimel, Nette, Lippe, Alm, and Pader. In 1802 this bifhopric was given to the king of Pruffia, and by the peace of Tilfit, it became a pro- vince of the new kingdom of Weltphalia.
The city was chofen by Charlemagne as a place of abode, when he wifhed to put an end to the Saxon war of 30 years’ duration ; accordingly he fixed his camp here, and ere¢ted it into a bifhopric, which was confirmed by pope Leo. Hence the town became confiderable,. and feveral diets were affembled here. It enjoyed imperial privileges, carried on a great trade, and was reckoned one of the Hanfe-towns. At prefent it has much declined, and its trade is become infignificant. Befides the cathedral, it has a collegiate and two parifh churches ; 42 miles S. of Minden. N. lat. 51° 40’. E. long. 8° 54’. as PADERNA, atown of Portugal, in the province of Algarve; 9 miles N. of Silvas.
PADEW, atown of Poland, in the palatinate of Sando- mirz ; 32 miles W. ef Sandomirz.
PADILLA, Don Juan pe, in Biography, the leader of a popular infurre¢tion in Caftile againft the minitters of Charles V., was the eldeft fon of the commendator of Caf- tile. When the cortes, or parliament of Spain, aflembled in Gallicia, and had voted the emperor a free gift, without obtaining the redrefs of grievances under which the nation la- boured, the citizens took up arms, gained poffeffion of the cattle, eftablifhed a popular form of government, and chofe Padilla as their leader. He was well qualified for the duties impofed upon him, and his zeal was ammated by that of his wife, Maria de Pacheco, a lady of noble birth, great abili- ties, and unbounded ambition. The regent, cardinal Adrian, having fent a body of troops under Ronquillo for the reduc- tion of the revolted citizens, Padilla came to their affiftance with a confiderable reinforcement, and gave Ronquillo a de- feat. He then, in concurrence with the other leaders, ap- pointed a general convention of the* malcontents, to be held at Avilla. In this affembly, deputies appeared from almoft all the cities entitled to reprefentation in the cortes, and formed a folemn league of mutual defence, under the title of the junta. They placed the dowager queen Joanna, who was almoft in a ftate of mental debility, at the head of the government, renounced the authority of the regent, and carried on all their operations in her name. Padilla next proceeded to Valladolid, where he reduced Adrian to the condition of a private perfon, and feized upon the archives and feals of the kingdem. The junta then drew u a remonftrance, containing a ftatement of grievances, wit demands for redrefs, which ftruck no lefs at the privileges of the nobility than at the prerogatives of the crown; and
C2 thereby
PAD
thereby produced an union of the nobles with the royalifts. The junta, at firft, jealous of the popularity of Padilla, fub- ftituted at the head of a large army Don Pedro de Giron, a nobleman high in rank, but wholly unequal to the truft committed to him. Through his unfkilfulnefs the perfon of the queen was recovered by the royalifts, together with the feals and public archives, and feveral of the members of the junta were made prifoners. Padilla was now raifed to the chief command, and to procure the neceflary fupplies of money, Donna Maria went with her“train to the cathedral of Toledo, in which was contained a valt treafure of ecclefialti- cal wealth. She entered it in folemn proceffion, with all the marks of the deepeft forrow and contrition, and her train, after much ceremony, proceeded to the pillage which afforded arich booty. Padilla was for a time fuccefsful in various {mall encounters, but at length the royal army advanced upon them, in April1s21, and put them to flight almoft without refiftance. Padilla attempted, but in vain, to rally them, and refolved not to furvive the ruin of his party. He rufhed among the thickeft of the foe, was wounded and made pri- foner, together with his principal officers. On the next day, without the form of trial, he was led toexecution. He viewed the inftruments of death without terror or difmay, and having written two manly and eloquent letters to his wife, and to the city of Toledo, he quietly fubmitted to his fate. When the fentence was read proclaiming them as traitors, one of his fellow fufferers betrayed emotions of indignation, but Padilla reftrained him, obferving, ‘that yefterday was the time to have ated with the fpirit of gentlemen; to day that of dying with the meeknefs of Chriftians.” After his death, his widow Donna Maria fupported the finking caufe, and to revenge his fate, fhe raifed frefh forces, and ufed every art to animate the citizens of Toledo toa vigorous refiftance. She marched through the ftreets with her fon, in deep mourn- ing, feated on a mule, before whom a ftandard was borne reprefenting his father’s execution. At length, however, the city was invefted by the victors, and though fhe defended the citadel, to which in an early period of the fiege fhe retired, with great refolution for four months, fhe was at laft under the neceflity of efcaping in difguife, and fled to her rela- tions in Portugal, where fhe ended her days. Robertfon’s Hitt. of Charles V.
PapiLLA, Lorenzo pk, one of the hiftoriographers of Charles V., is celebrated on account of his great eminence as a Spanifh antiquarian. He took great pains in preferving Roman infcriptions, and afcertainiog the claffical geography of Spain. Among other works, he left a general hiltory of Spain, in four parts, a few fheets of which have been preferved, a proof that it had been committed to the prefs, though the impreffion was probably never completed. The manuf{cript is ftillin the Dominican library of St. Paul’s at Cordova. Padilla was one of the earlieft genealogical writers among the Spaniards. Gen. Biog.
PADLEE, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, in Guzerat ; 10 miles S. of Durrampour.
PADMA, or PepMaA, in Mythology, is an attribute of the Hindoo deity of Vifhnu, and in pi€tures and ftatues is generally feen in one of his four hands, in the form of a lo- tos or lotus, for which lovely aquatic padma, or pedma, is a Sanferitname. (See Loros.) As there noticed, Pedma is a name of Lakfhmi, confort of Vifhnu, as is alfo Ped- mala, and Pedmalaya. Pedma-devi, meaning goddefs of the lotos, or perhaps queen of beauty, is a name like- wife given to Lakfhmi, and fometimes to Parvati, the con- fort of Siva, Pedma-nabha, and Pedmakfha, denoting lord or poffeffor of the Pedma, or of Lakfhmi, are other names of Vifhnu. Kamala is another Sanfcrit word for the lotos,
9
PAD
and for the goddefs named after it, fimilarto Pedma. (See Kamara and LaKsumt.) One of the eighteen facred my- thological poems is named Padma Purana. See Purana.
PADOBE! of Senegal, in Ornithology. See Turpus E rythropterus .
PADOGI, a fpecies of punifhment ufed in Ruffia. In this punifhment the body of the criminal is {tripped to the waift, and then laid upon the ground ; one flave holds the head between his knees, and another the lower part of the body; then rods are applied to the back, till fome perfon gives notice to defift, by crying out enough.—This punith- ment is confidered in Ruffia merely as a correétion of the police, exercifed on the foldier by military difcipline, by the nobility on their fervants, and by perfons in authority over all fuch as are under their command.
‘Ever fince the acceffion of Elizabeth to the throne of Ruffia, the punifhments were reduced to two kinds, viz. the padogi and knout.
PADOLA, in Geography, a town of Italy, in the Ca- dorin ; 12 miles N.N.E. of Cadora,
PADONGMEW, a town of the Birman empire, on the Irawaddy ; 6 miles S.W of Prone.
PADOR, a town of Africa, in Damel, on the Senegal. N. lat. 16° 40!.. W-.long. 14° 20!. :
PADOUCAS, a wetterp branch of the river Miffouri. The inhabitants of its banks are called Padoucas, and are {aid to have been of Welfh origin.
PADRAMA, a {mall ifland near the coaft of Sardinia. N. lat. 40° 38’. E. long. 9’ 53’. .
PADRAN Bay, a bay on the S.E. coaft of Cochin- china. N. lat. 11°24!. E. long. 108° 4o'.
PADREAH, a town of Hindooftan, in Guzerat; 10 miles N. of Baroach.
PADROENS, a town of Portugal, in the province of Alentejo ; 13 miles W. of. Mertola.
PADRON, Et, atown of Spain, in Galicia, fituated on the Ulla; anciently called «* Ins Fluvia;’’ 15 miles S. of Santiago.
Papron, Cafe, a cane on the W. coaft of Africa. S. lat. 6°. E. long. 12° 20!
PADSHAWPOUR, a town ef Hindooftan ; 30 miles S. of Delhi.
PADSTOW, or Perrocstrow, a market and fea-port town in the hundred of Pyder, aud county of Cornwall, England, is fituated on the weit fide of Padflow haven, near the mouth of the river Camel or Allan, which falls into the Briftol channel. It is diftant 243 miles W.S.W. from Lon- don, and 30 miles W. by S. from Launcefton. ‘This town is of confiderable antiquity, and is faid to be the fpot where St. Patrick founded the firit religious houfe in Cornwall, when he arrived from Ireland in the year 432. It was firlt called Lo- denick, and afterwards Adelltow, from king Athelftan, who, according to tradition, conferred many privileges on the inha- bitants, ‘Uhe market-day here is on Saturday, weekly, and here are two fairs during the year. ‘he harbour is among the bett on the north coaft, though much obitruéted by fand, exceptin the middle channel, by which veffels of. large burden may enter, and find a commodious anchorage. Pad{tow is governed by a portreeve, affifted by a certain number of the moft refpect- able inhabitants. Its chief fupport is derived from the fhare it pofleffes.in the pilchard fifhery, and the cultom of the nu- merous {mall veflels which refort to the harbour in the event of contrary winds, or f{trefs of weather. Humphrey Pri- deaux, the learned dean of Norwich, author of the ‘* Con- nexion of the Old and New Teftaments,’’ was a native of this town. Accordiig to the parliamentary returns of 1811, the parifh of Pad{tow contains 237 houfes, and a population of
1498
PAD
1498 perfons. Beauties of England and Wales, vol. ii. by E. W. Brayley, and John Britton, F.S.A.
PADUA, a city of Italy, and capital of the Paduan, ona {mall river, which runs into the Brenta. The right of citizens was granted to it by the Romans, and they allowed it to choofe a fenate. It was deftroyed by Artila, repaired by Narfes, and again deftroyed by the Lombards; it was often ravaged, and as conftantly re-eftablifhed. In 1406, it was taken from the dukes of Milan by the Venetians, and the territory annexed to their republic. Padua is a place of confiderable extent, containing 26 parifhes, 4 hofpitals, 41 convents, 7 gates, 7 {tone bridges, 9 fquares, and a great number of beautiful edifices or palaces : neverthelefs it is poor, and the {ftreets are in general narrow, dark, dirty, and il paved. The univerfity was founded by Charlemagne, and much enlarged by the emperor Frederic Il, and pope Urban IV., but it has lately declined much from its former reputation. Padua is the fee of a bifhop, fuffragan of Udina. The cathedral is well-built. The church of St. Antony, the patron of the city, is large and beautiful. The town- houfe was built onthe ruins of the ancient fenate-houfe, and isa grand ftru€ture. This city is fortified and governed by a podeftat. The number of inhabitants is eftimated at 38,000. This is an ancient town, and fome have pretended that it was built by Antenor, after the deftruCtion of Troy ; 22 miles W. of Venice. N. lat.45° 24’. E. long. 10° 52!.
PADUAKANS, in Sea Language, a name given by the Macaflars to their proas. See Proa.
PADUAN, in Geography, a country of Italy, bounded on the N. by the Trevifan, on the E. by the Dogado of Ve- nice, on the S. by the Polefino, and on the W. by the Vi- centin; about 35 miles from N. to S., and 28 from E. to W. ; being formerly a part of Lombardy. The air is fa- lubrious, except in a few places fituated near the falt marfhes. The land is flat, and the eminences are hillocks rather than mountains, and produce grapes of excellent flavour, oranges, and other fruit, exclufively of corn, hemp, rice, various fruits, and all kinds of vegetables. The afpe& of the country prefents plantations of vines. Here are alfo com- mons for the rearing of cattle, and mulberries for the culture of filk, which yields a confiderable trade. - Upon the whole we may obferve, that this country has been denominated a fecond paradife, and the garden of Europe. The number of inhabitants has been eftimated at 300,000. The rivers Adige, Brenta, Bachiglione, and Mufona, though they fome- times do injury by overflowing their banks, contribute to the enrichment of the country, particularly by promoting naviga- tion and contmerce, and by giving motion to a number of mills. This country, which in 1405 became fubje& to the dominion of Venice, followed its fate, under the new arrangement of the French revolution, in being annexed to the kingdom of Italy.- The principal places are Padua, Anguilara, Arqua, Campo S. Pietro, Cittadelia, Efte, and Monfelice.
Papuan, among Medalifis, a modern medal made in imitation of the antique; or a new medal ftruck with all the marks and characters of antiquity.
The name is taken from Paduan, Paduanus, a famous Italian painter, who fucceeded fo well in the impotture, if it may be fo called, that the beft judges are at a lofs to dif- tinguifh his medals from the genuine ones.
This Paduan was thus called from the place of his birth, Padua; his proper name was Giovanni Cavino; others fay, Lewis Lee; he flourifhed in the feventeenth century. Go- theb Rink adds, that he had an affociate in this forgery, called Alexander Baffianus. His fon Octavian, though born at Rome, was alfo called the Paduan.
Papuan is properly applicgble to thofe medals only,
PHA
which are ftruck on the matrices of the elder Paduan ; which are {till preferved. ‘Though it is frequently ufed in the ge- neral for all medals of this kind.
Joubert obferves, that there have been a Paduan and Par- mefan in Italy, and a Carteron in Holland, who had the knack of imitating the antique in perfeétion. The Par- mefan was Laurentius Parmefanus. We may alfo add another Italian who excelled in this way, viz. Valerius Bel- lus Vicentinus ; but his medals are not fo common as thofe of the reft.
PADUANINO, Dario, in Biography. His real name was Dario Varotorj, but he is better known under the one by which we have defignated him. He was born at Verona in 1539, and at firlt attached himfelf to the ftudy of archi- teGture; but afterwards received. inftructions in painting from Paul Veronefe, and became a very {kilful artift. His fame refts principally upon the pi€tures he painted for the churches in Padua and in Venice, but there aremany very seg tel and agreeable produétions of his upon a fmaller fcale
cattered about, and fome few are found in this country. They indicate a lively and brilliant, though not a profound genius, and exhibit the gay effect of the Venetian ftyle, which he adopted in a plealing manner.
He was renowned for his piety as well as for his ingenuity; and in the aé& of returning thanks at the fhrine of the Virgin, in Padua, for having been miraculoufly preferved when a {caffolding had broken and fell with him, he was {mitten with apoplexy, and died at theage of 57, anno 1596. He left a fon, Alexander Varotori, called alfo Paduanino, who was not fo fuccefsful as his father, though he was not with- out merit. He died in 1650, at the age ot 60.
A daughter alfo of Dario’s excelled in portraiture. Her name was Chiari, and fheis highly praifed by Rodolfi.
PADULA, in Geography, a town of Naples, in the province of Otranto; 4 miles N. of Nardo.—Alfo, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra; 14 miles N. of Policaftro.
PADUS, in Botany, a name borrowed from Theo- phraftus, who gives no other account of his r2dos, than that it greatly delights in a fhady fituation, like the Yew, and another plant which he denominates 2vraAo:, and which fome have guefled to be the Guelder-rofe, Viburnum Opulus. Padus is now applied to the Bird Cherry, Prunus Padus ot Linnzus; a tree to which the above account is hardly fuit- able, but which is neverthelefs confidered as the plant of Theophraftus by his recent commentator Mr. Stackhoufe:
Papus, in Ancient Geography, the Po, a river of Gallia Tranfpadana, commencing towards the W. at mount Vefa- lus and running eaftwards, fo as to difcharge itfelf into the Adriatic gulf by many mouths, in which cafe the Greeks called it « Eridanos”’ or “‘ Eridan.’’ "The origin of the name has been traced by etymologilts to a corruption of the Celtic “ boden,’? whofe root is bod” or ‘* pot,’? and re- fers to its height and depth. According to Pliny-the Po received 30 rivers; but Cluvier reckons as many as 403 under which number they muft have comprehended many torrents, which become dry in fummer.
PADUTI, in Geography, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citra; 4 miles E. of ofano.
PEAN, waies, in Antiguity, a hymn in honour of Apollo, or fome other of the gods; chiefly ufed on occafion of vic- tory and triumph. They were fung in the proceffion at the Panathenaia.
Feftus derives the word azo rov was, ferire, to fmite, Shoots but Hefychius rather takes Apollo to have been denomi- nated Pan, from rw, Sepemrevw, J heal; in allufion to his being the deity of medicine. t ae
P &-D
The Pzan took its name from Apollo himfelf ; who was denominated Peon ; becaufe in his combat with the ferpent Python, his mother Latona encouraged him to make ufe of his arrows, by crying frequently, im was, in wt, do boy, bravely boy. :
Pan or Peon is alfo a name of a foot in the ancient poetry ; fo called, as commonly fuppofed, becaufe appro- priated to the hymn Pzan; though Quinétilian derives the name from its inventor Peon, a phyfician. There were four kinds of feet called Pzans.
The firft Pan confifts of four fyllables, one of which is long, and the reft fhort, as colligere ; the fecond is com- pofed of a fhort, along, and two fhorts, as re/olvere ; the third of two long, a fhort, andalong, as communicant ; and the fourth of three fhort and one long, as femeritas.
PALCILIA, in Ichthyology, a name given by Schoneveldt, and fome others, to the fifh called by moft authors the muflela foffilis. It is properly a {pecies of cobitis, and is called by Artedi the d/uei/b cobitis, with five longitudinal black lines onthe body. See Cosiris Fo/fflis.
PRDARTHROCACE, from wx:, a child, agSeov, a joint, and xaxor, an evil, in Surgery, a {crofulous {welling of a joint ; a difeafe to which children are particularly fubjec.
PADERIA, in Botany, appears to have been fo called by Linnzus from Pederos, an opal, in allufion to the tranf{-
arency and changeable colour of its berry. Linn. Mant. 7. Schreb. 161. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 1. 1219. Mart. Mill. Di&. v. 3. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. 2.63. Juff. 205. La- marck Illuftr. t. 166—Clafs and order, Pentandria Mono- gynia. Nat. Ord. Rubiacee, Jufl.
Gen. Ch. Cal. Perianth fuperior, of one leaf, turbinate, with five teeth, permanent. Cor. of one petal, funnel- fhaped, hairy internally ; limb in five {mall fegments. Stam. Filaments five, awl-fhaped, various in length, from the mid- dle of the tube; anthers oblong, incumbent. Pi/?. Germen roundi(h, inferior; ftyle capillary, cloven, the length of the corolla; ftigmas fimple. Peric. Berry {mall, ovate, inflated, brittle. Seeds two, ovate.
Eff. Ch. Corolla funnel-fhaped, hairy within, inflated, brittle, with two feeds. Style cloven.
1. P. fetida. Stinking Opal-berry. Linn. Mant. 52. Banks Icon. Kempf. t. 9. Lamarck f. 1. (Convolvulus foctidus; Rumph. Amboin. v. 6. 436. t. 160.)—Leaves ovato-lanceolate, or fomewhat heart-fhaped. Panicles cy- mofe. Germen {mooth. Corolla externally downy.—Na- tive of China, the Ealt Indies, and the ifland of Mauritius. A climbing /brub, with long, fmooth, flender, twining, compound, leafy branches, {preading to a great extent over the neighbouring bufhes and trees. Leaves oppofite, on long roughifh ftalks, lanceolate, pointed, entire, various in breadth, more or lefs ovate or rounded at the bafe, fome- times heart-fhaped. Stipu/as within the foot/falks, fhort, tri- angular, deciduous. Panicles axillary, compound; forked, cymofe, flender, more or lefs downy. Braéeas {mall, mem- branous, jagged. Germen and calyx {mooth and fhining, {mall. Corolla about half an inch long ; externally downy and greyifh, internally of a deep purplifh brown, lined with hairs. Berry the fize of a currant, globofe or oblong, crowned with the calyx, fmooth, fhining, very brittle, pale green and femitranfparent, finally yellowifh. Rumphius fays the leaves are very foetid when rubbed, or when the fun fhines upon them, infomuch that thofe who pafs by where the plant yey are greatly annoyed with the fmell. This odour is of a ftercoraceous kind, like that of another plant of the fame natural order, Ernodea montana, Sm. Prodr. Fl. Gree. Sibth. y. 1.98. (See Ernopea.) We have feen the Pederia in the ftoves at Paris in 1786, and have per-
8
Berry
PD
ceived this fmell. This plant is faid to have been brought to Kew in 1806, but has not yet flowered. One of Lin- nzus’s fpecimens from China, on which the fhining berries though dried are very beautiful, has heart-fhaped /eaves, exa@tly like Kempfer’s plate, with very downy /la/ks both to the leaves and flower. Mott {pecimens accord with the figures of Rumphius and Lamarck; yet we do not fee fuf- ficient grounds to diftinguifh theirs as a fpecies, from that of Kempfer.
2. P. fragrans. Fragrant Opal-berry. Lamarck Dié. vy: 2.260. Illuftr. t. 166. f. 2. Willd. n. 2.—Leaves ellip- tical. Panicles corymbofe. Germen downy. Tube of the corolla fmooth. Gathered in woods in the ifland of Mauri- tius, by Commerfon, who taking it for a new genus, named it Danais. in allufion to the hiftory of the Danaides who murdered their hufbands, ‘ becaufe,”’ fays he, “* where the flowers of this plant are luxuriant, the male or the female organs are rendered abortive.”’ This is abundantly diftiné from the firft fpecies, in its more elliptical and brighter- coloured /eaves ; but more efpecially in its corymbofe downy panicles, downy germen and calyx, and longer, more flender, corolla, whofe tube is quite {mooth, even though the limb be fometimes flightly hairy at the back. The flowers are faid to have the {cent of a Narciffus, but even more delightful; - their colour is red. Commerfen defcribes the fruit as globular.
P/EDEROTA. See Hemimerts and WutFenta. The name is ancient, and has been applied by fome to a fpecies of Yeucrium, by others to the Acanthus /pinofus.
P/ZEDO-BAPTISM, acompound of wx, zas8S-, infant, and faxiicu®-, bapti/m, infant baptifm, or that conferred on children. See Barrism.
PZEDO-BAPTISTS, formed of was, wasdo:, infant, and Buxhgw, I baptize, are thofe who maintain that baptifm fhould be adminiitered to infants. In fupport of this opinion, they plead, that if infants, under the Chiriftian dif- penfation, were excluded from the privilege of baptifm, the Chrittian inftitution muft appear, in this refpeét, to be lefs complete and perfeét than that of the Jews: and it is not likely, by arguing @ priori, that God would appoint an ex- ternal fign of peculiar diftin@ion and benefit for children under the patriarchal and Jewifh conftitution, without any fimilar appointment under the Chriftian difpenfation; more efpecially as the firft profelytes to Chriftianity, and thofe in particular who were converted from among the Jews, would naturally expe&t fome token of diftinction and privilege, com- prehending their children, and refembling in its defign, though milder in its nature, that which Chriftianity had abrogated. This expectation was farther encouraged by the very condefcending and affeGtionate manner in which our Lord expreffes himfelf concerning infants ; particularly when he fays, Mark x. 14. “ Of fuch is the kingdom of God;"’ which fome underftand to fignify, that the rights and privi- leges of the Chriftian church belong to fuch. With thefe views, it is eafy to conceive to what fubjeéts they would apply the general charge to baptize profelytes, unlefs they had been dire&ted and reftri€ted by fome exprefs order.
An order of limitation was abfolutely neceflary to prevent their miftaking the proper fubjefts of baptifm, and mifap- plying this ordinance, if infants were to be excluded. This would be the more likely, as they would explain the precepts ot Chrift, concerning baptifm, by the cuftom prevailing among the Jews, in his time: and as it was the practice, when profelytes came over to the Jewifh religion, to baptize the children with the parents, the apoftles would naturally conclude, that children were included in the general com- miffion. Matt. xxviii. 19. 4
r.
.PZDO-BAPTISTS.
Mr. Wall has endeavoured to fhew, from the books of the Jews themfelves, and thofe of others, that underftood the Jewifh cultoms, and have written concerning them, that it was the cuftom of the Jews before our Saviour’s time, and, as they affirm, from the beginning of their law, to baptize as well as circumcife any profelyte that joined them from other nations, and with him, at his defire, his infant children likewife.
Moreover, the advocates for infant baptifm urge more dire&tly the argument from circumcifion after this. manner : the covenant made with Abraham was a covenant of grace, by which fpiritual and eternal bleflings were promifed to him
fee Matt. xxii. 31, 32. Heb. xi. 6. Rom. iv. rr —17.
al. iii. 6.—18. 29.) and as fuch comprehended both Jews and Gentiles, and their feed. Circumcifion was inftituted by God as a token of that covenant, and as fuch, he com- manded that, it fhould be ad:niniltered to the infant of spring of his covenant people. Gen. xvii. r—4. And yet, though the covenant endureth, that ancient token of it is abolifhed; nor is there any external fign or fea! of it, under the Chrif- tian difpenfation, except baptifm. We have, therefore, rea- fon to think, that this ordinance was intended to fucceed circumcifion, as it refembles it in many refpeéts, and feems to be called the circumcifion of Chrift, by the apoltle Paul, Col. ii. 11, 12. And inafmuch as circumcifion was adminif- tered to infants, in token of this covenant, baptifm, being its fubftitute and antitype, ought to be adminiftered to infants likewife. Confult Ads, ii. 39. Rom. xi. 17, &c.
Another argument for infant baptifm is deduced from the words of the apottle, 1 Cor. vii. 14. which are fuppofed to have a direct reference to infant baptifm; becaufe /o/y often fignifies thofe that might be admitted to facred rites, and unclean {uch as were to be excluded from them. Doddr. in loc.
The Pedo-baptifts acknowledge that there is no dire& and exprefs command to baptize infants; but appealing to the hiftory of the adminiftration of baptifm, they argue, that the apoftles are faid to have baptized whole families, (A&s, xvi. 15. 33. 1 Cor. 1. 16.), and, therefore, probably infants, comprehended under this general denomination. And they apprehend, that they have been able to trace fuch intimations at leaft of infant baptifm, in the earlielt ages of the church, as may, toa high degree of probability, prove it to be an apoltolic, and confequently divine inftitution.
Irenzus, who was born about the time of St. John’s death, and probably of Chriflian parents, mentions infants among the regenerate, i. e. the baptized, as the word gene- rally fignifies in his writings.
Juftin Martyr, about forty years after the time of the apoltles, {peaks of fome who had been made difciples from their infancy.
Tertullian, about one hundred years after the apoflles, though he advifes parents to defer baptizing their children, except when their lives were in danger, {peaks of the prac- tice as generally received and obferved 11 his time.
Cyprian, about one hundred and fifty years after the apottles, is allowed by ail to fpeak expretfsly of infant bap- tifm, as generally ufed in the church; and we learn, that, in his time, A. D. 253, a queftion being agitated among fixty-fix bifhops, in the council of Carthage, Whether an infant muft be kept till he was eight days old before he be baptized, all unanimoufly gave their opinion to the contrary. , f
There are many paffages that exprefsly refer to infant baptifm in the works of Origen, who was born of Chriftian parents; and as his father was martyred in the year 202, when he was feventeen years old, the remoter Chriftians ot
his family muft have been nearly contemporary with the apottles.
In the Apoftolic Conftitutions, which are allowed to be very ancient, exprefs mention occurs of infant baptif{m, as commanded by Chrift. Matth. xix. 14.
The learned Wall, who took great pains in this inquiry, informs us, that, in the firft four hundred years after the apottles, there appears to be only one, viz. Tertullian, who, in fome cafes, advifed the delay of infant baptifm ; and another, viz. Gregory, who praétifed fuch delay in the cafe of his own children: but no fociety of men adopted this opinion, nor did any one perfon pretend to fay it was unlawful to baptize infants; and in the next feven hundred years, there is not fo much as one man to be found, that either {poke for or praétifed any fuch delay ; and, if truth were to be determined by numbers, the general and uniform practice of the Chriflian church is very much in favour of in- fant baptifm.
On the other hand, the Baptiits plead, that infants are incapable of complying with the terms required in order to baptifm, 7. e. repentance and faith, and of receiving thofe inftruétions which Chrilt dire@ted, as previous to it. Matt. XXviil. 1g. compared with 1 Peter, iii. 21. But the Pedo- baptilts. reply, that thofe inftru€tions and conditions were required only of thofe who were capable of them. Befides, the word palricvrzie, which fome underttand of teaching, previous to baptifm, may figmfy make difciples : and that in- fants may be comprehended under that name, fome have argued trom Aéts, xv. 10. The word ufed by Juftin Martyr, in the paflage above cited, and applied to infants, is eyzbril-vocy. And it has been farther alleged, that the penmen of fcripture, and other Chriftian writers, have com- monly ufed the word to fignify the reception of any one to the number and degree of difciples, as preparatory to fub- fequent initruétion ; fo that perfons, thus received in order to be taught, were, before the in{truétion itfelf, denominated difciples. Compare Luke, ix. 57. and Matt. viii. 19, 20, 21. Eufebius Evang. Demontt. lib. iii, fect. 7. where he ftyles thefe who were defirous of learning of Chrilt, his difciples.
It is farther objected, that infants are incapable of re- ceiving any benefit from baptif{m; and that, in this cafe, the ordinance is expofed to contempt. The Pedo-baptitts reply to this objection, by maintaining, on the contrary, that there are many advantages refulting from bapti{m ad- miniftered to infants, both to them and principally to their parents, whofe immediate aét it is; that an ordinance, as in the cafe of Chrilt, who was himfelf baptized, may fometimes be adminiftered to thofe who are not capable of a// the pur- pofes for which it was originally mitituted, and which it may fubferve with regard to others; and {till farther, that this argument againit baptizing infants, by proving too much, proves nothing : for if infants are incapable of the ends of baptifm, under the Chriftian difpenfation, infants under former difpenfations were equally incapable of the ends of circumcifion; and, therefore, fuch an int{titution was ufelefs and improperly enjomed.
The obje€tion founded on the filence of the New Telta- ment, with regard to infants as the fubjects of baptifm, is already anfwered, in the beginning of this article, and the objeétion retorted again{ft the Baptifts themfelves. The hiltory of the praétice of baptizing infants has been already {tated ; and though it is urged, that Jultin Martyr contends for a profeflion of faith as neceflary in order to baptifm, whence was derived the ufe of fponfors, im the cafe of in- fants, itis anfwered by the Pxdo-baptilts, that Juitin {peaks of the adult, or may confider the confeflion of the f{ponfor
as
PHD
as the child’s, being made in his name: and this is the more probable, as the fubfequent fathers ufe the fame language long after infant baptifm was the prevailing practice.
The Pxdo-baptilts alfo differ from the Baptifts as to the mode of adminiftering the Chriftian ordinance. The former perform it by {prinkling or pouring on water ; the latter, by the immerfion of the whole body, which they contend to be an effential circumftance. In favour of immerfion it is pleaded, that the word Sax)@w, being derived from Baxley properly fignifies to plunge: on the other hand it is urged, that in this diminutive and derivative form it may fignify any method of wafhing, and is fometimes ufed in feripture for wafhing things which were not dipped in water, but on which it was poured. Compare Luke, xi. 38. Mark, vii. 4. and thofe paflages in which the pouring out of the fpirit is called baptifm, Aéts, i. 5. ch. xi. 15, 16; to which fome add, 1 Cor. x. 2. obferving that Baxw is never ufed for baptifm.
Farther, the Baptifts argue, that John performed his baptifm by immerfion, and that his praétice is obligatory upon all Chriftians. To this fome have replied, that John’s baptifm is diftinguifhed from Chriftian baptifm, and that fome, who had received his baptifm, were again baptized in the name of Chrift. (Aéts, xix. 3, 4, 5.) And, therefore, that his example does not bind Chriltians. However, it is at leaft doubtful whether John, who was of the line of the priefts that had been always ufed to perform their purifica- tions by fprinkling, did really baptize by immerfion. On the affirmative it is urged, that we read of his baptizing (#) in Jordan: but to this is an{wered, that e fignifies dy, af, ‘or with, and confequently furnifhes no proof that John plunged his difciples into the river of Jordan. It is farther pleaded, that he chofe a place for this purpofe, where there was much water; and this he might have done, for the con- venience of fprinkling as well as of plunging, confidering the numbers that reforted to his baptifm, Matt. ni. 5. It is improbable, that fuch multitudes of both fexes, and at a diftance from their own habitations, fhould be baptized in any other mode. :
Another argument, in favour of immerfion, is drawn from the account of Philip and the eunuch, As, viii. 38, 39, who went down (si) into the water; and, after the bap- tifm, they are both faid to come up (<x) out of the water. But many paflages might be cited, where «s fignifies to or unto, and ex, frem. Matt. xv, 24. chap. xvii. 27. chap. iil. 11. John,ix.1. 2 Cor. v.1. Rev. xix: 5.
It is farther argued, that plunging alone reprefents our being buried with Chrift in baptifm, and confequently that this ceremony is effential. Compare Rom. vi. 4. Col. ii. 2. The Pzdo-baptiits, though they allow that there is in thefe paflages an allufion to the mode of baptifm which then generally prevailed, maintain, that in the inititution of the ordinance, there is no declaration that it was chiefly defigned to reprefent this, and perfons were baptized before it was generally known that» Chrift fhould die and arife from the dead. Our being cleanfed from fin feems to be the thing primarily intended, which may well be reprefented by pouring on water; and as this more naturally reprefents the pouring out of the fpirit, the fprinkling us with it, and the {prinkling of the blood of Jefus, it may anfwer as valuable purpofes as that mode, which, more direétly, reprefents death and a refurreétion.
The moft confiderable argument in favour of immerfion is, that it was pra¢tifed in the primitive ages. Several texts in the New Teftament, fay the Baptifts, plainly declare this. (Matt. iii. 6. 16. John, iii. 23. Adts, viii. 36—39.) But from thefe paflages, the Pedo-baptilts reply, that no certain
- PHO
conclufion in favour of immerfion can be drawn; nor from the fubfequent hiftory of the Chriftian church. Though they allow that immerfion might be ufed, there are fome cafes in which it is more probable that the mode of baptifm was {prinkling; partly on account of the number baptized at once, and partly becaufe many of them were ftrangers, and far from their own habitations, and therefore de‘itute - of that change of raiment which decency, conveniency, and fafety, would have required. We might add farther, that baptifm by {prinkling is, in its nature and the circumftances attending it, more fuitable to the mild and benign genius of Chriltianity, and to the defigned extent of its {pread through all the various climates of the earth, than baptifm by im- merfion. See, on this fubject, Wall’s Hiftory of Infant Baptifm, 4to. 1707. Wall’s Defence of the Hiftory againlt Gale, &c. 8vo. 1702. Towgood’s Baptifm of Infants a reafonable Service. Fleming’s Plea for Infants, &e. &e.
For a fummary of the principal arguments in favour of baptizing adults, and by immerfion, fee Baptists.
PHDOPHLEBOTOMIA, from rei:, and PaeCoropsers venefedion, in Surgery, the operation of venefeétion praGtifed on a child,
PZEDOTHYSIA, wesdefvoie, in Antiguity, an inhuman cuftom, that prevailed amongft the ancient heathens, of facrificing their children. Thus it is related in the fcrip- tures, that the king of Moab, being befieged by the Ifraelites in his capital, and reduced to great ftraits, took his eldeft fon, that fhould have reigned in his ftead, and offered him for a burnt offering upon the wall, on which the fiege was raifed. 2 Kings, m. 27.
From Pheenicia this cruel praétice paffed into Europe and Africa, and fpread itfelf far and wide ; and it is reported, that the Mexicans are, at prefent, guilty of it. F
P/ENA. in Ancient Geography, an ifland of the Atlantic ocean, welt of the province of Tingitana. Ptolemy.
PZENOE, in Botany, the name of a very large tree, which grows in Malabar.
The refin, difcharged from the root, bark, fruit, and other parts of this tree, when boiled with oil, is ufed either for a hard or liquid pitch; and is, in the Indian facrifices, fometimes burnt inftead of incenfe. ;
The kernels of the fruit when bruifed, and, in conjunétion with warm water, levigated on a marble, corroborate the ftomach, remove a naufea and vomiting, allay racking pains of the belly, and cure the cholera. The refin of this fruit, when melted with the oleum fefami, is an excellent vulnerary balfam; when reduced to a powder, and exhibited, it alfo powerfully cures a gonorrhcea, and other vulnerary fymp- toms. Ray.
PAENULA, or PenuLa, among the Romans, a thick fhort, clofe-bodied garment, fit for a defence againft cold and rain.
PAEONES, in Ancient Geography, a people who in- habited the coaft of Macedonia and mount Rhodope, ac- cording to Dion Caffius. Herodotus places them on the banks of the Strymon; and Ptolemy affigns to them for their habitation Macedonia, towards the fources of the river Haliacmon.
PAZONIA, a country of Macedonia, which, according to Paufanias, took its name from Pzon, the fon of Endy- mion. Herodotus {peaks of this country, as fubje& to Darius, fon of Hyttafpes. It was fituated eaft of the Axius, and weit of Strymon, *
Pxon1A, in Botany, the Peony, fo named by the ancients, in memory of Pzon the phyfician, whom Homer records as haying cured Pluto with this herb, when he was wounded
by
PHONIA.
by Hercules. We prefume its virtues are altogether re- ferved for fuch auguft occafions, they having never been made manifeft on any other, as far as we can learn. The rasoue Of Diofcorides evidently appears, by his very parti- cular defeription, to be our plant. What he diftinguifhes, by the gratuitous appellation of male and. female, are now acknowledged to be two fpecies; though Linneus con- fidered them as varieties of one, by the name of P. officinalis. Linn. Gen. 273. Schreb. 365. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. 2. 1221. Mart. Mill Dig. v. 2. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. 3. 315. Sm. Prodr. Fl. Gree. Sibth. v. 1.369. Jufl. 234. Tourn, t. 146. Lamarck Illuftr. t. 481. Gertn. t. 65.—Clafs and order, Polyandria Pentagynia. Nat. Ord. Multifilique, Linn. Raaunculacee, Jufl.
Gen. Ch. Gal. Perianth inferior, of five {mall, roundith, concave, reflexed, permanent leaves, unequal both in fize and infertion. Cor. Petals five, roundifh, concave, con- tracted at the bafe, fpreading, very large. Stam. Filaments very numerous, (about three hundred), capillary, fhort ; anthers erect, large, oblong, quadrangular, of four cells. Piff. Germens two or more, ovate, ereét; ftyles none ; ftigmas comprefled, oblong, obtufe, coloured. Peric. Fol- licles as many as the germens, ovate-oblong, {preading widely, often downy, coriaceous, burfting lengthwife at their inner edge. Seeds numerous, oval, polifhed, coloured, ranged along each margin of the future.
Eff. Ch. Calyx of five leaves. Petals five. Styles none. Follicles fuperior. with many marginal feeds.
Obf. Linnzus remarks, that though the moft natural number of the germens is, in his opinion at leaft, two, they are often more numerous; but he thinks they fearcely ever amount to five. Some newly difcovered {pecies however contradi& this, and indeed moit of the old ones afford rea- fons, at one time or other, for the union of the Linnean orders from Digynia to Pentagynia, in the clafs Polyandria, into one; which is fanétioned alfo by Delphinium, Aconitum, and others. See Sm. Jntrod. to Botany.
1. P. Moutan. Chinefe 'Tree Peony, or Moutan. Ait. n. 1. Sims in Curt. Mag. t. 1154. (P- fuffruticofa; Andr. Repof. t. 373 and t. 448.)—Stem woody, perennial. Leaflets oblong-ovate; glaucous and fomewhat hairy be- neath; the terminal one three-lobed. Germens numerous, diftin&.—Native of China, where it is one of the moft. fa- vourite obje¢ts of horticulture, as may be feen by the paper- hangings, fcreens, porcelain, and other ornamental produc- tions of art, brought from that country. It is depicted on fuch with double bloffoms, either of a rofe-colour, crimfon, purple, white, or even of a golden yellow. The firft only has been introduced into this country, by Sir Jofeph Banks, in 1789. Colle&ors who have had means of communication with China, particularly the late Right Hon. Charles Gre- ville, and Sir Abraham Hume, have anxioufly endeavoured to obtain fome of the other varietizs, but in vain; except that the gentleman laft mentioned has procured a fhrubby Peony witha fingle flower, more beautiful than the double, of which we fhall prefently {peak as a diftin {pecies. The Moutan proves tolerably hardy in England, though, like many other plants from the fame country, which bloffom early in our fpring, it requires the proteétion of a glafs frame at that feafon. The fhrubby /fem is peculiar to this and the next fpecies, among all thofe hitherto known, and forms a large bufh, fpreading feveral feet in diameter. Leaves on long ftalks, alternate, large and ipreading, twice or thrice ternate in an oppofite manner, deciduous; their leaflets tapering at the bafe, acute, entire, occafionally lobed, veiny ; glaucous and very fparingly hairy beneath ;
Voi. XXVI.
,
the terminal ones three-lobed. The feales of the leaf-buds are pale crimfon. FYowers terminating the branches, foli- tary, fix or eight inches broad, known to us in a very double ftate only, confifting of innumerable jagyed rofe- coloured petals, with a few /lamens, with yellow anthers, remaining unchanged, and a greater or lels number of ger- mens, all feparate and diftin&. The fmell of the flower is generally unpleafant, but a {weet-fcented varicty, of the fame colour, is cultivated by Meflrs. Lee and Kennedy. It is ftrange, and fcarcgely credible, that Thunberg and Loureiro fhould have thought this fhrub a mere variety of our common P. officinalis, ‘The latter indeed fufpeéts that fome of the fuppofed varieties of this plant, which, for many hundred years, are faid to have been cultivated in China, are probably fpecies. We are as yet much in the dark refpecting thefe, but they feem by the drawings of the Chinefe, to differ only in the colour of their bloffoms. That whimfical people are reported to take pleafure in bud- ding the different colours on the fame ftem.
2. P. papaveracea. Poppy-fruited Peony. Andr. Re- pof. t. 463.—Stem woody, perennial. Leaflets oblong- ovate; glaucous and flightly hairy beneath; the terminal one three-lobed. _Germens about fix, clofely combined into a globe. This bloffomed in 1808 in the fine colleGtion of the late lady Amelia Hume, at Wormleybury, having been introduced a year or two before, from China. It differs in no refpect, as to lem and foliage, from the preceding. The flowers however differ, in being nearly fingle, with fearcely more than five petals which are very large, white or blufh- coloured, with a large purple f{pot, at the bafe of each, vyeing with the beauty of a Gum Ciftus. The /famens alfo are copious and all perfe&t. But the moft remarkable dif. ference exifts in the piffi/, which confifts of fix germens, rarely more, all clofely compreffed together into a globe, like a Poppy-head, and even enveloped in one common inte- gument. The appropriate number of /ligmas, one to each germen or cell, crowns this globe. Whether this can poffibly be a variety, is doubtful. Dr. Sims is induced to confider it, if natural, as amounting toa generic diftinétion. This the exa€& conformity of all the other parts forbids, efpecially as there are fimilar fpecific differences in other genera; fee NigezLa. The charaGer in queltion is found conftant in all the fpecimens of this fine plant, that, for feveral fucceffive years, have fallen in our way.
3. P. officinalis, Common Peony. Willd. n. 1. Ait. n.2. Retz. Obf. fafc. 3. 35. Linn. Sp. Pl. «. 747. Bul- liard t. ror. (P. foemina; Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 266. Fuchf. Hitt. 202. Lob. Ic. 682. f. 2. Ger. em. 981.)—Leaves twice compound; leaflets with broadly-lanceolate lobes. Follicles downy, nearly upright.—Native of fhady groves in Switzerland, as well as on the mountains of Crete and Greece. It has been as long cultivated in European gar- dens, as perhaps any other exotic, flowering in May and June. The root is perennial, with many flefhy, cylindrical, or elliptical knobs, black externally. Stems herbaceous, annual, two feet high, with large, [preading, compound, dark-green leaves, moftly {mooth and naked underneath, as well as above. Flowers terminal, folitary, crimfon, ufually double in gardens. There is an elegant flefh-coloured va- riety, as well as a white one. This is certainly the tesoua Snare, or female Peony, of Diofcorides, fo named, of courfe, without any idea of the real fexual diftin@ions, in the parts of frutification. He celeSrates it as ufeful in promoting natural difcharges when deficient, and reftraining fome of them when too abundant. ‘The flavour of the root is acrid, bitter and fetid, and its qualities are reported to be nee
D an
PHONIA.
and dangerous, which we can readily believe. Bulliard’s plate feems intended for this, though he did not diftinguifh it from the following very diftin& {pecies.
4. P. corallina. Entire-leaved Peony. Willd.n. 2. Ait. n. 3. Retz. Obf. fafe. 3. 34. Engl. Bot. t. 1513. (P. offi- cinalis; Linn. Sp. Pl. 8. 747. Mill. Illuftr. t. 47. P. mas; Ger. em. 980. Lob. Ic. 684. Matth. Valgr. v. 2. 265)— Leaves twice ternate; leaflets ovate, undivided. Follicles downy, recurved.—Native of the fouth of Europe. Dr. Sibthorp had wild fpecimens communicated to him by an apothecary of Zante. It was alfo difcovered, in a wild ftate, by Francis Bowcher Wright, efq. in the rocky clefts of the ifland called Steep Holmes, in the Severn, in Auguft 1803, whence this fpecies has found a place in Englifh Bo- tany. Gerarde fays he found it at Southfleet, Kent, which his editor Johnfon rudely denies. Ruttic’ gardens often abound wich this flower, in its proper fingle ftate; the feed- veflels being admired, and long preferved for the decoration of the cottage chimney-piece, on account of their fhining pink infide, and black polifhed /zeds, contrafted with the red remains of numerous abortive ones, ranged along the edges. This is the vxtoux appry, or male Peony, of Diofcorides, whofe /eaves he compares to thofe of a Walnut-tree, a fuffi- cient indication of their ovate, undivided, fimply pinnate form, by which the fpecies is clearly diftinguifhable from the laft. The qualities of the two plants probably differ but little. We tind the /eaves of the prefent fometimes downy
beneath.
5. P. peregrina. Crimfon-flowered Small Peony. Ait. n.4. Sims in Curt. Mag. t.1050. (P. promifcua; Ger. em. 982. Lob. Ic. 683. P. byzantina; Ger. em. 982?) ~—Leaves twice ternate; leaflets elliptic-oblong, decurrent, lobed ; glaucous and hairy beneath. Follicles ereét, downy. —Native, probably, of the fouth of Europe. It is a plant of much humbler growth, and fmaller dimenfions, than any of this genus that we have hitherto mentioned, and is effen- tially diftinguifhed, if we miftake not, by its decurrent leaflets, whofe main ribs unite far above the bafe. The flowers are of an elegant, but not very deep or bright, crim- fon, fcarcely three or four inches in diameter, often double, with linear internal petals, like a double anemony. Such is the plant we had from Mr. Loddige by the name of P. hu- miliz, vith whofe figure and defcription it, as Dr. Sims well remarks, does not at all agree. But neither, in our judg- ment, does it accord with the P. peregrina, lore coccinco, Befl. Hort. Eyft. Vern. (not Adftiv.) ord. 6. t. 9, nor with P. byzantina of Gerarde, Parkinfon and others, which is defcribed by Parkinfon as larger than the Male Pzony, P. corallina; whereas our peregrina is a great deal {maller, and exaétly anfwers to the promifcua of old books. It ap- Ree to be rather of recent introduCtion among us, and we
ave fome fufpicion of its having been brought from Siberia. The flowers are produced in May or early in June, and the roots are quite hardy.
6. P. daurica. Glaucous Daurian Peony. Ait. n. 10. Andr. Repof. t. 486.—Leaves pinnate; leaflets elliptical, obtufe, glaucous, fomewhat wavy. Stem herbaceous.— Native of Siberia, from whence it was procured, in 1790, by the late Mr. Bell. This, like the reft, is a hardy pe- rennial, flowering in May or June. Stem about two feet high. Leaves apparently all fimply pinnate, glaucous on both fides, paler beneath; leaflets broadly elliptical, obtufe, concave, veiny, rather wavy at the edge. lowers large and handfome, of a purplifh rofe-colour, with copious yel- iow ffamens, and two piflils. Follicles. ovate, divaricated, downy, about one inch and a half long. We know this fpecies, which feems well worthy of general cultivation,
4
from Mr. Andrews’s work only. Its affinity to the three preceding, has made us here fwerve from the arrangement in the Hortus Kewenjis.
7. P. albiflora. White-flowered Pzony. Pallas. Roff. v.2. 92. t.84. Willd. n.3. Ait. n.5. Andr. Repof, t.64. and t. 612.—Leaves twice ternate; leaflets elliptic- lanceolate, acute, entire, fmooth. Capfules recurved, fmooth. Calyx bra¢teated.—Native of Mongol ‘Tartary, on grafly hills, and introduced into the Britifh gardens by Pallas, its celebrated difcoverer, in 1784. This flowers in May or June, and is hardy, but we do not find this fpecies fo eafy of culture, nor fo free in flowering, as fome others. The inhabitants of its native country are faid to eat the roots boiled in foups, and to mix the powdered feeds with the infufion or decoétion of their tea. The /fem is herba- ceous, ufually dark brown, {mooth and polifhed. Leaves twice ternate, of a dark fhining green above, paler beneath, quite fmooth and naked. #/owers-comparatively {mall, but peculiarly elegant in their native fimplicity and {nowy white- nefs, with concave, partly clofed, peta/s, and a brown calya, accompanied by three green, leafy, feflile brageas. Germens three or four, brown and fmooth. Thefe lowers have a {weet aromatic fcent. There is a double variety, with a blufh-coloured tint, and yellowifh inner petals, figured in Andrews’s t. 612, which makes a very fplendid appearance ; but we have always admired the original plant, as one of the moft defirable of its genus, nor are we fingular in this
opinion.
8. P. humilis. Dwarf Spanifh Peony. Retz. Obf. fafe. 3. 35. Willd.n. 4. Ait.n.6. (P. pumila foemina; Lob. Ic. 683. Ger. em. 982.)—Leaves twice ternate 5 leaflets in three deep linear fegments, downy beneath. Fol- licles hairy, nearly ere&t. Clufius records this as a native of Spain. Gerarde fpeaks of it as known in the Englifh gardens in his time. We have never met with a f{pecimen, and fhouid be very glad to fee it well figured. Retzius deferibes the /fem a foot and half high, fimple, fmooth, an- gular and green. Leaves in very narrow fegments, acute; glaucous above ; whiter and downy beneath. Petals of a deeper red than thofe of P. corallina, n. 4. Germens greenifh, flightly hairy, as are alfo the fhort, nearly upright, follicles.
g. P. anomala. Jagged-leaved Siberian Peony. Linn. Mant. 247. Willd.n.5. Ait.n.7. Andr. Repof. t. 514. (P. laciniata; Pallas Roff. v. 2. 93. t. 85, fibirica. P.n. 145 Gmel. Sib. v. 4. 184. t. 72.)—Leaves twice ternate; leaflets with many lanceolate fegments, fmooth. Follicles depreffed, fmooth. Calyx bracteated. Frequent pe ae ss mott parts of Siberia, in grafly, fhady, rather hilly fpets. Mr. Bell introduced this firft into England, and it flowered with him in July 1807. The ca/ya is accompanied with leafy braGeas, like thofe of P. albiflora, but longer and narrower, like the numerous lanceolate fegments of the foliage, by which this fpecies is dittinguifhed at firft fight from all we have hitherto defcribed, except the laft, but that has downy leaves, glaucous above, and hairy upright /eed-veffels. The corolla of P. anomala is concave, of a full rofe-colour. Ger- mens wlually five, {preading, {mooth, as well as the follicles.
10. P. Aybrida. Mule Peony. Pallas. Roff. v. 2. 94. t. 86. Willd. n.6. Ait. n. §8.—Leaves twice ternate; leaflets with numerous linear fegments, {mooth. Germens downy. Pallas mentions this as occurring now and then wild, in vallies on the banks of fome of the larger Siberian rivers, but much fmaller than the {pecimen delineated in his plate, which he fays originated in the garden at Peterfburgh, and was fuppofed to be a hybrid produétion between the pre- ceding {pecies and the following, as it never produced feeds, Mr. Bell is recorded as having introduced P. Aybrida into
England,
PZONIA.
England, in 1788. Like the lalt it is perennial, flowering in May, and like that, has the /aflets much divided, but with {till narrower fegments. The parts of fruétification however more agree with ¢enuifolia, hereafter defcribed. “The braéeas ave partly laciniated, as in that, not all undivided, as in anomala and albiflora. The corolla is-of a deeper red, and the germens, inttead of being {mooth, are downy. It is very likely, though occafionally found wild, to be a mule plant, rather than a permanent intermediate {pecies.
11. P. tenuifolia. Fine-leaved Peony. Linn. Sp. Pl. 748. Linn. fil. P]. Rar. fafc. 1.9. t. 5. Pall. Roff. v. 2. gs. t. 87. Willd n.7. Ait. n.9, Meerb. Ic. t.25. Curt. Mag. t. 926. (P. n. 15; Gmel. Sib. v. 4. 185. t. 73.)— Leaves thrice ternate ; leaflets in numerous linear-awl-fhaped fegments, fmooth. Follicles hairy.—Native of Siberia, from whence the late Mr. Malcolm is faid firlt to have ob- tained it alive in 1765. This is one of the mot elegant fpecies, and a highly defirable hardy herbaceous plant, flowering readily in the open border, about the end of May. The root creeps moderately. In a wild itate the fem is faid to be about a foot high; in a garden it is full two feet, erect, fimple, or flightly branched, clothed with numerous, very compound and finely divided, dark-green, fmooth leaves, {preading in a recurved direction. /owers terminal, folitary, concave, rather above two inches wide, of a moft vivid, deep, rich, fhining blood-colour, with copious yel- low flamens. The bradeas are partly divided like the leaves, partly entire. Germens denfely covered with ere@, clofe- fet, plufh-like, fhiniag, brown, rigid hairs. We {eldom fee the /eeds perfe&ted in England, though they are faid to ripen in Sweden. No wonder that Linnezus, who, when he firft became acquainted with this beautiful Peony, was full of his newly conceived ideas of hybrid generation in plants, immediately gueffed it to be a mule between the common Paonia and Adonis apennina. It does indeed look like a magnified Adonis autumnalis. Such refemblances are, never- thelefs, fallacious, and there is no real foundation for be- lieving the P. tenuifolia any other than a moft difting& and permanent original {pecies.
PmontA, in Gardening, comprifes plants of the large, her- baceous, flowery, perennial kind, of which the fpecies are, the common pony (P. officinalis), and the flender-leaved pzony (P. tenuifolia).
There are two principal varieties of the firft {pecies ; the common female, and male pzony.
The former of thefe has the roots compofed of feveral roundifh thick knobs or tubers, which hang below each other, faftened with ftrings; the ftalks are green, about two feet and a half high; the leaves are compofed of feveral un- equal lobes, which are varioufly cut into many fegments ; they are of a paler green than thofe of the latter fort, and hairy on their underfide ; the flowers are fmaller, and of a deeper purple colour.
The latter has the roots compofed of feveral oblong knobs hanging by ftrings faftened to the main head; the items the fame height with the preceding; the leaves are compofed of feveral ovate lobes, fome of which are cut into two or three fegments ; they are of a lucid green on their apper fide, but are hoary on their under ; the ftems are ter- minated by large fingle flowers, compofed of five or fix large, roundifh, red petals.
The flowers in both forts appear in May, and are natives of feveral parts of Europe.
And Miller fuggefts, that it is fearcely neceflary to ob- ferve that the old names of male and female have nothing to do here with fexes, the flowers of both being hermaphrodite.
Befides, there are feveral fub-varieties of the female pzony,
as with double flowers, differing in fize and colour, culti- vated in gardens. ‘The male pxony alfo varies, with pale and white flowers, and with larger lobes to the leaves: they alfo vary much in different countries.
As there is the Foreign Paony, with a deep red flower; the roots are compofed of roundifh knobs, like thofe of the female peony ; the leaves are alfo the fame, but of a thicker {ubftance ; the {talks do not rife fo high; the flowers have a greater number of petals, and appear a little later. This is a native of the Levant. The large double purple peony is probably a {ub-variety of this.
The Hairy Pzony, with a larger double red flower ; the roots like the common female pony ; but the ftalks taller, and of a purplifh colour; the leaves much longer, with {pear-fhaped entire lobes ; the flowers large, and of a deep red colour.
The Yartarian Paony, with roots compofed of oblong flefhy tubers of a pale colour; the ftalks about two feet high, pale green; the leaves compofed of feveral lobes, irregular in fhape and fize, fome having fix, others eight or ten {pear-fhaped lobes, fome cut into two or three fegments, and others entire; of a pale green, and downy on their under fide; the ftalks are terminated by one flower of a bright-red colour, a little lefs than that of the common female pony, having fewer petals.
The Portugal Peony, with a fingle {weet flower, has not roots compofed of roundifh tubers, but has two or three long taper-forked fangs like fingers; the ftalk rifes little more than a foot high; the leaves are compofed of three or four oval lobes, of a pale colour on their upper fide, and hoary underneath; the ftalk is terminated by a fingle flower, which is of a bright red colour, fmaller than the above, and of an agreeable {weet fcent.
Method of Culture.—The fingle forts are eafily raifed by” feeds, and the double by parting the roots,
The feed fhould be fown in autumn, foon after it is per- fectly ripened, or very early in the {pring (but the former is the better feafon), on a bed or border in the open ground, where the foil is rather light, raking it in lightly. It may alfo be fown in fmall drills.
The plants fhould afterwards be properly thinned, kept perfectly free from weeds, and be occafionally watered when the weather is hot and dry.
Ass they fhould remain two feafons in the bed, it is necef- fary, in the fecond autumn, to fpread fome light mould over them, to the depth of an inch; and in the autumn fol- lowing they may be removed where they are to remain, Plants of the double-flowered kinds are often produced from thefe.
The roots of the old double-flowered plants may be taken up in the beginning of the autumn, and divided fo as to have one bud or eye, or more, to each part or crown, as without care in this refpe€t, they never form good plants, And where regard is had to the flowering, they fhould not be too much divided, or the offsets made too {mall, as when that is the cafe they do not flower ftrong. But where a great increafe is wanted, they may be divided more, being left longer in the nurfery-beds.
They fhould be planted out as foon as poffible after they are feparated, though, when neceflary, they may be kept fome time out of the earth. The large offsets may be fet out at once where they are to remain; but the imail ones are beft fet in nurfery-beds fora year, or till of proper {trength for planting out.
The plants may afterwards be fuffered to remain feyeral years unremoved, till the roots are increafed to very large branches, and then be taken up when the ftalks decay, in
D2 autumn,
PAE
autumn, divided, and replanted in their allotted places in the manner dire&ted above.
All the forts are hardy plants, that are capable of flourifh- ing in any common foil in almoft any fituation, either in open expofures, or under the fhade of trees.
The Portugal variety, however, fhould have a warmer fituation and lighter foil than the others.
They are proper ornamental flowery plants for large borders, and may be had at all the public nurferies. In planting, one fhould be put here and there in different parts, placing them with the crowns of the roots a little within the furface of the earth, and at a yard at leaft diftant from other plants, as they extend themfelves widely every way, aflum- ing a large bufhy growth; and, together with their con- {picuous large flowers, exhibit a fine appearance, and are often planted at the terminating corners of large borders adjoining principal walls, difplaying a bufhy growth in their foliage and flowers. When the flowers are gone, the cap- fules opening lengthways difcover their coloured feeds very ornamentally, efpecially in that called the male peony and varieties. And to forward this, the capfules may be flit open on the infide at the proper valve ; whereby they will expand much fooner, and difplay their beautiful red feed more confpicuoufly than would otherwife be the cafe.
PHONITES, in Natural Hiffory, a name given by fome writers to the {tone called by others peanites, and elteemed of great ufe to womenin labour. It feems to have been called pzonites, from Pzonia, in Macedonia, where it was found.
PAES, in Geography, a river cf Lapland, which rons into the North fea, N. lat. 70°. ;
PAESIELLO, Giovanni, in Biography, a Neapolitan, and gifted with as much fertility of invention for dramatic compofitions as nature ever beftowed on an Italian opera compofer. He was thought, at the beginning of his career, not to have laboured fufficiently at the drier parts of coun- terpoint, upon which many great matters of Italy have efta- blifhed their fame.
From his early youth he gave way to the fire of his invention, which art could hardly reftrain, much lefs confine to rule. His wildnefs, however, was never grotefque, un- graceful, crude, wild, or offenfive to cultivated ears; but confifted of the moft happy flights of fancy, pleafing melo- dies, and new efleéts of accompaniment. Heat firft worked at little dramas in the Neapolitan jargon, fo different from good Italian, that it is totally unintelligible to the reft of Italy. This language, however, is allowed to be very poetical, and capable of receiving all the grace and refine- ments of melody.
He compofed for the burletta a comic opera in Italian, as early as 1765, “ Amore in Ballo;” and in 1766, « Le Nozze Turbate.” In 1770 we heard at Naples his comic opera called ** Le Trame per Amore,” in which, though the finging was but indifferent, and out of nine charaéters there was not one good voice, yet the mufic pleafed us extremely. The fymphony, confilting of only one movement, was truly comic, and contained a perpetual fucceffion of pleafing paflages. The airs were full of fire and fancy, the ritornels abounding with new paflages, and the vocal parts in elegant and fimple melody, fuch as might be remembered and carried away after the firft hearing, or be performed in private by a {mall band, or even without any other inflrument than a harplichord or pianoforte. The airs of this drama were much applauded when we heard it performed, though it was the fourteenth night of its run.
But fince that time he has continued improving in his ftyle, both in ferious and comic operas, and the public all ever Europe has not been infenfible to his tranfcendent
10
PAE
merit, as he has juftly been regarded at the head of vocal compofition of the prefent time, as Haydn of inftrumental. In 1770 he was the only compofer in Naples who could make head againft the high favour in which Piccini then ftood, after his ‘* Buoma Figliuola.’’ We were fo happy as to hear him improvifare in mufic at fir William Hamilton’s, where, having dined, he was begged to fing a {cene of an opera; but there being none at hand which he liked to’ per- form, he faid ‘‘ date mi un libretto,’” and the words of the firt opera which could be found having been put on the harpfichord defk, he compofed and fung extempore three or four fcenes in fo exquifite a manner to his own ingenious accompaniment, that no ftudied mufic and finging we ever heard of the greateft compofers or performers ever pleafed us fomuch. It was not written mufic, it was infpiration. He pafled three years at Peterfburg in the fervice of the emprefs Catharine II., whofe court was conftantly in pof- feflion of the beft compofers and vocal performers of Italy, and there he eftablifhed a great reputation, which fince his return has been conttantly increafing in his own country. He is now (1804) at Paris, and though a modern, is as much revered and refpe&ed as any of the moft invaluable antiques among the {poils of Italy. A lift of his works would aftonifh by the number, as much as they have de- lighted by their performance, every judge of feeling, who is able to difcriminate good mufic from bad, or perfeétion from mediocrity. yeweng PAEZ, Pepro, a man defervedly celebrated in the hif, tory of the Jefuits, and of Abyflinia, was a Caftilian, born at Toledo of a noble family. Having completed his ftudies in the company, he was fent to India in the year 1588. The Portuguefe in Abyffinia were at this time without a patriarch, or any fpiritual afliftant, fo difficult was it to in- troduce them into that kingdom, every entrance into which was in poffeffion of the Turks or Moors. To this miffion Paez and P. Antonio de Montlerrat were appointed. They were made prifoners on their way, and fent to the court of the king of Xael, by whom they were kindly treated; but — being himfelf tributary to the pacha of Yemen, and bound by treaty to fend him all the Portuguefe who might fall into his hands, they were fent to Canaan, the capital where the pacha refided. At firft their captivity was eafy ; but afterwards they were treated with great barbarity, in hopes that he might obtain a very latge ranfom for ‘their liberty. - At length the viceroy of India obtained their deliverance, upon the payment of a thoufand crowns: they returned to India, where Montferrat foon afterwards died. Paez was more fuccefsful in his fecond attempt ; he entered Abyflinia very fafely in 1603, and inftead of bufying himfelf with court intrigues, and feeking court favour, he remained quietly among his flock, tranflating into Abyffinian a compendium of the Chriftian doGrine, which had been written by Marcos George. He inftruéted fome children in the dialogues of this work. The king of the country, hearing of their pro- ficiency, fent for the matter and his fcholars to exhibit be- fore him. He was delighted with their performance, and became himfelf a thorough convert to the Roman Catholic faith ; but the zeal which he fhewed in behalf of the new fyftem of faith led to his depofition and untimely death. Other revolutions followed; when things, however, were become quiet, Paez undertook to build a palacéat Gorgora, a rocky peninfula, on the fouth fide of the lake of Dembea. He was himfelf architeét, mafon, fmith, and carpenter, and pro- duced a building which was the aftonifhment of thofe who beheld it. A fpring-lock, which he fixed upon one of the doors, faved the king’s life, when an attempt was made to affaffinate him. The laft triumph which Paez enjoyed eed that
,
PAG
that of feeing the king put away all his wives but one, and receiving his general confeffion. He died in May 1622. Gen. Biog.
PAG&, in Ancient Geography, a town of the territory of Megara, fituated towards the north, on a {mall gulf formed by an extenfion of the gulf of*Corinth, and called ‘¢ Mare Alcyonium.”’ ser
PAGAHM, in Geography, once a magnificent city of the Birman empire, on the Irawaddy, but now its remains are merely numerous mouldering temples, and the vettiges of an old brick fort, the ramparts of which are {till to be traced. The town of Neoundah, about four miles to the north, which may be called a continuation of Pagahm, has flourifhed in proportion as the latter has decayed. Pagahm is faid to have been the refidence of forty-five fucceffive monarchs, and was abandoned 500 years ago, in confequence, as it is faid, of a divine admonition ; but whatever may be its true hiftory it was certainly once a place of no ordinary {fplendour. The temple of Pagahm rifes upwards with a heavy breadth almoft to the top, and then terminates abruptly in a point, which give to the buildings a clumfy appearance. Many of the mott ancient temples at this place are not folid at the bottom ; a well arched dome fupports a ponderous fuperb f{trudture ; within, an image of Gaudma fits enfhrined; four Gothic door-ways open into the dome, in one of which was a human figure fianding ereét, faid to have been Gaudma, and an- other of the fame perfonage, lying on his right fide afleep, both of gigantic ftruéture. Thefe, however, are not the ufual attitudes of the divinity ; as he is generally depiclured fitting crofs-legged on a pedettal, adorned with reprefenta- tions of the leaf of the facred lotus carved upon the bafe; the left hand of the image refts upon his lap, and the right is pendent. Beyond the fuburbs there is a part where the inhabitants are employed in exprefling oil from the Sefa- mum feed; the grain is put into a deep wooden trough, in which it is prefled by an upright timber fixed in a frame ; the force is increafed by a long lever, on the extremity of which a man fits and guides a bullock that moves in a circle, thus turning and preffing the feed at the fame time: the machine was fimple, and effe€tually anfwered the pur- pofe. Of thefe mills, there were not lefs than 200 within a very narrow compafs. From the circumftance of the cattle being in good order, it was concluded that they were fed on the feed after the oil was extraéted. The land about Pagahm {carcely yields fufficient vegetation to nourifh goats. Symes’ Embafly to Ava, vol. ii.
PAGALOAN, a town in the N.W. coaft of Min- danao.
PAGAMEA, in Botany, Aubl. Guian. v. 1. 112. t. 44. Juff. 209. Lamarck Illuitr. t. 88. A genus confiiting of only one foecies, whofe fruit was judged by Jufficu to be not fufficiently afcertained. It appears next akin to Faramea of the fame authors, (fee that article,) and like- wife belongs to the Rubiaceae of Juffieu. Aublet defcribes the berry as of two cells, with two feeds, convex on one fide, flat on the other, one of them frequently abortive. Each of thefe feeds, when cut acrofs, is found to have two cells, with a kernel in each cell. —The Pagamea guianen/is is a fbrub feven or eight feet high, growing on the top of the Serpent mountain, in Guiana, and bearing flowers, as well as fruit, in Auguit. The dranches {pread every way, and are knotty, leafy at the extremities. Leaves oppofite, in pairs croffing each other, {talked, lanceolate, pointed, entire, about three inches long, fingle-ribbed and veiny, {mooth and pliant. Stipulas fheathing, fhort, with two {mall pomts. Flowers in fhort,loofe, axillary, {talked fpikes. Corolla white, funnel- fhaped, equally four-cleft, downy within.~ No reafon is given
PA‘G
for the name, nor any thing faid about the qualities or ufes of the plant, except that the wood is hard, and of a yellowith colour.—The trunk is only five inches in diameter.
PAGAN, Pacanus, a heathen, gentile, or idolater, one who adores falfe gods.
Barons derives the word paganus, a pagis, villages, becaufe, when Chriftians became matters of the cities, the heathens were obliged, by the edi&s of Conftantine and his fons, to go and live in the country villages, &c. Salmatius will have the word come from fagus, confidered as originally fignifying gens, or nation: whence he obferves, we fay in- differently, pagans, or gentiles.
The abbot de Fleury gives another origin of pagan: he obferves, that the emperor Conftantine, going from Antioch, againit Maxentius, in 350, aflembled all his troops, and advifed fuch as had not received baptifm to receive it im- mediately ; declaring withal, that fuch as fhould be found unbaptized fhould quit the fervice, and go home.
Hence, perhaps, fays the abbot, the name pagan might be given to thofe who chofe the latter; the Latin word paganus properly fignifying a perfon who does not bear arms, in oppolition to miles, a foldier.
And hence it might, in time, .extend to all heathens; or, continues he, the word might come from pagus, village, in regard the peafants were thofe who adhered longeft to the idolatry of the heathens.
Pacan, Buatse Francois, Compte de, in Biography, an eminent military engineer, was born at Avignon in the year 1604. He entered into the army at twelve years of age, and diftinguifhed himfelf in a variety of a¢tions. He was patro- nized by his near relation, the con{table de Luynes, whom he had the misfortune to lofe at the fiege of Montauban, at which he was alfo deprived of the fight of an eye by a mufket-fhot. At the paflage of the Alps, and the barricades of Suza, he placed himfelf at the head of a determined band, aid having gained the fummit of a fteep mountain, he cried out ‘ This 1s the road to glory,”’ and inftantly flid down the mountain ; and being imitatea by his men, they arrived firft at the bar- ricades and carried them. When the king, Lewis XIII., laid fiege to Nanci in 1633, Pagan had the honour to attend him in drawing the lines and forts of circumvallation.. In 1642 he was fent to the fervice of Portugal, in the poft of field-marfhal, and there he had the misfortune to lofe his eye- fight. ‘Though difabied from ferving his country. in the active duties of a warrior, he was intent upon augmenting its glory, by extending the boundaries of military fcience. Having from his youth clofely applied to mathematical ftudies, with a particular view to the {cience of fertification, he now employed the whole force of his ative mind in fpeculations of this kind, and in 1645 publifhed his‘ Traité des Fortifications :”” this was regarded as the beft work that had ever been written on the fubject, and it is faid that whatever improvements have been made fince, have been derived chiefly from this treatife, as conclufions from its principles. In 1651 he publifhed his ‘* Theoremes Geo- metriques,”’ which fhew an extenfive and deep knowledge of all the parts of the mathematics. In 1655 he publifhed an ‘“ Hiftorical and Geographical Account of the River Amazons, extra¢ted from different Writers,’ and we are affured, that though blind, he drew the chart of that river and the parts adjacent. His other works, publifhed in 1657 and 1658, were ‘‘ Theorie des Planetes ;” and ‘ Tables Aftronomiques :’? by the former he cleared the fyftem from that multiplicity of eccentric circles and epicycles, which aftronomers had invented to explain their motions. His aitronomical tables are reckoned fuccinét, and yery plain. Pagan died at Paris, November 18, 1685. He was devoted
to
PAG
to judicial atrology ; but what he wrote on this fubje& is the only thing which detracts from his high charafter. He had an univerfal genius, and having applied himfelf entirely to the art of war, and particularly to the branch of forti- fication, he made much progrefs in it. He underftood the deeper branches of the mathematics, and had fo fine a genius for thefe abftrufe {peculations, that he read but little on the fubjeét, his own fertile mind fupplying him with almott every thing that he wanted. Lewis XIII. regarded him as one of the moft adroit, and moft valiant men in his king- dom. That branch of his family which removed from Naples to France in 1552, became extin¢t at his deceafe. All his works were colleéted and printed in 12mo. in the year 1669. Moreri.
PaGan, Perer, a diftinguifhed poet of the 16th cen- - tury, was born at Wanfrid, in Hefle, and being educated with great care, he exhibited at an early age much literary tafte, and a particular turn for poetry. In the year 1550 he received the degree of bachelor in philofophy, and he became poet to the emperor Ferdinand. To the ftudy of poetry he joined that of hiftory, and was elected profeffor of both in the univerfity of Marpurg. He died at Wanfrid, on the 29th of May, 1576. Befides many pieces in poetry on mifcellaneous fubjeéts, he left ‘* Hiltoria tergeminorum Romanorum et Albanorum fratrum,’”’ in verfe, which con- tained the hiftory of the three Horatii, and the three Curiatit. Moreri.
PaGan Creek, in Geography, a river of Virginia, which runs into James river, N. lat. 37° 5’. W. long. 76° 37°.
PAGANALITA, an ancient rural feaft thus called, becaufe celebrated in the villages, in pagis.
In the paganalia, the peafants went in folemn proceffion all round the village, making luftrations to purify it. They had alfo their facrifices, wherein they offered cakes on the altars of the gods.
Halicarnaflus and St. Jerom refer the inftitution of the paganalia to Servius Tullus. They were held in the month of February.
PAGANELLUS, in Ichthyology, a {pecies of Gobius ; which fee.
PAGANICA, in Geography, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra; 8 miles N.N.W. of Aquila.
PAGANINA, an Italian word, ufed by fome authors to exprefs the firft excrements of children: thefe, dried and reduced to powder, are efteemed by fome a very great and
owerful medicine againft epilepfies. It is to be taken in {mall dofes, every day, for fome time.
PAGANINI, La, in Biography, an admirable finger and aétrefs in the chara&ter of prima buffa in the burletta operas of * I] Mondo della Luna,”’ and ‘11 Filofofo di Campagna,” compofed by Galuppi, when his genius was in full fire. The airs “ Si l’Uomini firpirano,” and “ Donne, donne, fiamo Nate,’’ were fung in a way fo piquant and agreeable by the Paganini, that the applaufe which fhe acquired by them amounted almoft to acclamation. This laft opera had an uninterrupted run of fifteen nights; and the Paga- nini, though not young when fhe came hither from Berlin, in 1760, increafed in reputation fo much during the run of this opera, that when it was her turn to have a benefit, fuch a crowd affembled as we never remember to have feen on a like occafion, before or fince; indeed, not one-third of the company that prefented themfelves at the opera-houfe doors were able to obtain admiffion. Caps were loft, and
owns torn to pieces, without number er mercy, in the irtipgle to get in. Ladies in full drefs, who had fent away their fervants and carriages, were obliged to appear in the ftreets and walk home in great numbers. without caps or
PA G
attendants. Luckily the weather was fine, and did not add to their diftrefs by rain or wind; though their confufion was greatly augmented by its being broad daylight, and the ftreets full of fpe€tators, who could neither refrain from looking or laughing at fuch fplendid and uncommon ftreet- walkers.
PAGANISM, the religious worfhip and difcipline of pagans; or the adoration of idols and falfe gods.
The gods of paganifm were either men, as Jupiter, Her- cules, Bacchus, &c. or fictitious perfons, as Victory, Fame, Fever, &c. or beafts, as in Egypt, crocodiles, cats, &c. or finally inanimate things, as onions, fire, and water, &c.
PAGAPATE, in Botany, Sonnerat Guian. 16. t. 10, 11. See SONNERATIA.
PAGARCHUS, walzpxoc, formed from pagus, village, and wexn, command, among the ancients, a petty magiftrate ofa pagus, or little diftri€, in the country.
PAGASA, or Pacasu, in Ancient Geography, a town of Magnefia, formerly a port of the town of Phere.
PAGE, formed from wai:, child, boy, a youth of fate, retained in the family of a prince, or great perfonage, as an honourable fervant to attend in vilits of ceremony, carry meflages, bear up trains, robes, &c. and at the fame time to have a genteel education, and learn his exercifes.
The pages in the king’s houfehold are various, and have various provinces affigned them: as pages of honour, pages of the prefence-chamber, pages of the back ftairs, &e.
Pages were anciently diftinguifhed from the other fervants in livery, by their wearing drawers in lieu of breeches; and fleeves turned up with velvet.
Cujas and Gothofred obferve, that pages in the emperor’s families were called pedagogiani pueri. Fauchet fays, the word page was firft given to the little boys who attend tilers, to bring them their tiles, &c. that till the time of Charles IV. or VIL. the name was common to the bafeft fervants; and it is fince then, that page is become a term of honour; and the meaner fervants are diftinguifhed from them by the name of lacqueys, valets, &c.
Pace is particularly ufed in the Turkifh feraglio, for the children of tribute, or flaves who wait on the grand fignior.
They are commanded by the firft aga, and conftitute four claffes, called odas.
Pace of a Book. See PRINTING.
PAGEANS, in Mythology. See Pyemirs.
PAGEANT, a triumphal car, chariot, arch, or other the like pompous decoration, varioufly adorned with colours, flags, &c. carried about in public fhows, proceffions, &c.
PAGEL, in Jchthyology, aname given by the Spaniards to that fifh which authors in general called the erythrinus, or rubellio, and fome the xathus and pagrus. It is properly a fpecies of the fparus, and is diftinguifhed by Artedi from the reft of that genus, by the name of the /i/ver-eyed red-bo- died Sparus, which fee.
PAGET’s Port, in Geography, a {mall harbour within the great found in Bahama iflands, and in the moft eafterly part of the found.
PAGHATAKAN, atown of New Jerfey, on the Pa- pachton. N. lat. 42° 8’. W. long. 74° 4o!.
PAGI, Anruony, in Biography, a celebrated Cordelier, and one of the ableft critics of his time, was born at Rogne, in Provence, in the year 1624. He embraced the monattic life, in the convent of Arles, in the year 1641, and obtained fohigh a reputation, that he became four times provincial of his order ; but his religious duties did not prevent his ap- plication to the ftudy of chronology and ecclefiaftical hiftory, in which he excelled. His moft confiderable work is a
critique
PAG
eritique upon the “ Annales” of Baronius, in which, fol- lowing the learned author year by year, he has reétified an infinite number of miftakes, both in chronology, and in the reprefentation of faéts. The firft volume was publifhed at Paris in 1689, and dedicated to the clergy of France, who allowed hima penfion ; the other three were not printed till after the death of the author: the publication of them was fuperintended by his nephew Francis. A new edition of the whole was publifhed at Geneva in the year 1727. Fa- ther Pagi died at Aix in 1699. His nephew, already re- ferred to, having finifhed the publication of his uncle, em- ployed himfelf in writing a work of his own, which he pub- lifhed under the title of «* Breviarium Hiftorico-Chronologico- Criticum, Illuftriora Pontificum Romanorum Getta, Conci- liorum Generalium A&ta, &c. compleétens,”’ forming in the whole four volumes, 4to. This work is faid to difplay much curious refearch, andis drawn up in a correét and neat ftyle. Francis Pagi died in 1721, in the fixty-feventh year of his age. He left a nephew, Anthony, on whom devolved the care of publifhing the laft volume of his uncle's ** Brevia- rium.”? Morer. é
PAGIETTA, in Geography, a town of Naples, in Abruz- zo Citra; 5 miles S. Langiano.
PAGIN, M., in Biography, a violinift at Paris in the year 1770, much admired for his ta{te, neatnefs, and delicacy, by judges of the violin, —not of the French fchool. He was a difciple of Tartin, and regarded by many at Paris as his belt {cholar. Having had the honour of being hiffed at the Concert Spirituel for daring to play in the Italian ftyle, he quitted mufic as a profeflion, and had a place conferred upon him under the count de Clermont, of about 250/. a-year.
PAGLIA, in Geography, a river of Italy, which runs into the ‘Tiber, a few miles below Orvieto.
PAGLIANELLO, a town of Naples, in .Lavora; 14 miles N.E. of Capua.
PAGLIANO, atown of Naples, in Abruzzo Ultra; 15 miles E.S.E. of Aquila.
PAGLIAPOLI, atown of Naples, in Calabria Ultra ;
miles E. of Gierace.
PAGLION, a river of France, which runs into the Mediterranean, alittle tothe E. of Nice.
PAGNINUS, Sancrss, in Biography, an Italian Domi- nican monk in the fifteenth century, eminent for his {kill in the oriental languages and biblical learning, was born at Lucca in 1466, but according to others, in the year 1470. At the age of fixteen he took the habit in a convent of the Dominican order, and applied with extraordinary diligence to the fludy of the learned languages, and of divinity. He became deeply and accurately fkilled in Latin, Greek, He- brew, Chaidee, and Arabic, but he was particularly cele- brated for his knowledge of the Hebrew language. He fpent the greater part of his life in a monaftery at Lyons, was diftinguifhed by his zeal in defending the Catholic church againit the attacks of the reformers, and laboured to prevent the numerous [Italian families which had fettled in this city from being converted by the emiffaries of the Waldenfes and Lutherans. Pagninus is, however, chiefly known by his making the firit modern tranflation into Latin of the Old Teftament from the original Hebrew, and of the New Telf- tament from the Greek. To this defign he wasled froma firm conviction that the Vulgate tranflation, as it has de- {cended to modern times, 1s greatly corrupted from the ftate in which it was left by St. Jerome. It was his object, there- fore, to produce a new tranflation, in which the Vulgate fhould be followed whenever fidetity to the originals permit- ted. Being patronized by Leo X. he began his great work in 1493, aud having employed himfelf in it with the greateft
PAG
afliduity twenty-five years, finifhed it in 1518. He then ap. plied to the tranflation of the apocryphal books and the New Teftament, both of which he rendered from the original Greek before the year 1521. ‘Che whole was publifhed at Lyons in 1528, under the title of ‘¢ Veteris et Novi Tefta- menti nova ‘Tranflatio, per Sanétum Pagninum nuper edita, approbante Clemente VII.” Many high commendations have been beftowed upon this work by the moft learned rabbis, who have given it the preference to all other tranfla- tions of the facred Hebrew writings, and likewife by many eminent Chriftian critics, Catholic and Proteftant, and among others, by Leufden, Erpenius, Buxtorf, and Huet. But father Simon and others, though they admit that Pagninus has fhewn great learning and talents, contett its claims to the fuperior excellence which the former attribute.to it. Simon fays it is obfcure, barbarous, and full of folecif{ms, and he maintains that it fometimes changes the fenfe of the text. The verfion has gone through many editions. Huet, though he gives Simon credit for the general truth of his criticifms, yet propofes his manner as a model for all tranflators of the facred books; ‘ Scripture interpretandz rationis utile nobis exemplar propofuit San¢tus Pagninus.’’ This author publifhed “* Thefaurus Lingue Sanéte,’’ in folio, which was reprinted by Robert Stephens, under the title of «« Thefaurus Lingue San&z contractior et emenda- tior.”’ Pagninus publifhed many other works ; he died at Lyons in 1536. Buxtorf, who made much ufe of his The- faurus, in forming one of his own, calls him “ Vir linguarum Orientalium peritiffimus.”? Luther {poke of him with great applaufe.
PAGO, in Geography, aniflandin the Adriatic, near the coaft of Dalmatia, or Morlachia, about 20 miles long and 6 broad containing feyeral yillages. It is fubject to a ftormy fea, fo that neither wood, nor pafture, nor corn lands are found upon that part which is oppofite to the continent, except in few places: The air is darkened by the falt mift that is raifed by the collifion of the waves in the narrow channel of Morlachia. he large lake itfelf is not calm in the {tormy feafon, and fo far from being a harbour, it is tem- peftuous and ufelefs. The inhabitants of the city are not fe- cure in their houfes, without defending the roofs by large ftones, nor can they leave them with fafety during the vio- lence of the wind. "This ifland in winter is no lefs inhofpi- table than Siberia, always covered with {now and fire, and expoted to the cold north wind. The nakednefs of the rocks, which form the furface of almott the whole ifland, the narrownefs of the vallies, the reverberation of the water of the lake, which is generally quite calm in fum- mer, increafe the heat to fuch a degree among the ftones, that the vines which are planted round the lake ripen the grapes before the beginning of Augutt, and the few other productions of the {pot anticipate the ufual time of maturity. The part of the ifland under the jurifdiétion of Pago, pro- duces about 40,000 barrels of good wine, and about 2000 of Rakia, one year with another. The ifland 1s covered with fage and odoriferous herbs; which furnifh food for the bees, infomuch that honey forms no inconfiderable branch of trade. The pafture among barren rocks maintains alfo a large number of fheep and goats, fo that the wool, which is very bad, and cheefe, furnifh {mall articles of export. The northern part of theifland, called «* Novaglia,’’ and depend- ing on the government of Arba, is well fupplied with water, and has good paftures on its low grounds, by which its black cattle are larger and better than thofe on any of the neighbouring iflands, or of litoral Dalmatia. The produce of corn and oil is very {canty, and not fufficient for two months fuftenance of the inhabitants. The motft confiderable a
u
PAG
duét of the ifland is falt : the falt-works belonging partly to the government, and partly to private proprietors. The northern extreme of the ifland, called ‘* Punta di Loni,’’ 1s abundantly fupplied with wood for various purpofes, though other parts are wholly deftitute. The roots and trunks of old olive trees afford excellent materials for the cabinet-makers and fculptors. The foil of the ifland, that is, of the land lying on the declivity and at the bottom of the hills, is very gravelly and light; but on the northern extremity, where are plains, though ftony, the land is better and itronger, and might be cultivated for all forts of corn. The whole number of inhabitants amounts only to 3500, molt of whom live in the city of Pago, which is fuppofed to contain 3ooo. N. lat. 44° 40’. E. long. 15° rol.
Paco, a town of the above ifland, built by the Vene- tians in the year 1468. This city has undergone various revolutions. The difficulty of accefs to it, and the bad ac- commodation it affords to ftrangers, render the intercourfe withit very unfrequent ; and to this circumftance it is owing that the inhabitants are as wild and unpolifhed, as if they were ever fo remote from the fea, and the commerce of polite peo- ple. Even the gentry exhibit grotefque figures, both in their drefs and behaviour ; and the ignorance of the clergy is incredible.
PAGOD, or Pacopa, a name which the Portuguefe have given to all the terples of the Indians, and all the idolaters of the Eatt. f
Thefe pagods, or pagodas, are moftly fquare; they are ftone buildings, which are not very lofty, and are crowned with a cupola. Within, they are very dark ; for they have no windows, and only receive their light through the en- trance. The image of the idol ftands in the deepeft and darkeft recefs of the temple ; it is of a monftrous {hape, and of uncouth dimenfions, having many arms and hands. Some of thefe idols have eight, and others fixteen arms; with a human body, and the head of a dog, with drawn bows and inftruments of war in their hands. Some of them are black, others of 2 yellowifh hue. In fome pagodas there are no images, but only a fingle black, polifhed ftone, lying upon a round altar, covered with flowers and fandal-wood, which were ftrewed upon it. Greater veneration is mani- fefted for thefe ftones than for the idols themfelves. Their worfhip of thefe divinities confifts in throwing themfelves upon the ground, and making their falam, or falutation, with their hands, and ejaculating their prayers in filence, in that pofture. The offerings which they are accuftomed to prefent to their gods confift of flowers, iice, pieces of filk and cotton, and fometimes gold and filver. Every thing is laid before the idols, and is taken care of by the Brahmins, who profit the moit by it. They guard the pagodas both by day and night. The pagodas of China are lofty towers, which fometimes rife to the height of nine ftories, of more than 20 feet each.
In order to give fuch an idea of thefe buildings as may ena- ble the reader to judge with refpe& to the early ftate of arts in India, we fhail briefly deferibe tvro, of which we have the moft accurate accounts. The entry to the pagoda of Chiilambrum near Porto Novo; on the Coromandel coaft, held in high veneration on account of its antiqui- ty, is by a ftately gate under a pyramid, 122 feet in height, built with large {tones above forty feet long, and more than five feet fquare, and all covered with plates of copper, adorned with an immenfe variety of figures, neatly executed. The whole ftructure extends 1332 feet in one di- reGtion, and 936 in another. Some of the ornamental parts are finifhed with an elegance entitled to the admiration of the moft ingenious artifts. The pagoda of Seringham, fuperior
PAG
in fanétity to that of Chillambrum, furpaffes it as much ir grandeur ; and, fortunately, we can convey a more perfe&t idea of it by adopting the words of an elegant and accurate hiftorian. This pagoda is fituated about a mile from the weflern extremity of the ifland of Seringham, formed by the divifion of the great river Caveri into two channels. « Itiscompofed of feven fquare inclofures, one within the other, the walls of which are twenty-five feet high, and four thick. Thefe inclofures are 350 feet diftant from one another, and each has four large gates with a high tower $ which are placed, one in the mid¢le of each fide of the inclo- fure, and oppofite to the four cardinal points. The outward wall is near four miles in circumference, and its gateway to the fouth is ornamented with pillars, feveral of which are fingle {tenes, thirty-three feet long, and nearly five in dia- meter; and thofe which form the roof are {till larger; in the inmolt inclofures are the chapels. About half a mile to the eaft of Seringham, and nearer to the Caveri than the Coleroon, is another large pagoda, called Jembikifma; but thif has only one inclofure. The extreme veneration in which Seringham ts held, arifes from a belief that it contains that . identical image of the god Wittchnu, which ufed to be wor- fhipved by the god Brahma. Pilgrims from all parts of the peninfula come here to obtain abfolution, and none come without an offering of money ; and a large part of the re- venue of the ifland is allotted for the maintenance of the Brah- mins-‘who inhabi* the pagoda; and thefe, with their families, formerly compofed a multitude not lefs than 40,000 fouls, maintained, without labour, by the lberality of fuperfti- tion. Here, as in all the other great pagodas of India, the Brahmins live in a fubordination which knows no refiftanee, and flumber in a voluptuoufnefs which knows no wants.”
The pagods of the Chinefe and Siamefe are exceedingly magnificent.
The revenues of the pagod of Janigrade are fo great, as to fubfilt, every day, from fifteen to twenty thoufand pilgrims. t
Pacop is alfo ufed for the idol adored in the temple.
Hence, many give the name pagod to thofe little porcelain images brought from China.
Pacop, or Pagoda, isalfo the name of a gold coin, cur- rent.in feveral parts of the Indies, on the footing of the piece of eight.
There are alfo filver pagods, {truck at Narfingua, Bifna- gur, &c. which ufually bear the figure of fome monftrous idol: whence their names. They are of various values.
Accounts are kept at Madras, or Fort St. George, on the
Coromandel coaft, in pagodas, fanams, and cafh; 80 cath
= 1 fanam, and 42 fanams = 3x pagoda. Such is the mode of reckoning ufed by the Eaft India company, and other European merchants, but among the natives, the value of the. pagoda varies from 44 to 46fanams. The gold coins are ftar or current pagodas; and the filver coins, Arcot rupees. Double and fingle fanams are current here, and cop- per pieces of 20 cafh, called pice. Alfo pieces of five and ten cafh, called doodee, and {ingle cafh pieces: thefe cop- per coins are itruck in England, bearing the date of 1803, and the value is marked upon each. The ftar pagoda weighs 52.56 Englifh grains, and the gold is 19% carats fine ; it therefore contains 42.048 grains of fine gold, and is worth 7s. 54d. fterling ; but it is commonly valued at 8s. In the company’s books, roo ftar pagodas are valued at 425 current rupees; and ro {tar pagodas at 16 Spanifh dollars. Many other coins circulate on the Coromandel coaft, of which the mott generally current are the following ; viz. the.old pa- goda, with three fwamy, or figures, coined at Madras and Negapatam, which is about 203% carats fine, and which ge-
nerally
PAG
nerally bears a batta, i.e. an agio or difcount of 10 per cent. againtt the new coins of the fame places; the old pagoda of Negapatam and Tutocoryn, which is of the fame value as the ftar pagoda; the new pagoda of Negapatam and Tutocoryn, which is 18} carats fine ; and is reckoned about 4. per cent. worfe than the ftar pagoda : the Porto Nova pa- goda, which is 17} carats fine ; and is about 20 per cent. worfe than the ttar pagodas : the Pondicherry pagoda, ori- ginally equal in value to the ftar pagoda, but its ftand- ard has been lowered to 17 carats, and even lefs. All thefe different pagodas are nearly of the fame weight. Mo- hurs, or gold rupees of Bengal, occafionally pafs here for four {tar pagodas. There are alfo gold fanams, which are only 714 carats fine, and are alloyed chiefly with filver ; 24 of thefe are reckoned for an old Negapatam pagoda.
Gold and filver are weighed by the current or ftar pagoda weight, as above ftated. At Mangalore, on the Malabar aah accounts are kept in Sultannee pagodas, rupees, and annas; the pagoda being four rupees, and the rupee, 16 annae: others divide the pagoda into 1o hunas, and the huna into 16 parts, called likewife annas. At Matlulipatam, onthe Coromandel coaft, accounts are kept in pagodas, ru- pees, and annas; the pagoda being 34 filver rupees, and the rupee 16 annas. The coins, befides gold and filver rupees, are pagodas of nearly the value of the ftar pagoda
of Madras.
* Star pagoda
Old Arcot ditto
New Arcct ditto
Onore ditto 2
Mangalore ditto
Pagoda, with a crefcent and three figures =
Pagoda, witha crefcent and one figure =
Pagoda of Pondicherry =
Hyderee Hoon, or pagoda -
Sultanee Hoon, or pagoda -
PA H
In the Myfore country, and particularly at the capital, Seringapatam, accounts are kept in Canter’ raia pagodas, and palams, called by the Englifh Cantery pagodas and fanams. ‘This pagoda is an imaginary money, and the fanam, which is areal coin, isthe 10th part of the pagoda. The coins are gold mohurs, which pafs for four pagodas ; fultany pago- das, coined by 'Tippoo Sultan, and other pagodas, coined by Hyder Ally, and by the rajah of Myfore, all pafling for 13 fanams: alfo, fultany rupees, and rajah rupees, 26 of which pafs for 7 fultany pagodas ; copper dudus, called by the Englifh dubs, 260 of which are the market price for a fultany pagoda. The fhroffs, when they exchange copper for gold or filver, pay at the rate of 234 dudus for a pa- goda; but when they change gold and filver for copper, they receive 240; whilft the price fixed by government is 182 dudus fer pagoda: and the other coins exchange in proportion. At Pondicherry, the coins are gold pagodas, and filver rupees and fanams. Gold and filver are weighed by the feer, pagoda, rupee, and fanam. A pagoda weighs 9 fanams, or 144 nellos; fo that three rupees are equal in weight to 10 pagodas ; 714 pagodas weigh a French mark, or 3778 Englifh grains.
The following table fhews the affay, &c. of the feveral pa- godas which it fpecifies, W. every where denoting worfe than Englifh ftandard, and the mint price of gold in Eng- land, that is 3/. 17s. 101d. per ounce, being ftandard.
Value in Sterling.
Contents in
pure Gold.
d. 5¥ 2 83 10 102
grains. cL. 42.
40.5 32.4 442 44.6
44-7
bP RRB Rolo] ls ple
HIRE
II
vo He n
+i
_ Poo
Aaa 36.2 43.3 47-5
PID N YWWH IA 2
we Oo +lmbe
* N. B. The finenefs of the ftar pagodas varies from W. 2 car. 3 gr. to W. 3 car. of gr.
The pagodas differ in fhape from all European coins: they have a convex fide, with prominent dots, and a flat fide which generally bears a figure, and in fome three figures, of Indian idols. The ftar pagoda is marked on the convex fide with a flar; other pagodas are marked with a crefcent, or with an initial letter ; the pagodas of Mafulipatam and Pon- dicherry have nothing on the convex fide but the dots, Tip- poo’s pagodas have. no figure on the flat fide, but a legend which is tranflated thus: ‘* Mahomet, he is the authority of equity,”’ with the date of the Hegira: on the convex fide, the name of the place where it was comed, and generally the initialof Hyder. Kelly's Univerfal Cambiit.
PaGopa Bay, in Geography, a bay on the Eaft coaft of Cochinchina, N. lat. 12° 21'.. E. long, 109° 4’.
. PAGON, or Sr. Icnarius, one of the Ladrone iflands, about 36 miles in circumference; 30 miles N. of Ama- lagan.
PAGOOR, atown of Bootan ; 16 miles S. of Taffafudon-
PAGOUA Bay, a bay on the eaft coaft of the ifland of Dominica. N. lat. 15° 18’. W. long. 61° 19).
Vor. XXVI.
PAGOYUM, a word ufed by Paracelfus and his fol- lowers, to exprefs an imaginary being, which prefides over, or isthe occafion of difeafes, whofe caufes are lefs known, and which have been fuppofed to arife from inchantment. Such is the doctrine of this ftrange writer, and on this fub- ject he has written a treatife called Pagoyus.
PAGRUS, in Jchthyology, a fpecies of Sparus ; which fee. See alfo Sparus Dentex, and Sparus Erythrinus.
PAGUL, in Geography, a town of Africa, in Whidah ; fix miles N.W. of Sabi,
PAHA-CACHON, a town of Thibet; roo miles S.W. of Hara-Toubé.
PAHANG, Panan, or Pan, a fea-port town on the E. coaft of Malacca, called by the Portuguefe « Paon,’’ and by the Arabs‘ Fan.’’ It is fituated about four leagues from the fea, and inhabited only by nobility, the people dwelling in the fuburbs. It is inclofed by a wall, made of the trunks of trees joined clofe together, and about 24 feet in height, {trengthened witha baftion. The ftreets are fenced on both fides with hedges of reeds, and planted with cocoa
E and
P AT
and other trees’; fo that Pahang appearé more like an affem- blage of gardens than aregular town. ‘The houfes are con- ftruéted of reeds and ftraw, the king’s palace only being of wood: for Pahang was formerly the capital of a kingdom, but it is now part of Johor. The adjacent country is low, but fertile, producing pepper, eagle and calambac woods, coarfe gold, nutmegs, Sapan wood, diamonds, and hog-ftones, deemed of fuperiot efficacy to bezoar-ftones. In the interior of the country elephants are numerous. N. lat. 3° go’. E. long. 103° 36’.
Pauana, or Pulo-Pahang, a {mall ifland near the coaft of Malacca ; five miles E. from the town of Pahang.
PAHARGUNGE, a townof Bengal; ten miles S.W. of Beyhar.
PAHAVENS, a town of Perfia, in the province of Irak ; 30 miles W. of Jefd.
PAHICH, a town of Arabia, in the province of Heds- jas; 60 miles S.E. of Medina.
PAHIE is one of the claffes of canoes or boats ufed by the inhabitants of the iflands in the South fea. The pahie is of different fizes, from fixty to thirty feet long, but very narrow; a traofverfe feGtion of it refembles the fpade of cards, the whole being much wider in proportion to its length. The largeft pahies are ufed for fighting, in which cafe they are fitted with a ftage or platform ; but principally for long voyages. Hawkefworth’s Voy. vol. ii. p.222, &c. See Boar (Pahie.)
PAHO, in Geography, ariver onthe W. coaft of the ifle of Celebes, which runs into the {traits of Macaffar. S. lat. 3° 10'. E. long. 119° 52’.
PAHVA, a {mall ifland on the coaft of Finland, witha town uponit._N. lat. 60° 29’. E. long. 21° 30!
PAHVITTRAM, atown of Hindooftan, in the Car- natic; 14 miles E.S.E. of Coveriporum.
PAJACK, in Commerce, a corn meafurein Ruffia: thus, the chetwert or cool of corn is 2 ofmins, 4 pajacks, 8 chet- wericks, or 64 garaitzy.. A cool of flouris g poods, and a fack 5 poods. The chetwerick is 134 Englifh inches in diameter, and 114 in depth; it therefore meafures 1555,92 cubic inches, and contains 52 Winchetter gallons nearly. In bufinefs the ufual calculation is, that 100 chetwerts produce 72 quarters, and 1 chetwert 5 bufhels, Winchefter mea- fure. .
PAJANA, in Geography, alake of Sweden, in the pro- vince of Tavaftland, about 100 milesin length.
PAJAS, a town of Afiatic Turkey, in the government of Marafch and bay of Alexandretta; five miles W. of Alexandretta .
PAJAUNNY, a town of Hindooftan, in Oude; 30 miles W. of Kairabad.
PAICHAM, a town of Chinefe Tartary. N. lat. 42°
2!. E. long. 120° 22',
PAIDORFF, a town of the duchy of Stiria ; fix miles N. of Maehrau,
PAIGLES, in Botany. See Primura.
PAIJALA, in Geography, a town of Sweden, in Weft Bothnia; 86 miles N. of Tornea.
PAIL, in Rural Economy, a wooden veffel in which milk, water, or other fluids are commonly carried.
Pait-Brufb, in Agriculture, a fort of hard brufh furnifhed with briftles at the end to clean out the angles of the veffels more fully. Thefe ought to be in every dairy, though in many diftriéts their ufe is fcarcely known.
Part-Stake, in Rural Economy, a fimple contrivance for drying dairy utenfils upon, being merely a bough of a tree furnifhed with different {mall branches, which is fixed with its
9
PAI
thick end into the ground in the dairy-yard. The feveral {mall branches being lopped of proper lengths, the ftumps afford pegs for hanging the pails upon, or for other utenfils, by which they are not liable to be blown down and thereby burft or injured.
PAILLY, in Geography, a town of Hindooftan, in Vi~ fiapour ; five miles S.S.W. of Sattarah.
PAIMBCEUF, or Painsq@ur, a town of France, and principal place of a diftri€t, in the department of the Lower Loire, fituated at the mouth of the Loire, 21 miles W. of Nantes. The place contains 4220, and the canton 6047 in- habitants, on a territory of 724 kiliometres, in three, com- munes. N. lat. 47° 17’. W. fong. L gy: x
PAIMPOL, a town of France, in the department of the North Coatts, and chief place of a canton, in the diftri€t of St. Brieuc ; feven miles E. of Treguier. The place con- tains 1679, and the canton 16,319 inhabitants, on a territory of 1272 kiliometres, in 11 communes.
PAIN, Dotor, «yx, in Medicine, an uneafy and dif- trefling fenfation, which is conne@ted with various forms of difeafe, and with various f{pecies of injury, infli€ted upon the living body.
As we are altogether unable to explain the nature of fen- fation, and the agency of the nervous fyftem, as the organ of that faculty ; fo it is impoflible to give any fatisfaGtory account of the proximate caufe of pain. As in all fimilar cafes, we muf{t content ourfelves with confidering it as af ultimate fa&t, and with obferving the various circumftances under which it occurs, and the different phenomena which accompany it. All the attempts which have been made to. explain its nature, being founded entirely upon hypothetical fpeculations that have been altogether gratuitous, are jultly exploded.
The varieties of pain can only be defcribed by referring to the common agents by which they are excited, to the parts of the body in which they are feated, or to the degree and duration of their occurrence. The external agents, which produce painful fenfations, operate varioufly upon the living body ; fome by mechanical, and fome by chemical aétion upon the animal fibre; while others a& by a peculiar in- fluence upon the nervous fy{tem, without deranging the itructure of the fentient parts. The mechanical agents are all {uch as tend to produce a folution of continuity in the folid parts, to interrupt the circulation of the blood in them, and to produce an extravafation of the fluids from their proper veffels : whence pain is a confequence of blows, bruifes, and continued preflure, of laceration from the bites of animals, of abrafion, of the cutting and ftabbing of fharp inftruments, &c. The chemical agents producea folution of continuity, by inducing the parts of the living body, like dead matter, to enter into new combinations : whence pain is the confequence of the aétion of fire, or intenfe heat from any fource, and of a number of acrid fubftances, which cor- rode the fubftance of the body, fuch as the ttrong mineral acids, the pure alkalies, &c. Again, the third clafs of exter- nal caufes of pain confilts of thofe agents, which aét fpeedily upon the fentient fyftem, injuring its funétions, without lefion to any organic ftru€ture; namely, the venom- ous and narcotic fecretions of animals and vegetables, which are called poifons. As the operation of thele various ex- citing caufes occafions many modifications of pain, which are probably very fimilar in different individuals, we are thus furnifhed with a language, by which the various paiuful fen- fations may be defcribed to thofe who feel them not. Thus we fpeak of a burning, ftinging, pricking, gnawing, cut- ting, or lacerating pain. Pains are alfo diftinguithed by
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other concomitant fenfations, fuch as by being connected with a fenfe of weight, of throbbing or pulfation, of raw- nefs or excoriation, of tenfion or contraction, of formication or the creeping of infeéts, of fhooting or darting through particular parts, of coldnefs, of torpor or numbnefs, and fo forth. Some pains, again, are chara¢térifed by remaining fixed and immoveable ; while others are flying or wandering pains, leaving one part and feizing upon others in fucceffion ; and others are periodic or intermittent, ceafing altogether for a certain number of days or hours, and recurring with great regularity, like the paroxyfms of an ague.
Many of the caufes above-mentioned, however, do not immediately excite pain, but indire¢tly, by producing one of two morbid conditions, which are invariably accompanied by pain; we mean inflammation, or /pa/m: whence pain fre- quently occurs, as a fymptom of thefe difeafes, arifing from internal caufes, and independently of the violent operation of the external agents above enumerated. The diagnofis ‘between thefe two fources of pain, in many maladies, is of the utmoft practical importance, as the indications of cure are nearly of an oppofite nature in the two cafes.
Before we come to thefe praétical points, it may be pro- per to notice fome pathological faéts, which are worthy of obfervation. Jt is obvious, that the nervous fyltem is the medium of fenfation, or the communicating link between the parts receiving the impreffion, and the common fen{orium, the brain, where the perceptionis produced. or if the ner- vous trunks are divided, and the communication cut off, the parts of the body, fo infulated, may be cut or otherwife injured without pain, and even without the cognizance of the individual. Hence the pain cannot be faid ftri€tly to be feated in the part to which the fenfation is referred. ‘This is illuftrated in a remarkable manner in cafe of the lofs of limbs by amputation or accident. The patients, in thefe inftances; often complan of pain in the fingers or toes of their loft arm or leg; a fenfation, which can only arife from the impreffion which the wounded nerve makes upon the brain, being fimilar to that which it had been ac- cuftomed to convey from the extremity of its branches, while the limb remained perfect. In other cafes, again, the pain is not even referred by the mind-to the aétual feat of the irritation which induces it, but to fome other point, at a diftance from it. Thus the part which is the feat of un- ceafing fenfation, when the cells of the lungs are loaded with mucus, blood, or other matters, is the top of the larynx, or wind-pipe, which excites the effort of coughing. to expel the offending fubftance, and which fubfides when the cells are unloaded. Ina fimilar manger, in inflammation of the liver, the pain which is moft complained of is not always feated in that organ, but is often referred to a {mall fpace at the top of the fhoulder. And in all cafes of irritation in the urinary bladder, whether from the prefence of a ftone or gra- vel in that fac, of acrid urine, of blood, pus, or other foreign matter, the moft poignant irritation is often feated at the extremity of the urethra. The faéts are not ealily explained, but are neceffarily referred to fome peculiar communication of fympathy through the diftribution of the nerves.
It is a curious fa&, which has been attempted to be ex- plained in various ways, that pain is much alleviated by certain exertions of the voluntary mufcles; whence, in all cafes of violent pain, perfons are: obferved to refort to fome fpecies of exertion, fuch as grafping any thing ftrongly, fixing the teeth, exerting the voice in fereams or moaning, &c. Dr. Darwin, with his accuftomed acutenefs, gene- ralizes this obfervation to a great length. “ The reftleffnefe
in fome fevers,’”? he fays, is an almoft perpetual exertion of this kind, excited to relieve fome difagreeable fenfations ; the reciprocal oppofite exertions of a wounded worm, the alternate emprofthotonos and opifthotonos of fome f{pafmodic difeafes ; and the intervals of all convulfions, from whatever caufe, feem to be owing to this circumftance of the laws of animation; that great or univerfal exertion cannot exift at the fame time with great or univerfal /en/ation, though they can exift reciprocally ; which is probably refolvable into the more general law, that the whole fenforial power being ex~ pended in one mode of exertion, there is none to {pare for any other.”? Zoonomia, vol. i. fect. xxxiv. 1, 2.
This idea of the two great powers of motion, fenfation and volition, in the animal machine, 1s, Dr. Darwin thinks, confirmed by the obfervation, that they never exift in a great degree or univerfally at the fame time; and hence he would account for the fa&, ftated above, that we in- ftinGtively exert our voluntary motions, when fuffering fe- vere pain or uneafinefs, and thus procure ourfelves relief. The ingenuity with which he illuftrates the modes of exer- tion, in cafes of bodily fuffering, is peculiarly his own.
“When any violent pain afflits us, of which we can neither avoid nor remove the caufe, we foon learn to en- deavour to alleviate it, by exerting fome violent voluntary effort, as mentioned above; and are naturally induced to ufe thofe mufcles for this purpofe, which have been in the early part of our lives moft frequently, or moft powerfully exerted. Now the firft mufcles, which infants ufe moit frequently, are thofe of refpiration; and on this account we gain a habit of holding our breath, at the fame time that we ufe great efforts to exclude it, for this purpofe of alleviating unavoidable pain; or we prefs out our breath through a fmall aperture of the larynx, and fcream violently, when the pain is greater than is relievable by the former mode of exertion. ‘Thus children feream to relieve any pain either of body or mind, as from anger, or fear of being beatea. Hence it is curious to obferve, that thofe animals, who have more frequently exerted their mufcles of refpiration violently, as in talking, barking, or grunting, as children, dogs, hogs, fcream much more, when they are in pain, than thofe other animals, who ufe little or no language in their common modes of life, as horfes, fheep, and cows. ’
« The next moft frequent or moft powerful efforts, which infants are firft tempted to produce, are thofe with the mufcles in biting hard {ubftances. Hence when a perfon is in great pain, the caufe of which he cannot remove, he fets his teeth firmly together, or bites fome fubitance between them with great vehemence, as another mode of violent ex- ertion to produce a temporary relief. Thus we have a pro- verb, where no help can be had in pain, “to grin and abide ;”’ and the tortures of hell are faid to be attended with «¢ gnafhing of teeth.” Hence in violent fpafmodic pains, 1 have feen people bite not only their tongues, but their arms, or fingers, or any objeét which was near them, &c. ;
<< Tf the efforts of our voluntary motions are exerted with ftill greater energy for the relief of fome difagreeable fenfa- tion, convulfions are produced; as the various kinds of epilepfy, and fome hyfteric paroxyfms. In all thefe difeafes, a pain or difagreeable fenfation is produced, frequently by worms, or acidity in the bowels, or by a difeafed nerve in the fide, or head, or by the pain of a difeafed liver.”” Loc. cit.
To this view of the fubje@ it might perhaps be objected, that the exertions and convulfive motions, if chey were ex- cited by the pain, thould be proportionate to the violence of the pain; which is not the ar: This objeGtion, however,
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is entirely obviated by the confideration, that the nervous fyftem fuffers a greater degree of irritation from. many fenfa- tions, that are even in fome degree pleafurable, than from intenfe pain. This is exemplified in refpeé& to tickting. Children have been tickled into convulfions; and perhaps no pain is fo intolerable as that of tickling, if the violent efforts of laughing and of moving the limbs were to be reftrained. ‘The writer of this article has been informed by avery intelligent gentleman, » ho is fubjeét to conftant and fevere convullive actions, of the nature of St. Vitus’s dance, that they are clearly the refult of difagreeable feitfations, not always amounting to what may be called pain. In this way, it feems to happen, that the moft violent and fatal convul- five malady with which we are acquainted, the tetanus, or locked jaw, is produced from the irritation of a wound, but not from a deep and open wound, but from a flight abrafion of the fin, or from a wound that is juft healed.
Independently, then, of the fuffering which pain occa- fions, its effeéts on the animal economy are fufficiently fevere to induce us to fearch for the means of relieving it. It never exilts long without exciting fome degree of fever, and difturbing the funGtions of life, efpecially that of digeftion ; whence alfo debility and emaciation ultimately follow: fre- quently it brings on delirium, fyncope, or fainting, and convulfions of every {pecies, befides thofe already mentioned, and even occafions death itfelf. In many difeafes, therefore, it is an important objeét to allexiate pain, even where fuch alleviation has no .emedial effet upon the difeafe, of which it is a fymptom.
With a view to the fuccefsful alleviation of painful dif- eafes, it is neceflary to eftablifh a clear diagnofis. with refpect to the origin of the pain; for the treatment, which will cure one variety, will aggravate another, and even accelerate the fatal termination of the difeafe which it accompanies.
Violent or acute pain originates, in general, from acute inflammation of fome organ, or from /pa/m in a mufcular
art. ‘he former fpecies of pain accompanies inflammation of all the vifeera ; occurring in the head, in phrenitis, or in- flammation of the brain; in the cheft, in pleurify, and in- flammation of the heart, or of the diaphragm ; in the right fide, in inflammation of the liver; in the abdomen, in en- teritis and peritonitis ; in the loins, in nephritis, and fo on. The {pafmodic pain occurs in the mufcles of the limbs, in cramp ; in the bowels, in colic; in the ftomach, in galtro- dysie; in the uterus, during the time of parturition; and in the mufeles of the jaw and of the fpine, in locked jaw and tetanus, &c. “In fome of thefe cafes, the obvious appear- ance of rigid contra&tion, or fpafm, in the mufcles of the pained parts, as in the cramp, locked jaw, and tetanus, is fufficient to point out the nature of the pain. But in re- gard to the internal pains, the principal fource of diagnofis is the prefence or abfence of a ftate of fever. Acute inflam- mation cannot exift, without an increafed velocity of pulfe, which is alfo commonly ftrong, or at leaft hard, and wiry, and not eafily compreffibie under the finger: there will alfo be thirit, heat of fkin, a dry and foul tongue, with failure of appetite, and fome proitration of ftrength. When the pain arifes from fpaim, the fymptoms of fever are generally ab- fent ; the pulfe is often not altered in its beats, but renains moderate, foft, and compreflible; the tongue continues moilt, and without fur; there is no particular thirft, nor any fenfe of heat, fucceeding chillinefs; and the animal funGions are not much difturbed. It is principally from thefe circumttances that the nature of pain, in any one feat, is afcertained: thus in inflammation of the bowels, and in fpafmodic colic, the feat and the degree of feverity of the
pain are often precifely fimilar; and can only be thus de- cidedly-diftinguifhed. Some other circumftances, however, require attention as avxiliary to the diagnofis: for in{tance, in inflammation, before upon the part pained aggravates the evil, and a fenle of /orenefs is felt under the touch; while, in {pafm, the parts are not generally tender, but the pain is often relieved by preffure, and even by fridion. In inflammatory affections, again, the pain remains frxed in one {pot, and regular in the degree of its intenfity ; whereas, in {pafmodic ailments, the pain is commonly moveable, wan- dering from one point to another, as the {pafm fuddenly re- laxes in one fet of mufcular fibres, and recurs in others; and it is commonly /udden in its attack, and remitient in its degree, being aggravated and alleviated by fits or pa- roxy{ms. -
The. progrefs of an internal inflammatory difeafe may often be afcertained, and the nature and period of its ter- mination anticipated, by an attention to the variation of the pain, together with other fymptoms. ‘Thus if, after fome continuance, an acute inflammatory pain gradually becomes more obtufe, is accompanied with a fenfe of- weight and tenfion, and at length with a fenfation of throbbing or pulfa- tion, it is moft probable that fuppuration has commenced, and that the difeafe mutt términate in abfcefs; and there will be no doubt of this, if at the fame time the fever begins to remit, and paroxyfms of rigour, followed by flufhes of heat, come on daily: in other words, if the fever put ona heétic type. Again, if, during the continued feverity of the pain and fever, the former fhould /uddenly ceafe altogether, the practitioner is not to fuppofe his patient recovering: it is probably an indication that gangrene has come on, and that the life of his patient is near its clofe. This will be placed beyond a doubt, if, at the time of the ceffation of pain, the pulfe lofes its fharpnefs, and becomes {mall and feeble, with a tendency to coldnefs in the extremities, and a finking of ftrength.
Another material confideration, in eftimating the probable event of a painful difeafe, is the importance of the organ in which it is feated. An inflammation in any of the vifcera, immediately fubfervient to the great funétions of the living body, is always attended with danger, efpecially in the brain, ftomach, or bowels; becaufe the funétions of thefe organs cannot be interrupted with fafety to the vital ma- chine. But an inflammation, however violent, may occur in the extersal mufcular or ligamentous parts, as in the joints and limbs, without much nik to the fafety of the fyftem. It is never to be forgotten, however, that what is called a meta/ffafis of {uch external inflammation to an internal organ, (of which both gout and acute rheumatifm afford many examples,) that is, the occurrence of inflammation in fome internal vifcus, immediately upon the fpontaneous dif- appearance of external inflammation, is always an alarming circumftance, and leads to an unfavourable prognofis.
Of the more chronic varieties of pain, it is not neceffary to treat at any length, as they are commonly accompanied by other fymptoms of difeafe, which are equal objects of medical attention, and which contribute to point out. the nature of the malady. 596
The diagnofis being once eftablifhed, in cafes of acute pain, according to the principles above ftated, the fele@tion of the proper means of cure will be perfectly eafy.; but if a miftake is committed in determining the firft point, the mif- application of the remedies will be of ferious injury. | Forf the,expedients, which will prefently alleviate {paimodic pain, be adminiltered for the removal of that which is inflammatory, it is fearcely poflible that aggravation fhould not follow;
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and in many cafes, on the contrary, when the proper re- medies for inflammation are applied for the relief of {pat- modic pain, an injurious effect, fcarcely lefs fevere, may be expected to refult. Yet in the popular praétice, no miftake is fo common as the former of thefle errors.
For the cure of violent inflammatory pain, fuch as occurs in phrenfy, pleurify, and inflammation of the ftomach or bowels, evacuations by blood-letting, both general and local, by external velication, and by the ufe of cathartics, are the means which mutt be adopted, and executed with expedition ; while every ftimulus, in the way of food, drink, and medi- cine, muft be cautioufly interdiéted, and the whole anti- phlogiltic fyftem rigidly purfued. But in the feeble and debilitated conftitutions, in which fpafmodic difeafes often occur, fuch a plan might aggravate the malady, and reduce the conftitutional powers to a dangerous {tate of imbecility. On the other hand, in the conflitutions juft defcribed, and in moft cafes of {pafmeodic pain, the moft effeCtual remedies are opiates, combined with {timulants of the moft powerful and diffufible kind, fuch as alcohol, fufpending the ftimulant gums and effential oils, ammonia, preparations of ether, &c. Yet it is fcarcely neceflary to remark, how direGily adverfe to inflammatory affections fuch medicines muft prove. It is, therefore, lamentable to refle& upon the indifcriminate re- fort, which is popularly made to fpirituous and hot liquors, under all internal pains, efpecially in their commencement ; and the neceflity of attending to the marks of diftinétion above pointed out, or of delaying all remedies until proper medical affiitance be procured, in eafes of the attacks of fuch difeafes, cannot be too ftrongly enforced.
Pains, After, in Midwifery. See Arter Throes or Pains. ty
Pain-d Abeiles, a word uled by fome to exprefs what the ancients called ambrofia, or the yellow fubitance found con- creted in lumps on the legs of bees, and fuppofed by the ge- nerality of the world to be real wax.
Experiments made by Mr. Reaumur and others, have fuf- ficiently proved that this fubftance is not wax, nor has it any of the properties of wax ; but it has been conjec- tured, that thisis the matter out of which wax is finally made.
In tracing this fubftance up to its origin, we find that the bees colle& the farina of flowers, which, when moulded by their feet into a lump, makes this matter. It is very probable, that they feed on this matter, and, as fome ima- gine, after pafling through certain changes in their bodies, it becomes wax. ‘This was an opinion fo old as the days of Pliny ; fome of the authors he quotes calling this fubitance ambrofia, oc the fosd af thefe little deities; but later ob- fervations overthrew this opinion, till it again got credit under the more accurate examinations made by Mr. Reau- mur; on the itructure and parts of the bee. ‘This is a food not only eaten oceafionally by. the bees, but neceffary to their fupport, and is found ftored up in their hives againft a bad feafon. The combs have their different cells made for different purpofes ; and, befide that, fome are deftined for receiving honey, and fome for the young worms which are hereafter to become bees; there are fome alfo which ferve to contain this yellow matter, collected on the legs of thefe in- fe&s. In fine weather, when more of this matter is col- leG&ed than is eaten for immediate nourifhment, the bees ferape off the lumps of it from their legs into fome of the holes, or cells of the combs, where, others following their example, there finally become large referves of it; which are eaten on fuch days when they cannot go out in fearch of
more. The bee colleéts this yellow matter, which, according to
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Reaumur, is the prime conftituent of the wax, from what» ever flowers happen to be moft plentiful about the hives ; and though generally yellow, as the farina of moft plants is fo, yet it is fometimes feen in red or green lumps on their thighs ; but whatever be its natural colour, it is always turned yellow before it is difcharged from the body of the animal; and when the ftomach of any of them is difleGted, after feedin ona red fubftance colleéted from flowers, the fariva of whieh is of that colour, the change is found to be made as to co- lour in this part, for the whole is found there in form of a yellow jelly. This matter, taken out of the ftomachs of feveral bees, and dried, is found to be of a difagreeable fmell, like fermented matter, and of a pungency fomewhat refembling that of the volatile falts. Mr. Reaumur was hence induced to try the effeét of the volatile falts in turning the bees bread, or rough wax, into perfect wax by digeftions, continued a long time, but in vain. If we may give credit, however, to the German Ephemerides, there is a much more eafy way of reducing this matter, while yet contained in the apices of the plant, into true wax; and that without the affiltance of the work of the bees. Mr. David Maja gives an account, in thofe papers, that the perfons he em- ployed in beating rofes ints conferve, always obferved in the pounding of the rofes, before the {ugar was put to them, that a piece of folid but {eft matter was found adhering to the peltle of the mortar, which, on a ftri& eXamination, proved to be true and genuine wax. It appeared from this experiment that the juice of the petals or leaves of the rofes, was able, by the afliftance of beating, to convert into true wax the farina contained in the apices of that flower. Mr. Reaumur tried what effect the juice of rofes would have on the yellow matter cclleted on the legs of the bees, and on the farina of plants, but no treatment he could give thefe fub- ftances was ever able to produce wax. Mr. Reaumur al- leges as an abfolute proof, that the bees eat the rough wax or bees bread ; that, by obferving the bees of a certain hive to come home loaded with it every day, feverai times over, during the month of April, and a great part of May ; and after this, opening and examining the hive they belonged to, there were found nc new combs, ror were the old bees en- larged in fize; it is true, that there were fome cells found filled with magazines of this matter,. but as the far greater part was brought to no fort of account, it feems very plain that they had eat it. Itis to be obferved, that the bees have their feveral periods of going out in fearch of this mat- ter and of honey : it would be too fatiguing for them to be always thus at work ; and to avoid this there is always a very large part of them, even more than half the hive, found at re{t within it; thefe are fuch as have worked till they are tired, and the others in turn take this manner of reiting, and fend thefe out to work again. Reaumur’s Hitt. Inf. vol. x. p- 68.
But it is neceffary to add, that Butler, Purchas, Rufden, and Thorley, very accurate obfervers of the various opera- tions of bees, have urged feveral arguments to difprove the identity of the fubftance now defcribed, and wax, When the hives, they fay, have been for a year or more filled with combs down to the floor, and there is no more room to build, the bees carry in this matter in the greateft plenty ; and even when no more wax is wanting, befides the fmall quantity which is required for fealing up the honey and the breeding cells. They alfo urge, that this fubitance is very different from wax ; as the particles of the former will feparate from each other, and be crumbled to powder when examined between the fingers, whereas thofe of the latter will adhere, and cleave together ; and if the one be carried to the fire, it
will melt and diffolve, whereas the other will be converted : into
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into afhes and duft. The difference of the colours of this fubftance is an additional proof that it was not-wax, which, when it is gathered and wrought into combs, is always white, and the change'of its colour is owing merely to the age of the combs, and breath of the bees. Befides, it is obferved, that new fwarms for the firft, fecond. or third day, carry in little or nothing of this matter; though in that fpace of time they have conveyed into the hive fuflicient quantities of wax, formed into feveral large combs : on the contrary, when they carry in the greateft quantity of this matter, they col- le& the lefs wax : becaufe the new {warms want the wax, and the old ftocks want food and nourifhment for their young.